Bertolt Brecht

WAR PRIMER

Translated into English by John Willett

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rdk;opfa0 jrefrmjyefqdkonf/
a&SUc&D;u rwfapmufw,fvdkY tdyfrufolwa,mufvdk
igwdkYtwGuf uHMur®mu jyXmef;cJYwJYvrf;udk igodw,f
acsmufurf;yg;wckqD OD;wnfaewJY tJ'D usOf;ajrmif;wJYvrf;/
aemufu vdkuf½HkvdkufcJY/ ig tJ'gudk tdyfae&if;awmif &SmawGUEdkifw,f/
“rif;wdkY bmvkyfaeMuwmvJ? nDtpfudkwdkU” “oH &xm;wGJawG”
“jyD;awmY rif;wdkY r aewJY oHrPdjym;MuD;awGua&m”
“olwdkYu oHawGudk tydkif;ydkif;tpp aygufuGJapwJY tajrmufawGvkyfzdkU”
“tJ'g tm;vHk;u bmtwGufvJ nDtpfudkwdkY” “tJ'g igwdkY&JU
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;yJ”
rdef;rawG pydefurf;½dk;wef;rSm a&csdK;aew,f/
olwdkY urf;ajcuae awmifurf;yg;awGay: wufMujyD;
vufeJY &ifom;ay:rSm qDtrnf;awGudk rMumcP awGY&w,f/
a&xJepfjrKyfoGm;wJY oabFmawGu usefcJYwJY wckwnf;aom oJvGefpawGyJ/
acgif;avmif;awG wD;aeMujyD;? tajrmufawG tav;jyKaeMuw,f/
pm&if;oGif;zdkY igwdkYudkajymjyD;? ypfcwfzdkY toHk;jyK&atmif igwdkYudk
½dkifz,fawG ay;cJYwJY bk&m;ocifudk tck igwdkY aus;Zl;wifMupdkY./
vltkyfMuD;u Murf;wrf;w,f/ bk&m;ocifu zufqpfwa,mufjzpfw,f/
wpHkwa,mufu aMuG;aMumfaewm rif;Mum;w,fqdkygawmY?
ol[m tiftm;MuD; jynfe,fwckudk q,fY&Spf&ufeJY usL;ausmfjyD;
zsufqD;ypfEdkifw,fvdkU? igomqdk bmjzpfcJYrvJ ar;vdkufyg/
tJ'Dae&mrSm igom &dScJY&if &Spf&ufyJ MumcJYrSm/
tmwpfa'otwGif;rSm {&mr rD;MuD;awG avmifaew,f
txD;usef yifv,f0rSm atmfoHu olYtjrifYqHk;rSm/
“ajymjyyg wHigonfwdkY? 'D aorif;wref wyfawGudk b,folapvTwfcJYwmvJ”
“neJY umuG,fxm;wJY? igwdkY&JU r[m umuG,fapmifYa&SmufolMuD;”
igwdkY oefrmwJY &Spfaxmif pum*&wffxJrSm vSJaew,f/
ukefwifavSawGtjzpf xkyfydk;jyD; igwdkY yifv,fudk jzwfcJYw,f/
wHigonf? rif;&JUydkufuGefxJ ig;awG jynfYjyD;oGm;wJYtcg
igwdkYudk owd&yg? jyD;awmY vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ul;Edkifatmif
waumifavmufyJ vTwfay;yg/
{&mr wdkufcdkufrIMuD;xJ rif;ryg0ifcif (igodw,f)
&efoludk &SmawGUzdkY rif; ywfywfvnfudk MunfYw,f/
tJ'g jyifopfvm;? 'grSr[kwf rif;udk apmifYMunfYzdkY
tJ'DrSm acsmif;aewJY rif;&JU wyfMuyfMuD;vm;/
usL;ausmfolawG&JU vrf;aMumif;&Sif;zdkY vrf;awGudk jyefzGifYyg?
'DjrdKUu aoaejyD? vk,ufp&m bmrS rusefawmYbl;/
[l;bufrSm 'DvdktrdefYrsdK; r&dScJYzl;bl;/
tck trdefYu tkyfpdk;w,f? olYtkyfpdk;rIu tMuGif;rJYjzpfw,f/
ol acG;waumifvdk aoygap/ tJ'g igY aemufqHk;qE´yJ/
ol[m t"du&efol jzpfcJYw,f/ igYudk,Hkyg? ig trSefudkajymaewm/
jyD;awmY ig vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ajymaewm? tck iga&mufaewJY ae&mudk
vl0gcsdKifY0Srf;eJY wudk,fawmf yk&pfwaumifyJ odw,f/
yg&Dudk aEGOD; a&mufvmcJYjyD/ 'DrSm awGUaetusqHk; vu©Pmwckudk igwdkY awGU&w,f?
-qdef;jrpf&JU qdyfurf;awGwavQmuf ig;zrf;jcif;awG oJMuD;rJMuD; pcJYjyD/ 'DESpf cgwdkif;
xuf ig;zrf;orm; ydkrsm;w,f – tpma&pm rvHkavmufrI&JU wdkuf½dkuf vu©Pmwck/

