fe Wea Manel is (camel oat DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING gy p54 7 ae XPLAIN IT TO A SIX-YEAR-OLD, IERSTAND IT YOURSELF. = bare: EinskeinEDITORIAL BOARD EDITOR IN CHIEF: Me Hastow Amit Kumar M.E, 2M) (Assistant Professor Jeppiar Engineering EDITORS: Lebi Antony. J Faheema Beguw.BJEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AN ACCREDITATION COUNCIL(NAAC). AERONATUTICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL LEVEL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM FLUTTER-2K22 CHARMAIN&DIRECTORS MESSAGE Dr. M.REGEENA JEPPIAAR.B.Tech., M.B.A., Ph.D I am very much overwhelmed to release the Annual Magazine of Aeronautical Department, “FLUTTER 2K22”. Appreciating the effort of the staff and students, I hope this magazine will pave the way to gain knowledge about the current trends in aeronautical world. I also congratulate the department for conducting FLUTTER 2K22 a National level technical symposium and I look forward to its success and popularity. Aeronautical innovation has been evident in Air Force, Space Research, Transportation etc., across the world. This publication, yet another milestone in the achievements of Aeronautical Department . I Pass on my good wishes to all the achievers of various events and in the same way let the symposium bring glory to Jeppiaar Engineering College. - CHAIRMAN & MANAGING DIRECTORJEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AN ACCREDITATION COUNCIL(NAAC). AERONATUTICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL LEVEL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM FLUTTER-2K22 PRINCIPAL MESSAGE Dr. V. Natarajan M.E,Ph.D Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai - 600119 Education today is no longer confined to the four walls of the classroom. All round efforts are being made to provide qualitative, value based, activity oriented education in our college. The faculty and the students of the Aeronautical Department have come up with an Impressive magazine, “FLUTTER”. This magazine definitely reveals the endeavor and the creativity of our rising engineers belonging to our esteemed institution. The contents of this magazine will definitely be very helpful and beneficial to those who read the magazine. I appreciate every person who has put in their effort and time in making this magazine. I would also like to extend my thanks to the head of the department and the staff of the Aeronautical Department for encouraging the students and bringing up young talent. I wish all the stake holders of this magazine all the best. -PRINCIPALJEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AN ACCREDITATION COUNCIL(NAAC). AERONATUTICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL LEVEL TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM. FLUTTER-2K22 HEAD OF DEPARTMENT’S MESSAGE MR. THANIKAVEL MURUGAN, MLE, Ph.D Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai - 600119 I feel absolutely proud and happy the students and staff of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering have put in so much work and time to bring out this magazine. There are a lot of scientific and technological changes happening around us every minute. Developing our knowledge for science and technology can be done in the right way, if students think beyond the horizon and display their talents out. Our magazine, “FLUTTER”, shows the beginning of an successful platform for not only the students, but also our staff, to share knowledge by publishing a lot of innovation technological advancements in the field of Aerospace and Aviation. I am sure that this initiative will definitely contribute to development of our students, - HEAD OF DEPART ENTJEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AN ACCREDITATION COUNCIL(NAAC). COLLEGE IN FOCUS “EDUCATION IS ALL ABOUT CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM, WHERE BRIGHT MINDS MEET, DISCOVER AND LEARN” Under the aegis of our honourable Founder, esteemed Late Col. Dr. Jeppiaar M.A., B.L., Ph.D .Jeppiaar Engineering College was inaugurated on 15th August 2001 as one of the prestigious institutions of Jeppiaar Educational Trust. Late.Col. Dr. Jeppiaar is an industrialist, educationalist, and a philanthropist who works for the technical education for more than 3 decades. Jeppiaar Engineering College was established in 2001, with the approval of AICTE & it is affiliated to Anna University. The college is accredited by NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AN ACCREDITATION COUNCIL(NAAC). The dynamic managing director of our college, Dr. Regeena Jeppiaar,B.Tech., M.B.A.,Ph.D daughter of Late.Col.Dr. Jeppiaar, with her hard work and determination, she has made the institution reach great heights. Jeppiaar Engineering College is affiliated to Anna University over years , it has grown into an institution that provides excellent technical education while keeping the overall growth and development of the students in mind. Both academic and non-academic activities are given equal importance; at Jeppiaar Engineering College. Experienced and qualified staff, quality driven labs, excellent infrastructure, effective classroom teaching and superior accountability are the reasons for the student's achievements both in academic and co-curricular activities. The college is dedicated to prepare future graduates with the knowledge and skills essential to work and outclass in the aggressive global environment. Having dedicated to innovative learning, the college enables the students to achieve. Pursuing the goal of constant learning, the Institution prepares the students to score commendably in the academics. The college develops the student's personality by personality development programs and placement training. Discipline and counselling are meticulously done.JEPPIAAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING ACCREDITED BY NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AN ACCREDITATION COUNCIL(NAAC). ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT ce its inception in 2008, the Department of Aeronautical Engineering has over the years adapted and improved with the fast pace of technology. A sincere and hardworking student body with the wholehearted support of dedicated faculty have contributed in to the professional success enjoyed by the student's who graduated from this department. The department has been continually changing and evolving to meet the needs of modern industry and to train its students to pursue their goals with concentrated determination that has led former students to the greatest heights in their endeavor no matter what responsibility they chose to assume.With rapid changes in the professional world, the department has also focused on the demands of the information age and has established new courses and laboratory facilities with the aim of supplying their students with every tool they need to succeed in the fast changing landscape of the modern professional arena. Thus, the department ensures the students the versatility to adapt to the dynamic and fast moving world and its many industries. The Department has achieved 47 University Ranks including 2 Gold Medals and 3 Silver Medals so far in this academic expedition. Students are motivated to have Membership in various professional bodies like AESI, SAE and IAAA to enhance their Professional activities. Our Department library is furnished with 3500 volume of books and it provides access to 256 online ASME journals and volume of IEEE journals. It also comprises with subject oriented CDas a part of Computer based tutorials for the enrichment of the student's knowledge. The Professional software Training in CAD, AutoCAD, CATIA, ANSYS, NASTRAN-PATRAN and MATLAB are provided to the students. Students are constantly made acquainted with current technological advancements, Implant Training, Industrial Visits, Technical Seminars and symposiam. The students are encouraged and guided to present and publish Innovative Research articles in various Conferences and Journals. Overall, in matters of teaching, research & development, the department has always tried to strike a balance between hardware development and experiments on one hand, and theory and computational aspect on the other.EDITORIAL DEAR READER, There is no shortcut to hardwork in the reaching of CCTM mre OR CUM Rem com CMa ctl Ce NCE ean Cees CE Metastasis “FLUTTER 2K22”. This magazine was a great magazine to work on and we by LB UR PUM RCMB TSEC ISR Cm LCs ttm Com cote mL Lelia the future. The Article submitted were handpicked, with SAM Lim osmT see nrtoam Lamas edema eee te The main purpose of the magazine is to encourage our Students towards research and develop their skill in PCE atmos teem Ome KT CT eamE NC TABU any way for the better society and prosperous nation. ACR CM ROM qm em Om CM erie STM OM ENCE Cot h ACO E Mab MEETS marvellous magazine and a special thanks to all our contributors. -EDITOR Paw why COSMO UVC Mstacai bilARTICLES 1 FLUTTER-2K22 JET MIXING ENHANCEMENT OF A SUPERSONIC TWIN JET NOZZLE USING RECTANGULAR TABS -S. Manikandan Assistant Professor, Dept Of Aeronautical Engineering, gg Jeppiaar Engineering College Computational study on the development of mean flow and mixing capability of a rectangular tab placed at the exit of a Mach 1.6 single and twin jet nozzles has been presented. Placing two identical conical nozzles side by side separated by a distance of 1.5 times exit diameters makes the twin jet configuration. The mitigation technique for twin jet cross coupling forming vortices and leads to the formation of turbulence in the downstream, For supersonic jet as the convective velocity increases the turbulence structure becomes. unstable and the development rate of these shear layer along with the vertical structures depends on the compressibility effect, exit Mach number and temperature. effects by rectangular tabs for the enhancement of aerodynamic and acoustic results are relevant to situations wherever shock cell structures, potential core length, jet mixing related noise are of concern. Centre line pressure decay characteristics shows that there is an abrupt reduction in the core length and suppression of shock cell structure at off design conditions. In the past two decades, there is an increased demand of supersonic and hypersonic vehicles in the field of military and space applications. A lot of researches are going on these areas like jet mixing enhancement, noise reduction methods, augmentation of thrust levels etc. All these parameters are highly depending on the interactions of exhaust plume from the nozzle with the ambient air and the structural components around the immediate vicinity. Since the jet is a typical characteristics is validating. The DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Weakness of attitude becomes weakness of character” Albert EinsteinARTICLES FLUTTER-2K22 type of shear layer, a large number of investigations on both subsonic and supersonic jet flows have been studied on the basis of free shear layer theories from the beginning of the aerospace industry itself. An experimental study on the characteristics of transition of a free laminar shear layer to turbulent shear layer and its instability was studied by the jet mixing of two different velocity flows through a splitter plate arrangement and showed that the instabilities of this free shear layer is high at very high Reynolds’s numbers. The instability waves then spread, roll up . The present numerical analysis has brought about some key aspects of the effect of using rectangular tab as vortex generators for controlling the twin jet flow field.. The centre line pressure decay downstream of the nozzle exit is considered as the measure of jet mixing. It was observed that the presence of tabs increases the jet spread which in turn suppresses the shock cell structures. The enhancement in mixing reduces the acoustic radiations. All the above presented studies are in good agreement with the experimental data. DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Truth is what stands the test of experience” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES FLUTTER-2K22 How hypersonic missiles work and the unique threats they pose. -Haston Amit Kumar, M.E.,(Phd) Assistant Professor (Aero) _ Hypersonic missiles can change course to avoid detection and