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Remedial‌‌Law‌  ‌
 
Compact‌‌Reviewer‌  ‌
 
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Compiled‌‌by‌‌Rehne‌‌Gibb‌‌N.‌‌Larena‌‌|‌‌JD-NT‌‌|‌‌2021‌‌|‌‌University‌‌of‌‌San‌‌Carlos‌  ‌
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Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

TABLE‌‌OF‌‌CONTENTS‌  ‌ III.‌‌Ordinary‌‌Civil‌‌Actions‌  ‌ VII.‌‌Trial‌  ‌


 ‌
RULE‌‌2‌‌Cause‌‌of‌‌Action‌  ‌ RULE‌‌31‌‌Consolidation‌‌or‌‌Severance‌  ‌
CIVIL‌‌PROCEDURE‌ 2‌  ‌
RULE‌‌3‌‌Parties‌‌to‌‌Civil‌‌Actions‌  ‌ RULE‌‌32‌‌Trial‌‌by‌‌Commissioner‌  ‌
PROVISIONAL‌‌REMEDIES‌ 60‌  ‌ RULE‌‌4‌‌Venue‌‌of‌‌Actions‌  ‌ RULE‌‌33‌‌Demurrer‌‌to‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
RULE‌‌5‌‌Uniform‌‌Procedures‌‌in‌‌Trial‌‌Courts‌  ‌ RULE‌‌34‌‌Judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌
SPECIAL‌‌CIVIL‌‌ACTIONS‌ 74‌  ‌
IV.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌RTC‌  ‌ RULE‌‌35‌‌Summary‌‌Judgments‌  ‌
SPECIAL‌‌PROCEEDINGS‌ 99‌  ‌ RULE‌‌6‌‌Kinds‌‌of‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ VIII.‌‌Judgments,‌‌Final‌‌Orders‌‌and‌‌Entry‌‌Thereof‌  ‌

CRIMINAL‌‌PROCEDURE‌ 122‌  ‌ RULE‌‌7‌‌Parts‌‌and‌‌Contents‌‌of‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ RULE‌‌37‌‌New‌‌Trial‌‌or‌‌Reconsiderations‌  ‌


RULE‌‌8‌‌Manner‌‌of‌‌Making‌‌Allegations‌‌in‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ RULE‌‌38‌‌Relief‌‌from‌‌Judgments,‌‌Orders‌‌or‌‌Other‌‌Proceedings‌  ‌
EVIDENCE‌ ‌171‌  ‌ RULE‌‌9‌‌Effect‌‌of‌‌Failure‌‌to‌‌Plead‌  ‌ IX.‌‌Execution,‌‌Satisfaction‌‌and‌‌Effect‌‌of‌‌Judgments‌  ‌
Revised‌‌Rules‌‌on‌‌Summary‌‌Procedure‌ ‌223‌  ‌ RULE‌‌10‌‌Amended‌‌and‌‌Supplemental‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ X.‌‌Modes‌‌of‌‌Appeal‌  ‌
RULE‌‌11‌‌When‌‌to‌‌File‌‌Responsive‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ RULE‌‌40‌‌Appeal‌‌from‌‌MTCs‌‌to‌‌RTCs‌  ‌
Katarungang‌‌Pambarangay‌ ‌224‌  ‌
RULE‌‌12‌‌Bill‌‌of‌‌Particulars‌  ‌ RULE‌‌41‌‌Appeal‌‌from‌‌the‌‌RTCs‌  ‌
Rules‌‌of‌‌Procedure‌‌for‌‌Small‌‌Claims‌‌Cases‌ ‌225‌  ‌ RULE‌‌13‌ ‌Filing‌‌and‌‌Service‌‌of‌‌Pleadings,‌‌Judgments‌‌and‌‌Other‌‌  RULE‌‌42‌‌Petition‌‌for‌‌Review‌‌from‌‌the‌‌RTCs‌‌to‌‌CA‌  ‌
Papers‌  ‌ RULE‌‌43‌‌Appeals‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Quasi-Judicial‌‌Agencies‌‌to‌‌the‌‌CA‌  ‌
Rules‌‌of‌‌Procedure‌‌for‌‌Environmental‌‌Cases‌ ‌226‌  ‌
RULE‌‌14‌‌Summons‌  ‌ RULE‌‌45‌‌Appeal‌‌by‌‌Certiorari‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌  ‌
Alternative‌‌Dispute‌‌Resolution‌ ‌229‌  ‌ RULE‌‌15‌‌Motions‌  ‌ XI.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌CA‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌ RULE‌‌16‌‌Motion‌‌to‌‌Dismiss‌  ‌ RULE‌‌44‌‌Ordinary‌‌Appealed‌‌Cases‌  ‌
CIVIL‌‌PROCEDURE‌  ‌ RULE‌‌17‌‌Dismissal‌‌of‌‌Actions‌  ‌ RULE‌‌46‌‌Original‌‌Cases‌  ‌
RULE‌‌19‌‌Intervention‌  ‌ RULE‌‌47‌‌Annulment‌‌of‌‌Judgments‌‌of‌‌Final‌‌Orders‌‌and‌‌ 
The‌‌1997‌‌Rules‌‌of‌‌Civil‌‌Procedure‌‌ ‌aab‌‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌19-10-20-SC‌  ‌
RULE‌‌20‌‌Calendar‌‌of‌‌Cases‌  ‌ Resolutions‌  ‌
 ‌
RULE‌‌21‌‌Subpoena‌  ‌ RULE‌‌48‌‌Preliminary‌‌Conference‌  ‌
I.‌ ‌General‌‌Principles‌  ‌
RULE‌‌22‌‌Computation‌‌of‌‌Time‌  ‌ RULE‌‌49‌‌Oral‌‌Argument‌  ‌
II.‌‌Preliminary‌‌Considerations‌  ‌
V.‌‌Pre-Trial‌  ‌ RULE‌‌50‌‌Dismissal‌‌of‌‌Appeal‌  ‌
Jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌Courts‌  ‌
VI.‌‌Modes‌‌of‌‌Discovery‌  ‌ RULE‌‌51‌‌Judgment‌  ‌
Principle‌‌of‌‌Judicial‌‌Hierarchy‌  ‌
RULE‌‌23‌‌Depositions‌‌Pending‌‌Actions‌  ‌ RULE‌‌52‌‌Motion‌‌for‌‌Reconsideration‌  ‌
Doctrine‌‌of‌‌Non-interference‌‌or‌‌Judicial‌‌Stability‌  ‌
RULE‌‌24‌‌Depositions‌‌Before‌‌Action‌‌or‌‌Pending‌‌Appeal‌  ‌ RULE‌‌53‌‌New‌‌Trial‌  ‌
Continuity‌‌of‌‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌
RULE‌‌25‌‌Interrogatories‌‌to‌‌Parties‌  ‌ RULE‌‌54‌‌Internal‌‌Business‌  ‌
Doctrines‌‌of‌‌Primary‌‌Administrative‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌and‌‌ 
RULE‌‌26‌‌Admission‌‌by‌‌Adverse‌‌Party‌  ‌ RULE‌‌55‌‌Publications‌‌of‌‌Judgments‌‌and‌‌Final‌‌Resolutions‌  ‌
Exhaustion‌‌of‌‌Administrative‌‌Remedies‌  ‌
RULE‌‌27‌‌Production‌‌or‌‌Inspection‌‌of‌‌Documents‌‌or‌‌Things‌  ‌ XII.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌  ‌
Error‌‌of‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌and‌‌Judgment‌  ‌
RULE‌‌28‌‌Physical‌‌and‌‌Mental‌‌Examination‌‌of‌‌Persons‌  ‌  ‌

Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌Small‌‌Claims‌‌Cases‌  ‌  ‌

RULE‌‌29‌‌Refusal‌‌to‌‌Comply‌‌with‌‌Modes‌‌of‌‌Discovery‌  ‌
RULE‌‌1‌‌General‌‌Provisions‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 2‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

to‌‌
  speak.‌‌
  Thus,‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  authority‌‌
  to‌‌
  speak.‌‌
  And,‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  conferred‌‌ only‌‌ by‌‌ 
I.‌ ‌General‌‌Principles‌  ‌ (3) Coercive‌  ‌powers‌  ‌of‌  ‌court,‌  ‌usually‌  ‌through‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌‌ 
law.‌  ‌
summons‌. ‌ ‌
Remedial‌  ‌Law‌  ‌— ‌ ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌branch‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌which‌‌
  prescribes‌‌
  the‌‌
  method‌‌  Jurisdiction‌  ‌ Venue‌  ‌
May‌  ‌be‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌if‌  ‌party‌  ‌signed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌compromise‌  ‌agreement‌‌ 
and‌  ‌procedures‌  ‌of‌  ‌enforcing‌  ‌rights‌  ‌and‌  ‌obtaining‌  ‌redress‌  ‌for‌  ‌their‌‌  made‌‌as‌‌basis‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌rendered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
invasion.‌‌   ‌ Is‌‌the‌‌authority‌‌to‌‌hear‌‌and‌‌  The‌‌place‌‌where‌‌the‌‌case‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌ 
decide‌‌a‌‌case.‌  ‌ tried.‌  ‌ c. Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌issues;‌C
‌ onferred‌‌by‌  ‌
➔ is‌‌basically‌‌contained‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Rules‌‌of‌‌Court.‌‌   ‌
A‌‌matter‌‌of‌s‌ ubstantive‌l‌ aw‌  ‌ A‌‌matter‌‌of‌p
‌ rocedural‌‌‌law‌  ‌ (1) Pleadings;‌  ‌
➔ It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌procedural‌‌law‌‌as‌‌distinguished‌‌from‌‌a‌‌substantive‌‌law.‌‌   ‌
(2) Agreement‌‌in‌‌a‌‌pretrial‌‌order‌‌or‌‌stipulation;‌ 
➔ are‌‌generally‌‌retroactive.‌  ‌ Fixed‌‌by‌‌law‌‌and‌‌can‌‌not‌‌be‌‌  May‌‌be‌‌conferred‌‌by‌‌the‌‌parties‌  ‌
conferred‌‌by‌‌the‌‌parties‌  ‌ (3) Implied‌‌consent,‌‌as‌‌by‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌object‌‌to‌‌evidence‌‌not‌‌ 
Substantive‌‌   Law‌‌   — ‌‌is‌‌
  that‌‌
  part‌‌
  of‌‌ law‌‌ which‌‌ creates‌‌ rights‌‌ concerning‌‌  covered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌pleadings‌  ‌
life,‌  ‌liberty‌  ‌or‌  ‌property,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌powers‌  ‌of‌  ‌instrumentalities‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Establishes‌‌a‌‌relation‌‌between‌‌  Establishes‌‌a‌‌relation‌‌between‌‌  d. Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌res‌‌‌(or‌‌the‌‌property‌‌or‌‌thing‌‌subject‌‌of‌‌ 
administration‌‌of‌‌public‌‌affairs.‌‌(P ‌ rimicias‌‌v.‌‌Ocampo‌) ‌ ‌
the‌‌court‌‌and‌‌the‌‌parties‌  ‌ the‌‌parties‌  ‌ litigation)‌  ‌
Procedural‌  ‌Law‌  ‌— ‌‌‌refers‌‌   to‌‌
  adjective‌‌  laws‌‌   which‌‌
  prescribe‌‌  rules‌‌
  and‌‌ 
forms‌  ‌of‌  ‌procedure‌  ‌in‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌  ‌courts‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌able‌  ‌to‌  ‌administer‌‌  1. Error‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌‌and‌‌error‌‌of‌‌judgment‌d ‌ istinguished‌  ‌ Acquired‌‌   by‌‌   the‌‌   actual‌‌   or‌‌  constructive‌  ‌seizure‌‌   by‌‌  the‌‌  court‌‌   of‌‌ 
justice.‌‌(Lopez‌‌v.‌‌Gloria)‌  ‌ the‌  t
‌ hing‌   i
‌ n‌
  q
‌ uestion,‌   t
‌ hus‌   p
‌ lacing‌  i
‌ t‌  i
‌ n‌  c
‌ ustodia‌   l
‌ egis‌, ‌
  a
‌ s‌
  ‌in‌‌ 
Error‌  ‌in‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌lack‌‌   of‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌court‌‌  to‌‌  hear‌‌ 
attachment‌‌or‌‌garnishment.‌  ‌
GR‌:‌ ‌Procedural‌‌rules‌‌are‌‌to‌‌be‌‌applied‌‌PROSPECTIVELY.‌  ‌ and‌  ‌decide‌  ‌the‌  ‌case.‌  ‌The‌  ‌case‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌for‌  ‌want‌  ‌of‌‌ 
jurisdiction.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌correctible‌  ‌by‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌and‌  ‌can‌‌   be‌‌  assailed‌‌   for‌‌  Also‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌by‌  ‌provision‌  ‌of‌  ‌law,‌  ‌as‌  ‌in‌  ‌land‌  ‌registration‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌ ‌May‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌applicable‌  ‌to‌  ‌actions‌  ‌pending‌  ‌and‌‌  proceedings‌  ‌or‌  ‌suits‌  ‌involving‌  ‌civil‌  ‌status‌‌   or‌‌
  real‌‌   property‌‌   in‌‌ 
the‌‌first‌‌time‌‌on‌‌appeal.‌‌It‌‌nullifies‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌rendered.‌  ‌
undetermined‌‌at‌‌the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌their‌‌passage.‌  ‌ PH‌‌of‌‌a‌‌nonresident‌‌defendant.‌  ‌
Error‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌is‌  ‌simply‌  ‌an‌  ‌error‌  ‌in‌‌ 
EX‌‌to‌‌EX‌:‌ ‌The‌‌rule‌‌does‌‌not‌‌apply‌‌to‌‌pending‌‌actions‌  ‌
judgment‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌correctible‌  ‌by‌  ‌appeal.‌  ‌The‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌  3. Questions‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌‌may‌‌be‌‌raised‌‌for‌‌the‌‌first‌‌time‌‌on‌‌ 
(1) Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌statute‌  ‌itself‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌implication‌‌  but‌‌
  erred‌‌   in‌‌
  apprehending‌‌   the‌‌
  facts‌‌  and‌‌  applying‌‌ the‌‌ law,‌‌ leading‌‌ to‌‌  appeal.‌  ‌
provides‌  ‌that‌  ‌pending‌  ‌actions‌  ‌are‌  ‌excepted‌  ‌from‌  ‌its‌‌  a‌‌mistake‌‌in‌‌its‌‌decision.‌  ‌
A‌  ‌court‌  c‌ an‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌outside‌  ‌its‌‌ 
operation;‌  ‌ jurisdiction‌(‌ ‌Sec‌‌1,‌‌Rule‌‌9)‌. ‌ ‌
2. Requisites‌‌for‌‌exercise‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌‌(Fixed‌‌by‌‌law)‌  ‌
(2) If‌‌applying‌‌the‌‌rule‌‌would‌‌impair‌‌vested‌‌rights;‌  ‌ The‌‌Doctrine‌o ‌ f‌‌estoppel‌‌by‌‌laches‌‌‌however‌‌was‌‌applied‌‌in‌‌some‌‌ 
a. Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌matter;‌  ‌
(3) When‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌so‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌  ‌infeasible‌  ‌or‌  ‌would‌  ‌work‌‌  cases.‌  ‌
Conferred‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌by‌  ‌agreement‌  ‌of‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌nor‌  ‌by‌‌ 
injustice;‌‌or‌  ‌ Laches‌, ‌‌in‌‌   a ‌‌general‌‌ sense,‌‌ is‌‌ failure‌‌ or‌‌ neglect,‌‌ for‌‌ an‌‌ unreasonable‌‌ 
silence.‌  ‌
(4) If‌  ‌doing‌  ‌so‌  ‌would‌  ‌involve‌  ‌intricate‌  ‌problems‌  ‌of‌  ‌due‌‌  and‌‌   unexplained‌‌   length‌‌   of‌‌
  time,‌‌   to‌‌
  do‌‌
  that‌‌  which,‌‌ by‌‌ exercising‌‌ due‌‌ 
b. Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌person‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties;‌  ‌
process‌‌or‌‌impair‌‌the‌‌independence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌courts.‌  ‌ diligence,‌‌ could‌‌ or‌‌ should‌‌ have‌‌ been‌‌ done‌‌ earlier;‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ negligence‌‌ or‌‌ 
Over‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌‌   or‌‌
  petitioner‌‌   — ‌‌acquired‌‌  by‌‌  the‌‌   filing‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌  omission‌  ‌to‌  ‌assert‌  a‌  ‌ ‌right‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reasonable‌  ‌time,‌  ‌warranting‌‌   a ‌‌
Jurisdiction‌‌in‌‌general‌  ‌ complaint‌‌or‌‌petition.‌  ‌ presumption‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ party‌‌ entitled‌‌ to‌‌ assert‌‌ it‌‌ either‌‌ has‌‌ abandoned‌‌ 
A‌‌court‌i‌ s‌‌an‌‌entity‌‌or‌‌body‌‌vested‌‌with‌‌a‌‌portion‌‌of‌‌judicial‌‌power.‌  ‌ it‌‌or‌‌declined‌‌to‌‌assert‌‌it.‌(‌ Tijam‌‌v.‌‌Sibonghanoy)‌  ‌
Over‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌or‌‌respondent‌‌—‌‌acquired‌‌by‌  ‌
Jurisdiction‌‌and‌‌Venue‌d ‌ istinguished‌  ‌ GR‌:‌‌  Jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌  court‌‌   over‌‌   the‌‌
  subject‌‌   matter‌‌   is‌‌
  determined‌‌ 
(1) Voluntary‌‌appearance;‌  ‌
by‌‌the‌‌allegations‌‌of‌‌the‌c‌ omplaint‌. ‌ ‌
JURISDICTION‌‌   ‌is‌‌
  the‌‌
  power‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  to‌‌
  hear‌‌
  and‌‌
  decide‌‌
  cases.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌  (2) Submission‌‌of‌‌defendant‌‌or‌‌respondent‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court;‌‌or‌  ‌  ‌

derived‌‌  from‌‌   the‌‌ words‌‌ ‌JURIS‌‌ ‌which‌‌ means‌‌ law‌‌ and‌‌ ‌DICO‌‌ ‌which‌‌ means‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 3‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

by‌‌
  the‌‌
  litigants,‌‌   but‌‌   must‌‌   rely‌‌
  solely‌‌ on‌‌ what‌‌ the‌‌ law‌  ‌provides‌‌ 
II.‌‌Preliminary‌‌Considerations‌  ‌ (2) Order‌  ‌a ‌ ‌change‌  ‌of‌  ‌venue‌  or‌  ‌place‌  ‌of‌  ‌trial‌  ‌to‌  ‌avoid‌  ‌a ‌‌
on‌‌
  the‌‌
  given‌‌   set‌‌ of‌‌ facts.‌‌ If‌‌ the‌‌ facts‌‌ are‌‌ disputed‌‌ or‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ issues‌‌ 
miscarriage‌‌of‌‌justice.‌‌(Sec‌‌5[4],‌‌Art‌‌VIII)‌  ‌
require‌  ‌an‌  ‌examination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   evidence,‌‌   the‌‌
  question‌‌   posed‌‌  is‌‌ 
Jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌Courts‌  ‌ one‌‌of‌‌fact.‌‌   ‌ (3) Promulgate‌‌   rules‌‌  ‌concerning‌‌   the‌‌
  protection‌‌   and‌‌  enforcement‌‌ 
1. Supreme‌‌Court‌  ‌ of‌‌
  constitutional‌‌   rights,‌‌   pleading,‌‌   practice,‌‌ and‌‌ procedure‌‌ in‌‌ all‌‌ 
The‌‌   ‌test‌, ‌‌therefore,‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ the‌‌ appellation‌‌ given‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌question‌‌ by‌‌ 
courts,‌‌
  the‌‌
  admission‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  practice‌‌   of‌‌
  law,‌‌
  the‌‌  integrated‌‌
  bar,‌‌ 
a. Judicial‌‌Power‌‌‌—‌‌the‌‌power‌‌to‌‌hear‌‌and‌‌decide‌‌cases;‌  ‌ the‌‌
  party‌‌   raising‌‌   it,‌‌
  but‌‌
  whether‌‌ the‌‌ appellate‌‌ court‌‌ can‌‌ resolve‌‌ 
and‌‌legal‌‌assistance‌‌to‌‌the‌‌underprivileged.‌(‌ Sec‌‌5[5],‌‌Art‌‌VIII)‌  ‌
the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌without‌  ‌examining‌  ‌or‌  ‌evaluating‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌in‌‌ 
(1) Original‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌   ‌ which‌‌   case,‌‌  it‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌question‌‌ of‌‌ law;‌‌ otherwise,‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌question‌‌ of‌‌  The‌‌basis‌‌of‌‌the‌‌rule-making‌‌power‌o
‌ f‌‌the‌‌SC.‌  ‌
(a) over‌  ‌cases‌  ‌affecting‌  ‌ambassadors‌, ‌ ‌other‌  ‌public‌‌  fact.‌  ‌ (4) Appoint‌  ‌all‌  ‌officials‌  ‌and‌  ‌employees‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Judiciary‌  ‌in‌‌ 
ministers‌‌and‌c‌ onsuls‌,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ (3) Other‌‌cases‌‌conferred‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Constitution‌  ‌ accordance‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Civil‌‌Service‌‌Law.‌ (‌ Sec‌‌5[6],‌‌Art‌‌VIII)‌  ‌
(b) over‌  ‌petitions‌  ‌for‌  ‌certiorari‌, ‌ ‌prohibition‌, ‌‌ (a) Unless‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌provided‌‌   by‌‌
  this‌‌
  Constitution‌‌   by‌‌  Constitutional‌‌Limitations‌‌of‌‌the‌‌SC‌  ‌
  or‌‌
mandamus‌, ‌‌‌quo‌‌ warranto‌, ‌‌and‌‌ ‌habeas‌‌ corpus‌. ‌‌‌(Sec‌‌  law,‌‌  any‌‌
  decision,‌‌ order,‌‌ or‌‌ ruling‌‌ of‌‌ each‌‌ Commission‌‌  a. The‌  ‌Congress‌  ‌shall‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌to‌  ‌define,‌  ‌prescribe,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
5[1],‌‌Art‌‌VIII)‌  (‌COMELEC‌, ‌‌‌COA‌, ‌‌‌CSC‌) ‌‌may‌‌ be‌‌ brought‌‌ on‌‌ certiorari‌‌ by‌‌  apportion‌‌   the‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ various‌‌ courts‌‌ but‌‌ may‌‌ not‌‌ deprive‌‌ 
(2) Appellate‌  ‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌review,‌  ‌revise,‌  ‌reverse,‌  ‌modify,‌  ‌or‌‌  the‌‌
  aggrieved‌‌ party‌‌ within‌‌ thirty‌‌ days‌‌ from‌‌ receipt‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌ the‌‌
  SC‌‌
  of‌‌
  its‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ cases‌‌ enumerated‌‌ in‌‌ Section‌‌ 5.‌‌ ‌(Sec‌‌ 2,‌‌ 
affirm‌‌
  on‌‌
  appeal‌‌
  or‌‌
  certiorari,‌‌
  as‌‌
  the‌‌
  law‌‌
  or‌‌  the‌‌
  Rules‌‌
  of‌‌
  Court‌‌  copy‌‌thereof.‌(‌ Sec‌‌7,‌‌Art‌‌IX)‌  ‌ Art‌‌VIII)‌  ‌
may‌‌provide,‌‌final‌‌judgments‌‌and‌‌orders‌‌of‌‌lower‌‌courts‌‌in:‌  ‌ NB‌: ‌ ‌Cases‌  ‌from‌  ‌CSC‌  ‌now‌  ‌appealable‌  ‌to‌  ‌CA.‌  ‌See‌  ‌Sec‌‌  b. No‌  ‌law‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌
  passed‌‌
  increasing‌‌
  the‌‌
  appellate‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(a) All‌‌
  cases‌‌  in‌‌  which‌‌ the‌‌ ‌constitutionality‌‌ ‌or‌‌ validity‌‌ of‌‌  9(3),‌‌BP‌‌129‌,‌‌as‌‌amended‌‌by‌‌RA‌‌7902.‌  ‌ SC‌‌without‌‌its‌‌advice‌‌and‌‌concurrence.‌(‌ Sec‌‌30,‌‌Art‌‌VI)‌  ‌
any‌  ‌treaty,‌  ‌international‌  ‌or‌  ‌executive‌  ‌agreement,‌  ‌law,‌‌  (b) Presidential‌  ‌Electoral‌  ‌Tribunal.‌  ‌Sitting‌  ‌en‌  ‌banc,‌‌ 
presidential‌  ‌decree,‌  ‌proclamation,‌  ‌order,‌  ‌instruction,‌‌  Illustrative‌  ‌Case‌: ‌ ‌“Section‌  ‌27‌  ‌of‌  ‌Republic‌  ‌Act‌  ‌No.‌  ‌6770‌  ‌cannot‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌the‌  ‌sole‌  ‌judge‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌contests‌  ‌relating‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  validly‌  ‌authorize‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌this‌  ‌Court‌  ‌from‌  ‌decisions‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
ordinance,‌‌or‌‌regulation‌‌is‌‌in‌‌question.‌  ‌ election,‌‌   returns,‌‌   and‌‌ qualifications‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ President‌‌ or‌‌  Office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Ombudsman‌  ‌in‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌disciplinary‌  ‌cases.‌  ‌It‌‌ 
(b) All‌  ‌cases‌  ‌involving‌  ‌the‌  ‌legality‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌tax‌, ‌ ‌impost,‌‌  Vice-President,‌  ‌and‌  ‌may‌  ‌promulgate‌  ‌its‌  ‌rules‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  consequently‌  ‌violates‌  ‌the‌  ‌proscription‌  ‌in‌  ‌Section‌‌   30,‌‌
  Article‌‌
  VI‌‌  of‌‌ 
assessment,‌‌   or‌‌ toll,‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ penalty‌‌ imposed‌‌ in‌‌ relation‌‌  purpose.‌‌(Sec‌‌4[7],‌‌Art‌‌VII)‌  ‌ the‌  ‌Constitution‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌law‌  ‌which‌  ‌increases‌  ‌the‌  ‌Appellate‌‌ 
thereto.‌  ‌ (c) Martial‌  ‌Law‌  ‌Cases.‌  ‌Review,‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌appropriate‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌this‌‌Court.”‌(‌ Fabiano‌‌v.‌‌Desierto)‌  ‌
(c) All‌‌   cases‌‌  in‌‌  which‌‌   the‌‌ ‌jurisdiction‌‌ ‌of‌‌ any‌‌ lower‌‌ court‌‌  proceeding‌  ‌filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌‌   citizen,‌‌  the‌‌  sufficiency‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
2. Court‌‌of‌‌Appeals‌  ‌
is‌‌in‌‌issue.‌  ‌ factual‌‌  basis‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  proclamation‌‌   of‌‌
  martial‌‌ law‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ 
suspension‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ privilege‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ extension‌‌  a. Original‌  ‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌issue‌  ‌writs‌  ‌of‌  ‌mandamus‌, ‌‌
(d) All‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌imposed‌  ‌is‌‌  prohibition‌, ‌ ‌certiorari‌, ‌ ‌habeas‌‌   corpus‌, ‌‌and‌‌   ‌quo‌‌   warranto‌, ‌‌
thereof,‌  ‌and‌  ‌must‌  ‌promulgate‌  ‌its‌  ‌decision‌  ‌thereon‌‌ 
reclusion‌‌perpetua‌‌‌or‌‌higher.‌  ‌ and‌   a
‌ uxiliary‌   w
‌ rits‌‌
  or‌‌
  processes,‌‌   w hether‌‌   or‌‌
  n ot‌‌
  i n‌‌
  aid‌‌
  of‌‌
  its‌‌ 
within‌‌thirty‌‌days‌‌from‌‌its‌‌filing.‌(‌ Sec‌‌18[3],‌‌Art‌‌VII)‌  ‌
(e) All‌  ‌cases‌  ‌in‌‌   which‌‌   only‌‌   an‌‌
  ‌error‌‌  or‌‌
  question‌‌   of‌‌
  law‌‌  appellate‌‌jurisdiction;‌(‌ Sec‌‌9[1],‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌
b. Administrative‌  ‌Power‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Administrative‌  ‌supervision‌  ‌over‌  ‌all‌‌ 
is‌‌involved.‌(‌ Sec‌‌5[2],‌‌Art‌‌VIII)‌  ‌ b. Exclusive‌  ‌Original‌  ‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌‌   actions‌‌   for‌‌
  ‌annulment‌‌ 
courts‌‌and‌‌the‌‌personnel‌‌thereof.‌‌(S‌ ec‌‌6,‌‌Art‌‌VIII)‌  ‌
A‌  ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌arises‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌doubt‌‌   as‌‌   to‌‌
  what‌‌   the‌‌  of‌‌judgements‌o ‌ f‌‌RTCs.‌(‌ Sec‌‌9[2],‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌
(1) Assign‌  ‌temporarily‌  ‌judges‌  ‌of‌  ‌lower‌‌   courts‌‌   to‌‌
  other‌‌   stations‌‌ 
law‌  ‌is‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌certain‌  ‌state‌‌
  of‌‌
  facts,‌‌   while‌‌  there‌‌  is‌‌
  a ‌‌‌question‌‌   of‌‌  c. Exclusive‌  ‌Appellate‌  ‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌all‌  ‌final‌  ‌judgements,‌‌ 
as‌  ‌public‌  ‌interest‌  ‌may‌  ‌require.‌  ‌Such‌  ‌temporary‌  ‌assignments‌‌ 
fact‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌doubt‌  ‌arises‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌truth‌  ‌or‌  ‌falsity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  resolutions,‌  ‌orders‌  ‌or‌  ‌awards‌  ‌of‌  ‌RTCs‌  ‌and‌  ‌quasi-judicial‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌exceed‌  ‌six‌  ‌months‌‌   without‌‌  the‌‌   consent‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  judge‌‌ 
alleged‌‌facts.‌‌   ‌ agencies,‌  ‌instrumentalities,‌  ‌boards‌  ‌or‌  ‌commission,‌  ‌including‌‌ 
concerned.‌‌(Sec‌‌5[3],‌‌Art‌‌VIII)‌  ‌
For‌‌   a ‌‌question‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ ‌one‌‌ of‌‌ law‌, ‌‌its‌‌ resolution‌‌ must‌‌ not‌‌ involve‌‌  the‌  ‌SEC,‌  ‌the‌  ‌SSC,‌  ‌the‌  ‌ECC‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌CSC‌, ‌ ‌except‌  ‌those‌  ‌falling‌‌ 
an‌‌ examination‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ probative‌‌ value‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ evidence‌‌ presented‌‌  within‌‌the‌‌appellate‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌SC.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 4‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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tribunal,‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌body‌  ‌exercising‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌or‌  ‌quasi-judicial‌‌ 