'DrSm yg&D&JU ESvHk;om;xJ rif; igwdkUudk jrifEdkifw,f

ykef;a&SmifaewJY ig;av;waumifudk vSnfYzsm;tEdkif,lzdkY MudK;pm;aewm
tJ'Duae tom;enf;enf;eJY [if;wcGufvkyfzdkY igwdkYarQmfvifYw,f
[pfwvmeJY igwdkYudk,fydkif acgif;aqmifawG&JU om;aumifawG/
'DawmY igwdkY olYudk eH&HwckrSm rSDxm;ay;vdkufw,f?
tarwa,muf&JUom;? igwdkY jzpfcJYovdkyJ vlwa,muf
jyD;awmY olUudk ypfowfvdkufw,f/ aemufawmY ol bmjzpfoGm;vJ
rif;wdkYtm;vHk;udk jyozdkY? igwdkY tJ'D jrifuGif;udk "mwfyHk½dkufcJYw,f/
ol[m olwdkY&JU &efol&JU &efolqdkwm rSefw,f
olwdkY rarYoifYwJY t&mwck &dSao;w,f? tJ'gu ol[m
olY udk,fydkiftpdk;&&JU &efolvnf; jzpfao;w,f/
olykefudk vufxdyfcwf? aomYudk vTifYypfvdkuf/
jynfolawGu olwdkYudk EdkifiHjcm;&efolwa,mufxufawmif rkef;ao;w,f/
udk,fYabmif;bDxJudk,f rpifxGufus&if;? olwdkY jcHpnf;½dk;ay: cGxdkifMuw,f/
jyD;awmY olwdkY jyifopfudk aMumufoavmufawmif *smrPDudk raMumufbl;/
*smrefawG tkyfpdk;aewmvm;/ [kwfw,f/ jynfolawG tkyfpdk;aewmvm;/
r[kwfbl;/
*dkPf;Oya'qdkwm ig em;vnfEdkifwJY t&myJ/
igYrSm vlom;pm;owå0gawGeJY aumif;rGefwJYqufqHa&; &dSw,f/
igYrSm igYvufu auR;arG;xm;wJY vlowform;awG &dSw,f/
ig[m vlY,Ofaus;rIudk u,fwifr,fY vlwa,mufyJ/
rif;wdkYjrdKUay:rSm ysHaewm igwdkYyJ? trsdK;orD;
tck rif;&JUuav;awGtwGuf wkefvIyfayawmY? 'Dtay:uae
rif;eJY olwdkYtay: ypfrSwfawGtjzpf igwdkY pl;pdkufxm;w,f/
bmvdkYvJ rif;ar;cJY&if tajzu? taMumufw&m;u vmwmyJ/
'DrSm igjzpfaewJYyHk/ wcsdKUvlawG olwdkYwm0efudk opömazmufcJYMuw,f/
jyD;awmY ajryHkeJY uGJvGJwJY vrf;aMumif;wckudk ysHoGm;cJYw,f/
jcHpnf;½dk;vdk jyKrlzdkY arQmfvifY&if;? ig tvk,ufcHypönf; jzpfcJYw,f/
igY&JUuHMur®mudk enf;ynm tcefYroifYrI wckvdkYyJ ac:MuygpdkY/
ig jrdKUMuD;wjrdKU jzpfaewkef;yJ? 'gayr,fY rMumcif ig rjzpfawmYbl;-
tJ'D aoapEdkifwJYiSufawG igYudk ajcmufvSefYzdkU ryHsoef;vmMucif
rsdK;qufrsm;pGm &SifoefcJY aoqHk;cJYwJYae&m?
wnfaqmufzdkY ESpfaygif;waxmif? zsufqD;zdkYu ESpfywfomyJ/
“ysHaewJY ig;ref;rsm;”? tJ'g igwdkYMuGm;cJYwJY emrnf/
jynfYusyfaewJY urf;½dk;wef;awGwavQmuf igwdkY ysHoef;oGm;cJYw,f
igwdkY AHk;MuJwdkufav,mOfawGay:rSm qGJxm;wJY ig;ref;oGm;awGeJY
igwdkYtm;vHk; vdrfnmraecJYwm 'Dwcg aocsmygw,f/
“AHk;awG xGufoGm;jyD” atmifjrifwJY MuJcsrIwcktwGuf atmifyGJcHwJYtaeeJY
apmifYMunfYwJYolu atmfvdkufw,f/