anti-missile defenses. Russia used a hypersonic missile against a Ukrainian arms depot in the western part of the country on March 18, 2022. That might sound scary, but the technology the Russians used is not particularly advanced. However, next-generation hypersonic missiles that Russia, China and the U.S. are developing do pose a significant threat to national and global security. These new systems pose an important challenge due to their maneuverability all along their trajectory. Because their flight paths can change as they travel, these missiles must be tracked throughout their flight. A second important challenge stems from the fact that they operate in a different region of the atmosphere from other existing threats. The new hypersonic weapons fly much higher than slower subsonic missiles but much lower than intercontinental ballistic missiles. The U.S. and its allies do not have good tracking coverage for this in-between region, nor does Russia or China. Destabilizing effect: Russia has claimed that some of its hypersonic weapons can carry a nuclear warhead. This statement alone is a cause for concern whether or not it is true. If, Russia ever operates this system against an enemy, that country would DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES 4 FLUTTER-2K22 have to decide the probability of the weapon being conventional or nuclear. In the case of the U.S., if the determination were made that the weapon was nuclear, then there is a very high likelihood that the U.S. would consider this a first strike attack and respond by unloading its nuclear weapons on Russia. The hypersonic speed of these weapons increases the precariousness of the situation because the time for any last-minute diplomatic _ resolution would be severely reduced. It is the destabilizing influence that modern hypersonic missiles represent that is perhaps the greatest risk they pose. I believe the U.S. and its allies should rapidly field their own hypersonic weapons to bring other nations such as Russia and China to the negotiating table to develop a diplomatic approach to managing these weapons. What is hypersonic? Describing a vehicle as hypersonic means that it flies much faster than the speed of sound, which is 761 miles per hour (1,225 kilometers per hour) at sea level and 663 mph (1,067 kph) at 35,000 feet (10,668 meters) where passenger jets fly. Passenger jets travel at just under 600 mph (966 kph), whereas hypersonic systems operate at speeds of 3,500 mph (5,633 kph) — about I mile (1.6 kilometers) per second — and higher. Three types of hypersonic missiles: There are three different types of non-ICBM hypersonic weapons: aero-ballistic, glide vehicles and cruise missiles. A hypersonic aero-ballistic system is dropped from an aircraft, accelerated to hypersonic speed using a rocket and then follows a ballistic, meaning unpowered, trajectory. The system Russian forces used to attack Ukraine, the Kinzhal, is an aero-ballistic missile. The technology has been around since about 1980. DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile” -Albert Einstein5 ARTICLES FLUTTER-2K22 DRONES AND IOT -Mr.D. Thanikaivel Murugan, Assistant professor & Head of Department What is the internet of things (IoT and why should drone pilots care? In the most basic sense, the loT is made up of devices that have sensors to collect data and share it with other devices through a network. A number of big name Companies like Amazon.com and Google, as well as tiny startups, are all competing to put intelligent, autonomous, networked drones in the sky, under the sea, and on our roads. Because drones are flying computers that can connect to the internet, other drones, air traffic control, or directly with their operator, they ought to be a perfect fit for integration into the IoT. However, there are still a lot of big holes in that theory. Colin Snow, an industry analyst and CEO of Skylogic Research points out that the idea of autonomous drones is simply impossible until a communications network lets them actually (AERO) communicate with each other — and with everything else. For example, various Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) projects, such as the NASA-FAA UTM project, all aim to allow drones to navigate the national airspace. And while there are a number of planned traffic alert and collision avoidance systems, these only work as long as manned and unmanned aircraft are able to communicate and respond to threats. In the future, 5G networks will help drones communicate with other aircraft, but adoption has been slow —and most of that extra bandwidth is being used by cellular users. Drones are likely to be one of the most visible pieces of the IoT: transporting people and goods, monitoring the Earth, and transmitting data. But not yet. “I just don’t see this happening any time soon & there are too many pieces that need to be in place before we can even think about autonomous drones patrolling the skies.” DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler” — Albert EinsteinARTICLES 6 FLUTTER-2K22 SPIN LAUNCH SYSTEM -Lebi Antony.J III-year Aero (2019-23 Batch) Cc -Vignesh.R III-year Aero (2019-23 Batch) launch system which is used to move the A Future of spaceflight payload into space is SPIN LAUNCH SYSTEM. This system is founded by U.S. Company SPIN LAUNCH, which is working on mass accelerator technology. It is developing a kinetic energy space launch system that reduces dependency on traditional chemical rockets, with the goal of lowering the cost of access to space while increasing the frequency of launch. This system uses a vacuum chamber within which a rotating arm brings a projectile up to very high speed without any drag penalty, before hurling it into the atmosphere “in less than a millisecond,” according to the company, as a port opens for a fraction of a second to release the projectile. A counterbalance spins the opposite direction to prevent the system from becoming unbalanced. The vacuum seal stays in place until the projectile breaks through a membrane at the top of the launch tube. The suborbital projectile used in the initial test was around 10 feet long and was accelerated to “many