The‌‌  CA‌‌
  shall‌‌
  have‌‌
  the‌‌ power‌‌ to‌‌ try‌‌ cases‌‌ and‌‌ conduct‌‌ hearings,‌‌  Antig‌‌v.‌‌Antipuesto‌,‌1
‌ 92396,‌‌Jan‌‌17‌‌2018‌  ‌
functions;‌‌Catch-all‌‌provision‌  ‌
receive‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌and‌  ‌perform‌  ‌any‌  ‌and‌  ‌all‌  ‌acts‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌to‌‌ 
The‌‌   limited‌‌
  and‌‌  special‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ to‌‌ hear‌‌ agrarian‌‌ cases‌‌ 
resolve‌  ‌factual‌  ‌issues‌  ‌raised‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌falling‌  ‌within‌  ‌its‌‌  (7) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌civil‌  ‌actions‌  ‌and‌  ‌special‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌falling‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌ 
is‌‌
  limited‌‌  only‌‌
  to‌‌  the‌‌
  ‌determination‌‌ of‌‌ just‌‌ compensation‌‌ ‌and‌‌ the‌‌ 
original‌‌   and‌‌
  appellate‌‌ jurisdiction,‌‌ including‌‌ the‌‌ power‌‌ to‌‌ grant‌‌  exclusive‌  ‌original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Juvenile‌  ‌and‌  ‌Domestic‌‌ 
prosecution‌‌of‌‌all‌‌criminal‌‌offenses‌u ‌ nder‌‌RA‌‌6657.‌  ‌
and‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌new‌  ‌trials‌  ‌or‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌continuous‌  ‌and‌‌  Relations‌‌   Court‌‌   and‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Courts‌‌  of‌‌
  Agrarian‌‌ Relations‌‌ as‌‌ now‌‌ 
must‌‌   be‌‌
  completed‌‌   within‌‌
  three‌‌   (3)‌‌ months‌, ‌‌unless‌‌ extended‌‌  provided‌‌by‌‌law;‌a ‌ nd‌  ‌ The‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌‌ 
by‌‌the‌‌Chief‌‌Justice.‌  ‌ injunction‌‌   over‌‌
  the‌‌
  DARAB‌. ‌‌Thus,‌‌   it‌‌
  does‌‌  not‌‌
  have‌‌ the‌‌ authority‌‌ to‌‌ 
(8) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌other‌  ‌cases‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌‌
  demand,‌‌   ‌exclusive‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  interest,‌‌ 
issue‌  ‌an‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌DARAB‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌it‌  ‌from‌‌ 
Both‌‌a‌‌trier‌‌of‌‌fact‌‌and‌‌law.‌  ‌ damages‌  ‌of‌‌   whatever‌‌   kind,‌‌
  attorney's‌‌
  fees,‌‌   litigation‌‌  expenses,‌‌ 
implementing‌‌ CARP.‌‌ This‌‌ is‌‌ also‌‌ expressly‌‌ stated‌‌ in‌‌ Secs‌‌ 55‌‌ and‌‌ 68‌‌ of‌‌ 
and‌  ‌costs‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌  property‌‌  in‌‌  controversy‌‌   exceeds‌‌ 
3. Regional‌‌Trial‌‌Court‌  ‌ RA‌‌
  6657‌‌
  that‌‌
  no‌‌ TRO‌‌ or‌‌ injunction‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ issued‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ against‌‌ 
300K‌‌or,‌‌in‌‌MM‌4 ‌ 00K‌).‌  ‌
the‌‌DAR‌‌implementing‌‌CARP.‌  ‌
a. Exclusive‌‌Original‌‌Jurisdiction‌: ‌ ‌
If‌‌
  claim‌‌  for‌‌
  damages‌‌   be‌‌ the‌‌ ‌principal‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ action,‌‌ then‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ 
(1) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌civil‌  ‌actions‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌litigation‌  ‌is‌‌  made‌‌the‌‌basis‌‌for‌‌calculating‌‌the‌‌value.‌  ‌ Additional‌  ‌Note‌: ‌ ‌Decisions‌  ‌of‌  ‌quasi-judicial‌  ‌agencies‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
incapable‌‌of‌‌pecuniary‌‌estimation‌; ‌ ‌ exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌  ‌quasi-judicial‌  ‌function‌  ‌are‌  ‌appealable‌  ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌
  RTC,‌‌
  not‌ 
If‌‌
  damages‌‌   is‌‌  but‌‌
  ‌incidental‌‌   to‌‌
  another‌‌
  cause‌‌ of‌‌ action,‌‌ then‌‌ it‌‌  the‌‌CA.‌‌(‌Lupangco‌‌v.‌‌CA‌) ‌ ‌
Claim‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌quantified‌  ‌to‌  ‌money;‌  ‌e.g.‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌specific‌‌  is‌‌
  ‌excluded‌‌  ‌from‌‌ the‌‌ calculation.‌‌ ‌(A ‌ DMINISTRATIVE‌‌ CIRCULAR‌‌ 
performance‌. ‌ ‌ NO.‌‌09-94,‌‌June‌‌14,‌‌1994‌) ‌ ‌ Sps‌‌Pajares‌‌v.‌‌Remarkable‌‌Laundry‌,‌2 ‌ 12690,‌‌Feb‌‌20,‌‌2017‌  ‌
(2) In‌‌
  all‌‌
  civil‌‌ actions‌‌ which‌‌ involve‌‌ the‌‌ title‌‌ to,‌‌ or‌‌ possession‌‌ of‌, ‌‌ b. Concurrent‌‌Original‌‌Jurisdiction‌: ‌ ‌ An‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌“Breach‌  ‌of‌  ‌Contract‌‌
  with‌‌
  Damages”‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌NOT‌‌
  an‌‌
  action‌‌ 
real‌  ‌property‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌interest‌  ‌therein,‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌assessed‌‌  (1) In‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌writs‌  ‌of‌  ‌certiorari‌, ‌ prohibition‌, ‌‌ incapable‌  ‌of‌  ‌pecuniary‌  ‌estimation‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌allegation‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
value‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌  property‌‌   involved‌‌   exceeds‌‌ ‌20K‌‌ or‌‌ for‌‌ civil‌‌ actions‌‌  mandamus‌, ‌ ‌quo‌  ‌warranto,‌  ‌habeas‌  ‌corpus‌  ‌and‌  ‌injunction‌‌  complaint‌  ‌is‌  ‌really‌  ‌to‌  ‌recover‌  ‌liquidated‌  ‌damages‌  ‌stipulated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
in‌  ‌Metro‌  ‌Manila,‌‌   where‌‌   such‌‌  the‌‌  value‌‌
  exceeds‌‌   Fifty‌‌
  thousand‌‌  which‌‌   may‌‌  be‌‌
  enforced‌‌
  in‌‌
  any‌‌
  part‌‌
  of‌‌
  their‌‌
  respective‌‌
  regions;‌‌  contract.‌  ‌
pesos‌‌   ‌50K‌‌  ‌except‌‌   ‌actions‌‌   for‌‌
  forcible‌‌
  entry‌‌  into‌‌  and‌‌ unlawful‌‌  and‌  ‌ It‌  ‌is‌  ‌neither‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌specific‌‌  performance‌‌   or‌‌
  for‌‌
  rescission.‌‌   In‌‌ 
detainer‌‌   of‌‌
  lands‌‌  or‌‌   buildings,‌‌   original‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ which‌‌ 
(2) In‌  ‌actions‌  ‌affecting‌  ‌ambassadors‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌public‌‌
  ministers‌‌  determining‌‌   whether‌‌   the‌‌  action‌‌
  is‌‌
  one‌‌   the‌‌   subject‌‌
  matter‌‌   of‌‌ which‌‌ is‌‌ 
is‌‌conferred‌‌upon‌‌MeTC,‌‌MTC,‌‌MCTC;‌  ‌
and‌‌consuls.‌‌(Sec‌‌21,‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌ not‌‌   capable‌‌  of‌‌  pecuniary‌‌   estimation,‌‌   the‌‌  ‌nature‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  action‌‌ shall‌‌ 
Applicable‌‌to‌r‌ eal‌‌actions‌‌‌to‌‌recover‌‌real‌‌property.‌  be‌‌the‌‌basis.‌  ‌
c.
Appellate‌  ‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌all‌  ‌cases‌  ‌decided‌  ‌by‌  ‌MeTC,‌  ‌MTC,‌‌ 
(3) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌actions‌  ‌in‌  ‌admiralty‌  ‌and‌  ‌maritime‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌  MCTC‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌  ‌respective‌  ‌territorial‌  ‌jurisdictions.‌‌   Such‌‌  cases‌‌  shall‌‌  4. Municipal‌‌Trial‌‌Court‌  ‌
where‌‌   the‌‌
  demand‌‌   or‌‌
  claim‌‌   exceeds‌‌
  ‌300K‌‌   or,‌‌ in‌‌ Metro‌‌ Manila,‌‌  be‌  ‌decided‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌basis‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌entire‌‌
  record‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  proceedings‌‌   in‌‌ 
where‌‌such‌‌demand‌‌or‌‌claim‌‌exceeds‌4 ‌ 00K‌; ‌ ‌ the‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌origin‌  ‌and‌  ‌such‌  ‌memoranda‌  ‌and/or‌  ‌briefs‌‌   as‌‌
  may‌‌   be‌‌  (1) Exclusive‌‌   Original‌‌   Jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ civil‌‌ actions‌‌ and‌‌ probate‌‌ 
submitted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌or‌‌required‌‌by‌‌the‌‌RTCs.‌(‌ Sec‌‌22,‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌ proceedings,‌   t
‌ estate‌   ‌and‌  ‌intestate,‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌  ‌grant‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(4) In‌‌
  all‌‌
  matters‌‌   of‌‌ ‌probate‌, ‌‌both‌‌ testate‌‌ and‌‌ intestate,‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ 
provisional‌  ‌remedies‌  ‌in‌  ‌proper‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
gross‌‌   value‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ estate‌‌ exceeds‌‌ ‌300K‌‌ or,‌‌ in‌‌ probate‌‌ matters‌‌ in‌‌  NB‌:‌‌By‌‌virtue‌‌of‌S‌ ec‌‌5,‌‌RA‌‌7691‌  ‌ personal‌  ‌property,‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌or‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌demand‌‌   ‌does‌‌   not‌‌ 
Metro‌‌Manila,‌‌where‌‌such‌‌gross‌‌value‌‌exceeds‌4 ‌ 00K‌; ‌ ‌ exceed‌‌  3
‌ 00K‌‌   o r,‌‌
  i n‌‌
  M etro‌‌   M anila‌‌
  —‌‌
  4
‌ 00K‌‌   e
‌ xclusive‌‌
  o f‌‌
  interest‌‌  
 ‌ before‌  ‌ 1999‌  ‌ 2004‌  ‌
(5) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌actions‌‌
  involving‌‌   the‌‌
  contract‌‌
  of‌‌
  ‌marriage‌‌   ‌and‌‌
  ‌marital‌‌  damages‌‌   of‌‌   whatever‌‌   kind,‌‌   attorney's‌‌  fees,‌‌
  litigation‌‌   expenses,‌‌ 
relations‌; ‌ ‌ Metro‌ M
‌ anila‌   ‌ 200K‌   ‌ 400K‌   ‌ 400K‌   ‌ and‌c
‌ osts‌ , ‌ t
‌ he‌ a
‌ mount‌ o
‌ f‌ w
‌ hich‌ m
‌ ust‌ b
‌ e‌ s
‌ pecifically‌ a
‌ lleged:‌‌    ‌

(6) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌cases‌  ‌not‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌


  exclusive‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌
  of‌‌
  any‌‌  court,‌‌  Where‌‌   there‌‌   are‌‌
  several‌‌  claims‌‌
  or‌‌ causes‌‌ of‌‌ action‌‌ between‌‌ the‌‌ 
Outside‌‌MM‌  ‌ 100K‌  ‌ 200K‌  ‌ 300K‌  ‌
tribunal,‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌body‌  ‌exercising‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌court,‌‌  same‌‌   or‌‌  different‌‌   parties,‌‌
  embodied‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ complaint,‌‌ the‌‌ 
 ‌ amount‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  demand‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ the‌‌ ‌totality‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ claims‌‌ in‌‌ all‌‌ 
the‌  ‌causes‌  ‌of‌  ‌action,‌  ‌irrespective‌  ‌of‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌causes‌  ‌of‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 5‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

action‌  ‌arose‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌or‌  ‌different‌  ‌transactions;‌‌ 


commencement‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ action‌. ‌‌At‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ the‌‌ petitioners‌‌ filed‌‌ their‌‌  others,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌certiorari‌. ‌ ‌Consistent‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌above‌‌ 
(Totality‌‌Rule)‌(‌ Sec‌‌33[1],‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌
case‌‌   for‌‌
  just‌‌   compensation‌‌   in‌‌  1995,‌‌   P.D.‌‌   No.‌‌   946,‌‌
  which‌‌  reorganized‌‌  pronouncement,‌  ‌this‌  ‌Court‌  ‌has‌  ‌held‌  ‌as‌  ‌early‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌J.M.‌‌ 
(2) EOJ‌‌
  over‌‌   of‌‌ ‌forcible‌‌ entry‌‌ and‌‌ unlawful‌‌ detainer‌. ‌
  cases‌‌ the‌‌
  Court‌‌   of‌‌  Agrarian‌‌   Relations‌‌   (CAR)‌‌   and‌‌   streamlined‌‌ its‌‌ procedure,‌‌  Tuason‌‌   & ‌‌Co.,‌‌ Inc.‌‌ v.‌‌ Jaramillo,‌‌ et‌‌ al‌. ‌‌that‌‌ “‌if‌‌ a ‌‌case‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ appealed‌‌ 
(Sec‌‌33[2],‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌ has‌‌  already‌‌   been‌‌   superseded‌‌   by‌‌ R.A.‌‌ No.‌‌ 6657,‌‌ which‌‌ created,‌‌ among‌‌  to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌tribunal‌  ‌or‌  ‌body,‌  ‌then‌  ‌said‌‌ 
others,‌‌   the‌‌   SACs.‌‌   Section‌‌   57‌‌
  of‌‌  R.A.‌‌   No.‌‌   6657‌‌ expressly‌‌ provides‌‌ that‌‌  court‌  ‌or‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌tribunal‌  ‌or‌  ‌body‌‌   has‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   to‌‌
  issue‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(3) EOJ‌‌   ‌in‌‌  all‌‌
  civil‌‌  actions‌‌   which‌‌   involve‌‌ title‌‌ to,‌‌ or‌‌ possession‌‌ of,‌‌ 
the‌  ‌SACs‌  ‌shall‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌original‌  ‌and‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌all‌‌  extraordinary‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌certiorari‌, ‌ ‌in‌  ‌aid‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌appellate‌‌ 
real‌  ‌property,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌interest‌  ‌therein‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌assessed‌‌  petitions‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌   determination‌‌   of‌‌
  just‌‌   compensation‌‌   to‌‌
  landowners,‌‌  jurisdiction‌.”‌  ‌
value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   property‌‌   or‌‌
  interest‌‌  therein‌‌  does‌‌   not‌‌
  exceed‌‌
  ‌20K‌‌  and‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌under‌  ‌said‌  ‌Act.‌  ‌More‌‌ 
or,‌‌
  in‌‌   civil‌‌   actions‌‌   in‌‌
  Metro‌‌   Manila,‌‌ where‌‌ such‌‌ assessed‌‌ value‌‌  The‌‌   authority‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ CTA‌‌ to‌‌ take‌‌ cognizance‌‌ of‌‌ petitions‌‌ for‌certiorari‌‌
   
importantly,‌  ‌Section‌  ‌57‌  ‌further‌  ‌provides‌  ‌that‌  ‌“[t]he‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court‌‌ 
does‌‌   not‌‌   exceed‌‌ ‌50K‌‌ ‌exclusive‌‌ ‌of‌‌ interest,‌‌ damages‌‌ of‌‌ whatever‌‌  questioning‌‌   interlocutory‌‌   orders‌‌ issued‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌local‌‌ tax‌‌ case‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌apply‌‌   to‌‌
  all‌‌
  proceedings‌‌   before‌‌   the‌‌   [SACs],‌‌   unless‌‌  modified‌‌
  by‌‌ 
kind,‌‌attorney's‌‌fees,‌‌litigation‌‌expenses‌‌and‌‌costs:‌‌   ‌ is‌  ‌included‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌powers‌  ‌granted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Constitution‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌‌ 
this‌‌Act.”‌  ‌
inherent‌‌in‌‌the‌‌exercise‌‌of‌‌its‌‌appellate‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
Provided‌, ‌ ‌That‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌
  property‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  determined‌‌
  by‌‌  In‌  ‌this‌  ‌case,‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌‌
  Negros‌‌   Oriental,‌‌   Branch‌‌   30,‌‌
  was‌‌   acting‌‌
  as‌‌
  a ‌‌
the‌‌‌assessed‌‌value‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌adjacent‌‌lots.‌‌(Sec‌‌33[3],‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌ SAC.‌  ‌The‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court,‌  ‌therefore,‌  ‌was‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule‌  ‌of‌  ‌procedure‌‌ 
 ‌

Tumpag‌‌v.‌‌Tumpag‌,‌‌199133,‌‌Sep‌‌29,‌‌2014‌  ‌
(4) Delegated‌  ‌Jurisdiction‌‌
  ‌to‌‌
  hear‌‌
  and‌‌   ‌cadastral‌‌
  determine‌‌   or‌‌  applicable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌   cases‌‌   filed‌‌
  before‌‌  it.‌‌
  Under‌‌  Rule‌‌   16‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Rules‌‌
  of‌‌ 
land‌‌registration‌‌cases‌‌‌covering‌‌lots‌‌   ‌ Court,‌  ‌and‌  ‌even‌  ‌under‌‌   the‌‌
  present‌‌  1997‌‌   Rules‌‌  of‌‌
  Civil‌‌   Procedure,‌‌   as‌‌  Generally,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌should‌  ‌only‌  ‌look‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌‌ 
amended,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prohibited‌  ‌pleading.‌‌  the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌to‌  ‌determine‌  ‌whether‌  ‌a ‌ ‌suit‌  ‌is‌  ‌within‌  ‌its‌‌ 
(a) where‌‌there‌‌is‌n
‌ o‌‌controversy‌‌or‌‌opposition‌,‌‌OR‌‌   ‌ Consequently,‌  ‌the‌  ‌SAC‌  ‌had‌  ‌every‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌admit‌  ‌and‌  ‌resolve‌  ‌the‌‌  jurisdiction‌. ‌ ‌In‌  ‌Marcopper‌  ‌Mining‌  ‌Corp.‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Garcia,‌  ‌we‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) contested‌  ‌l ots‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌exceed‌‌  motions‌‌to‌‌dismiss‌‌filed‌‌by‌‌respondents‌‌LBP‌‌and‌‌PNB.‌  ‌ RTC‌  ‌to‌  ‌consider,‌  ‌in‌  ‌addition‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint,‌  ‌other‌  ‌pleadings‌‌ 
P100K‌,  ‌‌ ‌  ‌
submitted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌in‌  ‌deciding‌  ‌whether‌  ‌or‌  ‌not‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌‌ 
should‌  ‌be‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌for‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action.‌  ‌In‌  ‌Guaranteed‌‌ 
such‌‌  value‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  ascertained‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  affidavit‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ claimant‌‌ or‌‌  City‌‌of‌‌Manila‌‌v.‌‌Grecia-Cuerdo,‌‌et‌‌al‌,‌‌175723,‌‌Feb‌‌4,‌‌2014‌  ‌
Homes,‌  ‌Inc.‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Heirs‌  ‌of‌  ‌Valdez,‌  ‌et‌  ‌al.,‌  ‌we‌  ‌held‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌factual‌‌ 
by‌‌
  agreement‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  respective‌‌ claimants‌‌ if‌‌ there‌‌ are‌‌ more‌‌ than‌‌  WON‌‌   the‌‌
  CTA‌‌ has‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ a ‌‌special‌‌ civil‌‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ certiorari‌‌  allegations‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌complaint‌‌   should‌‌
  be‌‌  considered‌‌   in‌‌
  tandem‌‌   with‌‌  the‌‌ 
one,‌  ‌or‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌corresponding‌  ‌tax‌  ‌declaration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌‌  assailing‌‌   an‌‌
  interlocutory‌‌   order‌‌  issued‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌local‌‌ tax‌‌ case.‌‌  statements‌  ‌and‌  ‌inscriptions‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌documents‌  ‌attached‌  ‌to‌  ‌it‌  ‌as‌‌ 
property.‌‌   ‌ YES‌. ‌ ‌ annexes‌‌or‌‌integral‌‌parts.‌  ‌
Their‌‌
  decisions‌‌
  in‌‌
  these‌‌
  cases‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  appealable‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌  The‌  ‌prevailing‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌  ‌to‌  ‌issue‌  ‌writs‌  ‌of‌‌  In‌  ‌the‌  ‌present‌  ‌case,‌  ‌we‌  ‌find‌  ‌reason‌  ‌not‌  ‌to‌  ‌strictly‌  ‌apply‌  ‌the‌‌ 
manner‌‌as‌‌decisions‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RTCs‌.‌‌(Sec‌‌34,‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌ certiorari‌‌   involves‌‌   the‌‌ exercise‌‌ of‌‌ original‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ which‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌  above-mentioned‌‌   general‌‌  rule,‌‌
  and‌‌  to‌‌
  consider‌‌
  the‌‌  facts‌‌ contained‌‌ in‌‌ 
(5) Special‌  ‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌‌  expressly‌  ‌conferred‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Constitution‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌and‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌‌  the‌  ‌Declaration‌  ‌of‌  ‌Real‌  ‌Property‌  ‌attached‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌in‌‌ 
Judges‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌province‌  ‌or‌  ‌city‌, ‌ ‌any‌  ‌Metropolitan,‌  ‌Municipal,‌‌  implied‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌mere‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌it‌‌   can‌‌  be‌‌  determining‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌had‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner’s‌‌ 
Municipal‌  ‌Circuit‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Judge‌‌   may‌‌   hear‌‌
  and‌‌   ‌petitions‌‌ 
  decide‌‌ fairly‌  ‌interpreted‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌CTA‌  ‌includes‌  ‌that‌  ‌of‌‌  case.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌mere‌  ‌reference‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌attached‌  ‌document‌  ‌could‌  ‌facially‌‌ 
for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌habeas‌‌
  corpus‌‌
  or‌‌
  applications‌‌
  for‌‌
  bail‌ ‌ determining‌‌   whether‌‌   or‌‌
  not‌‌
  there‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌   grave‌‌   abuse‌‌   of‌‌ discretion‌‌  resolve‌‌   the‌‌
  question‌‌ on‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ and‌‌ would‌‌ have‌‌ rendered‌‌ lengthy‌‌ 
in‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌province‌  ‌or‌  ‌city‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌absent‌‌  amounting‌‌   to‌‌
  lack‌‌
  or‌‌
  excess‌‌   of‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌  part‌‌
  of‌‌  the‌‌  RTC‌‌   in‌‌  litigation‌‌on‌‌this‌‌point‌‌unnecessary.‌  ‌
Regional‌‌Trial‌‌Judges‌‌sit.‌(‌ Sec‌‌35,‌‌BP‌‌129)‌  ‌ issuing‌  ‌an‌  ‌interlocutory‌  ‌order‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌falling‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌exclusive‌‌   ‌