rif; vl,kwfrmwa,mufeJY oem;p&mwa,mufudk MunfYaew,f/

“wjcm;vlawG&JU pdwfzdpD;rItaMumif; owif;awGudk ig jyuf&,fjyKw,f/
t&ifu rdef;rudk,fusyftuFsD ta&mif;orm;? Ek&ifbwfu
tck aojcif;eJY pwfqif;&Jjcif;rSm ta&mif;t0,form;wa,muf/

vlom;rsdK;EG,fu avxk&JU t&Sifocif jzpfcJYwJYtcg

atmufeJUtay:wdkY&JU umvwck &dScJYw,f/ 'gYaMumifY
wcsdKYu tjrifYrSm ysHaecsdefrSm usefolawGu tumtuG,f ,lMuw,f
tJ'gu olwdkY atmufrSm aoMuwmudk rwm;EdkifcJYbl;/
0ifaiG&vrf; topfwck
AHk;MuJjcif;&JU aus;Zl;aMumifY vef'efjrdKUu qif;&Jom;awG[m 0ifaiG&vrf; topf
wckudk awGU&dScJYw,f/ avaMumif;wdkufcdkufrI&efu cdkvHI&mawGtjzpf xrf;&GufcJY
MuwJY ajratmufblwm½HkawG&JU xGufaygufawGrSm? uav;awG pka0;Muw,f/
olwdkY[m trdk;atmufuae&mawGudk OD;xm;MujyD;? avaMumif;&ef EdI;aqmfxm;
csdefrSm olwdkYudk tdyf&mawGvkyfjyD; iSm;cJYMuw,f/ vufwGef;vSnf;awGxJrSm
o,fxm;wJY zsmawG apmifawGeJY vli,fwpkudk yHkrSmawGY&w,f/