thousands of miles an hour,” using approximately 20 percent of the accelerator’s power capacity. The projectile was recovered after its flight, with reusable vehicles being a key part of the Spin Launch concept. However, it’s not immediately clear how the projectile will be recovered, especially since video concepts of the launch sequence show it splitting into at least two parts. Adding a recovery system would add bulk and complexity but might also reflect the DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Imagination is everything. It is preview of life’s coming attractions” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES FLUTTER-2K22 value of each projectile, which is presumably crafted from exotic materials to withstand extreme speeds and friction heating. The idea behind spin Launch may indeed be “audacious and crazy,” but, if it can be fully matured, the technology would appear to offer major advantages over traditional space launch systems. Today, a rocket delivering a payload into orbit will consist primarily of fuel, by mass, reducing the size of the payload that can be carried. Spin Launch, in contrast, envisages a much smaller rocket that carried a reduced fuel load, but a proportionally larger payload. The company currently forecasts its orbital vehicle delivering a payload of around 400 pounds into orbit. Spin launch has developed a new class of ultra-low-cost satellites. By utilizing mass manufacturing design principles, reducing supply chain complexities and —_ lowering satellite costs, without any impact to performance. Our satellites uniquely designed for our mass accelerator environment, while remaining qualified for traditional systems. While the concept is fairly simple, the challenge of making it work reliably and repeatedly is a significant one. After completion of testing, they proved that this will be going to be one of the supreme technology for future spaceflight launching. successful DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES 8 FLUTTER-2K22 AIRCRAFT CARRIER INS VISHAL -Kayalvizhi Il-year Aero(2020-24 Batch) d Aircraft associated mostly “ power carriers with projection”. They are massive in size and are considered as a part of the territory of the country. In are other words, attack on an aircraft carrier is consdered as an attack on the sovereignty of that country. They are rightly called as “floating fortress”. INS Vishal, also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 2, is a planned aircraft carrier to be built by Cochin Shipyard Limited for the Indian Navy. Design and development In April 2011, Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma stated that construction of the second carrier was some years away as there were anumber of higher spending priorities for the navy. Design stage for INS. Vishal (IAC-Il) has begun, which is being ‘Naval Design Bureau’. The navy might later seek help from the Russian Design Bureau in order to integrate the Russian aircraft onto Vishal. IAC-II will bea flat-top carrier with a displacement of 65,000 tons, 25,000 tons more than Vikrant and ill be having a CATOBAR system, unlike the STOBAR system on IAC-I. It is intended to be the second aircraft carrier 0 be built in India after INS Vikrant. INS Vishal was conceived as a 65,000 tonne aircraft carrier, embarking 55 aircraft and costing Rs 50,000 crore. At an estimated $5 billion, the fully equipped INS Vishal may be most expensive piece of machinery in the arsenal of India, which wants to match the pace at which China is developing its aircraft carriers. The final cost will also undertaken by the _navy’s depend on the hardware installed. DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding”. ~Albert EinsteinARTICLES In India’s neighbourhood, Pakistan and Sri Lanka don’t possess aircraft carriers. China, which already has the 40,000-tonne CNS Liaoning, is developing a 50,000-tonne aircraft carrier. It plans to develop two more. ACBG can control around 200,000 square nautical miles and can moving more than 600 nautical miles a day. The distance between Chennai and Colombo by the sea is 401 nautical miles. The INS Vishal will be the first FLUTTER-2K22 non- Western aircraft carrier equipped with the complex CATOBAR launch capability. CATOBAR aircraft launch systems put less strain on the airframe of planes during takeoff reducing maintenance cost in the long run and also allows carrier - based aircraft to carry a heavier weapons payload. Furthermore, CATOBAR launch systems increase the sortie rates of carrier air wings by allowing a faster landing and takeoff rate. “LET’S ALL WAIT! TO SEE THE GREAT INS VISHAL WHICH WILL RULE THE OCEAN.” DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Small is the number of people who see with their eyes and think with their minds.” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES 10 FLUTTER-2K22 INFLIGHT CONNECTIVITY — A REAL OPPORTUNITY TO DRIVE CONVERSION -Dillip Varadesh.S IlI-year Aero(2019-23 Batch) a ] Two different ways Wi-Fi works on airplanes The future of the inflight connectivity industry is bright, with a growing number of airlines seeking to digitise their inflight experience in order to stay relevant. This demand is driving a real step-change in terms of the quality of connectivity on offer. During his presentation at FTE APEX Asia EXPO 2019, Dominic Walters, Vice President Marketing Communications & Strategy, Inmarsat Aviation presented findings from the final instalment of the Sky High Economics report, which identified a market of 450 million passengers currently unengaged with traditional airline loyalty schemes, who could be driven to switch allegiance for high quality Wi-Fi up in the air. The study has estimated that this can drive a whopping $33 billion share shift equivalent to 6% of total market share ~ that can create enormous opportunities for airlines adapting to what Walters refers to as the “always-on” passenger behaviour. quality Wi-Fi up in the air, The study has estimated that this can drive a whopping $33 billion share shift — equivalent to 6% of total market share ~ that can create enormous opportunities for airlines adapting to what Walters refers to as the “always-on” passenger behaviour. While many airlines, such as Qatar Airways, Norwegian and AirAsia, to name just a few, are stepping up their connectivity efforts, there is still much scepticism whether investments — in connectivity today will stand the test of time. During his presentation at TFWA. World Exhibition & Conference in 2019, Aldric Chau, Head of Retail and eCommerce, ‘Cathay Pacific Airways, highlighted that: “If you are building an e-commerce site that can only be accessed outside of the aircraft it means you are missing an opportunity to work with retail giants such as Alibaba or Amazon. If you do have inflight connectivity this can be a real opportunity to bump up inflight sales by launching some real-time offers and initiatives to drive conversion.” DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has its limits.” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES 11 FLUTTER-2K22 AQUA COMMUNICATION USING MODEM -Siddharath IlI-year Aero(2019-23 Batch) As wireless communication based technology as became a part of our daily life , now the idea of wireless technology in undersea communications may still seem far fetched . however , research has been active for over a decade on designing the methods for wireless information transmission underwater Basically underwater wireless communications networks (UWCNs) consist of sensors and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that interact , coordinate and share information with each other to carry out sensing and monitoring functions . Underwater sensor network (UWSNs) is used for underwater explorations . It is a network of autonomous sensor nodes that are spatially distributed underwater to collect temperature , pressure and other water related data . Aqua communication using modem — The modem hardware is split into three main portions: a wake-up receiver, a data receiver, and a single transmitter. The transmitter has three output frequencies, which correspond DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Information is not knowledge” . ~Albert EinsteinARTICLES 12 FLUTTER-2K22 APPLICATIONS OF AQUA THE FUTURE: COMMUNUCATIONS : O Underwater wireless 0 Our primary application is seismic monitoring, with alternative applications including assistance during underwater construction , pipeline and leak monitoring, biological data collection, or underwater robot communication. 3) communications play an important role in marine activities such as environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, and scientific data collection. Underwater wireless communications still remain quite challenging, due to the unique and harsh conditions that characterize underwater channels. UNDERWATER WIRELESS COMMUNCATION NETWORKS ‘DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Once you stop learning, you start dying.” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES 13 FLUTTER-2K22 3D PRINTING IN AEROSPACE AND AERONAUTICAL INDUSTRY -Vignesh.R Ill-year Aero(2019-23 Batch) One of the fast-emerging energy requirements and technology among other resources. At the same time, aerospace and aeronautical industry is 3D-Printing, which plays a major role in modern manufacturing world. It creates physical objects from a geometrical representation by successive addition of materials. At present, aerospace manufactures design, build and maintain both commercial and military aircraft by using this technology. Some manufacturer’s uses __ this technology for replacement of parts, while others leverage to design and evaluate complex aircraft parts. It provides —_ unparalleled freedom design in component and production. In aerospace industry, it has potential to make ~ lightweight parts, improved and complex geometries, which can reduce by using this technology, it can lead to fuel savings because it can reduce the material used to produce aerospace’s parts. It has been widely applied to produce the spare parts of some aerospace components such as engines. The engine’s part is easily damaged, which require regular replacement. It is a good solution to the parts. It provides unparalleled freedom design in component and production. In aerospace industry, it has potential to make lightweight parts, improved and complex geometries, which can reduce energy requirements and resources. At the same time, by using this technology, it can lead to fuel savings because it can reduce the material used to produce aerospace’s parts. It has been widely applied to produce the spare parts of some aerospace components such as engines. The engine’s part is easily damaged, which require regular replacement. It is a good solution to the procurement of such spare parts. DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “If you can’t explain it simply, you don’t understand It well enough” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES 14 FLUTTER-2K22 In aerospace industry, nickel-based alloy is more preferred due to the tensile properties, oxidation/corrosion resistance and damage tolerance. In contrast, 3D printing allows parts to be manufactured by adding material in minuscule layers that build up to create a desired shape. This process involves the use of a computer and CAD software, which enable a specialized printer to “print” a specific shape or part. The aerospace Corporation is currently targeting two classes of material for use in space are Inconel and Ultem. The Inconel family of nickel alloy is currently used in wide range of industries and applications around the world. Now it is widely used in space flight systems due to its weldability and _ cryogenic properties, Inconel 718 retains its strength over a wide temperature range. Ultem is another promising material, as part of a family pf amorphous thermoplastic polyetherimide (PEI) resins, Ultem can withstand extreme temperatures while offering high strength a_ stiffness properties in addition to broad chemical resistance. Due to its light weight, high strength, and Flame-retardant qualities make it an ideal candidate for ITS = automotive aerospace and applications. In Boeing, they used 3D printed metal satellite antenna and production of its finest jets. The new Boeing 777x_ is