appellate‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌tax‌  ‌court.‌‌   It,‌‌


  thus,‌‌   follows‌‌   that‌‌   the‌‌  CTA,‌‌ 
Indophil‌‌Textile‌‌Mills‌‌v.‌‌Adviento‌,‌‌171212,‌‌Aug‌‌4,‌‌2014‌  ‌
by‌  ‌constitutional‌‌   mandate,‌‌   is‌‌
  vested‌‌   with‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   to‌‌  issue‌‌   writs‌‌ 
Estacion‌‌v.‌‌Sec‌‌of‌‌DAR,‌‌et‌‌al‌,‌‌163361,‌‌Mar‌‌12,‌‌2014‌  ‌
of‌‌certiorari‌‌‌in‌‌these‌‌cases.‌  ‌ WON‌‌
  the‌‌ RTC‌‌ has‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ subject‌‌ matter‌‌ of‌‌ respondent’s‌‌ 
It‌  ‌is‌  ‌settled‌  t‌ hat‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  o
‌ ver‌  ‌the‌  s‌ ubject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌is‌‌  complaint‌  ‌praying‌  ‌for‌  ‌moral‌  ‌damages,‌  ‌exemplary‌  ‌damages,‌‌ 
Indeed,‌  ‌in‌  ‌order‌  ‌for‌  ‌any‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌effectively‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌its‌‌ 
determined‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌in‌  ‌force‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  compensatory‌  ‌damages,‌  ‌anchored‌  ‌on‌  ‌petitioner’s‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌gross‌‌ 
appellate‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌it‌  ‌must‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌  ‌to‌  ‌issue,‌  ‌among‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 6‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

once‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌has‌  ‌attached,‌  ‌it‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌ousted‌  ‌by‌‌ 


negligence‌  ‌in‌  ‌failing‌  ‌to‌  ‌provide‌  ‌a ‌ ‌safe‌  ‌and‌  ‌healthy‌  ‌working‌‌  (6) the‌‌filed‌‌petition‌‌reviews‌‌the‌‌act‌‌of‌‌a‌c‌ onstitutional‌‌organ‌; ‌ ‌
subsequent‌  ‌happenings‌  ‌or‌  ‌events,‌  ‌although‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌character‌‌ 
environment‌‌for‌‌respondent.‌Y ‌ ES‌. ‌ ‌
(7) when‌  ‌petitioners‌  ‌rightly‌  ‌claim‌  ‌that‌  ‌they‌  ‌had‌  ‌no‌  ‌other‌‌
  plain,‌‌  which‌‌   would‌‌   have‌‌
  prevented‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   from‌‌  attaching‌‌  in‌‌ the‌‌ 
True,‌‌  the‌‌
  maintenance‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌safe‌‌ and‌‌ healthy‌‌ workplace‌‌ is‌‌ ordinarily‌‌ a ‌‌ speedy,‌‌   and‌‌  adequate‌‌   remedy‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  ordinary‌‌   course‌‌ of‌‌ law‌‌  first‌  ‌instance.‌  ‌The‌  ‌court,‌  ‌once‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌
  acquired,‌‌ 
subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌labor‌  ‌cases.‌  ‌Moreover,‌  ‌the‌  ‌acts‌  ‌complained‌  ‌of‌  ‌appear‌  ‌to‌‌  that‌‌
  could‌‌   free‌‌
  them‌‌
  from‌‌  the‌‌
  injurious‌‌   effects‌‌   of‌‌
  respondents'‌‌  retains‌  ‌that‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌until‌  ‌it‌  ‌finally‌  ‌disposes‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case.‌‌ 
constitute‌  ‌matters‌  ‌involving‌  ‌employee-employer‌  ‌relations‌  ‌since‌‌  acts‌‌in‌‌violation‌‌of‌‌their‌‌right‌‌to‌‌freedom‌‌of‌‌expression;‌  ‌ (‌Abad‌‌v.‌‌RTC‌‌Manila‌) ‌ ‌
respondent‌  ‌used‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌the‌  ‌Civil‌  ‌Engineer‌  ‌of‌  ‌petitioner.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌it‌‌ 
(8) the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌includes‌  ‌questions‌  ‌that‌  ‌are‌  ‌"‌dictated‌  ‌by‌  ‌public‌‌  2) Even‌  ‌the‌  ‌finality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌totally‌‌   deprive‌‌   the‌‌ 
should‌  ‌be‌  ‌stressed‌  ‌that‌  ‌respondent’s‌  ‌claim‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌is‌‌ 
welfare‌‌   and‌‌   the‌‌ advancement‌‌ of‌‌ public‌‌ policy,‌‌ or‌‌ demanded‌‌ by‌‌  court‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌case.‌  ‌What‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌loses‌  ‌is‌‌ 
specifically‌  ‌grounded‌  ‌on‌  ‌petitioner’s‌  ‌gross‌  ‌negligence‌  ‌to‌  ‌provide‌  ‌a ‌‌
the‌‌ broader‌‌ interest‌‌ of‌‌ justice,‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ orders‌‌ complained‌‌ of‌‌ were‌‌  the‌  ‌power‌  ‌to‌  ‌amend,‌  ‌modify‌  ‌or‌  ‌alter‌‌   the‌‌
  judgment.‌‌   Even‌‌ 
safe,‌‌
  healthy‌‌   and‌‌
  workable‌‌   environment‌‌   for‌‌
  its‌‌
  employees‌‌   — ‌‌‌a ‌‌case‌‌ 
found‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌patent‌  ‌nullities,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌was‌  ‌considered‌  ‌as‌‌  after‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌has‌  ‌become‌  ‌final,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌retains‌‌ 
of‌‌quasi-delict.‌‌   ‌
clearly‌‌an‌‌inappropriate‌‌remedy."‌  ‌ jurisdiction‌‌   to‌‌
  enforce‌‌   and‌‌
  execute‌‌   it‌‌ (‌Echegaray‌‌ v.‌‌ SOJ‌),‌‌ except‌‌ 
In‌‌
  this‌‌
  case,‌‌  a ‌‌perusal‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  complaint‌‌
  would‌‌  reveal‌‌
  that‌‌ the‌‌ subject‌‌  in‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌law‌  ‌that‌  ‌divests‌  ‌the‌‌
  court‌‌   of‌‌ 
Thus,‌  ‌the‌  ‌common‌  ‌denominator‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌issues‌  ‌for‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌‌ 
matter‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌claim‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌arising‌  ‌from‌  ‌quasi-delict‌, ‌‌ jurisdiction.‌  ‌
the‌‌Court‌‌are‌p ‌ urely‌‌legal‌. ‌ ‌
which‌‌is‌‌within‌‌the‌‌ambit‌‌of‌‌the‌‌regular‌‌court's‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌of‌  ‌hierarchy‌  ‌of‌  ‌courts‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌filtering‌  ‌mechanism‌  ‌— ‌‌
Doctrines‌‌of‌‌Primary‌‌Administrative‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌and‌‌ 
Principle‌‌of‌‌Judicial‌‌Hierarchy‌  ‌ The‌‌doctrine‌‌of‌‌hierarchy‌‌of‌‌courts‌‌operates‌‌to:‌‌   ‌ Exhaustion‌‌of‌‌Administrative‌‌Remedies‌  ‌

The‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌of‌  ‌hierarchy‌  ‌of‌  ‌courts‌‌   guides‌‌   litigants‌‌   as‌‌


  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  proper‌‌  (1) prevent‌  ‌inordinate‌  ‌demands‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court's‌  ‌time‌  ‌and‌‌  The‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌of‌  ‌primary‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌applies‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌claim‌  ‌is‌‌ 
venue‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌and/or‌  ‌the‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌forum‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌‌  attention‌  ‌which‌  ‌are‌  ‌better‌  ‌devoted‌  ‌to‌‌
  those‌‌
  matters‌‌
  within‌‌
  its‌‌  originally‌  ‌cognizable‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌courts‌  ‌and‌  ‌comes‌  ‌into‌  ‌play‌  ‌whenever‌‌ 
extraordinary‌  ‌writs.‌  ‌Thus,‌  ‌although‌  ‌the‌  ‌SC,‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌have‌‌  exclusive‌‌jurisdiction;‌  ‌ enforcement‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  claim‌‌
  requires‌‌   the‌‌ resolution‌‌ of‌‌ issues‌‌ which,‌‌ under‌‌ 
concurrent‌  ‌original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌petitions‌  ‌for‌  ‌certiorari‌, ‌‌ a‌‌
  regulatory‌‌  scheme,‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌  placed‌‌   within‌‌   the‌‌
  special‌‌
  competence‌‌ of‌‌ 
(2) prevent‌‌further‌‌over­crowding‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Court's‌‌docket;‌‌and‌  ‌
prohibition,‌  ‌mandamus,‌  ‌quo‌  ‌warranto,‌  ‌and‌‌   ‌habeas‌‌   corpus‌, ‌‌parties‌‌   are‌‌  an‌‌  administrative‌‌   agency.‌‌   In‌‌
  such‌‌
  a ‌‌case,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ claim‌‌ is‌‌ 
directed,‌  ‌as‌‌
  a ‌‌rule,‌‌
  to‌‌
  file‌‌
  their‌‌
  petitions‌‌  before‌‌   the‌‌
  lower-ranked‌‌   court.‌‌  (3) prevent‌  ‌the‌  ‌inevitable‌  ‌and‌  ‌resultant‌  ‌delay,‌  ‌intended‌  ‌or‌‌  sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌enforced‌‌may‌‌   ‌
Failure‌‌to‌‌comply‌‌is‌‌sufficient‌‌cause‌‌for‌‌the‌‌dismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌petition.‌  ‌ otherwise,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌
  adjudication‌‌   of‌‌
  cases‌‌   which‌‌  often‌‌  have‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌ 
a) SUSPEND‌  ‌the‌  ‌judicial‌‌
  process‌‌  pending‌‌  referral‌‌
  of‌‌
  such‌‌
  issues‌‌ 
remanded‌  ‌or‌  ‌referred‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌forum‌‌ 
A‌‌
  direct‌‌
  invocation‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌  Supreme‌‌  Court's‌‌
  original‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ to‌‌ issue‌‌  to‌‌the‌‌administrative‌‌body‌‌for‌‌its‌‌view‌‌OR,‌‌   ‌
under‌‌
  the‌‌
  rules‌‌   of‌‌
  procedure,‌‌   or‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ better‌‌ equipped‌‌ to‌‌ 
these‌  ‌writs‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌only‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌special‌  ‌and‌‌  b) if‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ would‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ unfairly‌‌ disadvantaged,‌‌ ‌DISMISS‌‌ ‌the‌‌ 
resolve‌‌factual‌‌questions.‌‌(G ‌ ios-Samar‌‌v.‌‌DOTC‌) ‌ ‌
important‌  ‌reasons‌  ‌therefor,‌  ‌clearly‌  ‌and‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌set‌  ‌out‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  case‌‌without‌‌prejudice‌. ‌ ‌
petition.‌  ‌The‌  ‌Diocese‌  ‌of‌  ‌Bacolod‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Comelec‌  ‌summarized‌  ‌these‌‌  Doctrine‌‌of‌‌Non-interference‌‌or‌‌Judicial‌‌Stability‌  ‌
circumstances‌‌in‌‌this‌‌wise:‌  ‌ Under‌  ‌the‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌of‌  ‌exhaustion‌  ‌of‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌remedies‌, ‌ ‌a ‌‌
The‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌of‌  ‌non-interference‌  ‌or‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌stability‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌ party‌  ‌must‌  ‌first‌  ‌avail‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌processes‌  ‌available‌  ‌before‌‌ 
(1) when‌‌   there‌‌
  are‌‌
  ‌genuine‌‌  issues‌‌ of‌‌ constitutionality‌‌ that‌‌ must‌‌  time-honored‌  ‌policy‌  ‌that‌  ‌mandates‌  ‌that‌  ‌"no‌  ‌court‌  ‌can‌  ‌interfere‌  ‌by‌‌  seeking‌  ‌the‌  ‌courts'‌  ‌intervention.‌  ‌The‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌officer‌  ‌concerned‌‌ 
be‌‌addressed‌‌at‌‌the‌‌most‌‌immediate‌‌time;‌  ‌ injunction‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgments‌‌   or‌‌  orders‌‌   of‌‌
  ‌another‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌ concurrent‌‌  must‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌every‌‌  opportunity‌‌   to‌‌
  decide‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  matter‌‌
  within‌‌
  his‌‌
  or‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌  ‌having‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌to‌  ‌grant‌  ‌the‌‌  relief‌‌
  sought‌‌
  by‌‌
  injunction."‌‌  her‌  ‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌Failing‌  ‌to‌  ‌exhaust‌  ‌administrative‌‌   remedies‌‌
  affects‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(2) when‌‌the‌‌issues‌‌involved‌‌are‌‌of‌‌‌transcendental‌‌importance‌; ‌ ‌
(‌BSP‌‌v.‌‌Banco‌‌Filipino‌‌Savings‌‌and‌‌Mortgage‌‌Bank‌,‌‌2020)‌  ‌ party's‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌as‌  ‌these‌  ‌remedies‌  ‌refer‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌precedent‌‌ 
(3) cases‌‌of‌‌first‌‌impression‌; ‌ ‌
Continuity‌‌of‌‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌ condition‌‌‌which‌‌must‌‌be‌‌complied‌‌with‌‌prior‌‌to‌‌filing‌‌a‌‌case‌‌in‌‌court.‌  ‌
(4) the‌  ‌constitutional‌  ‌issues‌  ‌raised‌  ‌are‌  ‌better‌  ‌decided‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Court;‌  ‌ However,‌‌
  failure‌‌
  to‌‌
  observe‌‌ the‌‌ doctrine‌‌ of‌‌ exhaustion‌‌ of‌‌ administrative‌‌ 
1) Once‌  ‌a‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌that‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌  remedies‌d ‌ oes‌‌not‌‌affect‌‌the‌‌court's‌‌jurisdiction‌.  ‌‌ ‌
(5) exigency‌i‌ n‌‌certain‌‌situations;‌  ‌ continues‌  ‌until‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌done‌  ‌all‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌can‌  ‌do‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌that‌  ‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌This‌  ‌principle‌  ‌also‌  ‌means‌  ‌that‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 7‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


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evidence‌  ‌leading‌  ‌to‌  ‌an‌  ‌erroneous‌  ‌judgment.‌  ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌correctible‌  ‌by‌‌ 
Nonetheless,‌‌   the‌‌
  doctrine‌‌   of‌‌
  exhaustion‌‌   of‌‌  administrative‌‌ remedies‌‌ and‌‌  A. Action‌  ‌In‌  ‌Personam‌  ‌— ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌binding‌  ‌only‌ 
appeal.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌corollary‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌of‌  ‌primary‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌which‌  ‌are‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌‌  upon‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌and‌‌their‌‌successors-in-interest;‌  ‌
sound‌  ‌public‌  ‌policy‌  ‌and‌  ‌practical‌  ‌considerations,‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌inflexible‌‌  Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌Small‌‌Claims‌‌Cases‌  ‌
B. Action‌‌
  ‌In‌‌
  Rem‌‌
  — ‌‌‌judgment‌‌ is‌‌ binding‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ whole‌ 
rules.‌‌There‌‌are‌‌many‌‌accepted‌e‌ xceptions‌,‌‌such‌‌as:‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌MTC‌  ‌has‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌cases‌  ‌falling‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌
  1991‌‌  world.‌  ‌
(a) where‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌estoppel‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌part‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  invoking‌‌
  the‌‌  Rules‌  ‌on‌  ‌Summary‌  ‌Procedure‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌of‌  ‌Procedure‌  ‌for‌  ‌Small‌‌ 
C. Action‌  ‌Quasi‌  ‌In‌  ‌Rem‌‌   — ‌‌like‌‌
  an‌‌
  action‌‌   to‌‌
  foreclose‌‌   a ‌‌
doctrine;‌  ‌ Claims.‌  ‌ REM‌  ‌against‌  ‌a‌  ‌non-resident‌  ‌defendant.‌  ‌Here,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) where‌  ‌the‌  ‌challenged‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌act‌  ‌is‌  ‌patently‌  ‌illegal‌, ‌‌ jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌res‌, ‌ ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌ 
amounting‌‌to‌‌lack‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction;‌  ‌ RULE‌‌1‌‌General‌‌Provisions‌  ‌ property‌‌   mortgaged,‌‌   is‌‌
  sufficient‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ order‌‌ 
the‌  ‌foreclosure.‌  ‌Summons‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌served,‌  ‌however,‌‌ 
(c) where‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌unreasonable‌  ‌delay‌  ‌or‌  ‌official‌  ‌inaction‌  ‌that‌‌ 
1. Kinds‌‌of‌‌Civil‌‌Action‌  ‌ upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgagor-debtor‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌due‌‌ 
will‌‌irretrievably‌‌prejudice‌‌the‌‌complainant;‌  ‌
(a) A‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌by‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌sues‌  ‌another‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  process.‌  ‌
(d) where‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌‌   involved‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌relatively‌‌
  small‌‌  so‌‌  as‌‌
  to‌‌
  make‌‌ 
enforcement‌  ‌or‌  ‌protection‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌right,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌prevention‌  ‌or‌‌   ‌
the‌‌rule‌‌impractical‌‌and‌‌oppressive;‌‌   ‌
redress‌‌of‌‌a‌‌wrong.‌ 
2. To‌‌what‌‌actions‌‌NOT‌‌applicable‌  ‌
(e) where‌  ‌the‌  ‌question‌  ‌involved‌  ‌is‌  ‌purely‌  ‌legal‌  ‌and‌  ‌will‌‌ 
A‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌may‌  ‌either‌  ‌be‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌or‌  ‌special‌. ‌ ‌Both‌  ‌are‌‌ 
ultimately‌‌have‌‌to‌‌be‌‌decided‌‌by‌‌the‌‌courts‌‌of‌‌justice;‌  ‌ Section‌  ‌4.‌  ‌In‌  ‌what‌  ‌case‌  ‌not‌  ‌applicable‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌These‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌‌ 
governed‌  ‌by‌‌   the‌‌
  rules‌‌
  for‌‌
  ordinary‌‌   civil‌‌
  actions,‌‌   subject‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
apply‌‌‌to‌‌   ‌
(f) where‌‌judicial‌‌intervention‌‌is‌u ‌ rgent‌; ‌ ‌ specific‌‌rules‌‌prescribed‌‌for‌‌a‌‌special‌‌civil‌‌action.‌‌(Sec‌‌3)‌  ‌

(g) when‌  ‌its‌  ‌application‌  ‌may‌  ‌cause‌  ‌great‌  ‌and‌  ‌irreparable‌‌  I. As‌‌to‌N
‌ ATURE‌(‌ Section‌‌3[a])‌  ‌ a. election‌‌cases,‌‌   ‌
damage‌;  ‌‌ ‌ b. land‌‌registration,‌‌cadastral,‌‌   ‌
A. Ordinary‌‌Civil‌‌Actions‌  ‌
(h) where‌‌the‌‌controverted‌‌acts‌v
‌ iolate‌‌due‌‌process‌; ‌ ‌ c. naturalization‌  ‌
B. Special‌‌Civil‌‌Actions‌  ‌
(i) when‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌non-exhaustion‌  ‌of‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌remedies‌‌ 
II. As‌‌to‌C
‌ AUSE‌o
‌ r‌‌FOUNDATION‌: ‌ ‌ d. insolvency‌‌proceedings,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
has‌‌been‌‌rendered‌m ‌ oot‌; ‌ ‌
A. Real‌‌   Actions‌‌
  ‌— ‌‌an‌‌
  action‌‌
  where‌‌ the‌‌ issue‌‌ involved‌‌ is‌‌  e. other‌‌
  cases‌  ‌not‌‌ herein‌‌ provided‌‌ for,‌‌ except‌‌ by‌‌ analogy‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌
(j) when‌‌there‌‌is‌n
‌ o‌‌other‌‌plain,‌‌speedy‌‌and‌‌adequate‌‌remedy‌; ‌ ‌
title,‌  ‌ownership,‌  ‌possession‌  ‌or‌  ‌interest‌  ‌over‌  ‌a ‌ ‌real‌‌  suppletory‌‌character‌‌and‌‌whenever‌‌practicable‌‌and‌‌convenient.‌‌   ‌
(k) when‌‌‌strong‌‌public‌‌interest‌‌‌is‌‌involved;‌‌and,‌  ‌ property.‌‌   ‌
3. Commencement‌‌of‌‌action‌  ‌
(l) in‌‌quo‌‌warranto‌‌‌proceedings.‌‌(R
‌ epublic‌‌v.‌‌Felix‌,‌2
‌ 020)‌  ‌ B. Personal‌  ‌Actions‌  ‌— ‌ ‌founded‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌privity‌  ‌of‌‌ 
A‌‌
  civil‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ commenced‌‌ ‌by‌‌ the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ original‌‌ complaint‌‌ in‌‌ 
contract‌‌or‌‌quasi-delict.‌  ‌
Error‌‌of‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌and‌‌Judgment‌  ‌ court.‌  ‌
C. Mixed‌‌Actions‌  ‌
An‌‌ ‌error‌‌ of‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ is‌‌ one‌‌ which‌‌ occurs‌‌ when‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ exercises‌‌ a ‌‌ ➔ Payment‌‌of‌d
‌ ocket‌‌fee‌‌‌is‌‌what‌‌really‌‌commences‌‌an‌‌action.‌  ‌
jurisdiction‌  ‌not‌  ‌conferred‌  ‌upon‌  ‌it‌  ‌by‌  ‌law.‌  ‌It‌  ‌also‌  ‌happens‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌‌  III. As‌‌to‌P
‌ LACE‌O
‌ F‌‌FILING‌  ‌
4. Liberal‌‌construction‌  ‌
court,‌‌  although‌‌ vested‌‌ with‌‌ jurisdiction,‌‌ acts‌‌ in‌‌ excess‌‌ of‌‌ its‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌  A. Local‌  ‌Actions‌  ‌— ‌ ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌which‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌instituted‌‌ 
or‌‌
  with‌‌  grave‌‌  abuse‌‌ of‌‌ discretion‌‌ amounting‌‌ to‌‌ lack‌‌ of‌‌ jurisdiction.‌‌ This‌‌  To‌  ‌promote‌  ‌the‌  ‌objective‌  ‌of‌  ‌securing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌just,‌  ‌speedy‌  ‌and‌  ‌inexpensive‌‌ 
only‌‌in‌‌a‌‌particular‌‌place‌‌such‌‌as‌‌a‌‌real‌‌action.‌  ‌
is‌‌correctible‌‌by‌c‌ ertiorari.‌  ‌ disposition‌‌of‌‌every‌‌action‌‌and‌‌proceeding.‌ 
B. Transitory‌  ‌Actions‌  ‌— ‌ ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌that‌  ‌follows‌  ‌the‌‌ 
An‌‌
  ‌error‌‌
  of‌‌  judgment‌, ‌‌on‌‌
  the‌‌ other‌‌ hand,‌‌ presupposes‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ is‌‌  residence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌such‌‌as‌‌a‌‌personal‌‌action.‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  Rules‌‌on‌‌reglementary‌‌period‌‌to‌‌file‌‌pleadings‌‌or‌‌appeals.‌  ‌
vested‌‌  with‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌
  over‌‌  the‌‌
  subject‌‌
  matter‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ action‌‌ but,‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
process,‌  ‌it‌  ‌committed‌  ‌mistakes‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌appreciation‌  ‌of‌  ‌facts‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  IV. As‌‌to‌O
‌ BJECT‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 8‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

May‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court‌  ‌be‌  ‌suspended‌? ‌ ‌Yes.‌  ‌Jurisprudence‌  ‌cite‌‌ 
specified‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌left‌  ‌for‌  ‌determination‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  party‌  ‌
important‌‌factors‌‌that‌‌would‌‌warrant‌‌such‌‌suspension:‌  ‌
court,‌‌ ‌the‌‌ additional‌‌ filing‌‌ fee‌‌ therefor‌‌ shall‌‌ constitute‌‌ a ‌‌
(a) The‌‌existence‌‌of‌‌special‌‌or‌‌compelling‌‌circumstances;‌  ‌ lien‌o
‌ n‌‌the‌‌judgment‌. ‌  ‌ ‌ Period‌‌to‌‌appeal‌‌with‌‌the‌‌CA‌‌is‌‌  Period‌‌to‌‌appeal‌‌is‌‌30‌‌days‌‌and‌‌ 
generally‌‌15‌‌days‌  ‌ the‌‌record‌‌on‌‌appeal‌‌is‌‌required‌  ‌
(b) The‌‌merits‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case;‌  ‌  ‌
(c) A‌‌
  cause‌‌ not‌‌ entirely‌‌ attributable‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ fault‌‌ or‌‌ negligence‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  Ayala‌‌Corp‌‌v.‌‌Madayag‌,‌‌88421,‌‌30‌‌Jan‌‌1990‌  ‌  ‌
party‌‌favored‌‌by‌‌the‌‌suspension‌‌of‌‌rules;‌  ‌ RULE‌‌2‌‌Cause‌‌of‌‌Action‌  ‌
Such‌  ‌“awards‌  ‌of‌  ‌claims‌  ‌not‌  ‌specified‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading”‌  ‌refer‌  ‌only‌‌   to‌‌ 
(d) A‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌showing‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌review‌  ‌sought‌  ‌is‌  ‌merely‌‌  damages‌‌   arising‌‌   ‌after‌‌
  ‌the‌‌
  filing‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ complaint‌‌ or‌‌ similar‌‌ pleading.‌‌ 
frivolous‌‌and‌‌dilatory;‌‌and‌  ‌ Cause‌‌
  of‌‌  action,‌‌
  defined‌. ‌‌— ‌‌A ‌‌cause‌‌ of‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ act‌‌ or‌‌ omission‌‌ by‌‌ 
Accordingly,‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌claim‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌arising‌  ‌on‌  ‌or‌‌ 
which‌‌a‌‌party‌‌violates‌‌a‌‌right‌‌of‌‌another.‌‌   ‌
(e) The‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌party‌  ‌will‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌unjustly‌  ‌prejudiced‌‌  before‌‌   the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ complaint‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ pleading‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ specified.‌‌ 
thereby.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌exception‌‌   ‌contemplated‌‌   as‌‌
  to‌‌
  claims‌‌   not‌‌
  specified‌‌  or‌‌
  to‌‌
  claims‌‌  Elements‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Cause‌‌of‌‌Action‌‌(ROVD)‌  ‌
which‌‌   although‌‌   specified‌‌   are‌‌  left‌‌
  to‌‌  the‌‌
  determination‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ court‌‌ is‌‌ 
Note‌  ‌though‌  ‌that‌‌  the‌‌
  phrase,‌‌   “in‌‌
  the‌‌
  interest‌‌
  of‌‌
  justice,”‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  a ‌‌“magic‌‌  a. A‌‌right‌p
‌ ertaining‌‌to‌‌the‌‌plaintiff;‌‌   ‌
limited‌  ‌only‌  ‌to‌  ‌damages‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌arise‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
wand‌  ‌that‌  ‌would‌  ‌automatically‌  ‌compel‌  ‌the‌  ‌suspension‌  ‌of‌  ‌procedural‌‌  complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌similar‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌since‌  ‌it‌  ‌will‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌‌   possible‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌  b. A‌‌
  correlative‌‌  ‌obligation‌‌
  ‌of‌‌  the‌‌  defendant‌‌  to‌‌ respect‌‌ that‌‌ right‌‌ 
rules.”‌‌  Litigants‌‌
  invoking‌‌   liberality‌‌   should‌‌  exert‌‌  an‌‌
  effort‌‌
  to‌‌
  explain‌‌ the‌‌  claimant‌‌to‌‌specify‌‌or‌‌speculate‌‌on‌‌the‌‌amount‌‌thereof.‌  ‌ of‌‌the‌‌plaintiff;‌  ‌
failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌abide‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌rules‌  ‌and‌  ‌must‌  ‌hurdle‌  ‌the‌  ‌heavy‌  ‌burden‌  ‌of‌‌ 
proving‌‌that‌‌they‌‌deserve‌‌an‌‌exceptional‌‌treatment.‌  ‌  ‌ c. Violation‌o‌ f‌‌plaintiff’s‌‌right‌‌by‌‌the‌‌defendant;‌‌AND‌  ‌
Sps‌‌De‌‌Leon‌‌v.‌‌CA‌,‌‌104796,‌‌06‌‌Mar‌‌1998‌  ‌ d. Damage.‌  ‌
Sun‌‌Insurance‌‌Office‌‌Ltd‌‌v.‌‌CA‌,‌‌170‌‌SCRA‌‌274‌  ‌ The‌‌   question‌‌   for‌‌  decision‌‌   is‌‌
  ‌whether‌‌   ‌in‌‌
  assessing‌‌  the‌‌
  docket‌‌
  fees‌‌ to‌‌  Right‌‌
  of‌‌
  Action‌‌  — ‌‌is‌‌
  the‌‌
  right‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  to‌‌
  bring‌‌
  an‌‌
  action‌‌
  and‌‌ to‌‌ 
Relaxed‌‌the‌‌ruling‌‌in‌‌Manchester‌  ‌ be‌  ‌paid‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌annulment‌  ‌or‌  ‌rescission‌  ‌of‌‌   a ‌‌ prosecute‌‌that‌‌action‌‌until‌‌final‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
contract‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌
  real‌‌
  property,‌‌   subject‌‌   matter‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
1. It‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌simply‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌appropriate‌  Elements‌: ‌ ‌
contract,‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌  ‌as‌  ‌basis,‌  ‌or‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌should‌‌   be‌‌ 
initiatory‌  ‌pleading,‌  ‌but‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌prescribed‌‌ 
considered‌‌   as‌‌   one‌‌   which‌‌   is‌‌  not‌‌   capable‌‌   of‌‌
  pecuniary‌‌   estimation‌‌   and‌‌  a. A‌‌good‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌;‌‌AND‌  ‌
docket‌‌   fee‌, ‌‌that‌‌
  vests‌‌
  a ‌‌trial‌‌ court‌‌ with‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ 
therefore‌‌the‌‌fee‌‌charged‌‌should‌‌be‌‌a‌‌flat‌‌rate‌‌of‌‌P400.‌  ‌
subject-matter‌‌ or‌‌ nature‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ action.‌  ‌Where‌‌ the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  b. Performance‌‌   all‌‌ ‌conditions‌‌ precedent‌ ‌to‌‌ the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
  of‌‌
initiatory‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌accompanied‌  ‌by‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  The‌  ‌Court‌  ‌in‌  ‌Bautista‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Lim‌, ‌ ‌held‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌rescission‌  ‌of‌‌  action.‌  ‌
docket‌‌   fee,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌ may‌‌ allow‌‌ payment‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ fee‌‌ within‌‌  contract‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌which‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌estimated‌  ‌and‌  ‌therefore‌  ‌the‌‌   ‌

a‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌time‌  ‌but‌  ‌in‌  ‌no‌  ‌case‌  ‌beyond‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicable‌  docket‌‌fee‌‌for‌‌its‌‌filing‌‌should‌‌be‌‌the‌‌flat‌‌amount.‌  ‌
Cause‌‌of‌‌Action‌  ‌ Right‌‌of‌‌Action‌  ‌
prescriptive‌‌or‌‌reglementary‌‌period‌. ‌ ‌  ‌

2. The‌  ‌same‌  ‌rule‌  ‌applies‌  ‌to‌  ‌permissive‌  ‌counterclaims,‌‌  III.‌‌Ordinary‌‌Civil‌‌Actions‌  ‌ The‌‌delict‌‌or‌‌wrong‌  ‌ The‌‌right‌‌of‌‌plaintiff‌‌to‌‌file‌‌action‌ 
third-party‌  ‌claims‌  ‌and‌  ‌similar‌  ‌pleadings,‌‌   which‌‌   shall‌‌
  not‌‌ 
Created‌‌by‌‌substantive‌‌law‌  ‌ Regulated‌‌by‌‌procedural‌‌law‌  ‌
be‌‌
  considered‌‌   filed‌‌  until‌‌
  and‌‌
  unless‌‌ the‌‌ filing‌‌ fee‌‌ prescribed‌‌ 
 ‌

therefor‌‌is‌‌paid.‌‌   ‌ Civil‌‌Action‌  ‌ Special‌‌Proceedings‌  ‌


Imprescriptible‌  ‌ May‌‌be‌‌lost‌‌by‌‌prescription‌  ‌
3. Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌acquires‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌a ‌‌claim‌‌
  by‌‌  One‌‌sues‌‌another‌‌for‌‌the‌‌  A‌‌party‌‌seeks‌‌to‌‌establish‌‌a ‌‌
the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌and‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  1. One‌‌suit‌‌for‌‌a‌‌single‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌  ‌
enforcement‌‌of‌‌a‌‌right‌  ‌ status,‌‌a‌‌right,‌‌or‌‌a‌‌particular‌‌fact‌  ‌
prescribed‌  ‌filing‌  ‌fee‌  ‌but,‌  ‌subsequently,‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌  A‌‌party‌‌may‌‌not‌‌institute‌‌more‌‌than‌‌one‌‌suit‌‌for‌‌a‌‌single‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action.‌  ‌
awards‌  ‌a ‌ ‌claim‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌specified‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌if‌‌  There‌‌are‌‌generally‌‌TWO‌‌parties‌  ‌ There‌‌is‌‌no‌‌definite‌‌adverse‌‌ 
2. Splitting‌‌a‌‌single‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action,‌‌effect‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 9‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

Splitting‌‌   a ‌‌cause‌‌   of‌‌


  action‌‌ ‌— ‌‌is‌‌ the‌‌ practice‌‌ of‌‌ dividing‌‌ one‌‌ cause‌‌  (2) A‌  ‌contract‌  ‌which‌  ‌provides‌  ‌for‌  ‌several‌  ‌stipulations‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌  The‌  ‌term‌  ‌"‌defendant‌" ‌ ‌may‌  ‌refer‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌defending‌  ‌party,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
of‌  ‌action‌  ‌into‌  ‌different‌  ‌parts‌  ‌and‌  ‌making‌  ‌each‌  ‌part‌  ‌a ‌ ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ performed‌  ‌at‌  ‌different‌  ‌times‌  ‌gives‌  ‌rise‌  ‌to‌  ‌as‌  ‌many‌  ‌causes‌  ‌of‌‌  defendant‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterclaim,‌  ‌the‌  ‌cross-defendant,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌third‌‌
  (fourth,‌‌ 
different‌‌complaint.‌  ‌ action‌‌as‌‌there‌‌are‌‌violations;‌  ‌ etc.)‌‌—‌‌party‌‌defendant.‌  ‌
Effect‌‌  — ‌‌‌Dismissal‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  ground‌‌
  of‌‌
  ‌litis‌‌
  pendentia‌‌ or‌‌  (3) All‌  ‌obligations‌  ‌that‌  ‌have‌‌
  already‌‌
  ‌matured‌‌
  ‌must‌‌
  be‌‌
  integrated‌‌  2. Real‌‌party‌‌in‌‌interest‌  ‌
res‌‌judicata.‌  ‌ in‌‌one‌‌complaint;‌  ‌
A‌  r
‌ eal‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌interest‌  ‌is‌‌   the‌‌   party‌‌   who‌‌   stands‌‌   to‌‌  be‌‌   benefited‌‌   or‌‌ 
Lis‌‌
  pendens‌‌   ‌as‌‌
  a ‌‌ground‌‌  for‌‌ the‌‌ dismissal‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌civil‌‌ action‌‌ refers‌‌ to‌‌  (4) Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌several‌  ‌stipulations‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌ injured‌‌   by‌‌  the‌‌   judgment‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌  suit,‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌   party‌‌   entitled‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ avails‌‌ of‌‌ 
that‌‌
  situation‌‌
  wherein‌‌   another‌‌   action‌‌
  is‌‌
  pending‌‌   between‌‌   the‌‌
  same‌‌  continuing‌  ‌contract‌  ‌constitutes‌  ‌total‌  ‌breach‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌single‌‌  the‌‌   suit.‌‌ Every‌‌ action‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ prosecuted‌‌ or‌‌ defended‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ name‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
parties‌‌for‌‌the‌‌same‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action.‌‌   ‌ cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages,‌  ‌actual‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌prospective,‌‌  real‌‌party‌‌in‌‌interest.‌  ‌
arises‌‌from‌‌such‌‌breach.‌  ‌
To‌‌ constitute‌‌ the‌‌ defense‌‌ of‌‌ lis‌‌ pendens‌, ‌‌it‌‌ must‌‌ appear‌‌ that‌‌ not‌‌ only‌‌  Who‌‌may‌‌be‌‌real‌‌parties‌‌in‌‌interest?‌  ‌
are‌  ‌the‌‌
  parties‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌
  two‌‌   actions‌‌   the‌‌   same‌‌   but‌‌  there‌‌   is‌‌
  substantial‌‌  4. Misjoinder‌‌of‌‌causes‌‌of‌‌action‌  ‌
(1) Indispensable‌  ‌Parties‌  ‌— ‌ ‌without‌  ‌whom‌  ‌no‌  ‌final‌‌ 
identity‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌and‌  ‌relief‌  ‌sought.‌  ‌Further,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Is‌‌
  ‌NOT‌‌   a ‌‌ground‌‌   for‌‌   dismissal‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌ action.‌‌ A ‌‌misjoined‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ action‌‌  determination‌‌can‌‌be‌‌had‌‌of‌‌an‌‌action.‌  ‌
required‌‌   that‌‌  the‌‌   identity‌‌   be‌‌   such‌‌   that‌‌   any‌‌   judgment‌‌   which‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌ 
may,‌‌   on‌‌
  motion‌‌   of‌‌   a ‌‌party‌‌   or‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ initiative‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court,‌‌ be‌‌ ‌SEVERED‌‌ 
rendered‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌would,‌  ‌regardless‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌‌  (2) Necessary‌‌   Parties‌‌   — ‌‌is‌‌ one‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ indispensable‌‌ but‌‌ who‌‌ 
and‌‌proceeded‌‌with‌‌separately.‌  ‌
successful,‌‌amount‌‌to‌r‌ es‌‌judicata‌o ‌ n‌‌the‌‌case‌‌on‌‌hand.‌  ‌ ought‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌ joined‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌party‌‌ if‌‌ complete‌‌ relief‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ accorded‌‌ 
5. Failure‌‌to‌‌state‌‌a‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌‌vs.‌‌Lack‌‌of‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌  ‌ as‌‌   to‌‌
  those‌‌   already‌‌   parties,‌‌   or‌‌
  for‌‌   a ‌‌complete‌‌   determination‌‌ or‌‌ 
3. Joinder‌‌of‌‌causes‌‌of‌‌action‌  ‌
settlement‌‌of‌‌the‌‌claim‌‌subject‌‌of‌‌the‌‌action.‌  ‌
A‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌in‌  ‌one‌  ‌pleading‌‌   assert,‌‌   in‌‌   the‌‌   alternative‌‌   or‌‌  otherwise,‌‌   as‌‌  Butuan‌‌Development‌‌Corp.‌‌v.‌‌CA‌,‌‌197358,‌‌5‌‌April‌‌2017‌  ‌ (3) Representative‌‌   Parties‌‌   ‌— ‌‌may‌‌   be‌‌   a ‌‌trustee‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ expert‌‌ trust,‌‌ 
many‌‌   causes‌‌ of‌‌ action‌‌ as‌‌ he‌‌ may‌‌ have‌‌ against‌‌ an‌‌ opposing‌‌ party,‌‌ subject‌‌ 
In‌  ‌resolving‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌states‌  ‌a ‌ ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌‌   not,‌‌  a‌  ‌guardian,‌‌   an‌‌   executor‌‌   or‌‌  administrator,‌‌   or‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌   authorized‌‌ 
to‌‌the‌‌following‌‌conditions:‌  ‌
only‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌are‌  ‌considered.‌  ‌The‌  ‌test‌  ‌is‌‌  by‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌these‌‌   Rules.‌‌   Those‌‌   who‌‌   prosecuted‌‌   or‌‌  defended‌‌   the‌‌ 
(a) The‌  ‌party‌  ‌joining‌  ‌the‌  ‌causes‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌shall‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌  whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌can‌  ‌render‌  ‌a ‌ ‌valid‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌‌  case‌ f
‌ or‌ a
‌ nd‌ i
‌ n‌ b
‌ ehalf‌ o
‌ f‌ t
‌ he‌ r
‌ eal‌ p
‌ arty‌ i
‌ n‌ i
‌ nterest.‌   ‌
rules‌‌on‌‌joinder‌‌of‌‌parties‌; ‌ ‌ based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌prayer‌  ‌asked‌  ‌for.‌  ‌Only‌  ‌ultimate‌‌  (4) Pro‌  ‌forma‌  ‌Parties‌  ‌— ‌ ‌those‌‌   who‌‌   are‌‌   required‌‌   to‌‌  be‌‌  joined‌‌
  as‌‌ 
(b) The‌‌   joinder‌‌   shall‌‌  ‌not‌‌  include‌‌   special‌‌   civil‌‌  actions‌‌   ‌or‌‌
  actions‌‌  facts,‌  ‌not‌  ‌legal‌  ‌conclusions‌  ‌or‌  ‌evidentiary‌  ‌facts,‌  ‌are‌  ‌considered‌  ‌for‌‌  co-parties‌‌in‌‌a‌‌suit‌‌as‌‌provided‌‌by‌‌law.‌  ‌
governed‌‌by‌‌special‌‌rules;‌  ‌ purposes‌‌of‌‌applying‌‌the‌‌test.‌  ‌
3. Representative‌‌parties‌  ‌
(c) Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌causes‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌are‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌parties‌‌   but‌‌  Failure‌‌   to‌‌
  state‌‌   a ‌‌cause‌‌   of‌‌
  action‌‌   ‌refers‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  insufficiency‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
pleading.‌‌The‌‌remedy‌‌is‌‌to‌‌move‌‌for‌‌the‌d ‌ ismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌pleading.‌  ‌ Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌prosecuted‌  ‌and‌  ‌defended‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌‌
pertain‌‌   to‌‌  different‌‌   venues‌‌   or‌‌  jurisdictions,‌‌   the‌‌
  joinder‌‌   may‌‌ be‌‌ 
representative‌  ‌or‌  ‌someone‌  ‌acting‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌fiduciary‌  ‌capacity,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
allowed‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌provided‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌   causes‌‌   of‌‌
  action‌‌   falls‌‌  On‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌hand,‌‌   ‌lack‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  cause‌‌   action‌‌   refers‌‌   to‌‌
  a ‌‌situation‌‌   where‌‌  beneficiary‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌included‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌title‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
within‌‌   the‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   of‌‌  said‌‌   court‌‌   and‌‌   the‌‌ venue‌‌ lies‌‌ therein;‌‌  the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌prove‌  ‌the‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  deemed‌‌to‌‌be‌‌the‌‌real‌‌party‌‌in‌‌interest.‌‌   ‌
and‌  ‌ pleading.‌‌The‌‌remedy‌‌is‌‌a‌d ‌ emurrer‌‌to‌‌evidence‌. ‌ ‌
A‌‌
  ‌representative‌‌   ‌may‌‌ be‌‌ a ‌‌trustee‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ expert‌‌ trust,‌‌ a ‌‌guardian,‌‌ an‌‌ 
(d) Where‌‌   the‌‌   claims‌‌ in‌‌ all‌‌ the‌‌ causes‌‌ of‌‌ action‌‌ are‌‌ ‌principally‌‌ for‌‌    ‌
executor‌  ‌or‌  ‌administrator,‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌these‌‌ 
recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌money‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌aggregate‌  ‌amount‌  ‌claimed‌  ‌shall‌‌   be‌‌ 
RULE‌ 3
‌ ‌P
‌ arties‌ t
‌ o‌ C
‌ ivil‌ A
‌ ctions‌   ‌ Rules.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌test‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction.‌T ‌ otality‌‌Rule.‌  ‌
An‌  ‌agent‌  ‌acting‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌own‌  ‌name‌  ‌and‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌benefit‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌ 
Rules‌‌in‌‌Determining‌‌the‌‌Singleness‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Cause‌‌of‌‌Action‌:  ‌‌ ‌ 1. Who‌‌may‌‌be‌‌parties‌  ‌
undisclosed‌  ‌principal‌  ‌may‌  ‌sue‌  ‌or‌  ‌be‌  ‌sued‌  ‌without‌  ‌joining‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(1) A‌  ‌contract‌  ‌embraces‌  ‌only‌  ‌one‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action,‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌‌  The‌  ‌term‌  ‌"‌plaintiff‌" ‌ ‌may‌  ‌refer‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌claiming‌  ‌party,‌  ‌the‌‌  principal‌‌   ‌except‌‌   ‌when‌‌   the‌‌  contract‌‌   involves‌‌   things‌‌ belonging‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
contains‌‌several‌‌stipulations;‌  ‌ counter-claimant,‌‌   the‌‌   cross-claimant,‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌  third‌‌  (fourth,‌‌   etc.)‌‌ — ‌‌party‌‌  principal.‌‌   ‌
plaintiff.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 10‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

A‌  ‌minor‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌incompetent‌, ‌ ‌may‌  ‌sue‌  ‌or‌  ‌be‌‌  2) Should‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌find‌  ‌the‌  ‌reason‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌omission‌‌  interest‌  ‌in‌‌  the‌‌  question,‌‌  but‌‌
  one‌‌
  in‌‌  common‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌
  subject‌‌  matter‌‌  of‌‌ 
sued‌‌  with‌‌
  the‌‌   assistance‌‌   of‌‌
  his‌‌ father,‌‌ mother,‌‌ guardian,‌‌ or‌‌ if‌‌ he‌‌ has‌‌  unmeritorious,‌  ‌it‌  ‌may‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌inclusion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌omitted‌‌  the‌  ‌suit;‌  ‌a ‌ ‌community‌  ‌of‌  ‌interest‌  ‌growing‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌and‌‌ 
none,‌‌a‌‌guardian‌a ‌ d‌‌litem‌. ‌ ‌ necessary‌  ‌party‌  ‌if‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌his‌  ‌person‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  condition‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌in‌‌
  dispute;‌‌   for,‌‌
  although‌‌   there‌‌   may‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌
  any‌‌ 
obtained.‌  ‌ privity‌‌  between‌‌   the‌‌
  numerous‌‌   parties,‌‌   there‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌common‌‌ title‌‌ out‌‌ of‌‌ 
4. Joinder‌‌of‌‌parties‌  ‌
which‌  ‌the‌  ‌question‌  ‌arises,‌  ‌and‌  ‌which‌  ‌lies‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌foundation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
3) The‌‌
  ‌failure‌‌
  to‌‌
  comply‌‌  with‌‌   the‌‌
  order‌‌
  for‌‌ his‌‌ inclusion,‌‌ without‌‌ 
Husband‌‌   and‌‌
  wife‌‌
  shall‌‌
  sue‌‌
  or‌‌
  be‌‌
  sued‌‌
  ‌jointly‌, ‌‌‌except‌‌
  ‌as‌‌
  provided‌‌  proceedings.‌  ‌
justifiable‌  ‌cause,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌waiver‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌‌ 
by‌‌law.‌  ‌
against‌‌such‌‌party.‌  ‌ Here,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌one‌  ‌party‌  ‌plaintiff,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌   corporation‌‌ 
Permissive‌‌Joinder‌‌of‌‌Parties‌  ‌ does‌  ‌not‌  ‌even‌  ‌have‌  ‌an‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
4) The‌  ‌non-inclusion‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌necessary‌  ‌party‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌the‌ 
1.) There‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌relief‌  ‌in‌  ‌favor‌  ‌of‌  ‌or‌  ‌against‌  ‌or‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌  controversy,‌  ‌and‌  ‌cannot,‌  ‌therefore,‌  ‌represent‌  ‌its‌  ‌members‌  ‌or‌‌ 
court‌‌  from‌‌
  proceeding‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ action,‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ rendered‌‌ 
parties‌  ‌joined‌  ‌in‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌  ‌or‌  ‌arising‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌‌  stockholders‌  ‌who‌  ‌claim‌  ‌to‌  ‌own‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌  ‌individual‌  ‌capacities‌‌ 
therein‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌ 
transaction‌‌or‌‌series‌‌of‌‌transactions;‌‌and‌  ‌ ownership‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  said‌‌ property.‌  ‌Moreover,‌‌ ‌a ‌‌class‌‌ suit‌‌ does‌‌ ‌NOT‌‌ ‌lie‌‌ 
necessary‌‌party.‌  ‌
in‌  ‌actions‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌property‌  ‌where‌  ‌several‌‌   persons‌‌ 
2.) There‌‌  is‌‌
  a ‌‌question‌‌
  of‌‌
  law‌‌ or‌‌ fact‌‌ common‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ joined‌‌  6. Effect‌‌of‌‌misjoinder‌‌or‌‌non-joinder,‌‌unwilling‌‌co-plaintiff‌  ‌ claim‌‌   ownership‌‌   of‌‌
  their‌‌  respective‌‌ portions‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌, ‌‌as‌‌ 
in‌‌the‌‌action.‌  ‌ each‌‌   one‌‌ could‌‌ allege‌‌ and‌‌ prove‌‌ his‌‌ respective‌‌ right‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌different‌‌ way‌‌ 
Unwilling‌  ‌co-plaintiff.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌If‌‌   the‌‌
  consent‌‌  of‌‌
  any‌‌  party‌‌
  who‌‌   should‌‌ 
When‌‌  there‌‌   is‌‌
  joinder‌‌  of‌‌
  parties,‌‌   there‌‌  is‌‌
  also‌‌ a ‌‌joinder‌‌ of‌‌ causes‌‌ of‌‌  be‌  ‌joined‌  ‌as‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌can‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌obtained,‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌a ‌‌ for‌  ‌each‌  ‌portion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌land,‌  ‌so‌‌
  that‌‌
  they‌‌  cannot‌‌   all‌‌
  be‌‌
  held‌‌  to‌‌
  have‌‌ 
action.‌  ‌But‌  ‌there‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌joinder‌  ‌of‌  ‌causes‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌without‌  ‌a ‌‌ defendant‌‌and‌‌the‌‌reason‌‌therefor‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌stated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌complaint.‌  ‌ identical‌‌title‌‌through‌‌acquisitive‌‌prescription.‌  ‌
joinder‌‌of‌‌parties.‌  ‌ Oposa‌‌v.‌‌Factoran,‌‌Jr.‌,‌1
‌ 01083‌  ‌
Misjoinder‌  ‌and‌  ‌non-joinder‌  ‌of‌  ‌parties.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Neither‌  ‌misjoinder‌‌ 
5. Necessary‌‌and‌‌indispensable‌‌parties,‌‌effects‌‌of‌‌non-joinder‌  ‌ nor‌‌non-joinder‌‌of‌‌parties‌‌is‌‌a‌‌ground‌‌for‌‌dismissal‌o ‌ f‌‌an‌‌action.‌‌   ‌ The‌‌   civil‌‌   case‌‌   herein‌‌   is‌‌
  indeed‌‌   a ‌‌class‌‌   suit.‌‌  The‌‌ subject‌‌ matter‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
Compulsory‌  ‌joinder‌  ‌of‌  ‌indispensable‌  ‌parties.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Parties‌  ‌in‌‌  Parties‌  ‌may‌‌  be‌‌
  dropped‌‌   or‌‌
  added‌‌  by‌‌
  order‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌   on‌‌  motion‌‌  complaint‌  ‌is‌‌   of‌‌  common‌‌   and‌‌
  general‌‌   interest‌‌   not‌‌   just‌‌
  to‌‌
  several,‌‌   but‌‌ 
interest‌  ‌without‌  ‌whom‌  ‌no‌  ‌final‌  ‌determination‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌had‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌  of‌‌
  any‌‌
  party‌‌
  or‌‌
  ‌on‌‌
  its‌‌
  own‌‌   initiative‌‌   at‌‌
  any‌‌  stage‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ and‌‌  to‌  ‌all‌  ‌citizens‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌  Philippines.‌‌   Consequently,‌‌   since‌‌   the‌‌
  parties‌‌   are‌‌ 
action‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌joined‌‌either‌‌as‌‌plaintiffs‌‌or‌‌defendants.‌  ‌ on‌‌
  such‌‌  terms‌‌
  as‌‌  are‌‌
  just.‌‌
  Any‌‌  claim‌‌ against‌‌ a ‌‌misjoined‌‌ party‌‌ may‌‌  so‌‌  numerous,‌‌   it‌‌
  becomes‌‌   impracticable,‌‌   if‌‌
  not‌‌  totally‌‌   impossible,‌‌   to‌‌ 
be‌‌severed‌a‌ nd‌‌proceeded‌‌with‌‌separately.‌‌   ‌ bring‌  ‌all‌  ‌of‌  ‌them‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌court.‌  ‌We‌  ‌likewise‌  ‌declare‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Non-inclusion‌  ‌or‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌implead‌‌
  an‌‌
  ‌indispensable‌‌
  ‌party‌‌
  shall‌‌  plaintiffs‌  ‌therein‌  ‌are‌‌   numerous‌‌   and‌‌  representative‌‌   enough‌‌   to‌‌
  ensure‌‌ 
be‌‌a‌‌ground‌‌for‌‌the‌d
‌ ismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌ 7. Class‌‌suit‌‌‌—‌‌Conditions:‌‌   ‌ the‌‌   full‌‌  protection‌‌   of‌‌ all‌‌ concerned‌‌ interests.‌‌ Hence,‌‌ all‌‌ the‌‌ requisites‌‌ 
Necessary‌  ‌party.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌necessary‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  a. The‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌controversy‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌common‌  ‌or‌‌  for‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌valid‌  ‌class‌  ‌suit‌  ‌are‌  ‌present‌  ‌both‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌   said‌‌
  civil‌‌ 
indispensable‌‌but‌‌who‌‌ought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌joined‌‌as‌‌a‌‌party‌‌   ‌ general‌‌interest‌‌‌to‌‌many‌‌persons;‌  ‌ case‌‌   and‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌   instant‌‌   petition,‌‌   the‌‌
  latter‌‌ being‌‌ but‌‌ an‌‌ incident‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
former.‌  ‌
a) if‌‌
  ‌complete‌‌
  relief‌‌
  is‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  accorded‌‌
  as‌‌
  to‌‌
  those‌‌
  already‌‌
  parties,‌‌  b. The‌  ‌parties‌‌
  are‌‌
  so‌‌
  numerous‌‌   that‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌impracticable‌‌
  ‌to‌‌
  bring‌‌ 
or‌‌   ‌ them‌‌all‌‌before‌‌the‌‌court‌‌(T
‌ axpayers‌‌Suit‌);‌  ‌ 8. Alternative‌‌defendant‌  ‌
b) for‌‌
  a ‌‌‌complete‌‌ determination‌‌ or‌‌ settlement‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ claim‌‌ subject‌‌  c. A‌  ‌number‌  ‌of‌  ‌them‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌finds‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌sufficiently‌‌  Where‌‌   the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌uncertain‌‌   ‌against‌‌  who‌‌   of‌‌ several‌‌ persons‌‌ he‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌action.‌‌   ‌ numerous‌m ‌ ay‌‌sue‌‌or‌‌defend‌‌for‌‌the‌‌benefit‌‌of‌‌all.‌  ‌ is‌‌
  entitled‌‌  to‌‌
  relief,‌‌
  he‌‌  may‌‌
  join‌‌
  any‌‌  or‌‌
  all‌‌
  of‌‌ them‌‌ as‌‌ defendants‌‌ in‌‌ 
Non-joinder‌‌of‌‌necessary‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌be‌‌pleaded.‌‌‌—  ‌‌ ‌ the‌  ‌alternative,‌  ‌although‌  ‌a ‌ ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌relief‌  ‌against‌  ‌one‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
Sulo‌‌ng‌‌Bayan,‌‌Inc.‌‌v.‌‌Gregorio‌‌Araneta,‌‌Inc.‌,‌‌L-31061‌  ‌ inconsistent‌‌with‌‌a‌‌right‌‌of‌‌relief‌‌against‌‌the‌‌other.‌  ‌
1) Whenever‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌claim‌  ‌is‌  ‌asserted‌  ‌a ‌‌
necessary‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌joined,‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleader‌  ‌shall‌  ‌set‌  ‌forth‌  ‌his‌‌  The‌  ‌interest‌  ‌that‌  ‌will‌  ‌allow‌  ‌parties‌‌   to‌‌
  join‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌bill‌‌
  of‌‌
  complaint,‌‌   or‌‌  9. Unknown‌‌identity‌‌of‌‌defendant‌  ‌
name,‌‌if‌‌known,‌‌and‌s‌ hall‌‌state‌‌why‌‌he‌‌is‌‌omitted‌.  ‌‌ ‌ that‌  ‌will‌  ‌enable‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌dispense‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Whenever‌‌   the‌‌
  identity‌‌
  or‌‌
  name‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌defendant‌‌   is‌‌
  unknown,‌‌ he‌‌ may‌‌ 
parties,‌‌  when‌‌   numerous,‌‌   except‌‌   a ‌‌determinate‌‌ number,‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ only‌‌ an‌‌ 
be‌  ‌sued‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌unknown‌  ‌owner,‌  ‌heir,‌  ‌devisee,‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌such‌  ‌other‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 11‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