olwdkYAHk;MuJav,mOfawGxuf ydkjyD; oufwrf;&ifYwm

olwdkY igwdkYqD MudK;ajzvTwfvdkufwJY iwfrGwfrIyJ/ touf&SifoefzdkY
&du©mtaxmuftyHYawG 0,fzdkY igwdkY 0ifaiG&dSzdkYvdkw,f
'gaMumifY touf&Sifa&;twGuf igwdkYtoufawGeJY avmif;upm;w,f/
rD;cdk;wdrfwdkufwcku olwdkY 'DrSm&dScJYwm igwdkYudk ajymcJYw,f/
olwdkY[m rD;&JUom;awG jzpfcJYw,f? tvif;&JUom;awG r[kwf/
olwdkY b,fu vmcJYwmvJ/ olwdkY tarSmifxJu xGufvmcJYwm/
olwdkY b,fudk oGm;cJYvJ/ xm0& nxJudk/
'DrSm rif;awGY&wmu rif;&JU n umuG,fa&;rSm zrf;rdcJYwm
AHk; wefaygif;rsm;pGmeJY jynfolawGudk owfzdkY?
tJ'D oHrPdeJYrSef ydk;aumiftdrfawG[m tm;vHk;twGuf
tusdK;qufrQygyJ? raumif;rI&JU taMumif;&if;awG r[kwfbl;/
&Smaewmudk &yfyg trsdK;orD;? rif; olwdkYudk b,fawmYrS awGYrSmr[kwfbl;/
'gayr,fY trsdK;orD;? uHMur®m[m tjypfwifp&mvdkY vufrcHygeJY/
trsdK;orD; rif;udk nSOf;yef;cJYwJY tJ'D aumif;aumif;rjrif&wJY wyfzGJYawGrSm
rsufESm vdyfpmeJY emrnfawG wckpD &dSMuw,f/
'DrSm rif; igYudkawGYr,f? ½dk;½dk; tom;jyKwfwwHk;udk pm;aewm
igYtaeeJY b,fqE´&JU aus;uGsefrS r[kwfbl;? wckuvGJvdkY?
urÇmMuD;udk atmifEdkifa&;/ 'g[m igvdkcsifwm tukefyJ/ 'gayr,fY
rif;qDu cGifYawmif;p&m wck&dSw,f? rif;&JUom;awG igYudk ay;yg/
tzGm;tdkawG[m igYqDvmzdkY 'ku©cHMuw,f
olwdkYtkwf*lawG olwdkYtay: rydwfcif? olwdkY cPwjzKwf jrifEdkifzdkY
olu olwdkYtwGuf tkwf*lawG tvGwfcsefxm;ay;orQ umvywfvHk;
olwdkYom;awG opöm&dS&dS emcHMuwJYvl/
qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk uwday;&if;? tJ'DrSm ol&yfw,f/
em;axmifMu? acwfopfwckudk ausnmawmYr,f/
olYaemufrSm? rif;wdkYudk,fydkifvufawG&JU vuf&mudk MunfYMu
{&mr tajrmufMuD;? wdwfqdwfvdkY? olwdkYudk rif;wdkYqD csdefxm;w,f/
jrif;ukef;ESD;a&mif;ol ig? rif;rsdK;rif;EG,f qefukefajrav;awGudk
olwdkYae&m jyef&atmif ulnDcJYol/ igYrSm qifajcay;p&m r&dSyg
'gayr,fY vlrGJawG&JU pkaqmif;aiGxJu &uf&ufa&ma&m yrmPeJY
olwdkY igYudk0,fzdkY cGifYjyKcJYw,f/ jyD;awmY MudK;uGif;u vGwfcJYw,f/
igu 'Dta&;udpörSm om;owform;-vljyuf/
oHrPd [mref;? tjrJwrf; atmifEdkifolwa,muf
ppfOD;pD;csKyfwa,muf? &Jom;eJYolcdk; wvSnfYpD?
rif;vufudk igYqDay;yg? 'gayr,fY yxrqHk; rif;vufacsmif;awGudk
a&xm;&if taumif;qHk;yJ/
