E.R. AGH A Paper by D. H. VAN DER MERWE?, M.Sc.(Geotogy) (Participant, Division of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering) aX lS THE PREDICTION OF HEAVE FROM THE PLASTICITY: INDEX AND PERCENTAGE CLAY FRACTION OF SOILS SYNOPSIS "THE beast be eanected under a builiting maybe enimated by using. simple formal baned ihe rewules of thee tents fon the resules af Avterberg limit ani particle size determinati are used to clasnify the soil iato four degreey of potent figure for pote Under norm: : will decreave with depth below the so! the potential heave of any layer can be eales Sthole profile the tofat hease for the of foundation and structural design. ‘The formula refersed to is: total heave = 5 Fy iP-Ep where (ME is potential expansiveness, determined from the plasticity ind the formula: 220 btu where D is negative depth in feet. ts asumed thae of expansive soil when its « ground surface will heave 1 ential expansiveness fs: high tcrlace, reduction fnetors are introduced, Ta this way ‘ond by the summation of ihe results For the ‘can be estimared accuravely enough for the purposes nd percentage Glay traction, and "is the factor by which the heave-deereases with depth. Fis obtained from L in'fe and 0 in'fe depek and lst respectively. Introduction mm KNOWLEDGE of the total amount of heaw be expected under a building will be a great rs I advantage for designers of structures on e: The two major factors that have an in amount of heave are priential expansiceness of the soil 8 and the amount of moisture chauge which will oceur under a structure, At the present time the latter Jactor is Giffcalt to assess. The double oedometer method” ” ‘which is twidely used in Sowth Afriea, attempis to asess oth of these factors simultaneously” by measuring the amount of heave which will uecur if the soil moisture » oF WHOLE AMPLE is increased from the natural moisture content to the fully saturated condition, While this test is frequently applied fur large projects it has not been used for smaller audertakings because of the expense involved in obtaining undisturhed samples and carrying out the sed on the relationship le sample and A simple classification between the plisticity index of the wh the percentaye clay fraction lus heen to classi: soil into serv Bigs, fist re caf potential expansiveness sich Oiteee, Mate THE CIVIL ENGINEER in South Alvica—June 1504 gech, Inst 10+ field observations, Jem changes that occur in the sell, ‘Thus. althongh the test iy shaw highly expansive «il, litle movement will ke p natural moisture content iy high or le is persent. Sinibarty ‘sill eeeur when the eondition at the time of construction. however, be taken inte evnsider is esamnined, Potential total heave Unit heave and variation with depth From double aedameter tests ont ynitesacled soil and igs anid Kenic have arvived, at figures fr unit Frave (inches heave per inch depth of expansive soil). Unit heave, which is dependent on the thickness of non-expansive overhusden, is taken as heing 2 maximum at the upper boimndary af the expansive soil layer and decreasing with eepth alan, a ic curve, which has wy he determined fir every y canying out a number of deville wedumeter In this paper the unit heave at ground surface assumed 19 be I in. for each foot depth of very highly e soil, 4 in. per font for hilly expansive, 1 in, per foot for medium expansive, and 0 in. per fant for low or nonvexpansive soil. The potential expansive: ness varies, however, frum layer to layer in a single profile, and this variation should be taken inty acemut F 598 fg10398 at arta For zone 9 70 wrt 5 D= 20L08F ~22l -24 -25 Fig. Curve showing relative change in potential heave ‘with depth 10 Determina in of potential heave Ina siete ps the poten of paneatially expoonsive ey with depth, eur tos werlying soil aud die te iy mimisture cement’ and nther htors. fine tiie Bede 2 pth plats fox atopy pens at Vereeniging and Odendaalsrust a enye tests rriveal that gave approvienaiely the eleange in pritemial © with depth, The equation of the curve. whieh is ie 2. iss D. klk fe depth of il where Dis in feet. Fst fete inirating the yeluive decrease in heave st depth D compared with that at the surface, and £ feat cemstat Tewas found that when = 20, the ealeabated heave ot the sites mentioned was aout the same as the mean maximum heave meacued