designation‌‌  as‌‌
  the‌‌ case‌‌ may‌‌ require;‌‌ when‌‌ his‌‌ identity‌‌ or‌‌ true‌‌ name‌‌ 
2. Action‌  ‌that‌  ‌DOES‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌survive‌  ‌— ‌ ‌annulment‌  ‌of‌  ‌marriage,‌‌  15. Indigent‌‌Party‌  ‌
is‌‌discovered,‌‌the‌‌pleading‌‌must‌‌be‌a ‌ mended‌a‌ ccordingly.‌‌   ‌
declaration‌‌on‌‌the‌‌nullity‌‌of‌‌marriage,‌‌legal‌‌separation.‌  ‌
A‌‌
  party‌‌
  may‌‌   be‌‌  authorized‌‌ to‌‌ litigate‌‌ his‌‌ action,‌‌ claim‌‌ or‌‌ defense‌‌ as‌‌ 
10. Entity‌‌without‌‌juridical‌‌personality‌‌as‌‌defendant‌  ‌
12. Death‌‌of‌‌a‌‌party‌‌who‌‌is‌‌a‌‌public‌‌officer‌  ‌ an‌‌
  indigent‌‌  if‌‌
  the‌‌  court,‌‌
  upon‌‌ an‌‌ ex‌‌ parte‌‌ application‌‌ and‌‌ hearing,‌‌ is‌‌ 
When‌‌
  two‌‌
  or‌‌ more‌‌ persons‌‌ not‌‌ organized‌‌ as‌‌ an‌‌ entity‌‌ with‌‌ juridical‌‌  satisfied‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌money‌  ‌or‌  ‌property‌‌ 
When‌‌   a ‌‌public‌‌   officer‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌  in‌‌
  an‌‌   action‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ official‌‌ capacity‌‌ 
personality‌  ‌enter‌  ‌into‌  ‌a ‌ ‌transaction,‌  ‌they‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌sued‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌  sufficient‌  ‌and‌  ‌available‌  ‌for‌  ‌food,‌  ‌shelter‌  ‌and‌  ‌basic‌  ‌necessities‌‌  for‌‌ 
and‌  ‌during‌  ‌its‌‌   pendency‌‌   dies,‌‌
  resigns,‌‌   or‌‌
  otherwise‌‌   ceases‌‌  to‌‌
  hold‌‌ 
name‌‌by‌‌which‌‌they‌‌are‌‌generally‌‌or‌‌commonly‌‌known.‌  ‌ himself‌‌and‌‌his‌‌family.‌  ‌
office,‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌may‌‌  be‌‌   ‌continued‌‌   ‌and‌‌   maintained‌‌   by‌‌
  or‌‌
  against‌‌ 
In‌  ‌the‌  ‌answer‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌defendant,‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌and‌  ‌addresses‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  his‌‌
  successor‌‌   if,‌‌
  within‌‌
  thirty‌‌   (30)‌‌   days‌‌   after‌‌
  the‌‌
  successor‌‌ takes‌‌  Such‌  ‌authority‌  ‌shall‌  ‌include‌  ‌an‌  ‌exemption‌  ‌from‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌‌ 
persons‌‌composing‌‌said‌‌entity‌m ‌ ust‌‌all‌‌be‌‌revealed‌. ‌ ‌ office‌  ‌or‌  ‌such‌  ‌time‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌  docket‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌fees‌, ‌‌and‌‌
  of‌‌
  TSNs‌‌
  which‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  may‌‌ 
satisfactorily‌‌shown‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court‌‌by‌‌any‌‌party‌‌that‌‌   ‌ order‌‌to‌‌be‌‌furnished‌‌him.‌‌   ‌
11. Death‌‌of‌‌a‌‌party;‌‌duty‌‌of‌‌counsel‌‌(§16)‌  ‌
1) there‌‌is‌‌a‌‌substantial‌‌need‌‌for‌‌continuing‌‌or‌‌maintaining‌‌it‌‌and‌‌   ‌ The‌‌
  amount‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  docket‌‌  and‌‌
  other‌‌  lawful‌‌   fees‌‌
  which‌‌  the‌‌ indigent‌‌ 
Whenever‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pending‌  ‌action‌  ‌dies,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌ 
was‌  ‌exempted‌  ‌from‌  ‌paying‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lien‌  ‌on‌  ‌any‌  ‌judgment‌‌ 
thereby‌  ‌extinguished,‌  ‌it‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  the‌‌
  duty‌‌  of‌‌
  his‌‌  counsel‌‌   to‌‌
  inform‌‌  2) that‌‌
  the‌‌
  successor‌‌
  adopts‌‌
  or‌‌
  continues‌‌
  or‌‌ threatens‌‌ to‌‌ adopt‌‌ or‌‌ 
the‌  ‌court‌  ‌within‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌such‌  ‌death‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌fact‌‌  continue‌‌to‌‌adopt‌‌or‌‌continue‌‌the‌‌action‌‌of‌‌his‌‌predecessor.‌‌   ‌ rendered‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌favorable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌indigent,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
thereof,‌‌  and‌‌  to‌‌
  give‌‌ the‌‌ name‌‌ and‌‌ address‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ legal‌‌ representative‌‌  otherwise‌‌provides.‌  ‌
Before‌  ‌a ‌ ‌substitution‌  ‌is‌  ‌made,‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌officer‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌affected,‌‌ 
or‌‌
  representatives.‌‌   ‌Failure‌‌
  of‌‌
  counsel‌‌ to‌‌ comply‌‌ with‌‌ his‌‌ duty‌‌ shall‌‌ 
unless‌‌   expressly‌‌   thereto,‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ given‌‌ reasonable‌‌ notice‌‌  16. Notice‌‌to‌‌OSG‌  ‌
  assenting‌‌
be‌‌a‌‌ground‌‌for‌d ‌ isciplinary‌‌action‌. ‌ ‌
of‌‌the‌‌application‌‌therefor‌‌and‌‌accorded‌‌an‌‌opportunity‌‌to‌‌be‌‌heard.‌  ‌ In‌‌
  any‌‌   ‌action‌‌   involving‌‌   the‌‌   validity‌‌   of‌‌  any‌‌   treaty,‌‌  law,‌‌  ordinance,‌‌ 
The‌‌   heirs‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌  deceased‌‌   may‌‌
  be‌‌  allowed‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌  substituted‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌  executive‌‌   order,‌‌
  presidential‌‌   decree,‌‌   rules‌‌   or‌‌  regulations,‌‌   the‌‌ court,‌‌ 
13. Incompetence‌‌or‌‌incapacity‌‌of‌‌party;‌‌transfer‌‌of‌‌interest‌  ‌
deceased,‌  ‌without‌  ‌requiring‌  ‌the‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌‌  in‌  ‌its‌  ‌discretion‌, ‌ ‌may‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌appearance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Solicitor‌‌ 
administrator‌‌   and‌‌   the‌‌
  court‌‌  may‌‌ appoint‌‌ a ‌‌guardian‌‌ ad‌‌ litem‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌  If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌incompetent‌  ‌or‌  ‌incapacitated,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌upon‌‌  General‌  ‌who‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌heard‌  ‌in‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌representative‌  ‌duly‌‌ 
minor‌‌heirs.‌  ‌ motion‌  ‌with‌  ‌notice,‌  ‌may‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌continued‌  ‌by‌  ‌or‌‌  designated‌‌by‌‌him.‌  ‌
against‌  ‌the‌  ‌incompetent‌  ‌or‌  ‌incapacitated‌  ‌person‌  ‌assisted‌  ‌by‌  ‌his‌‌ 
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌forthwith‌  ‌order‌  ‌said‌  ‌legal‌  ‌representative‌  ‌or‌ 
legal‌‌guardian‌o ‌ r‌‌guardian‌a ‌ d‌‌litem.‌  ‌
representatives‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌and‌  ‌be‌  ‌substituted‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌period‌  ‌of‌‌  RULE‌‌4‌‌Venue‌‌of‌‌Actions‌  ‌
thirty‌‌(30)‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌notice.‌  ‌ Transfer‌  ‌of‌  ‌interest.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌transfer‌  ‌of‌  ‌interest,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
action‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌
  continued‌‌  by‌‌  or‌‌
  against‌‌  the‌‌ original‌‌ party,‌‌ ‌unless‌‌ ‌the‌‌  1. Real‌‌actions‌  ‌
If‌‌
  no‌‌  legal‌‌  representative‌‌   is‌‌
  named‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  counsel‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌ deceased‌‌ 
court‌  ‌upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌directs‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌interest‌  ‌is‌‌  Actions‌  ‌affecting‌  ‌title‌‌   to‌‌
  or‌‌
  possession‌‌   of‌‌   real‌‌  property,‌‌   or‌‌
  interest‌‌ 
party,‌‌ or‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ one‌‌ so‌‌ named‌‌ shall‌‌ fail‌‌ to‌‌ appear‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ specified‌‌ 
transferred‌  to‌  ‌be‌  ‌substituted‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌joined‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌  therein,‌   s
‌ hall‌
  b
‌ e‌  c
‌ ommenced‌   a
‌ nd‌  t
‌ ried‌   i
‌ n‌  t
‌ he‌   p
‌ roper‌   c
‌ ourt‌   ‌which‌‌ 
period,‌‌   the‌‌  court‌‌   may‌‌  order‌‌ the‌‌ ‌opposing‌‌ party‌, ‌‌within‌‌ a ‌‌specified‌‌ 
original‌‌party.‌  ‌ has‌   j
‌ urisdiction‌   o
‌ ver‌   t
‌ he‌  a
‌ rea‌
  w
‌ herein‌   t
‌ he‌  r
‌ eal‌   p
‌ roperty‌‌  
time‌‌   to‌‌
  procure‌‌   the‌‌ appointment‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ executor‌‌ or‌‌ administrator‌‌ for‌‌ 
the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌deceased‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌   latter‌‌
  shall‌‌   immediately‌‌   appear‌‌  14. Action‌‌on‌‌contractual‌‌money‌‌claim,‌‌death‌‌of‌‌defendant‌  ‌ involved,‌‌or‌‌a‌‌portion‌‌thereof,‌‌is‌‌situated‌. ‌ ‌
for‌  ‌and‌  ‌on‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌deceased.‌  ‌The‌‌
  court‌‌
  charges‌‌
  in‌‌
  procuring‌‌  2. Personal‌‌actions‌  ‌
When‌‌   the‌‌
  action‌‌   is‌‌ for‌‌ ‌recovery‌‌ of‌‌ money‌ ‌arising‌‌ from‌‌ contract,‌‌ 
such‌  ‌appointment,‌  ‌if‌  ‌defrayed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌opposing‌  ‌party,‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
express‌  ‌or‌  ‌implied,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌dies‌  ‌before‌  ‌entry‌  ‌of‌‌   final‌‌  Section‌‌
  2.‌‌
  ‌Venue‌‌
  of‌‌ personal‌‌ actions.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌All‌‌ other‌‌ actions‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ 
recovered‌‌as‌‌costs.‌‌   ‌
judgment‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ was‌‌ pending‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌  commenced‌‌and‌‌tried‌‌   ‌
Two‌‌Kinds‌‌of‌‌Action:‌‌   ‌ such‌  ‌death,‌  ‌it‌  ‌shall‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌be‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌but‌  ‌shall‌  ‌instead‌  ‌be‌‌ 
a) where‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌plaintiffs‌‌ 
1. Action‌  ‌that‌  ‌survives‌  ‌— ‌ ‌substitution‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌  ‌administrator,‌‌ 
allowed‌‌to‌‌continue‌‌‌until‌‌entry‌‌of‌‌final‌‌judgment.‌‌   ‌
resides,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
executor‌‌or‌‌the‌‌legal‌‌heirs.‌  ‌ A‌  ‌favorable‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌therein‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  b) where‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌defendants‌‌ 
enforced‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌manner‌  ‌especially‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌these‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌for‌‌  resides,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
prosecuting‌‌claims‌‌against‌‌the‌e‌ state‌o ‌ f‌‌a‌‌deceased‌‌person.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 12‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

c) in‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌non-resident‌‌
  defendant‌‌
  ‌where‌‌
  he‌‌
  may‌‌ be‌‌ 
of‌‌
  suits‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  residence‌‌   of‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  or‌‌ defendant.‌  ‌The‌‌ plain‌‌ meaning‌‌  signature‌‌
  thereon,‌‌  he‌‌
  signified‌‌   his‌‌
  assent‌‌
  thereto.‌‌
  Thus,‌‌  ‌the‌‌
  ruling‌‌ in‌‌ 
found‌,  ‌‌ ‌
is‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌  parties‌‌   merely‌‌ consented‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ sued‌‌ in‌‌ Manila.‌‌ ‌Qualifying‌‌  Sweet‌‌Lines‌‌Inc.‌‌v.‌‌Teves,‌‌et‌‌al.‌‌‌is‌‌not‌‌applicable‌‌in‌‌this‌‌case.‌  ‌
at‌‌the‌‌election‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plaintiff.‌  ‌ or‌  ‌restrictive‌  ‌words‌  ‌which‌  ‌would‌‌   indicate‌‌   that‌‌
  Manila‌‌
  and‌‌   Manila‌‌ 
 ‌
alone‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌venue‌  ‌are‌  ‌totally‌  ‌absent‌  ‌therefrom.‌  ‌The‌  ‌parties‌  ‌solely‌‌ 
3. Actions‌‌against‌‌non-residents‌  ‌
agreed‌  ‌to‌  ‌ADD‌  ‌the‌  ‌courts‌  ‌of‌‌   Manila‌‌  as‌‌
  tribunals‌‌  to‌‌
  which‌‌  they‌‌
  may‌‌  Pilipino‌‌Telephone‌‌Corp‌‌v.‌‌Tecson‌,‌‌156966,‌‌7‌‌May‌‌2004‌  ‌
Actions‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌against‌  ‌a‌  ‌nonresident‌  ‌defendant‌‌  resort.‌  ‌They‌‌   did‌‌
  not‌‌
  waive‌‌ their‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ pursue‌‌ remedy‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ courts‌‌  Respondent‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌Iligan‌  ‌City,‌  ‌Lanao‌  ‌Del‌  ‌Norte,‌  ‌a ‌‌
who‌‌does‌‌not‌‌reside‌‌and‌‌not‌‌found‌‌in‌‌the‌ ‌Philippines:‌‌   ‌ specifically‌  ‌mentioned‌  ‌in‌  ‌Section‌  ‌2(b)‌  ‌of‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌4.‌  ‌Renuntiatio‌  ‌non‌‌  complaint‌  ‌against‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌“Sum‌  ‌of‌  ‌Money‌  ‌and‌  ‌Damages.”‌‌ 
1.) Actions‌‌that‌‌affects‌‌the‌p
‌ ersonal‌‌status‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plaintiff;‌‌or‌  ‌ praesumitur‌. ‌ ‌ Petitioner‌‌
  moved‌‌  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  dismissal‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌ complaint‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ ground‌‌ of‌‌ 
Sweet‌‌Lines‌‌v.‌‌Teves‌,‌‌L-37750‌  ‌ improper‌‌venue.‌  ‌
2.) Actions‌‌  that‌‌
  affect‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌property‌, ‌‌or‌‌ any‌‌ portion‌‌ thereof,‌‌ of‌‌ 
said‌‌defendant‌‌located‌‌here‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌ May‌  ‌a ‌ ‌common‌  ‌carrier‌  ‌engaged‌  ‌in‌  ‌inter-island‌  ‌shipping‌  ‌stipulate‌‌  The‌  ‌provision‌  ‌contained‌  ‌in‌  ‌paragraph‌  ‌22‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌“Mobile‌  ‌Service‌‌ 
thru‌  ‌a ‌ ‌condition‌‌   printed‌‌
  at‌‌
  the‌‌  back‌‌
  of‌‌  passage‌‌   tickets‌‌  to‌‌
  its‌‌
  vessels‌‌  Agreement,”‌  ‌states‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌venue‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌suits‌  ‌arising‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌  ‌action‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌commenced‌  ‌and‌  ‌tried‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  place‌‌ 
that‌‌   any‌‌ and‌‌ all‌‌ actions‌‌ arising‌‌ out‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ contract‌‌ of‌‌ carriage‌‌ should‌‌  agreement,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌suit‌  ‌directly‌  ‌or‌  ‌indirectly‌  ‌arising‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌ 
where‌‌   ‌
be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌only‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌particular‌‌   province‌‌   or‌‌  city‌, ‌‌in‌‌
  this‌‌
  case‌‌
  the‌‌  City‌‌
  of‌‌  relationship‌  ‌between‌  ‌PILTEL‌  ‌and‌  ‌subscriber,‌‌   “shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  proper‌‌ 
1.) the‌‌plaintiff‌‌resides,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ Cebu,‌‌to‌‌the‌‌exclusion‌‌of‌‌all‌‌others?‌  ‌ courts‌  ‌of‌  ‌Makati,‌  ‌Metro‌  ‌Manila‌.”‌  ‌The‌  ‌added‌  ‌stipulation‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2.) the‌‌property‌‌or‌‌any‌‌portion‌‌thereof‌‌is‌‌situated‌‌or‌‌found.‌  ‌ subscriber‌  ‌“‌expressly‌  ‌waives‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌venue‌” ‌ ‌should‌  ‌indicate,‌‌ 
NO‌. ‌ ‌Although‌  ‌venue‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌changed‌  ‌or‌  ‌transferred‌  ‌from‌  ‌one‌‌  clearly‌  ‌enough,‌  ‌the‌  ‌intent‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌to‌  ‌consider‌  ‌the‌  ‌venue‌‌ 
Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌is‌  ‌a‌  ‌NRFC‌  ‌but‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌sue‌  ‌here,‌  ‌then‌  ‌the‌‌  province‌  ‌to‌  ‌another‌  ‌by‌  ‌agreement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   parties‌‌   in‌‌
  writing,‌‌   such‌‌   an‌‌  stipulation‌‌as‌‌being‌‌preclusive‌‌‌in‌‌character.‌ 
venue‌‌
  is‌‌
  where‌‌   the‌‌
  defendant‌‌   resides,‌‌   or,‌‌
  in‌‌
  real‌‌
  actions,‌‌
  where‌‌ the‌‌  agreement‌‌   ‌will‌‌  not‌‌  be‌‌
  held‌‌  valid‌‌  where‌‌   it‌‌ practically‌‌ negates‌‌ the‌‌ 
property‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌portion‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌is‌  ‌situated.‌  ‌(‌Time,‌  ‌Inc.‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Reyes‌, ‌‌ action‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ claimants‌, ‌‌such‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ private‌‌ respondents‌‌ herein.‌‌ The‌‌  A‌‌
  contract‌‌   duly‌‌
  executed‌‌  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  law‌‌
  between‌‌  the‌‌
  parties,‌‌ and‌‌ they‌‌ are‌‌ 
L-28882)‌  ‌ philosophy‌‌   underlying‌‌   the‌‌
  provisions‌‌   on‌‌ transfer‌‌ of‌‌ venue‌‌ of‌‌ actions‌‌  obliged‌‌ to‌‌ comply‌‌ fully‌‌ and‌‌ not‌‌ selectively‌‌ with‌‌ its‌‌ terms.‌‌ ‌A ‌‌contract‌‌ 
is‌  ‌the‌  ‌convenience‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiffs‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌his‌‌   witnesses‌‌   and‌‌   to‌‌  of‌‌adhesion‌‌is‌‌no‌‌exception.‌  ‌
4. When‌‌Rule‌‌not‌‌applicable‌  ‌
promote‌  ‌the‌  ‌ends‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice.‌  ‌Considering‌  ‌the‌  ‌expense‌  ‌and‌  ‌trouble‌‌   a ‌‌ Villanueva‌‌v.‌‌Mosqueda‌,‌‌58287‌  ‌
This‌‌Rule‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌apply.‌  ‌ passenger‌  ‌residing‌  ‌outside‌  ‌of‌  ‌Cebu‌  ‌City‌  ‌would‌‌   incur‌‌   to‌‌
  prosecute‌‌   a ‌‌
claim‌‌   in‌‌   the‌‌   City‌‌
  of‌‌
  Cebu,‌‌
  he‌‌  would‌‌   most‌‌   probably‌‌   decide‌‌   not‌‌   to‌‌ file‌‌  An‌‌
  agreement‌‌   as‌‌
  to‌‌  venue‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌contract‌‌
  of‌‌
  lease‌‌   is‌‌
  valid‌‌
  and‌‌ binding.‌‌ 
(a) In‌  ‌those‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌specific‌  ‌rule‌  ‌or‌  ‌law‌  ‌provides‌‌  Thus,‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌located‌  ‌in‌  ‌Manila‌  ‌but‌  ‌the‌‌
  parties‌‌ 
the‌  ‌action‌  ‌at‌  ‌all.‌  ‌The‌  ‌condition‌‌   will‌‌  thus‌‌   defeat,‌‌
  instead‌‌   of‌‌
  enhance,‌‌ 
otherwise‌;  ‌‌ ‌ have‌  ‌agreed‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌venue‌  ‌at‌  ‌Masantol,‌  ‌Pampanga,the‌  ‌same‌  ‌has‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌ 
the‌‌ends‌‌of‌‌justice.‌‌   ‌
E.g.‌‌
  Libel‌‌
  cases;‌‌
  Sec‌‌
  5(4)‌‌
  Art‌‌
  VIII,‌‌
  1987‌‌ Constitution‌‌ — ‌‌SC‌‌ may‌‌  followed‌‌and‌‌the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ejectment‌‌case‌‌in‌‌Masantol‌‌is‌‌proper.‌‌   ‌
Arquero‌‌v.‌‌Flojo‌,‌‌68111‌  ‌
order‌‌a‌‌change‌‌of‌‌venue‌‌to‌‌avoid‌‌a‌‌miscarriage‌‌of‌‌justice.‌  ‌ ⭐‌Hygienic‌‌Packaging‌‌v.‌‌Nutri-Asia‌,‌2
‌ 01302,‌‌2019‌,‌‌Leonen,‌‌J ‌ ‌
In‌‌
  the‌‌ written‌‌ contract‌‌ sued‌‌ upon,‌‌ it‌‌ was‌‌ expressly‌‌ stipulated‌‌ that‌‌ any‌‌ 
(b) Where‌‌   the‌‌
  ‌parties‌‌
  have‌‌
  validly‌‌
  agreed‌‌
  in‌‌
  writing‌‌ ‌before‌‌ ‌the‌‌  The‌  ‌sales‌  ‌invoices‌, ‌ ‌if‌‌   viewed‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌contract‌‌   on‌‌  venue‌‌
  stipulation,‌‌ 
action‌  ‌relative‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌transmittal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌telegram‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌RCPI‌‌ 
filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌action‌‌on‌‌the‌‌exclusive‌‌venue‌‌thereof.‌  ‌ were‌‌ not‌‌ signed‌‌ by‌‌ petitioner's‌‌ agent‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ bound‌‌ by‌‌ such‌‌ stipulation.‌‌ 
must‌‌be‌‌brought‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Courts‌‌of‌‌Quezon‌‌City‌a ‌ lone‌. ‌ ‌
The‌  ‌signature‌  ‌has‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌  receipt‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  purchased‌‌   goods‌‌   "in‌‌ 
Polytrade‌‌v.‌‌Blanco‌,‌‌L-27033,‌‌31‌‌Oct‌‌1969‌  ‌ In‌  ‌the‌  ‌instant‌  ‌case,‌  ‌the‌  ‌condition‌  ‌with‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌  ‌venue‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  good‌  ‌order‌  ‌and‌  ‌condition."‌  ‌Petitioner‌  ‌did‌  ‌not,‌‌   therefore,‌‌  agree‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌ 
telegram‌‌   form‌‌   for‌‌ transmission‌‌ was‌‌ printed‌‌ clearly‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ upper‌‌ front‌‌  restricted‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌venue‌  ‌in‌  ‌Manila‌  ‌and‌‌  was‌‌   ‌never‌‌   obliged‌‌
  to‌‌  observe‌‌ 
The‌  ‌forefront‌‌
  question‌‌
  is‌‌
  whether‌‌
  or‌‌
  not‌‌
  venue‌‌
  was‌‌
  properly‌‌
  laid‌‌
  in‌‌  portion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌form.‌  ‌Considering‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner's‌  ‌educational‌‌  this‌‌unilateral‌‌statement‌‌in‌‌the‌‌sales‌‌invoices‌. ‌ ‌
the‌‌province‌‌of‌‌Bulacan‌‌where‌‌defendant‌‌is‌‌a‌‌resident.‌  ‌ attainment‌‌   (being‌‌  a ‌‌lawyer‌‌ by‌‌ profession‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ Municipal‌‌ Mayor‌‌ of‌‌ 
Sta.‌  ‌Teresita‌  ‌Cagayan),‌  ‌he‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌charged‌  ‌with‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   ‌
An‌‌
  accurate‌‌   reading,‌‌   however,‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ stipulation,‌‌ "The‌‌ parties‌‌ agree‌‌ to‌‌ 
sue‌‌
  and‌‌
  be‌‌
  sued‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  Courts‌‌ of‌‌ Manila",‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ preclude‌‌ the‌‌ filing‌  condition‌  ‌limiting‌  ‌the‌  ‌venue‌  ‌to‌  ‌Quezon‌  ‌City‌  ‌and‌  ‌by‌  ‌affixing‌  ‌his‌‌  RULE‌‌5‌‌Uniform‌‌Procedures‌‌in‌‌Trial‌‌Courts‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 13‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