equipped with GE9X engine, the engine incorporating more than 300 printed parts enabled the reduction of the engine’s weight and fuel consumption is lowered by 12 percent and operating cost are lowered by 10 percent. In Airbus, Airbus A350 XWB, which contain more than 1000 3D_ printed parts. Next in Airbus’s plans to 3Dprint drones and self-Driving cars. NASA is using additive manufacturing to develop space exploration in different ways, and it has several exciting projects in collaboration with the San Francisco based company, Made in Space. It also experienced with 3D printing in zero gravity technology. We don’t exactly know when will we be able to see aircrafts completely furnished with 3D printed parts, but we are surely curious to see what the coming DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “All birds find shelter during rain, But Eagle avoids rain by flying above clouds ” -APJ Abdul KalamARTICLES 15 ZERO EMISSION AIRCRAFT -Suhana Parimala IlI-year Aero (2019-2023 Batch) -Thirshaa. A II -year Aero (2020-2024 Batch) Emissions from transportation are a significant contributor to adverse climate change. Airplanes burn fossil fuel which not only releases CO2 emissions but also has strong warming non-CO2 effects due to nitrogen oxides (NOx), vapour trails and formation triggered by the altitude at which aircraft operate. Here comes one novel attempt to tackle this problem. cloud Airbus has revealed three concepts for the world’s first zero-emission commercial aircraft which could enter service by 2035. These concepts each represent a different approach to achieving zero-emission flight, exploring technology _ pathways and aerodynamic configurations concerning to support the company’s ambition of leading the way in the decarbonisation of the entire aviation industry. various DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “All of us do not have equal talent. But , all of us have an equal opportunity to develop our talents”ARTICLES FLUTTER-2K22 St All ofthese concepts rely on hydrogen as a primary power source is likely to be a solution for aerospace and many other industries to meet their climate-neutral targets. The_three _concepts—__all codenamed “ZEROe” : +A turbofan design (120-200 passengers) with a range of 2,000+ nautical miles, capable of operating transcontinentally and powered by a modified gas-turbine engine running on hydrogen, rather than jet fuel, through combustion. The liquid hydrogen willbe stored and distributed via tanks located behind the rear pressure bulkhead. +A turboprop design (up to 100 passengers) using a turboprop engine instead of a turbofan and also powered by hydrogen combustion in modified gas-turbine engines, — which would be capable of traveling more than 1,000 nautical miles, The transition to hydrogen, as the primary power source for these concept planes, will require decisive action from the entire aviation ecosystem. Together with the support from government and industrial partners we can rise up to this challenge to scale-up renewable energy and hydrogen for the sustainable future of the aviation industry.” In order to tackle these challenges, airports will require significant hydrogen transport and refueling infrastructure to meet the needs of day - to - day operations. Support from governments will be key to meet these ambitious objectives with increased funding for research and technology, digitalisation, and mechanisms that encourage the use of sustainable fuels and the renewal of aircraft fleets to allow airlines to retire older, less eco - friendly aircraft earlier. DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “You have to dream before your dreams can come true” ~APJ Abdul KalamARTICLES FLUTTER-2K22 DARPA’S FAST LIGHTWEIGHT AUTONOMY (FLA) PROGRAM -Kalaivani.N.S IllI-year Aero(2019-23 Batch) DARPA’s Fast Lightweight Autonomy (FLA) program recently completed Phase 2 flight tests, demonstrating advanced algorithms designed to turn small air and ground systems into team members that could autonomously perform _ tasks dangerous for humans — such as pre-mission reconnaissance in a hostile urban setting or scarching damaged structures for survivors following an earthquake. Building on Phase | flight tests in 2017, researchers refined their software and adapted commercial sensors to achieve _ greater performance with smaller, lighter quadcopters. Conducted in a mock town at the Guardian Centers training facility in Perry, Georgia, aerial tests showed significant progress in urban outdoor as well as indoor autonomous flight scenarios, including: + Flying at increased speeds between multi-story buildings and through tight alleyways while identifying objects of interest; Flying through a narrow window into a building and down a hallway searching rooms and creating a 3-D map of the interior; and + Identifying and flying down a flight of stairs and exiting the building through an open doorway. Begun in 2015, the FLA applied research program has focused on developing advanced autonomy algorithms—the smart —_ software needed to yield high performance from a_ lightweight quadcopter weighing about five pounds with limited battery power and computer processing capability onboard. FLA’s algorithms have been demonstrated so far on air vehicles only, but they could be used on small, lightweight ground vehicles as well. “The outstanding university and industry research teams working on FLA honed algorithms that in the not too distant future could transform lightweight, commercial-off-the-shelf air or ground unmanned vehicles into capable operational systems requiring no human input once you’ve provided DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Failure will never overtake me if my definition to succeed is strong enough” ~APJ Abdul KalamARTICLES 18 FLUTTER-2K22 general heading, distance to travel, and specific items to search,” said J.C. Ledé, DARPA program manager. “Unmanned systems equipped with FLA algorithms need no remote pilot, no GPS guidance, no communications link, and no pre-programmed map of the area — the onboard software, lightweight processor, and low-cost sensors do all the work autonomously in real-time.” FLA’s algorithms