igu “q&m0ef”? ig yHkEdSyfjyD;om; t&mawGudk ukow,f/
tJ'g rif;&JUurÇmjzpfr,f? 'gayr,fY igYrSm igYajymp&m &dSw,f/
bmrS *½krpdkufbl;? olYordkif;udk jyefqef;opfvdkufjyD/
'DaeY igY&JU wif;ykwfajcaxmufuawmif twkwckeJYwlw,f/
“*sdK;Zuf? ig ypönf;awGvk,ufwm trSefyJqdkjyD; rif;ajymaew,fvdkY
igYudk ajymw,f” – “[mref;? vk,ufjcif;[m rif;twGuf r[kwfbl;/
rif;vdkcsifwmudk b,folu remvdkwmvJ/ olwdkY yddkjyD; yg;eyfw,f/
aemufjyD; tJ'gudk igajymcJYwmqdk&if? trSefvdkY b,fol,HkrSmvJ/
tdk aemufqHk;EIwfqufaw;? “igYudk ar;cGef;xkwfzdkY b,fawmYrS r&SmeJY”
tdk bk&m;zl;awG&JU oHjydKifaw;rsm;? tdk rD;awmufvdk yOövuf vSnfYpm;rI?
0rf;Adkufa[mif;avmif; wckay:u ½dkif;a&TtaMumif; oDcsif;?
tJ'g[m bdkif;&dGufor®wEdkifiHvdkY igac:wJYt&myJ/
'gu t"dywd½Hk; tjyifbufu ausmufjrif;½kyf
olu rdIif;rIefwJY tem*wfudk pdwfysufysufeJY ai;MunfYaew,f/
“bmrSm;aevJ taqG jrif;” igYacgif;aqmifu olY&JU &SpfESpfukxHk;udk
igYtay:rSm prf;MunfYcJYw,f? ig ydkoufomrvmbl;/
0rf;omp&m owif;acgif;pOfwck? bk&m;ocif oGm;vmjyD?
[pfwvmu wGef;tm;ay;w,f? bk&m;ocifu trDrvdkufEdkifcJYbl;/
aumif;ygavY? tJ'gu ppfyGJyJ? bk&m;ocif r½HI;zdkY arQmfvifYpdkY
olvnf; olY"mwfqDukefawmYr,fqdkwm awGYygYrvm;/
wdkif;jynfq,fck[m igYajcz0g;atmufrSm arSmufaeMuw,f
igYEdkifiHvnf; olwdkYxJrSm/ jyD;awmY igYzdeyfu usefcJYwJY
aoG;pawGu wdkif;jynfudk teDa&mifajymif;vdkufw,f
rl;[def; tef'g [l; uae &dS&Duvufpf txd/
tdk nDtpfudkwdkY? ta0;u aumYau;qyfudk MunfYMuyg/
½k&Sm;v,form;wa,mufu igwdkYudk ypfvdkufwJYtcg? qGJAD;,ef;
v,form;om;wa,muf aocJYw,f? igu olYatmufrSm vJaew,f/
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu qGJAD;,efrSm ig t½HI;eJYawGUcJYw,f/
“bmu rif;wdkYESpfa,mufudk ajrmufbuftilqD ydkYvdkufwmvJ”-“trdefYwck”
“rif;wdkY rat;bl;vm;”- “igwdkY t½dk;xdatmif csrf;wkefygw,f”
“rif;wdkYESpfa,muf b,fawmY tdrfjyef&rvJ”-“'DESif;awG &yfwJYtcg”
“ESif;awGu b,favmufMumatmif usaerSmvJ”-“xm0&yJ”
'gayr,fY armfpudk&JU teDa&mif eH&HawGudk igwdkY jrifcJYwJYtcg
v,fawmeJY puf½HkawGu vlawG ay:vmcJYw,f
olwdkY vlwdkif;&JUemrnfudkwyfjyD; igwdkYudk wGef;vSefMuw,f
*smrPDrSm usefcJYwJY vlawGawmifygw,f/
'DrSm vlowform; ajcmufa,muf/ tck xGufrajy;bl;