1. Exceptions‌:‌‌Rules‌‌on‌‌Summary‌‌Procedure‌  ‌ 1. Complaint‌-‌ ‌‌Initiatory‌P


‌ leading‌  ‌ 8. Former‌‌recovery,‌‌   ‌
Section‌  ‌1.‌  ‌Uniform‌  ‌procedure.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌procedure‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌MTCs‌‌  2. Answer‌-‌ ‌‌Responsive‌P
‌ leading‌  ‌ 9. Discharge‌‌in‌‌bankruptcy,‌‌   ‌
shall‌‌be‌‌the‌‌same‌‌as‌‌in‌‌the‌‌RTCs,‌e‌ xcept‌‌   ‌
3. Counterclaim‌; ‌ ‌ 10. Any‌‌other‌‌matter‌‌by‌‌way‌‌of‌‌confession‌‌and‌‌avoidance;‌  ‌
(a) where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌provision‌  ‌expressly‌  ‌or‌  ‌impliedly‌  ‌applies‌‌ 
a. Counter-counterclaim‌  ‌ 11. Grounds‌‌for‌‌the‌‌dismissal‌o
‌ f‌‌a‌‌complaint,‌‌specifically,‌‌   ‌
only‌‌to‌‌either‌‌of‌‌said‌‌courts,‌‌or‌  ‌
4. Cross-claim‌-‌ ‌‌may‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Answer;‌  ‌ a. that‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌‌ 
(b) in‌‌civil‌‌cases‌‌governed‌‌by‌‌the‌R
‌ ule‌‌on‌‌Summary‌‌Procedure‌.  ‌‌ ‌
matter,‌‌   ‌
a. Counter-crossclaim‌  ‌
 ‌
b. Litis‌  ‌pendentia‌  ‌— ‌ ‌that‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌another‌  ‌action‌‌ 
5. Reply‌-‌ ‌‌Last‌P
‌ leading,‌‌optional‌  ‌
The‌‌2019‌‌Amendments‌‌cover‌‌Rules‌‌6‌‌to‌‌35.‌‌   ‌ pending‌‌   between‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ parties‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ cause,‌‌ 
Amendments‌‌will‌‌be‌‌signified‌u ‌ sing‌‌this‌‌format‌. ‌ ‌ 6. Third-(nth)party‌‌Complaint;‌  ‌ or‌‌   ‌
The‌‌title‌‌of‌‌entirely‌‌new‌‌sections‌‌will‌‌be‌‌signified‌u
‌ sing‌‌  7. Complaint-in-intervention.‌‌(R
‌ 19‌) ‌ ‌ c. Res‌  ‌judicata‌  ‌— ‌ ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌barred‌‌
  by‌‌
  a ‌‌prior‌‌ 
this‌‌format‌. ‌ ‌
 ‌ judgment.‌  ‌
 ‌

IV.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌RTC‌  ‌ 2. Answer‌‌and‌‌Kinds‌‌of‌‌Defenses‌  ‌ NB:‌‌  ‌ he‌  ‌2019‌  ‌Amendments‌  ‌have‌  ‌removed‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌16‌  ‌on‌  ‌Motion‌  ‌to‌‌ 
T
Dismiss.‌  ‌Now,‌  ‌instead‌  ‌of‌  ‌filing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
 ‌ An‌‌ ‌answer‌‌ ‌is‌‌ a ‌‌pleading‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ a ‌‌defending‌‌ party‌‌ sets‌‌ forth‌‌ his‌‌ or‌‌  grounds‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  dismissal‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌complaint‌‌
  may‌‌   be‌‌
  incorporated‌‌ 
her‌‌defenses.‌  ‌ as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌special‌  ‌affirmative‌  ‌defense.‌  ‌Note‌  ‌that‌  ‌these‌  ‌3 ‌ ‌grounds‌‌ 
RULE‌‌6‌‌Kinds‌‌of‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌
Defenses‌‌may‌‌either‌‌be‌‌negative‌‌or‌‌affirmative.‌  ‌ are‌‌those‌‌that‌‌are‌‌not‌‌waived‌‌even‌‌if‌‌not‌‌raised‌‌in‌‌the‌‌answer.‌‌   ‌
1. Kinds‌‌of‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ Additional‌‌special‌‌affirmative‌‌defenses‌‌are‌‌found‌‌in‌§
‌ 12‌‌R8‌. ‌ ‌
  ‌negative‌‌
(a) A‌‌   ‌defense‌‌  is‌‌  the‌‌  ‌specific‌‌  denial‌‌  ‌of‌‌  the‌‌ material‌‌ fact‌‌  this plus S5 (p4) R8 no need for SH, resolve
➔ Pleadings‌‌   ‌are‌‌  the‌‌  written‌‌  statements‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ respective‌‌ claims‌‌  or‌‌
  facts‌‌
  alleged‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  pleading‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  claimant‌‌
  essential‌‌
  to‌‌
  his‌‌  w/in 30 days after answer
 ‌
and‌  ‌defenses‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌for‌  cause‌‌or‌‌causes‌‌of‌‌action.‌  ‌
appropriate‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ 3. Counterclaims,‌‌kinds‌‌of‌‌counterclaims‌  ‌
(b) An‌  ‌affirmative‌  d
‌ efense‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌allegation‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌matter‌‌ 
➔ The‌  ‌claims‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌are‌  ‌asserted‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌complaint‌, ‌‌ A‌  ‌counterclaim‌  ‌is‌  ‌any‌  ‌claim‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defending‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌have‌‌ 
which,‌  ‌while‌‌
  hypothetically‌‌   admitting‌‌
  the‌‌
  material‌‌
  allegations‌‌ 
counterclaim‌, ‌ ‌cross-claim‌, ‌ ‌third‌  ‌(fourth,‌  ‌etc.)-party‌‌  against‌‌an‌‌opposing‌‌party.‌  ‌
in‌‌
  the‌‌
  pleading‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  claimant,‌‌
  would‌‌
  nevertheless‌‌  prevent‌‌
  or‌‌ 
complaint‌,‌‌or‌‌complaint-in-intervention‌. ‌ ‌ bar‌‌recovery‌‌by‌‌him.‌  ‌ Purpose:‌‌To‌‌avoid‌m
‌ ultiplicity‌‌of‌‌suits‌. ‌ ‌
➔ The‌  ‌defenses‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌are‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌answer‌  to‌  ‌the‌‌  Examples‌‌of‌‌Affirmative‌‌Defenses‌‌are:‌  ‌ A‌  ‌compulsory‌  ‌counterclaim‌  ‌is‌‌   one‌‌  which,‌‌   being‌‌   cognizable‌‌  by‌‌ 
pleading‌‌asserting‌‌a‌‌claim‌‌against‌‌him‌‌or‌‌her.‌  ‌ optional summary hearing w/in 15 the‌  ‌regular‌  ‌courts‌‌  of‌‌
  justice,‌‌
  arises‌‌
  out‌‌
  of‌‌
  or‌‌
  is‌‌
  connected‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌ 
1. Fraud,‌‌   ‌ days from
➔ An‌  ‌answer‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌responded‌  ‌to‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reply‌  ‌only‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌‌  transaction‌  ‌or‌  ‌occurrence‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
answer;
2. Statute‌‌of‌‌limitations‌,  ‌‌ ‌ resolved w/in 30 days opposing‌‌   party's‌‌  claim‌‌   and‌‌
  does‌‌ not‌‌ require‌‌ for‌‌ its‌‌ adjudication‌‌ the‌‌ 
defending‌  ‌party‌  ‌attaches‌  ‌an‌  ‌actionable‌  ‌document‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
from termination of SH. presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌third‌  ‌parties‌  ‌of‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌acquire‌‌ 
answer‌. ‌ ‌ 3. Release,‌‌   ‌
jurisdiction.‌‌   ‌
➔ The‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌alleging‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff's‌  ‌or‌‌  4. Payment,‌  ‌
claiming‌  ‌party’s‌  ‌cause‌  ‌or‌  ‌causes‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌. ‌ ‌The‌‌  names‌‌  and‌‌  Such‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterclaim‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
5. Illegality,‌‌   ‌ both‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌except‌  ‌that‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌‌ 
residences‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  and‌‌
  defendant‌‌   must‌‌  be‌‌
  stated‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌ 
complaint.‌  ‌ 6. Statute‌‌of‌‌frauds,‌  ‌ original‌‌ action‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌ RTC,‌‌ the‌‌ counter-claim‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ considered‌‌ 
compulsory‌  ‌regardless‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌compulsory‌‌ 
Pleadings:‌  ‌ 7. Estoppel,‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 14‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

counterclaim‌‌   not‌‌  raised‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌  same‌‌


  action‌‌   is‌‌
  BARRED,‌‌   unless‌‌ 
4. Cross-claim‌  ‌ (c) the‌  ‌effect‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌  ‌to‌  ‌introduce‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌and‌  ‌separate‌‌ 
otherwise‌‌allowed‌‌by‌‌these‌‌Rules.‌  ‌
controversy‌‌into‌‌the‌‌action.‌  ‌
A‌‌
  ‌cross-claim‌‌ is‌‌ any‌‌ claim‌‌ by‌‌ one‌‌ party‌‌ ‌against‌‌ a ‌‌co-party‌‌ arising‌‌ 
Elements‌‌of‌‌Compulsory‌‌Counterclaim:‌  ‌
out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌transaction‌  ‌or‌  ‌occurrence‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌‌  Bringing‌‌   new‌‌   parties.‌‌
  — ‌‌When‌‌   the‌‌
  presence‌‌ of‌‌ parties‌‌ other‌‌ than‌‌ 
1.) It‌‌is‌‌cognizable‌‌by‌‌the‌r‌ egular‌‌courts‌o ‌ f‌‌justice;‌  ‌ either‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   original‌‌
  action‌‌   or‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌counterclaim‌‌   therein.‌‌
  Such‌‌  those‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌  original‌‌
  action‌‌  is‌‌
  required‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌ granting‌‌ of‌‌ complete‌‌ 
cross-claim‌‌may‌c‌ over‌‌all‌‌or‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌original‌‌claim‌. ‌ ‌ relief‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterclaim‌  ‌or‌  ‌cross-claim,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2.) It‌  ‌arises‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌or‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌connected‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌transaction‌  ‌or‌‌ 
court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌order‌  ‌them‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌brought‌  ‌in‌  ‌as‌  ‌defendants‌, ‌ ‌if‌‌ 
occurrence‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌a ‌‌subject‌‌   matter‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  opposing‌‌  Counter-counterclaims‌  ‌and‌  ‌counter-crossclaims‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌‌
jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌them‌‌can‌‌be‌‌obtained.‌  ‌
party’s‌‌claim;‌‌(L ‌ OGICAL‌‌RELATIONSHIP‌‌TEST‌) ‌ ‌ counter-claim‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌asserted‌  ‌against‌  ‌an‌  ‌original‌‌ 
counter-claimant.‌  ‌ Purpose:‌  ‌
3.) It‌‌
  ‌does‌‌
  not‌‌  require‌‌   for‌‌   its‌‌ adjudication‌‌ the‌‌ ‌presence‌‌ of‌‌ third‌‌ 
parties‌‌‌whom‌‌the‌‌court‌‌cannot‌‌acquire‌‌jurisdiction;‌  ‌ A‌‌cross-claim‌‌‌may‌‌also‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌against‌‌an‌‌original‌‌cross-claimant.‌‌   ‌ 1.) C‌ontribution;‌  ‌
4.) It‌‌
  is‌‌
  within‌‌
  the‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court,‌‌
  both‌‌
  as‌‌
  to‌‌ the‌‌ amount‌‌  Counterclaim‌  ‌ Cross-claim‌  ‌ 2.) I‌ndemnity;‌  ‌
and‌‌the‌‌nature‌‌thereof,‌‌   ‌
3.) S‌ubrogation;‌‌or‌  ‌
Complaint‌‌by‌‌defendant‌‌against‌‌  Defendant‌‌against‌‌co-defendant‌  ‌
except‌  ‌that‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌original‌  ‌action‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
plaintiff‌  ‌ 4.) A‌ny‌‌other‌‌relief‌‌in‌‌respect‌‌to‌‌the‌‌opponent’s‌‌claim.‌  ‌
counterclaim‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌
  considered‌‌   compulsory‌‌   ‌regardless‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ 
amount;‌‌and‌ still‌ compulsory because it arises out of the same transaction
even if amount of CC is more than or less than complaint,
Survives‌‌even‌‌if‌‌main‌‌action‌‌is‌‌  Life‌‌depends‌‌on‌‌the‌‌main‌‌action‌  ‌ Four‌  ‌Tests‌  ‌to‌  ‌Determine‌  ‌Propriety‌  ‌of‌  ‌3rd-Party‌  ‌Complaint‌  ‌(‌any‌‌ 
extinguished‌  ‌ will‌‌do)‌  ‌
5.) The‌‌ defending‌‌ party‌‌ has‌‌ a ‌‌counterclaim‌‌ ‌at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ he‌‌ files‌‌ his‌‌ 
answer.‌(‌ Sec‌‌8‌‌Rule‌‌11)‌  ‌ 1.) It‌  ‌arises‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌transaction‌  ‌on‌  ‌which‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Does‌‌not‌‌need‌‌to‌‌arise‌‌out‌‌of‌‌the‌‌  Should‌‌arise‌‌out‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same‌‌  based;‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌ same‌‌transaction‌‌or‌‌occurrence‌‌  transaction‌‌or‌‌occurrence‌‌that‌‌is‌‌ 
that‌‌is‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌the‌‌  the‌‌subject‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌the‌‌action‌  ‌ 2.) Is‌‌connected‌‌with‌‌the‌‌plaintiff’s‌‌claim;‌  ‌
If‌‌an‌‌element‌‌is‌‌missing,‌‌counterclaim‌‌becomes‌p
‌ ermissive‌. ‌ ‌
action‌  ‌ 3.) Third‌‌
  party‌‌
  defendant‌‌
  would‌‌
  be‌‌ liable‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ original‌‌ plaintiff's‌‌ 
Compulsory‌  ‌counterclaim‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌invoked‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌action,‌‌ 
claim;‌‌OR‌  ‌
otherwise‌‌it‌‌will‌‌be‌b
‌ arred‌.‌‌(Sec‌‌2‌‌Rule‌‌9)‌  ‌ 5. Third-party‌‌complaint‌  ‌
4.) Third‌  ‌party‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌may‌‌   assert‌‌
  any‌‌
  defense‌‌  which‌‌
  the‌‌  third‌‌ 
In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌wherein‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌aspect‌  ‌is‌  ‌deemed‌‌  A‌‌
  ‌third‌‌
  (fourth,‌‌   etc.)-party‌‌   complaint‌‌   is‌‌  a ‌‌claim‌‌ that‌‌ a ‌‌defending‌‌  party‌‌plaintiff‌‌has‌‌or‌‌may‌‌have‌‌against‌‌plaintiff’s‌‌claim.‌  ‌
instituted,‌‌follow‌S ‌ ec‌‌1(a)‌‌Rule‌‌111:‌  ‌ party‌‌   may,‌‌  ‌with‌‌  leave‌‌  of‌‌  court‌, ‌‌file‌‌
  against‌‌   a ‌‌person‌‌   ‌NOT‌‌   a ‌‌party‌‌ 
to‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌, ‌ ‌called‌  ‌the‌  ‌third‌  ‌(fourth,‌  ‌etc.)-party‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌for‌‌   ‌
“‌No‌  ‌counterclaim‌, ‌‌‌cross-claim‌‌   or‌‌
  ‌third-party‌‌   complaint‌‌   may‌‌  be‌‌ 
filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌case,‌  ‌but‌  ‌any‌‌  cause‌‌
  of‌‌
  action‌‌  contribution,‌  ‌indemnity,‌‌   subrogation‌‌   or‌‌
  any‌‌   other‌‌   relief,‌‌   in‌‌  respect‌‌  6. Reply‌ 
which‌  ‌could‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌litigated‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌ of‌‌his‌‌opponent's‌‌claim.‌  ‌
All‌  ‌new‌  ‌matters‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌answer‌  ‌are‌  ‌deemed‌‌ 
separate‌‌civil‌‌action.”‌  ‌ It‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌
  DENIED‌‌   admission,‌‌   and‌‌   the‌‌   court‌‌   shall‌‌   require‌‌   the‌‌  controverted.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌wishes‌  ‌to‌  ‌interpose‌  ‌any‌  ‌claims‌‌ 
defendant‌‌to‌‌institute‌‌a‌‌separate‌‌action,‌‌where:‌‌   ‌ arising‌‌   out‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  new‌‌
  matters‌‌ so‌‌ alleged,‌‌ such‌‌ claims‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
Counterclaim‌‌in‌‌Criminal‌‌Cases‌‌—‌C
‌ abaero‌‌v.‌‌Cantos‌,‌‌102942‌  ‌ set‌ f
‌ orth‌ i
‌ n‌a
‌ n‌ a
‌ mended‌ ‌or‌‌supplemental‌‌complaint‌.  ‌‌ ‌
(a) the‌‌   third‌‌   (fourth,‌‌   etc.)-‌‌  party‌‌   defendant‌‌   cannot‌‌ be‌‌ located‌‌ 
Abandoned‌‌   ‌Sps‌‌
  Javier‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌
  SC‌‌
  saying‌‌
  that‌‌
  a ‌‌‌counterclaim‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  within‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌grant‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌  However,‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌may‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reply‌  ‌only‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌defending‌‌ 
accused‌‌   cannot‌‌ be‌‌ tried‌‌ together‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ case‌‌ ‌because‌‌  leave;‌‌   ‌ party‌‌attaches‌‌an‌‌actionable‌‌document‌‌to‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌answer‌. ‌ ‌
it‌  ‌will‌  ‌unnecessarily‌  ‌complicate‌  ‌and‌  ‌confuse‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌‌ 
(b) matters‌  ‌extraneous‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌
  principal‌‌
  case‌‌
  are‌‌  A‌‌
  ‌reply‌‌
  ‌is‌‌
  a ‌‌pleading,‌‌
  the‌‌  office‌‌
  or‌‌
  function‌‌   of‌‌
  which‌‌   is‌‌
  to‌‌
  deny,‌‌ or‌‌ 
proceeding.‌  ‌
raised;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ allege‌  ‌facts‌  ‌in‌  ‌denial‌  ‌or‌  ‌avoidance‌  ‌of‌  ‌new‌  ‌matters‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in,‌  ‌or‌‌ 
relating‌‌to,‌‌said‌‌actionable‌‌document.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 15‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

In‌  ‌the‌  ‌event‌‌


  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  actionable‌‌   document‌‌   attached‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  reply,‌‌  (1) It‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌being‌  ‌presented‌  ‌for‌  ‌any‌  ‌improper‌‌  1.) He‌‌has‌‌read‌‌it,‌‌   ‌
the‌‌   defendant‌‌   may‌‌ file‌‌ a ‌‌REJOINDER‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ is‌‌ based‌‌ solely‌‌  purpose‌, ‌ ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌harass,‌  ‌cause‌  ‌unnecessary‌‌ 
2.) To‌  ‌the‌  ‌best‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌
  knowledge,‌‌
  information‌‌
  and‌‌
  belief,‌  ‌formed‌‌ 
on‌‌an‌‌actionable‌‌document.‌  ‌ delay,‌‌or‌‌needlessly‌‌increase‌‌the‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌litigation;‌‌   ‌
after‌‌an‌‌inquiry‌‌reasonable‌‌under‌‌the‌‌circumstances:‌  ‌
NOTE‌  ‌ (2) The‌  ‌claims,‌  ‌defenses,‌  ‌and‌‌
  other‌‌
  legal‌‌   contentions‌‌ 
a.) It‌‌is‌‌not‌‌being‌‌presented‌‌for‌‌any‌‌improper‌‌purpose;‌  ‌
are‌  ‌warranted‌  ‌by‌  ‌existing‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌jurisprudence‌, ‌‌
Optional‌. ‌ ‌Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reply‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌automatic‌  ‌denial‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
or‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌non-frivolous‌  ‌argument‌  ‌for‌  ‌extending,‌‌  b.) The‌  ‌claims,‌  ‌defenses,‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌‌
  legal‌‌
  contentions‌‌
  are‌‌ 
affirmative‌‌defenses‌‌including‌‌all‌‌new‌‌matters‌‌raised‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Answer.‌  ‌
modifying,‌‌or‌‌reversing‌‌existing‌‌jurisprudence;‌‌   ‌ warranted‌‌by‌‌existing‌‌law‌‌or‌‌jurisprudence;‌  ‌
Reply‌  Answer‌‌to‌‌Counterclaim‌  ‌
(3) The‌  ‌factual‌  ‌contentions‌‌   ‌have‌‌
  evidentiary‌‌   support‌‌  c.) The‌‌factual‌‌contentions‌‌have‌‌evidentiary‌‌support;‌‌and‌  ‌
Response‌‌to‌‌the‌‌defenses‌‌in‌‌the‌‌  Response‌‌to‌‌the‌‌causes‌‌of‌‌action‌‌  or,‌  ‌if‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌so‌  ‌identified,‌  ‌will‌  ‌likely‌  ‌have‌‌  d.) The‌‌ denials‌‌ of‌‌ factual‌‌ contentions‌‌ are‌‌ warranted‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ 
Answer‌  ‌ raised‌‌by‌‌defendant‌‌against‌‌  evidentiary‌  ‌support‌  ‌after‌‌   availment‌‌
  of‌‌  the‌‌  modes‌‌  evidence,‌  ‌
plaintiff‌  ‌ of‌‌discovery‌‌under‌‌these‌‌rules;‌‌and‌  ‌
Counsel‌‌should‌‌also‌‌indicate‌‌the‌‌following‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleadings:‌  ‌
(4) The‌  ‌denials‌  ‌of‌  ‌factual‌‌   contentions‌‌
  are‌‌  ‌warranted‌‌ 
Generally,‌o
‌ ptional‌  ‌ Mandatory‌u
‌ nder‌‌Rule‌‌11‌  ‌ w/in 20 days after service of
on‌‌
  the‌‌
  evidence‌‌   or,‌‌
  if‌‌
  specifically‌‌
  so‌‌ identified,‌‌ are‌‌  1.) His‌  ‌PTR‌  ‌and‌  ‌IBP‌‌
  Official‌‌
  Receipt‌‌
  No.‌‌
  or‌‌
  Lifetime‌‌
  Membership‌‌ 
counterclaim
reasonably‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌belief‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lack‌  ‌of‌‌  No.;‌  ‌
When‌  ‌is‌  ‌reply‌  ‌mandatory?‌  ‌When‌  ‌the‌  ‌answer‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌an‌‌  2.) Roll‌‌of‌‌Attorneys‌‌No.‌  ‌
information.‌‌   ‌
actionable‌‌document‌. ‌ ‌
(c) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌determines,‌  ‌on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌or‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌and‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌7‌‌Parts‌‌and‌‌Contents‌‌of‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ after‌‌   notice‌‌  and‌‌  hearing,‌‌
  that‌‌  this‌‌
  rule‌‌
  has‌‌
  been‌‌  violated,‌‌  3. Verification‌  ‌
it‌  ‌may‌  ‌impose‌  ‌an‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌sanction‌  ‌or‌  ‌refer‌  ‌such‌‌ 
1. Instances‌‌where‌‌Name‌‌of‌‌Parties‌‌not‌‌Required:‌  ‌ violation‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌office‌  ‌for‌  ‌disciplinary‌  ‌action,‌  ‌on‌‌  Except‌  ‌when‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌required‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌rule,‌‌ 
any‌‌ attorney,‌‌ law‌‌ firm,‌‌ or‌‌ party‌‌ that‌‌ violated‌‌ the‌‌ rule,‌‌ or‌‌ is‌‌  pleadings‌  ‌need‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌under‌  ‌oath,‌  ‌verified‌  ‌or‌  ‌accompanied‌  ‌by‌‌ 
1.) Subsequent‌P
‌ leading‌‌(e.g.‌‌answer,‌‌reply,‌‌etc.)‌‌(Section‌‌1);‌  ‌ affidavit.‌  ‌
responsible‌‌for‌‌the‌‌violation.‌‌   ‌
2.) Class‌‌suit‌‌(Rule‌‌3,‌‌Section‌‌12);‌  ‌ A‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌is‌  ‌verified‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌affiant‌  ‌duly‌‌ 
Absent‌‌   exceptional‌‌   circumstances,‌‌ a ‌‌law‌‌ firm‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ held‌‌ 
3.) When‌‌   the‌‌
  identity‌‌
  or‌‌
  name‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ defendant‌‌ is‌‌ ‌unknown‌‌ ‌(Rule‌‌  jointly‌‌   and‌‌   severally‌‌ liable‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌violation‌‌ committed‌‌ by‌‌ its‌‌  authorized‌  ‌to‌  ‌sign‌  ‌said‌  ‌verification.‌  ‌The‌‌   authorization‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
3,‌‌Section‌‌14);‌  ‌ partner,‌‌   associate,‌‌ or‌‌ employee‌. ‌‌The‌‌ sanction‌‌ may‌‌ include,‌‌  affiant‌  ‌to‌  ‌act‌  ‌on‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party,‌  ‌whether‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
but‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to,‌  ‌non-monetary‌  ‌directive‌  ‌or‌‌  secretary’s‌‌ certificate‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌special‌‌ power‌‌ of‌‌ attorney,‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ 
4.) When‌  ‌you‌  ‌sue‌  ‌an‌  ‌entity‌  ‌without‌‌
  judicial‌‌
  personality‌‌
  (Rule‌‌
  3,‌‌ 
sanction;‌‌   an‌‌  order‌‌
  to‌‌
  pay‌‌ a ‌‌penalty‌‌ in‌‌ court;‌‌ or,‌‌ if‌‌ imposed‌‌  attached‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading,‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌allege‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌‌ 
Section‌‌15);‌  ‌
on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌and‌  ‌warranted‌  ‌for‌  ‌effective‌  ‌deterrence,‌  ‌an‌‌  attestations:‌‌   ‌
5.) If‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌ is‌‌ sued‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ ‌official‌‌ capacity‌. ‌‌Official‌‌ designation‌‌ is‌‌  order‌‌   directing‌‌   payment‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ movant‌‌ of‌‌ part‌‌ or‌‌ all‌‌ of‌‌ the‌  (a) The‌‌  allegations‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ pleading‌‌ are‌‌ true‌‌ and‌‌ correct‌‌ based‌‌ 
sufficient.‌  ‌ reasonable‌  ‌attorney’s‌  ‌fees‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌expenses‌  ‌directly‌‌  on‌‌
  his‌‌  or‌‌
  her‌‌
  PERSONAL‌‌ knowledge,‌‌ or‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌ authentic‌‌ 
2. Signature‌  ‌ resulting‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌violation,‌  ‌including‌‌   attorney’s‌‌   fees‌‌
  for‌‌  documents;‌‌   ‌
the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌sanction.‌‌   ‌
(a) Every‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌written‌  ‌submissions‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌  (b) The‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌filed‌  ‌to‌  ‌harass,‌  ‌cause‌  ‌unnecessary‌‌ 
must‌‌be‌‌signed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌party‌‌or‌‌counsel‌‌representing‌‌him‌‌or‌‌her.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌lawyer‌  ‌or‌  ‌law‌  ‌firm‌  ‌CANNOT‌  ‌pass‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌monetary‌‌  delay,‌‌or‌‌needlessly‌‌increase‌‌the‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌litigation;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
penalty‌‌to‌‌the‌‌client.‌ 
(b) The‌‌
  signature‌‌   of‌‌ ‌counsel‌‌ ‌constitutes‌‌ a ‌‌certificate‌‌ by‌‌ him‌‌ or‌‌ her‌‌  (c) The‌  ‌factual‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌therein‌  ‌have‌  ‌evidentiary‌‌
  support‌‌ 
that‌‌
  he‌‌  or‌‌  she‌‌  has‌‌   the‌‌ pleading‌‌ ‌and‌‌ document‌; ‌‌that‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌  Implied‌‌
  read‌‌   Certification‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌Pleading‌‌ and‌‌ Document‌‌ means‌‌ that‌‌ when‌‌  or,‌  ‌if‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌so‌  ‌identified,‌  ‌will‌  ‌likewise‌  ‌have‌‌ 
best‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌or‌‌
  her‌‌   knowledge,‌‌   information,‌‌   and‌‌
  belief,‌‌
  ‌formed‌‌  a‌ l
‌ awyer‌ s
‌ igns‌ a
‌ ‌ p
‌ leading‌ h
‌ e‌‌is‌‌certifying‌‌that‌‌   ‌ evidentiary‌  ‌support‌  ‌after‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reasonable‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌for‌‌ 
after‌‌an‌‌inquiry‌‌reasonable‌‌under‌‌the‌‌circumstances:‌‌   ‌ discovery.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 16‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