could lead to effective human-machine teams on the battlefield, where a small air or ground vehicle might serve as a scout autonomously searching unknown environments and bringing back _—_usefull reconnaissance information to a human team member. During Phase 2, a team of engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Draper Laboratory reduced the number of onboard sensors to lighten their air vehicle for higher speed. “This is the lightweight autonomy program, so we're trying to make the sensor payload as light as possible,” Akey part of the team’s task was for the air vehicle to build not only a geographically accurate map as it traversed the cityscape but also a semantic one. “As the vehicle uses its sensors to quickly explore and navigate obstacles in unknown environments, it is continually creating a map as it explores and remembers any place it has already been so it can return to the starting point by itself,” said Jon How, the other MIT/Draper team co-leader. Using neural nets, the onboard computer recognizes roads, buildings, cars, and other objects and identifies them as such on the map, providing clickable images as well. The human team member could download the map and images from the onboard processor after the mission is completed DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “The best brains of the nations may be found on the last benches of the classroom” ~APJ Abdul KalamARTICLES FLUTTER-2K22 SEAPLANE -Faheema Begum.B ") III-year Aero(2019-23 Batch) 9 A seaplane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft capable of taking off and landing (alighting) on water. Seaplanes are usually divided into two categories based on their technological _ characteristics: floatplanes and flying boats; the latter are generally far larger and can carry far more. Seaplanes that can also take off and land on airfields are in a subclass called amphibious aircraft , or amphibians . Seaplanes were sometimes called hydroplanes , but currently this term applies instead to motor - powered watercraft that use the technique of hydrodynamic lift to skim the surface of water when running at speed. The use of seaplanes gradually tapered off after World War II, partially because of the investments in airports during the war but mainly because landplanes were less constrained by weather conditions that could result in sea states being too woe igh to operate seaplanes while landplanes could continue to operate. In the 21st century, seaplanes maintain a few niche uses, such as for aerial firefighting, air transport around archipelagos, and access to undeveloped or roadless areas, some of which have numerous lakes. A floatplane has slender floats, mounted under the fuselage. Two floats are common, but other configurations are possible. Only the floats ofa floatplane normally come into contact with water. The fuselage remains above water. Some small land aircraft can be modified to become float planes, and in general, floatplanes are small aircraft. Floatplanes are DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING . “Your best teacher is your last mistake.” —AJP Abdul KalamARTICLES 20 FLUTTER-2K22 limited by their inability to handle wave heights typically greater than 12 inches (0.31 m). These floats add to the empty weight of the airplane and to the drag coefficient, resulting in reduced payload capacity, slower rate of climb, and slower cruise speed. In a flying boat, the main source of buoyancy is the fuselage, which acts like a ship's hull in the water because the fuselage's underside has been hydrodynamically shaped to allow water to flow around it. Most flying boats have small floats mounted on their wings to keep them stable. Not all small seaplanes have been floatplanes, but most large seaplanes have been flying boats, with their great weight supported by their hulls. DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Thinking is the capital, enterprise is the way, hard work is the solution”. APJ Abdul KalamARTICLES FLUTTER-2K22 ALAND ROBOTICS -Nandhini.E.M IlI-year Aero(2019-23 Batch) Introduced: Robot, any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner. By extension, robotics is the engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots. The concept of artificial humans predates recorded history (see automaton), but the modern term robot derives from the Czech word robota (“forced labour” or “serf”), used in Karel Capek’s play R.U.R. (1920). The play’s robots were manufactured humans, heartlessly exploited by factory owners until they revolted and ultimately destroyed humanity. Whether they were biological, like the monster. in Mary __ Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), or mechanical was not specified, but the mechanical alternative inspired generations of inventors to build electrical humanoids. The word robotics first appeared in Isaac Asimov's science-fiction story Runaround (1942). Along with Asimov’s later robot stories, it set a new standard of plausibility about the likely difficulty of — developing intelligent robots and the technical and social problems that might result. Robotics Research: Dexterous industrial manipulators and industrial vision have roots in advanced robotics work conducted in artificial intelligence (Al) laboratories since the late 1960s. Yet, even more than with AI itself, these accomplishments fall far short of the motivating vision of machines with broad human abilities. Techniques for recognizing and manipulating — objects, _—_ reliably navigating spaces, and planning actions have worked in some narrow, constrained contexts, but they have failed in more general circumstances. The Future Numerous companies are working on consumer robots that can navigate their surroundings, recognize common objects, and perform simple chores without expert custom installation. Perhaps about the year 2020 the process will have produced the first broadly competent “universal robots”for almost any routine chore, With anticipated DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Success is most often achieved by those who don’t know that failure is inevitable” -Coco ChanelARTICLES 22 FLUTTER-2K22 increases in computing