jyD;awmY acgif;av;ndwfjyD; “tJ'g trSefyJ”vdkYawmif rajymbl;/
olwdkYudk xif&Sm;atmifjyzdkY 'DaeYtxd ay;qyf&wmu
jrdKUMuD;ig;q,feJY igwdkY&JU vli,ftrsm;pk/
½HI;edrfYcJYolawG&JU oHcarmufawGudk MunfYyg/
aocsmayguf igwdkY jydKuGJysufpD;cJYwJY tcdkuftwefY[m
olwdkUudk igwdkYacgif;ay:u ½dkufcscH&wJY tcsdefusrS r[kwfygbl;
olwdkYudk aqmif;zdkU igwdkY pjyD; oabmwlcJYuwnf;u jzpfygw,f/
'DrSm tzEdkifiHawmfMuD;eJY rSL;rwfrsdK;½dk;awG
*smref"m;&Snf? taygif; olYtjrwfa0pkawG
vufeufudkifxm;wJY AHk;cdkusif;awGxJu *smrefjynfolawGeJY
r[m vrf;vGJacgif;aqmifMuD;udk - *kPfjyKMupdkY? - &efoleJYrdwfaqGawG&JU
qkawmif;oH/
tdk csDwufaewJY wD;0dkif;awGeJY avxJvGiYfaewJY tvHawG&JU pdwfvIyf&Sm;p&m?
aotHYqJqJ q0gpwDum c½l;qdwfppfom;awG&JU *smref'@m&D?
&nfrSef;csuftm;vHk; wcktxd avsmUoGm;wJYwdkifatmif?
tumtuG,fwcsdKU rif;udk,fwdkif &SmawGYzdkY/ bmrS r&dScJYbl;/
igwdkY&JUq&mawG[m rif;udk&zdkY wdkufcdkufMuw,f? cspfp&m owå0g
olwdkYOD;wnf&mvrf;aMumif;rSm rif;udk odrf;ydkufzdkY olwdkY jydKifMuw,f/
tem*wfrSm rif;udk rdkufaMu;cGJzdkY toifYavsmfqHk;vdkY udk,fpDcHpm;&w,f?
rif;udk tiftm;oHk;&,lcJYwmudk trsm;pku w&m;rQwaMumif; jyMuw,f/
'DrSm igwdkYudk MunfYyg? qefYusifolwdkY/ a'goMuD;wJY tMunfYwdkif;[m
tqdyfvl;xm;wJY "m;ajrSmifwckeJY b,fvdkwlw,fqdkwm MunfYyg/
tck igwdkY&JUtMum;rSm uGJjym;wJY urÇmwck &dSaejyD/
&efjzpfwmu? b,folYa0pku ydkMuD;&rvJ/
'DrSm igwdkY ydkYvdkufwJYt&m? igwdkY pydkudef;jynfolawG
olwdkY&JU opöm&dSwJY xrf;&GufrItwGuf
b&mpD,mwxnfeJY igwdkYvTwfawmfudk yHYydk;ulnDzdkY/
olwdkY tJ'gudk awmif;qdkcJYw,f/ igwdkYqdkvdkwmudk olwdkYodygvdrfYr,f/
&ifom;wck[m olr&JU ppf0wfpHkeJYyHkudkjzwfjyD; auG;0dkufaew,f
olr&JU tpdwftydkif;awGrSm ppfyGJa[mif;u qkwHqdyfawG csdwfqGJvdkY?
'g[m a[mvD;0k'feJY [pfwvmtMum; jydKifyGJ/ 'DrSm igwdkY &cJYw,f
aoG;twGuf okuf&nfeJY acR;twGuf jynfawG/
tdk aoewform;awGeJY aoewf&JUom;aumifawG&JU
ESpfxyfoHjydKifaw;qDu 0rf;enf;rI&JUtoH?
aumif;uifbHk&JUom;u puFmyludk vdktyfcJYw,f
jyD;awmY rif;udk,fwdkifuvGJvdkY b,folurS rif;&JUom;udk rvdktyfcJYbl;/
igwdkY wa,mufeJYwa,muf awGYcJYMuw,f – jzpfysufcJYwmu odyfjrefw,f-
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