The‌  ‌signature‌  o ‌ f‌  ‌the‌  ‌affiant‌  ‌shall‌  ‌further‌  ‌serve‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌‌ The‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌or‌  ‌principal‌  ‌party‌  ‌shall‌  ‌certify‌  ‌under‌  ‌oath‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Can‌  ‌a ‌‌compulsory‌‌   counterclaim‌‌   pleaded‌‌
  in‌‌
  an‌‌
  Answer‌‌   be‌‌  dismissed‌‌ 
certification‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌truthfulness‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌initiatory‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌asserting‌  ‌a ‌ ‌claim‌  ‌for‌‌ 
on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌accompany‌  ‌it‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌certificate‌  ‌of‌‌ 
pleading.‌‌   ‌ relief,‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌sworn‌  ‌certification‌  ‌annexed‌  ‌thereto‌  ‌and‌‌ 
non-forum‌‌shopping?‌  ‌
simultaneously‌‌filed‌‌therewith:‌‌   ‌
A‌‌pleading‌‌required‌‌to‌‌be‌‌verified‌‌that‌‌   ‌
NO‌. ‌‌The‌‌  certification‌‌  applies‌‌  ONLY‌‌  to‌‌  ‌permissive‌‌  ‌counterclaims‌‌ and‌‌ 
(a) that‌‌
  he‌‌
  has‌‌
  not‌‌
  theretofore‌‌  commenced‌‌   any‌‌   action‌‌
  or‌‌
  filed‌‌
  any‌‌ 
a) contains‌‌a‌‌verification‌‌based‌‌on‌‌"information‌‌and‌‌belief,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ NOT‌‌to‌‌compulsory‌‌counterclaims.‌  ‌
claim‌  ‌involving‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌issues‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌court,‌  ‌tribunal‌  ‌or‌‌ 
b) upon‌‌"knowledge,‌‌information‌‌and‌‌belief,"‌‌or‌‌   ‌ quasi-judicial‌‌  agency‌‌ and,‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ best‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ knowledge,‌‌ no‌‌ such‌‌  Far‌‌Eastern‌‌Shipping‌‌Co.‌‌v.‌‌CA‌,‌1
‌ 30068‌  ‌
c) lacks‌‌a‌‌proper‌‌verification,‌‌   ‌ other‌‌action‌‌or‌‌claim‌‌is‌‌pending‌‌therein;‌  ‌
It‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌stressed‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌certification‌  ‌against‌  ‌forum‌  ‌shopping‌‌ 
shall‌‌be‌‌treated‌‌as‌‌an‌‌unsigned‌‌pleading.‌  ‌ (b) if‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌such‌  ‌other‌  ‌pending‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌claim,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌complete‌‌  ordained‌‌   under‌‌   the‌‌
  Rules‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ executed‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ petitioner,‌‌ and‌‌ NOT‌‌ 
statement‌‌of‌‌the‌‌present‌‌status‌‌thereof;‌‌and‌  ‌ by‌‌counsel.‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌
(c) if‌‌
  he‌‌
  should‌‌   thereafter‌‌   learn‌‌   that‌‌  the‌‌
  same‌‌  or‌‌
  similar‌‌
  action‌‌   or‌‌ 
The‌‌   purpose‌‌
  of‌‌
  verification‌‌  is‌‌
  to‌‌
  insure‌‌ good‌‌ faith‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ averments‌‌  ⭐‌Section‌‌  6.‌‌  ‌Contents‌. ‌‌‌— ‌‌Every‌‌  pleading‌‌  stating‌‌  a ‌‌party’s‌‌  claims‌‌  or‌‌ 
claim‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌filed‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending,‌  ‌he‌  ‌shall‌  ‌report‌  ‌that‌  ‌fact‌‌ 
of‌‌
  a ‌‌pleading.‌‌ Although‌‌ lack‌‌ of‌‌ verification‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌pleading‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌‌formal‌‌  defenses‌‌  shall,‌‌
  in‌‌
  addition‌‌
  to‌‌
  those‌‌
  mandated‌‌ by‌‌ Section‌‌ 2,‌‌ Rule‌‌ 7,‌‌ state‌‌ 
within‌‌   five‌‌
  (5)‌‌
  ‌calendar‌‌   ‌days‌‌   ‌therefrom‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  wherein‌‌ 
defect‌, ‌ ‌not‌  ‌jurisdictional‌  ‌defect,‌  ‌and‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌cured‌  ‌by‌‌  the‌‌following:‌‌   ‌
his‌‌aforesaid‌‌complaint‌‌or‌‌initiatory‌‌pleading‌‌has‌‌been‌‌filed.‌  ‌
amendment‌. ‌‌(‌Phil.‌‌   Bank‌‌
  of‌‌
  Commerce‌‌   v.‌‌ Macadaeg‌, ‌‌L-14174,‌‌ Oct.‌‌  (a) Names‌‌   ‌witnesses‌‌
  of‌‌   ‌who‌‌  will‌‌ be‌‌ presented‌‌ to‌‌ prove‌‌ a ‌‌party’s‌‌ 
31,‌‌1960)‌  ‌ The‌  ‌authorization‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌affiant‌  ‌to‌  ‌act‌  ‌on‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party,‌‌ 
whether‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌secretary’s‌  ‌certificate‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌special‌‌  claim‌‌or‌‌defense;‌‌   ‌
Proper‌:‌‌“b
‌ ased‌‌on‌‌personal‌‌knowledge‌‌and‌‌belief.‌” ‌ ‌ power‌‌of‌‌attorney,‌s‌ hould‌‌be‌‌attached‌‌to‌‌the‌‌pleading‌. ‌ ‌ (b) Summary‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌witnesses’‌  ‌intended‌  ‌testimonies‌, ‌ ‌provided‌‌ 
Improper‌:‌‌“b
‌ ased‌‌on‌‌knowledge,‌‌i‌ nformation‌,‌a
‌ nd‌‌belief‌” ‌ ‌ Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌foregoing‌  ‌requirements‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌‌  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  judicial‌‌ affidavits‌‌ of‌‌ said‌‌ witnesses‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ attached‌‌ to‌‌ 
curable‌‌   by‌‌  mere‌‌   amendment‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  complaint‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ initiatory‌‌  the‌‌pleading‌‌and‌‌form‌‌an‌‌integral‌‌part‌‌thereof.‌‌   ‌
Verification‌‌is‌‌generally‌O
‌ PTIONAL‌,‌‌except‌: ‌ ‌
pleading‌‌   but‌‌  shall‌‌
  be‌‌ cause‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ dismissal‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ without‌‌  Only‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌whose‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌are‌  ‌attached‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
1.) Rule‌‌
  8 ‌‌–‌‌ when‌‌ you‌‌ deny‌‌ the‌‌ due‌‌ execution‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ actionable‌‌  prejudice‌, ‌ ‌unless‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌provided,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌and‌  ‌after‌‌  pleading‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ presented‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ during‌‌ trial.‌‌ ‌Except‌‌ ‌if‌‌ 
document;‌  ‌ hearing.‌‌   ‌ a‌  ‌party‌  ‌presents‌  ‌meritorious‌  ‌reasons‌  ‌as‌  ‌basis‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2.) Summary‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌– ‌ ‌all‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌under‌  ‌summary‌  ‌rules‌‌  admission‌  ‌of‌  ‌additional‌  ‌witnesses,‌  ‌no‌  ‌other‌  ‌witness‌  ‌or‌‌ 
should‌‌be‌‌verified;‌‌   ‌ The‌‌   submission‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌false‌‌ certification‌‌ or‌‌ non-compliance‌‌ with‌‌ any‌‌ 
affidavit‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌heard‌‌or‌‌admitted‌‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court;‌‌and‌  ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌undertakings‌  ‌therein‌‌   shall‌‌
  constitute‌‌   indirect‌‌
  contempt‌‌   ‌of‌‌ 
3.) Special‌‌
  Civil‌‌
  Actions‌‌ – ‌‌petitions‌‌ for‌‌ certiorari,‌‌ prohibition‌‌  court,‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌corresponding‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌and‌‌  (c) Documentary‌  ‌and‌  ‌object‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌in‌  ‌support‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
and‌‌mandamus;‌  ‌ criminal‌‌actions.‌‌   ‌ allegations‌‌contained‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleading.‌  ‌
4.) Petition‌‌for‌‌Relief‌‌from‌‌Judgment;‌  ‌  ‌
If‌‌
  the‌‌
  acts‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  or‌‌
  his‌‌ counsel‌‌ clearly‌‌ constitute‌‌ ‌willful‌‌ and‌‌ 
5.) Petitions‌‌for‌‌Review‌‌under‌‌Rules‌‌42‌‌and‌‌43;‌  ‌ deliberate‌  ‌forum‌  ‌shopping,‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌ground‌  ‌for‌‌  RULE‌‌8‌‌Manner‌‌of‌‌Making‌‌Allegations‌‌in‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌

6.) Appeal‌‌by‌‌Certiorari‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌45;‌  ‌ summary‌‌   dismissal‌‌   WITH‌‌   prejudice‌‌   and‌‌


  shall‌‌
  constitute‌‌  ‌direct‌‌ 
1. Ultimate‌‌and‌‌Evidentiary‌‌Facts‌  ‌
contempt‌,‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌a‌‌cause‌‌for‌‌administrative‌‌sanctions.‌  ‌
7.) Petition‌‌for‌‌Annulment‌‌of‌‌Judgment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RTC.‌  ‌ Every‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌shall‌  ‌contain‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌methodical‌  ‌and‌  ‌logical‌  ‌form,‌  ‌a ‌‌
 ‌ Santo‌‌Tomas‌‌University‌‌Hospital‌‌v.‌‌Sps‌‌Surla‌,‌‌129718‌  ‌ plain,‌  ‌concise‌  ‌and‌  ‌direct‌  ‌statement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌ultimate‌  ‌facts‌, ‌‌
including‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌⭐ ‌ ‌on‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌pleading‌‌  relies‌‌ 
4. Certification‌‌against‌‌forum‌‌shopping‌  ‌
for‌‌his‌‌claim‌‌or‌‌defense,‌‌as‌‌the‌‌case‌‌may‌‌be.‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 17‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌defense‌  ‌relied‌  ‌on‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌law‌, ‌ ‌the‌‌   ‌  ‌
pertinent‌‌   provisions‌‌   thereof‌‌   and‌‌
  their‌‌
  applicability‌‌   to‌‌
  him‌‌
  shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
3. Averments‌  ‌ 5. How‌‌to‌‌contest‌‌such‌‌document,‌e
‌ xceptions‌  ‌
clearly‌‌and‌‌concisely‌‌stated.‌  ‌
Judgment‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌to‌  ‌aver‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌decision‌‌  When‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌defense‌  ‌is‌  ‌founded‌  ‌upon‌‌
  a ‌‌written‌‌
  instrument,‌‌ 
Matters‌‌NOT‌‌stated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleading:‌  ‌
without‌  ‌setting‌  ‌forth‌  ‌matter‌  ‌showing‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌render‌  ‌it.‌  ‌An‌‌  copied‌‌   in‌‌
  or‌‌
  attached‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  corresponding‌‌   pleading‌‌   as‌‌
  provided‌‌ in‌‌ 
1.) Facts‌‌which‌‌are‌‌presumed‌‌by‌‌law;‌  ‌ authenticated‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌decision‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  the‌  ‌preceding‌  ‌section,‌  ‌the‌  ‌genuineness‌  ‌and‌  ‌due‌  ‌execution‌‌ 
attached‌‌to‌‌the‌‌pleading.‌  ‌ of‌  ‌the‌  ‌instrument‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌admitted‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2.) Conclusions‌‌of‌‌fact‌‌or‌‌law;‌  ‌
General‌‌Averment‌  ‌ Specific‌‌Averment‌  ‌ adverse‌  ‌party,‌  ‌under‌  ‌oath‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌denies‌  ‌them,‌  ‌and‌  ‌sets‌‌ 
except‌  ‌If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defense‌  ‌relied‌  ‌on‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌law,‌  ‌the‌  ‌pertinent‌‌  forth‌  ‌what‌  ‌he‌  ‌claims‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌the‌‌  facts‌, ‌‌but‌‌
  the‌‌
  requirement‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌ 
provisions‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌and‌  ‌their‌  ‌applicability‌  ‌to‌  ‌him‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  oath‌‌
  does‌‌   not‌‌  apply‌‌
  when‌‌
  the‌‌
  adverse‌‌ party‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ appear‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ a ‌‌
Conditions‌‌precedent‌  ‌ Capacity‌‌to‌‌sue‌‌or‌‌be‌‌sued‌  ‌
clearly‌‌and‌‌concisely‌‌stated.‌  ‌ party‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌instrument‌  ‌or‌  ‌when‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌with‌  ‌an‌‌   order‌‌
  for‌‌  an‌‌ 
3.) Matters‌‌
  which‌‌
  are‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  domain‌‌
  of‌‌
  judicial‌‌
  notice‌‌
  need‌‌
  not‌‌ be‌‌  Malice,‌‌intent,‌‌knowledge‌  ‌ Legal‌‌existence‌  ‌ inspection‌‌of‌‌the‌‌original‌‌instrument‌‌is‌‌refused.‌  ‌
alleged.‌  ‌ GR‌:‌‌  The‌  ‌genuineness‌  ‌and‌‌
  due‌‌
  execution‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  instrument‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌ 
Condition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌mind‌  ‌ Fraud‌‌or‌‌mistake‌  ‌
NB‌: ‌‌ Evidentiary‌‌
  Facts‌‌
  are‌‌
  now‌‌ required‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ stated‌‌ in‌‌  deemed‌‌admitted.‌  ‌
the‌‌pleading.‌  ‌ Judgment‌  ‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  Unless‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party,‌‌   ‌
 ‌ 1. under‌‌oath‌‌   ‌
Official‌‌act‌‌or‌‌document‌  ‌  ‌
2. Alternative‌‌causes‌‌of‌‌action‌‌or‌‌defenses‌  ‌ 2. specifically‌‌denies‌‌them,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
4. Action‌‌or‌‌defense‌‌based‌‌on‌‌document‌  ‌
A‌‌
  party‌‌
  may‌‌   set‌‌
  forth‌‌
  two‌‌
  or‌‌
  more‌‌ statements‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌claim‌‌ or‌‌ defense‌‌  3. sets‌‌forth‌‌what‌‌he‌‌claims‌‌to‌‌be‌‌the‌‌facts‌  ‌
alternatively‌  ‌or‌  ‌hypothetically,‌  ‌either‌  ‌in‌  ‌one‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌‌  Whenever‌‌   an‌‌  action‌‌   or‌‌
  defense‌‌  is‌‌
  based‌‌  upon‌‌  a ‌‌written‌‌ instrument‌‌ 
defense‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌separate‌  ‌causes‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌defenses.‌‌   When‌‌   two‌‌
  or‌‌  or‌  ‌document,‌  ‌the‌‌   substance‌‌   of‌‌
  such‌‌  instrument‌‌   or‌‌
  document‌‌   shall‌‌  EXC‌‌to‌‌the‌‌EXC‌:  ‌‌ ‌
more‌  ‌statements‌  ‌are‌  ‌made‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌alternative‌  ‌and‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌them‌  ‌if‌‌  be‌  ‌set‌  ‌forth‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌thereof‌‌ 
But‌‌the‌‌requirement‌‌of‌‌an‌‌oath‌‌does‌‌not‌‌apply‌  ‌
made‌  ‌independently‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌‌   sufficient,‌‌   the‌‌  pleading‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌  made‌‌  shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌attached‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌‌   exhibit,‌‌   which‌‌
  shall‌‌  be‌‌ 
insufficient‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌insufficiency‌  ‌of‌  ‌one‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  alternative‌‌  deemed‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading,‌  ‌or‌  ‌said‌  ‌copy‌  ‌may‌  ‌with‌  ‌like‌‌  1. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌appear‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
statements.‌‌   ‌ effect‌‌be‌‌set‌‌forth‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleading.‌  ‌ instrument;‌‌or‌‌   ‌

Co-related‌‌provisions‌  ‌ An‌  ‌ACTIONABLE‌  ‌DOCUMENT‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌basis‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌  2. When‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌with‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌  ‌inspection‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
foundation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌defense‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌merely‌  ‌an‌‌  original‌‌instrument‌‌is‌‌refused.‌  ‌
1.) Rule‌  ‌2,‌‌
  Section‌‌
  5 ‌‌—‌‌
  where‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌
  may,‌‌
  in‌‌
  one‌‌
  pleading‌‌
  state‌‌ 
evidence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌‌or‌‌defense.‌  ‌ 3. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌document‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌denied‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌classified‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌‌ 
in‌‌the‌‌alternative‌‌or‌‌otherwise,‌‌as‌‌many‌‌causes‌‌of‌‌action;‌  ‌
How‌‌to‌‌Plead‌‌an‌‌Actionable‌‌Document?‌  ‌ actionable‌‌document‌‌but‌‌merely‌‌an‌‌evidentiary‌‌matter.‌‌   ‌
2.) Rule‌  ‌3,‌  ‌Section‌  ‌6 ‌ ‌—‌  ‌on‌  ‌permissive‌  ‌joinder‌  ‌of‌  ‌parties.‌‌   When‌‌ 
may‌  ‌2 ‌ ‌persons‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌be‌  ‌joined‌  ‌as‌  ‌plaintiffs‌  ‌or‌  ‌defendants‌‌  1.) The‌  ‌substance‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌set‌  ‌forth‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  Specific‌‌Facts‌‌Deemed‌‌Admitted‌  ‌
and‌  ‌how‌  ‌are‌  ‌they‌  ‌joined?‌  ‌They‌‌  are‌‌
  joined‌‌   jointly,‌‌  severally,‌‌
  or‌‌  original‌‌
  or‌‌
  a ‌‌copy‌‌
  thereof‌‌
  shall‌‌  be‌‌
  ‌attached‌‌   ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌ pleading‌‌ as‌‌  1.) The‌‌party‌‌whose‌‌signature‌‌it‌‌bears‌‌signed‌‌it;‌  ‌
alternatively;‌‌and‌  ‌ an‌‌exhibit;‌‌OR‌  ‌
2.) If‌  ‌signed‌  ‌by‌  ‌another,‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌signed‌  ‌for‌  ‌him‌  ‌and‌  ‌with‌  ‌his‌‌ 
3.) Rule‌‌
  3,‌‌
  Section‌‌
  13‌‌  — ‌‌on‌‌ alternative‌‌ defendants.‌‌ When‌‌ you‌‌ are‌‌  2.) Copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌document‌  ‌may‌  ‌with‌  ‌like‌  ‌effect‌  ‌be‌  ‌quoted‌  ‌in‌‌  authority;‌  ‌
uncertain‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌defendant,‌  ‌you‌  ‌may‌  ‌join‌  ‌them‌‌  verbatim‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌case,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌need‌  ‌to‌‌ 
attach‌‌the‌‌copy.‌  ‌ 3.) At‌‌
  the‌‌
  time‌‌   it‌‌ was‌‌ signed,‌‌ it‌‌ was‌‌ in‌‌ words‌‌ and‌‌ figures‌‌ exactly‌‌ as‌‌ 
alternatively‌  ‌although‌  ‌the‌  ‌relief‌  ‌against‌  ‌one‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
set‌‌out‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleading‌‌of‌‌the‌‌party‌‌relying‌‌upon‌‌it;‌  ‌
inconsistent‌‌with‌‌the‌‌other.‌  ‌ Effect‌‌of‌‌violation:‌‌‌Ground‌‌for‌‌Motion‌‌to‌‌Dismiss.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 18‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