on level press am heuses. The values of with depth are given in Table 1. TABLET Valve of Factor f with dep 30h 2) feom the relation 2 Depa iat | Ste value ut# ff beh int If the potential expansiveness 2.5) of every Known. the total heave ofa soil profile extending ath of feet may he determined by: Dow Epi, Del Examples of estimation of heave The methud of total heave prediction descrihed above bss been applied 1 dara ont varinus soil pratiles i the Transsaal and Orange Fige State. ‘The dita and ealeulsted heave values ase given in the sabulacons Which follow, Inv some of the exes the tial heave hi actually heen measured andl these + alnesarealsn given fox rumparison, In ather eases the pediewed heaves stita are comipared with th predictions given by ther observers a ads a} Levakaps Thermal hows The mean maximuin heave measured on extersal is 9-66 in, shee a THE CIVIL ENGI ER in South Africa ~ June 195“The average soil profile is as follows. Predietet heave Tcl Becriptn Be, Gee sand une o Yellow taeritie sandy chy Lane Gres tichomsie sindy else sth Feconccctions Sandy cay High Garey and yellow listens Tandy lay with Fecocrceone Petite masher Yellow msieacoons (b) Odedinalarnst: Honse 170 The mean maximum heave measured on external Predicted heave: ‘aches Foetisn Doseripin Pe, Darkbronnaad| Low -Oin | 1 Med. =tin, [28 = O68 68 ~ chy High = Jia. fea = 04 10 Tea time | Very tikes Te Fin, | Sekt r= Dene aun | Veto Ln coin, bets 0 | | (6) Odendaaliost: Hause LAE ‘The mean masimum heave measured on external pegs is 8-67 in. “Lhe soil profile is as follows: Predictet truve: Deserption Pe. Tirown ond | Law Oin Yellowish clay swith fee Med.~ |i rey lay a High=t in, 20] Sete muting! seis pace of | Very Solely | Night in 2860 | Yellow mudstone} Low =0 ia, ve Tonal brave say. (@) Odendaulirust: House 17 (Thermal house) ‘The mean masimum heave measured on external pegs is 5-02 ‘The suil profile sas follows: Predicted heave: Dept finches fect | Paserpuion PE. FolP Ep 03. | Dak town sanyo Low20ia, | 2530" = 0:00 34 | Vetin.grer sain el ith Sina ir fue Med Fence Very Greenih clay | gh = Li. Giceish cas svt hse high Eo Vers | a Foval hess say THE CIVIL ENGINEER in South Altiea — June 1551 108hd ff Onuiast frat Soil Pe Residual M. fe de Basin 4-03 in Descriptions Mad crown | View ne Mack ebay BH sae Depth: feet | Deseription Pe. OF | Sitey and Low Vin. 09 | Lime nodules oar om 4-26 | Shaucred sity) | Vere YOU | Light muted . chy Jie in. gry clay ood 1 - ous 2640 | Wer sit sity 113 | Lic yttoe chy Low=0in, | 0-35 «O° = 0-00 powderselay | Low Bin, | O50 .07= aon 13 | afard decom prea sete ‘Tora heave =a Jo. Total heace or su, 50 Say, 4 TABLE 1 Comparison between observed and estimaird otal heave \ comparison of estimated and observed heave for the above-mentioned examples is made in Table IT. It is only at House H6 that the obser- ved heave was much more than the calculaied heave. The average natural moisture con- tent at this site at the time per aaa ago. of construction of the howe 3. Hanne 16 ey Hause 167 (Thermal Howse Freddie: Hoasing Scheme, ‘Odenaakernat? was II per cent while it was 14 per cent at Heuses 170 and 16;, which may explain. the great difference between abser= ved and estimated heave. Typical Welker prof Cost of resis, To determine purential tal heave the depth and Usiekness oP che sured, aud the potential expansivencss d “Samples representative of th 4 depth of pre, ang the thickness ad mamber of soil layers, the number of samples requited 1 from two to about ten. The cost of deiermin: heave of.a profile may thus vary from abent R- 108 inch clay ww norte, Onder Oiverved Predived beaves inches and this is nou escessive ia relation ve the cuts of erecting an ordinary dwelling house, Conclusion The results visai this meiliod ‘uf « are considered in he of sit! purposes of founds for the sion selection and design, THE CIVIL ENGINEER in South Atviea— June 1254REFERENCES 1. Di His, GM, A, Selling characterises of a deerme native polite st Undecctejeure clarevaal 2 Prac. Thine Br ‘fina au Sal Meh and Fownt, Beene, Salichare 2 fess Iiyun the dinlte Val, No.9 Sepa 19 svt, K,The pedir af ica, Tues 8 A fot Jo Be Heaving of ts a guides particularly on Ons Tne Git: gine Nel 4, Now Uh 4. Wit, A.A. BL Discusion on J.B Th Jennings aed Ke Right paper: double veda Niu G Jones 158. at Tots Self