power, by 2030 second-generation robots with trainable mouselike minds may become possible. Besides application programs, these robots may host a suite of software “conditioning modules” that generate positive- and negative-reinforcement signals in predefined circumstances. Flexible electronic skin: Scientists working to develop flexible electronic skin to bring the sense of touch to robots and prosthetic devices. By 2040 computing power should make third-generation robots with monkeylike minds possible. Such robots would learn from mental rehearsals in simulations that would model physical, cultural, and psychological factors. Physical properties would include shape, weight, strength, texture, and appearance of things and knowledge of how to handle them. Cultural aspects would include a thing’s name, value, proper location, and purpose. Psychological factors, applied to humans and other robots, would include goals, beliefs, feelings, and preferences. The simulation would track external events and would tune its models to keep them faithful to reality. This should let a robot learn by imitation and afford it a kind of consciousness. By the middle of the 21st century, fourth-generation robots may exist with humanlike mental power able to abstract and generalize. Researchers hope that such machines will result from melding powerful reasoning programs to third-generation machines. Properly educated, fourth-generation robots are likely to become _ intellectually formidable. Interesting uses of robots : Five little known uses for robots: + Explosives handling by explosives manufacturers and also by armed forces that must dispose or handle them. * Using lasers on robotic arms to strip paint from air force plans. * Having a robot scale the heights of a dam or nuclear chimney to inspect and analyze the concrete. * Securely store valuable vehicles in vaults or robotically park cars in special car parks. + wacky art DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Courage is grace under pressure” —Ernest HemingwayARTICLES 23 FLUTTER-2K22 COVID-19 AND DRONE TECH -Harish.S Ill-year Aero(2019-23 Batch) The infection (COVID-19) is not diminishing without vaccine, but it impinges on human safety and economy can be minimized by adopting smart technology to combat novel coronavirus pandemic situation. The implementation of new innovations and novel tactics has proven to be effective in curbing the risk of COVID-19. The present study covers the role of smart technology in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 with specific focus on advancement in the field of drone, robotics, artificial intelligence (AD, mask, and sensor technology. The findings shed light on the robotics and drone technology-driven approaches that have been applied for assisting health system, surveillance, and disinfection process, etc. The Al technology strategies and framework is highlighted in terms of bulk data computing, predicting infection threats, providing medical assistance, and analyzing diagnosis results. Besides this, the technological shift in mask and sensor technology during the pandemic have been illustrated, which includes fabrication method like 3D printing and optical sensing, _respectively. Furthermore, the strength, weakness, , opportunities, and possible threats that have been shaped by the rigorous implementation of these technologies are also covered in detail. Drone technology: The use of technology such as drones (autonomous machines) has a crucial role in responding to the COVID-I9 pandemic. Drones assist authorities and people in different ways to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection and stop unwanted movements of peoples during the lockdown. Authorities are using drones for purposes like medical supply, surveillance, disinfection, screening infection symptoms, and public awareness etc., as shown in Fig. 2. Drones technology is feasible to carry all these tasks and even enables its service in interior regions. without any person-to-person contact. Surveillance and broadcast Most countries took measures like closing non-essential public places, ban gatherings, and social distancing policy to limit physical contact. The major issue is how governments, organizations, and societies should perform surveillance with minimum effort and without any physical mass DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop questioning” —Albert EinsteinARTICLES 24 FLUTTER-2K22 contact. In this regard, authorities are using drones to monitor people’s movement and avoid social gatherings that could pose a tisk to society (Vacca and Onishi 2017). Drones are being used in broadcasting messages and imparting awareness among the public through loudspeakers and even digital displays are widely used in many countries (Mishra et al. 2020). Using a global positioning system (GPS) enabled drone management system; authorities can easily detect unwanted activity even in the crowded areas. Till now, no medicine or vaccine has been developed for curing COVID-19 infection, and as a result, authorities are = much focused on prevention methods. Controlling coronavirus infection by prevention methods is a gradual process and may take months, and thus, to bring stability in the economy, governments are giving relaxation in lockdown. As we prepare to step out and bring normalcy in daily life, it becomes even more important to frequently disinfect places of high-risk like parks, public transport, and open market, etc. To implement it, authorities have come up with a solution of deploying agriculture spraying drones for frequent disinfection of high-risk area within short span of time (China Daily 2020; Clay and Milk 2020). The area covered and the speed by which these drones can disinfect are unparallel compared to other spray techniques. DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING “If you are not willing to risk the usual, you will have to settle for the ordinary” —Jim Rohn40 LNAWLUVAASY TO DEFEAT SOMEONE, ee OLE ae %, Le Se Y SS ASE WN Zo UNG EN : aaa ‘ ee iene (@ -EPPIAAR = NGINEERING -OLLEGE @)_ Cer Eee a ULL oN) Jeppiaar Nagar,Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai - 600119