at, Ci DISCUSSION Witten digcussion on the above pazer will be aecupted until August 25, 1954 Reply, will be published in the December, 196, Issue ef The Ci ‘Such weitlon discus bbe typo ia double sp which must be submitted in duplieate, should be in the third person present tense, ing. It should be as short a5 pascible and should not narmally exceed should alsa conlarm to the requirements ald. down i 35 pubiished in the March, 1959, Issue of The Civil Engine This, together with the Author's ginger in South Airiea, or later. nd shoul words in fengin. It ‘Moles for the Guidance of Authors and Centibutors! jn South Arica. REFERENCE \Whanaver retarence is mad ‘Alvan Institution of Crt Engineers, andthe volumear date given hus: Trans. 5. Ale Instn. the above paper this publication should be relerred to as the Transactions of the South iv. Engrs. 6 (Jun. 980) Navy “HE sword navy is seldom used in Sith frica today, dane if itis ws it i in reference fo ubourers osersvas and not to locad labourers, Necertheliss él is @ word that has an honourable positon in literature, and s0 we Should consider its erigin. Nagivation, au abstyact noun, at one time had a ng as acell. fn the early cighteenth century @ navigation meant a narnse channel aud was ritually tured seith reference to en inland wealereay. During the canal age in Britain a canel was also called a navigation, fand the men svho rug canals were called navigators. Ths ord then spre, aad people stb af nx igator as being a labuezer employed on any sort of earthworks, land 30 ache railways seere induced it was natural that the contractors engaged on cuttings and entbarkments should refer lo their labourers as navigators. Navvy is simply om abbrevietion of this, and this contraction, although collopual ot frst, som appeared in documents. (Contracts even in those days sought for ways of reading effort. Soan acerpted as @ seord ints ocen right, navy came naturally to mind shen mackines began riplace men at digging. Thus in the 1870's the carly mechanical esencator wae called @ steam avy. We should nate thet the Permanent Ausociation of Nevigation Congresses (which is an “Engineering bods) enshrines the use ofthe word navigation fn the sense rationed aboce. mativual - Fluorine THE finiation of pada water suri i stil much debated subject. The term faor was originally applied to any group of minerals which melted seadily Ti seas derived from the Latin Mun, to fi use of the term Survives i Suorspar. J that fiworspar was a com end thts Hi cea later recogni pound of a nese element sehich THE CIVIL ENGINEER in South Afvice —June 1964 ENGINEERING LANGUAGE The Origin of Terms: No. 24 ‘e00000 as el, llhough Britain nd France were interitnty at war gens each ater the time, Sir Humphry Baty, the Exelish chemist 100s on ond terms with Me imprr, his Fiech consterpary ai ares in 1313 who sagged to Davy the name the net clement and ths Hehe ord ehh hat bee ted in English cer see Uranium AT fit sight there seems 10 be no conection btn turanivn, base meted of the etomie age, and Uranus, the ancient Greek personification of heazen, although prophetically enough the encray derived from uranium might ene day power the space ships in shiek man penentrates the heasens. Fram tine inmenorial man had &uown that there were foe planets, though views had difred as (0 the Sano fe artim hs tegand Conor son oat ‘a major sensation it teas wehen, in 1781, from England there come the canouncement dy Herschel, then an amateur astronamer, that he had discovered a new Planet. The others had all beau known since the infaacy fof the human race but this was the fist ‘discovered Planet. Herschel named i Georginm Sidus’, and stidl fee ace no connection hetceen if and uranixm. The minral pitehblond had up. ttl then been regasdad. as an ore af iron cand zine but in VINO the hemast Kloprtlenme to the conclusion that it contained farce lement, ls fellow Gorman, Bode, the astenamer, had recente suggted the name Uranus for the nee Planet ix gle of he wrpopeta i Gand Klatroth, In comme aiscocery of Bis dy. The peedietinn Of total heave fan the Figen Vee 8,Page 2 of 2 Africon Centre, 1040 Bumett Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa PO Box $05, Pretoria, 0001, South Arica Tel: = +2712 4272765 Fax: +27 12 427 2387 Cell: +27 82 6336878 e-mail: aubreydb@atricon.co.za 2007/11/20