that‌‌ ‌any‌‌ sham‌‌ or‌‌ false,‌‌ redundant,‌‌ immaterial,‌‌ impertinent,‌‌ or‌ 
4.) The‌‌document‌‌was‌‌delivered;‌‌and‌  ‌ What‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌denied‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌qualification‌  ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌
  averment.‌‌
  The‌‌ 
scandalous‌‌matter‌b ‌ e‌‌stricken‌‌out‌‌therefrom.‌  ‌
substance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌allegation‌‌is‌‌actually‌‌admitted.‌  ‌
5.) The‌  ‌formal‌  ‌requisites‌  ‌of‌  ‌law,‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌seal,‌  ‌acknowledgement‌‌ 
 ‌
(notarization)‌  ‌or‌  ‌revenue‌‌   stamp‌‌   which‌‌   it‌‌
  lacks,‌‌
  are‌‌
  waived‌‌
  by‌‌  3.) Where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defendant‌  ‌is‌  ‌without‌  ‌knowledge‌  ‌or‌  ‌information‌‌ 
it.‌  ‌ sufficient‌‌   to‌‌
  form‌‌   a ‌‌belief‌‌   as‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ truth‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌material‌‌ averment‌‌  8. Affirmative‌‌Defenses⭐‌  ‌
made‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌  complaint,‌‌ he‌‌ shall‌‌ so‌‌ state,‌‌ and‌‌ this‌‌ shall‌‌ have‌‌ the‌‌ 
Defenses‌‌no‌‌longer‌‌available‌  ‌ Section‌‌12.‌A‌ ffirmative‌‌defenses.‌— ‌   ‌‌ ‌
effect‌‌of‌‌a‌‌denial.‌  ‌
1.) The‌‌signature‌‌appearing‌‌in‌‌the‌‌document‌‌is‌‌a‌‌Forgery;‌  ‌ (a) A‌‌
  defendant‌‌   shall‌‌
  raise‌‌
  his‌‌
  or‌‌ her‌‌ affirmative‌‌ defenses‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ or‌‌ 
Must‌‌   be‌‌   done‌‌   in‌‌
  ‌good‌‌   faith‌. ‌‌Otherwise,‌‌   denial‌‌   shall‌‌ be‌‌ treated‌‌ 
2.) In‌‌
  case‌‌
  it‌‌
  was‌‌ signed‌‌ by‌‌ an‌‌ agent‌‌ in‌‌ behalf‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ corporation‌‌ or‌‌  her‌  ‌ANSWER‌, ‌ ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌
  reasons‌‌
  set‌‌
  forth‌‌ 
as‌‌an‌‌admission.‌  ‌
partnership,‌‌or‌‌a‌‌principal,‌‌the‌‌signature‌‌was‌‌unauthorized;‌  ‌ under‌‌Section‌‌5(b),‌‌Rule‌‌6,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌following‌‌grounds:‌‌   ‌
Denial‌‌   based‌‌   on‌‌  lack‌‌   of‌‌
  knowledge‌‌ or‌‌ information‌‌ sufficient‌‌ to‌‌ 
3.) The‌  ‌corporation‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌under‌  ‌its‌  ‌charter‌  ‌to‌  ‌sign‌‌  1. That‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌   over‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌ 
form‌‌  a ‌‌belief‌‌   on‌‌  the‌‌   content‌‌   of‌‌ a ‌‌document‌‌ which‌‌ is‌‌ actually‌‌ in‌‌ 
the‌‌instrument;‌  ‌ of‌‌the‌‌defending‌‌party;‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌is‌  ‌tantamount‌  ‌to‌  ‌an‌‌ 
4.) The‌  ‌party‌  ‌charged‌  ‌signed‌  ‌it‌  ‌in‌  ‌some‌  ‌other‌  ‌capacity‌  ‌than‌  ‌that‌‌  admission‌‌(‌Warner‌‌Barnes‌‌&‌‌Co.‌‌v.‌‌Reyes,‌‌L-9531‌).‌  ‌ 2. That‌‌venue‌i‌ s‌‌improperly‌‌laid;‌  ‌
alleged‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleading;‌‌and‌  ‌  ‌ 3. That‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌‌has‌‌no‌‌legal‌‌capacity‌‌‌to‌‌sue;‌‌   ‌
5.) It‌‌was‌‌never‌‌delivered.‌‌(H
‌ ibberd‌‌v.‌‌Rhode‌,‌‌supra)‌  ‌ Allegations‌  ‌not‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌denied‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌admitted.‌  ‌— ‌‌ 4. That‌  ‌the‌‌
  pleading‌‌   asserting‌‌
  the‌‌
  claim‌‌
  states‌‌
  ‌no‌‌
  cause‌‌ 
Implied‌‌Admission‌‌Deemed‌‌Waived‌  ‌ Material‌  ‌averments‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌pleading‌‌   asserting‌‌  a ‌‌claim‌‌
  or‌‌
  claims‌, ‌‌ of‌‌action‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
other‌‌
  than‌‌  those‌‌
  as‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ amount‌‌ of‌‌ unliquidated‌‌ damages,‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
1.) Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleader‌  ‌presented‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌genuineness‌‌  5. That‌  ‌a ‌ ‌condition‌  ‌precedent‌  ‌for‌  ‌filing‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌‌
  has‌‌ 
deemed‌‌admitted‌‌when‌‌not‌‌specifically‌‌denied.‌  ‌
and‌‌  due‌‌
  execution‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ adversary‌‌ proved,‌‌ without‌‌ objection,‌‌  not‌‌been‌‌complied‌‌with.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌contrary.‌‌(Y‌ u‌‌Chuck‌‌v.‌‌Kong‌‌Li‌‌Po,‌‌46‌‌Phil.‌‌608‌);‌  ‌ GR‌:‌‌  ‌ aterial‌  ‌averment‌‌
M   in‌‌
  a ‌‌complaint‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  ‌deemed‌‌
  admitted‌‌ 
(b) Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌raise‌  ‌the‌  ‌affirmative‌  ‌defenses‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌earliest‌‌ 
when‌‌not‌‌specifically‌‌denied.‌  ‌
2.) Where‌‌  the‌‌
  pleader‌‌
  fails‌‌
  to‌‌
  object‌‌
  to‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  controverting‌‌
  the‌‌  opportunity‌‌shall‌‌constitute‌‌a‌w ‌ aiver‌t‌ hereof.‌‌   ‌
due‌‌execution.‌‌(L
‌ egarda‌‌Koh‌‌v.‌‌Ongsiaco,‌‌36‌‌Phil.‌‌185‌) ‌ ‌ EXC‌:  ‌‌ ‌
(c) The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌resolve‌  ‌the‌  ‌above‌  ‌affirmative‌‌ 
Official‌  ‌document‌  ‌or‌  ‌act.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌In‌‌
  pleading‌‌   an‌‌
  official‌‌
  document‌‌  or‌‌  1.) Amount‌‌of‌‌unliquidated‌‌damages;‌‌   ‌ defenses‌  ‌within‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌‌
  calendar‌‌   days‌‌   from‌‌
  the‌‌  filing‌‌
  of‌‌ 
official‌‌  act,‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  sufficient‌‌
  to‌‌
  aver‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  document‌‌   was‌‌
  issued‌‌ or‌‌  2.) Immaterial‌  ‌averments‌  ‌(‌Worcester‌  ‌v.‌‌
  Lorenzana‌, ‌‌56‌‌
  O.G.‌‌
  7932,‌‌  the‌‌answer.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌act‌‌was‌d ‌ one‌‌in‌‌compliance‌‌with‌‌law.‌‌   ‌ Dec.‌‌26,‌‌1960)‌‌   ‌ (d) As‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌ other‌‌ affirmative‌‌ defenses‌‌ under‌‌ the‌‌ first‌‌ paragraph‌‌ of‌‌ 
 ‌ 3.) Evidentiary‌‌matters;‌‌(A
‌ gaton‌‌v.‌‌Perez‌,‌‌L-19548,‌‌Dec.‌‌22,‌‌1966)‌‌   ‌ Section‌  ‌5(b),‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌6,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌a ‌ ‌summary‌‌ 
hearing‌‌   within‌‌   fifteen‌‌  (15)‌‌  calendar‌‌   days‌‌   from‌‌   the‌‌
  filing‌‌  of‌‌ 
6. Specific‌‌denial;‌‌negative‌‌pregnant;‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌no‌‌specific‌‌denial‌  ‌ 4.) Conclusions‌‌of‌‌facts‌‌or‌‌law.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌answer.‌  ‌Such‌‌   affirmative‌‌   defenses‌‌
  shall‌‌  be‌‌  resolved‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Three‌‌Modes‌‌of‌‌Specific‌‌Denial‌  ‌  ‌ court‌  ‌within‌‌   ‌thirty‌‌   (30)‌‌
  calendar‌‌   days‌‌  from‌‌   the‌‌
  termination‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌summary‌‌hearing.‌‌   ‌
1.) A‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌must‌  ‌specify‌  ‌each‌  ‌material‌  ‌allegation‌  ‌of‌  ‌fact‌  ‌the‌‌  7. Striking‌‌out‌‌of‌‌pleadings‌  ‌
truth‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌he‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌admit‌  ‌and,‌  ‌whenever‌  ‌practicable,‌‌  (e) Affirmative‌‌  defenses,‌‌  if‌‌
  ‌denied‌, ‌‌‌shall‌‌
  ‌NOT‌‌   be‌‌
  the‌‌  subject‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌
Upon‌‌   motion‌‌   made‌‌   by‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌  before‌‌  responding‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌pleading‌‌ or,‌‌ if‌‌  motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌reconsideration‌  ‌or‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌certiorari,‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌set‌  ‌forth‌  ‌the‌  ‌substance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌matters‌  ‌upon‌  ‌which‌  ‌he‌‌ 
no‌  ‌responsive‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌is‌  ‌permitted‌  ‌by‌  ‌these‌  ‌Rules,‌‌   upon‌‌
  motion‌‌  prohibition‌‌   or‌‌
  mandamus‌, ‌‌but‌‌   may‌‌  be‌‌
  among‌‌   the‌‌ matters‌‌ to‌‌ 
relies‌‌to‌‌support‌‌his‌‌denial;‌  ‌
made‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌‌party‌‌  w
‌ ithin‌‌   twenty‌‌   (20)‌‌   ‌calendar‌‌   ‌days‌  ‌after‌‌  the‌‌  be‌‌raised‌‌on‌‌appeal‌‌after‌‌a‌‌judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌merits.‌  ‌
2.) Negative‌‌   Pregnant.‌‌   ‌Where‌‌   a ‌‌defendant‌‌   desires‌‌  to‌‌ deny‌‌ only‌‌ a ‌‌ service‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  pleading‌‌ upon‌‌ him,‌‌ or‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ court's‌‌ own‌‌ initiative‌‌ 
part‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌averment,‌  ‌he‌  ‌shall‌  ‌specify‌  ‌so‌  ‌much‌  ‌of‌‌
  it‌‌
  as‌‌
  is‌‌
  true‌‌  at‌‌
  any‌‌   time,‌‌   the‌‌  court‌‌
  may‌‌   order‌‌
  any‌‌
  pleading‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  stricken‌‌ out‌‌ or‌‌ 
and‌‌material‌‌and‌‌shall‌‌deny‌‌only‌‌the‌‌remainder;‌  ‌ RULE‌‌9‌‌Effect‌‌of‌‌Failure‌‌to‌‌Plead‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 19‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  try‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  against‌‌
  all‌‌
  upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  answers‌‌
  thus‌‌ filed‌‌ 
1. Defense‌‌and‌‌objections‌‌not‌‌pleaded‌‌deemed‌‌waived‌  ‌ 5. Meritorious‌‌Defense‌‌-‌‌through‌‌an‌‌Affidavit‌‌of‌‌Merit.‌  ‌
and‌‌render‌‌judgment‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌evidence‌‌presented.‌  ‌
GR‌:‌‌  Defenses‌  ‌or‌  ‌objections‌  ‌not‌  ‌pleaded‌  ‌in‌‌
  an‌‌
  answer‌‌
  are‌‌
  ‌deemed‌‌  Limitations‌‌on‌‌a‌‌Default‌‌Judgment‌  ‌
(d) Extent‌  ‌of‌  ‌relief‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌awarded.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌rendered‌‌ 
waived.‌  ‌
against‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌ in‌‌ default‌‌ shall‌‌ ‌neither‌‌ ‌exceed‌‌ the‌‌ amount‌‌ or‌‌ be‌‌  1.) Should‌‌not‌‌exceed‌‌the‌‌amount‌‌prayed‌‌for‌‌in‌‌the‌‌complaint;‌  ‌
EXC‌:  ‌‌ ‌ different‌  ‌in‌  ‌kind‌  ‌from‌  ‌that‌  ‌prayed‌  ‌for‌  ‌nor‌‌
  award‌‌
  unliquidated‌‌  2.) Should‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌different‌  ‌in‌  ‌kind‌  ‌from‌  ‌that‌  ‌prayed‌  ‌for‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
1. Court‌‌has‌‌no‌‌jurisdiction‌‌‌over‌‌the‌‌‌subject‌‌matter‌,  ‌‌ ‌ damages.‌  ‌ complaint;‌‌   ‌
2. Litis‌‌
  pendentia‌. ‌‌‌That‌‌
  there‌‌
  is‌‌
  another‌‌
  action‌‌
  pending‌‌ between‌‌  (e) Where‌  ‌no‌  ‌defaults‌  ‌allowed‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌defending‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌‌  3.) Should‌‌not‌‌award‌‌unliquidated‌‌damages.‌  ‌
the‌‌same‌‌parties‌‌for‌‌the‌‌same‌‌cause,‌‌or‌  ‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ annulment‌‌ or‌‌ declaration‌‌ of‌‌ nullity‌‌ of‌‌ marriage‌‌ or‌‌ for‌‌ 
legal‌  ‌separation‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌answer,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌‌  Defendant‌‌failed‌‌to‌‌appear‌‌in‌‌ 
Defendant‌‌in‌‌Default‌  ‌
3. Res‌‌judicata‌.‌‌That‌‌the‌‌action‌‌is‌‌barred‌‌by‌‌a‌‌prior‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌   ‌ Solicitor‌  ‌General‌  ‌or‌  ‌his‌  ‌or‌  ‌her‌  ‌deputized‌  ‌public‌‌  court‌  ‌

4. Prescription‌.‌‌By‌‌statute‌‌of‌‌limitations.‌  ‌ prosecutor‌, ‌‌‌to‌‌   investigate‌‌   whether‌‌   or‌‌


  not‌‌
  a ‌‌collusion‌‌   between‌‌ 
Limitations‌‌on‌‌Default‌‌Judgment‌‌ 
the‌  ‌parties‌‌  exists,‌‌  and‌‌
  if‌‌
  there‌‌   is‌‌
  no‌‌  collusion,‌‌   to‌‌
  intervene‌‌
  for‌‌  Limitations‌‌do‌‌not‌‌apply‌  ‌
2. Compulsory‌‌counterclaim‌‌and‌‌cross-claim‌‌not‌‌set‌‌up‌‌barred‌  ‌ apply‌  ‌
the‌‌
  State‌‌
  in‌‌
  order‌‌  to‌‌
  see‌‌
  to‌‌
  it‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ evidence‌‌ submitted‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ 
A‌‌
  ‌compulsory‌‌
  ‌counterclaim,‌‌
  or‌‌
  a ‌‌cross-claim,‌‌
  NOT‌‌ set‌‌ up‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌  fabricated.‌  ‌
When‌‌No‌‌Default‌‌Allowed‌  ‌
BARRED‌. ‌ ‌ When‌‌Defendant‌‌is‌‌Declared‌‌in‌‌Default‌  ‌
1. Annulment‌  ‌of‌  ‌Marriage,‌  ‌Legal‌  ‌Separation,‌  ‌Declaration‌  ‌of‌ 
3. DEFAULT,‌‌effect‌‌of‌  ‌ GR‌:‌‌  ‌The‌‌reception‌‌of‌‌plaintiff’s‌‌evidence‌‌is‌‌already‌‌dispensed‌‌with.‌  ‌ Nullity;‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌defending‌  ‌party‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌answer‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌allowed‌‌  EXC‌:‌‌  Unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌requires‌  ‌the‌  ‌claimant‌  ‌to‌‌ 
2. Rules‌‌on‌‌Summary‌‌Procedure.‌  ‌
therefor,‌‌   the‌‌  court‌‌
  shall,‌‌
  ‌UPON‌‌ MOTION‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ claiming‌‌ party‌‌ ‌with‌‌  submit‌‌  evidence.‌‌
  Here,‌‌  the‌‌  judge‌‌
  may‌‌  delegate‌‌
  the‌‌ reception‌‌ of‌‌ 
notice‌‌   to‌‌  the‌‌
  defending‌‌  party,‌‌
  and‌‌  proof‌‌
  of‌‌
  such‌‌ failure,‌‌ declare‌‌ the‌‌  Various‌‌Remedies‌‌of‌‌Defendant‌‌in‌‌Default‌  ‌
ex‌‌parte‌e‌ vidence‌‌to‌‌the‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌court‌‌who‌‌must‌‌be‌‌a‌‌lawyer.‌  ‌
defending‌‌party‌‌in‌‌default.‌‌   ‌ Remedy‌  When‌‌to‌‌avail‌  ‌ Ground‌  ‌
Steps‌‌when‌‌Defendant‌‌fails‌‌to‌‌file‌‌an‌‌Answer‌  ‌
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌to‌  ‌render‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌granting‌  ‌the‌‌   claimant‌‌ 
such‌  ‌relief‌  ‌as‌  ‌his‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌may‌  ‌warrant,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌‌  1.) Motion‌‌to‌‌declare‌‌defendant‌‌in‌‌default;‌‌   ‌ Motion‌‌to‌‌ 
After‌‌receipt‌‌of‌‌Notice;‌‌Before‌‌  FAME‌‌+‌‌Affidavit‌‌of‌‌ 
discretion‌‌
  requires‌‌
  the‌‌ claimant‌‌ to‌‌ submit‌‌ evidence.‌‌ Such‌‌ reception‌‌  Lift‌‌Order‌‌of‌‌ 
2.) Order‌o
‌ f‌‌Default;‌‌   ‌ Judgment‌  ‌ Merit‌  ‌
of‌‌evidence‌‌may‌‌be‌‌‌delegated‌‌to‌‌the‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌court.‌  ‌ Default‌  ‌
3.) Judgment‌‌ ‌based‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ complaint‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ plaintiff‌‌ UNLESS‌‌ court‌‌ 
(a) Effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌default.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌default‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  requires‌‌  the‌‌ claimant‌‌ to‌‌ submit‌‌ evidence‌‌ (ex-parte‌‌ presentation‌‌  Appeal‌‌the‌‌ 
After‌‌Judgment;‌‌Before‌‌Finality‌  Matter‌‌of‌‌Right‌  ‌
entitled‌‌   to‌‌
  notice‌‌  of‌‌
  subsequent‌‌  proceedings‌‌   but‌‌ ‌shall‌‌ ‌not‌‌ take‌‌  of‌‌plaintiff’s‌‌evidence)‌  ‌ Judgment‌  ‌
part‌‌in‌‌the‌‌trial.‌  ‌
Relief‌‌from‌‌Order‌‌of‌‌Default‌  ‌ Motion‌‌For‌‌ 
(b) Relief‌  ‌from‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌default.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌party‌  ‌declared‌  ‌in‌  ‌default‌‌  After‌‌Judgment;‌‌Before‌‌Finality‌  FAME‌‌(R
‌ 37‌) ‌ ‌
New‌‌Trial‌  ‌
may‌‌   at‌‌
  any‌‌
  time‌‌  after‌‌  notice‌‌  thereof‌‌ and‌‌ ‌before‌‌ judgment‌‌ file‌‌  At‌‌   any‌‌
  time‌‌   after‌‌
  Notice‌‌  and‌‌
  before‌‌
  judgment,‌‌
  file‌‌
  a ‌‌Motion‌‌ to‌‌ Set‌‌ Aside‌‌ 
a‌  ‌motion‌  ‌under‌  ‌oath‌  ‌to‌  ‌set‌  ‌aside‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌default‌  ‌upon‌‌  Order‌ o
‌ f‌ D
‌ efault‌ b
‌ ased‌ o
‌ n‌ F
‌ AME‌   ‌
Petition‌‌for‌‌  Within‌‌60‌‌days‌‌from‌‌Notice;‌‌ 
proper‌‌   showing‌‌   that‌‌ his‌‌ failure‌‌ to‌‌ answer‌‌ was‌‌ due‌‌ to‌‌ ‌FAME‌‌ ‌and‌‌  1. F‌raud;‌  ‌ Relief‌‌from‌‌  Not‌‌more‌‌than‌‌6‌‌months‌‌from‌‌  FAME‌‌(R
‌ 38‌) ‌ ‌
that‌‌he‌‌has‌‌a‌‌meritorious‌‌defense.‌  ‌ Judgment‌  ‌ Finality‌  ‌
2. A‌ccident;‌  ‌
(c) Effect‌‌   of‌‌ partial‌‌ default.‌—‌‌    When‌‌ a ‌‌pleading‌‌ asserting‌‌ a ‌‌claim‌ 
3. M‌istake;‌‌or‌  ‌ Within‌‌4‌‌years‌‌from‌‌discovery‌  ‌ Extrinsic‌‌Fraud‌  ‌
states‌  ‌a ‌ ‌common‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌against‌  ‌several‌  ‌defending‌‌  Annulment‌‌ 
parties,‌‌   some‌‌   of‌‌
  whom‌‌   answer‌‌   and‌‌  the‌‌
  others‌‌
  fail‌‌ to‌‌ do‌‌ so,‌‌ the‌‌  4. E‌xcusable‌‌Negligence;‌A ‌ ND‌  ‌ of‌‌Judgment‌  ‌
Before‌‌bar‌‌from‌‌laches‌‌or‌‌  Lack‌‌of‌‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 20‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

that‌  ‌the‌  ‌actual‌  ‌merits‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌controversy‌  ‌may‌  ‌speedily‌  ‌be‌‌ 
estoppel‌  ‌ b. after‌‌notice‌‌to‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
determined,‌  ‌without‌  ‌regard‌  ‌to‌  ‌technicalities,‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌most‌‌ 
expeditious‌‌and‌‌inexpensive‌‌manner.‌  ‌ c. an‌‌opportunity‌‌to‌‌be‌‌heard.‌  ‌
Important‌‌Rules‌‌on‌‌Default‌  ‌
➔ Amendment‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌retroact‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌
  date‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌  Matter‌‌of‌‌Right‌  ‌
➔ Must‌  ‌be‌  ‌initiated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff.‌  ‌The‌  ‌court‌  ‌can‌  ‌not‌  ‌declare‌‌ 
defendant‌‌in‌‌default‌m ‌ otu‌‌proprio‌. ‌ ‌ the‌‌original‌‌action.‌  ‌
Before‌‌an‌‌Answer‌‌is‌‌filed‌‌(Complaint)‌ 
➔ The‌‌grant‌‌or‌‌denial‌‌is‌‌discretionary‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌ ➔ Amendments‌  ‌to‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌are‌  ‌favored‌  ‌and‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌ 
liberally‌‌allowed‌‌in‌‌order‌‌   ‌ Before‌‌a‌‌reply‌‌is‌‌filed‌‌or‌‌before‌‌the‌‌period‌‌for‌‌filing‌‌a‌‌reply‌‌expires‌‌ 
➔ Answer‌‌  may‌‌   still‌‌
  be‌‌
  filed‌‌
  even‌‌
  after‌‌
  lapse‌‌
  of‌‌
  period‌‌
  as‌‌
  long‌‌
  as‌‌  (Answer)‌  ‌
no‌‌order‌‌of‌‌default‌‌is‌‌rendered.‌  ‌ (a) to‌‌
  determine‌‌
  every‌‌ case‌‌ as‌‌ far‌‌ as‌‌ possible‌‌ on‌‌ its‌‌ actual‌‌ 
merits‌‌without‌‌regard‌‌to‌‌technicalities,‌‌   ‌
➔ The‌  ‌judge‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌compelled‌  ‌by‌  ‌mandamus‌  ‌to‌  ‌accept‌  ‌an‌‌  Any‌‌time‌‌within‌‌10‌c‌ alendar‌‌days‌‌after‌‌it‌‌is‌‌served‌‌(Reply)‌  ‌
Answer‌‌from‌‌a‌‌defendant‌‌who‌‌has‌‌not‌‌been‌‌declared‌‌in‌‌default.‌  ‌ (b) to‌‌speed‌‌up‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌of‌‌cases,‌‌and‌  ‌
Formal‌‌amendment‌  ‌
➔ An‌‌
  order‌‌
  of‌‌
  default‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  appealable‌‌   since‌‌
  it‌‌ is‌‌ interlocutory.‌‌  (c) to‌‌prevent‌‌unnecessary‌‌expenses.‌  ‌
The‌‌only‌‌remedy‌‌is‌C ‌ ertiorari‌‌‌on‌‌Rule‌‌65‌‌based‌‌on‌G ‌ ADALEJ‌. ‌ ‌ Types‌‌of‌‌Amendment‌  ‌ 3. Formal‌‌amendments‌  ‌

1. As‌ ‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right‌‌‌or‌‌judicial‌‌discretion;‌  ‌ A‌  ‌defect‌  ‌in‌‌


  the‌‌  designation‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  parties‌‌  and‌‌  other‌‌
  clearly‌‌
  clerical‌‌ 
Viacrusis‌‌v.‌‌Estenzo‌,‌‌L-18457,‌‌30‌‌Jun‌‌1962‌  ‌ or‌‌  typographical‌‌   errors‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ summarily‌‌ corrected‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ at‌‌ 
2. Formal‌‌‌or‌‌substantial.‌  ‌
The‌‌ declaration‌‌ of‌‌ default‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ in‌‌ this‌‌ case,‌‌ before‌‌ petitioners'‌‌  any‌  ‌stage‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action,‌  ‌at‌  ‌its‌  ‌initiative‌‌
  or‌‌  on‌‌
  motion,‌‌
  ‌provided‌‌  no‌‌ 
period‌‌  to‌‌  file‌‌
  their‌‌
  answer‌‌   had‌‌
  expired,‌‌
  clearly‌‌   is‌‌ in‌‌ excess‌‌ of‌‌ and/or‌‌   ‌ prejudice‌‌is‌‌caused‌‌thereby‌‌to‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party.‌‌   ‌
without‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   and,‌‌
  therefore,‌‌
  properly‌‌   correctable‌‌   by‌‌
  a ‌‌writ‌‌
  of‌‌  2. When‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right‌‌and‌‌when‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌judicial‌  4. When‌‌amendment‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌allowed‌‌—‌‌Limitations‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 
certiorari.‌  ‌ discretion‌  ‌ Liberal‌‌Policy‌‌in‌‌Amendments‌‌to‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌
 ‌ As‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right.‌‌‌—‌‌Once‌a‌ s‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right‌‌at‌‌any‌‌time‌‌   ‌ 1. When‌‌the‌‌amendment‌‌is‌‌to‌d
‌ elay‌t‌ he‌‌action‌‌(Section‌‌3);‌‌   ‌
Ponio‌‌v.‌‌IAC‌,‌‌L-66782,‌‌20‌‌Dec‌‌1984‌  ‌ a) before‌‌a‌‌responsive‌‌pleading‌‌is‌‌served‌‌or,‌‌   ‌ 2. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌amendment‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌making‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌lift‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌default‌  ‌is‌  ‌grounded‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌
  very‌‌  b) in‌  ‌the‌  c‌ ase‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reply‌, ‌ ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌‌  complaint‌  ‌confer‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌(‌Rosario‌  ‌v.‌‌ 
root‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌an‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌merit‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌nor‌‌  calendar‌d ‌ ays‌‌‌after‌‌it‌‌is‌‌served.‌  ‌ Carangdang‌,‌‌96‌‌Phil.‌‌845);‌  
essential.‌  ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌so‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌  By‌‌
  leave‌‌
  of‌‌
  court.‌‌
  ‌— ‌‌‌Substantial‌‌ ‌amendments‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ made‌‌ only‌‌  3. When‌‌   the‌‌
  amendment‌‌   is‌‌
  for‌‌ the‌‌ purpose‌‌ of‌‌ ‌curing‌‌ ‌a ‌‌premature‌‌ 
over‌‌the‌‌defendants.‌  ‌ upon‌‌leave‌‌of‌‌court.‌‌   ‌ or‌‌ non-existing‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ action‌‌ (‌Limpangco‌‌ v.‌‌ Mercado‌, ‌‌10‌‌ Phil.‌‌ 
 ‌ 508;‌‌Wong‌‌v.‌‌Yatco‌,‌‌99‌‌Phil.‌‌791)‌‌   ‌
But‌‌
  such‌‌
  leave‌‌
  ‌SHALL‌‌
  ‌be‌‌
  ‌refused‌‌
  ‌if‌‌
  it‌‌
  appears‌‌
  to‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ 
RULE‌‌10‌‌Amended‌‌and‌‌Supplemental‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ motion‌‌was‌‌made‌‌with‌  ‌ 5. Amendment‌‌to‌‌conform‌‌to‌‌evidence‌‌—‌N
‌ O‌‌longer‌‌necessary‌‌ 
under‌‌the‌‌amendments.‌  ‌
a) intent‌‌to‌‌delay‌‌‌or‌   ‌
1. How‌‌is‌‌it‌‌done‌  ‌ b) confer‌j‌ urisdiction‌‌on‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ When‌‌   issues‌‌
  not‌‌
  raised‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  pleadings‌‌
  are‌‌  tried‌‌
  with‌‌  the‌‌ express‌‌ 
Pleadings‌‌may‌‌be‌‌amended‌‌   ‌ c) the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌stated‌  ‌no‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌  or‌‌ implied‌‌ consent‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ they‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ treated‌‌ in‌‌ all‌‌ respects‌‌ 
beginning‌‌which‌‌could‌‌be‌‌amended‌.  ‌‌ ‌ as‌‌
  if‌‌
  they‌‌ had‌‌ been‌‌ raised‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ pleadings.‌‌ ‌No‌‌ amendment‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ 
a) by‌‌   adding‌‌ or‌‌ striking‌‌ out‌‌ an‌‌ allegation‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ name‌‌ of‌‌ any‌‌ party,‌‌ 
pleadings‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌amended‌  ‌is‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌to‌  ‌cause‌  ‌them‌  ‌to‌‌ 
or‌‌   ‌ Orders‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌made‌‌   ‌
conform‌‌to‌‌the‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
b) by‌‌
  correcting‌‌
  a ‌‌mistake‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌ name‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌party‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌mistaken‌‌ or‌‌  a. upon‌‌motion‌‌filed‌‌in‌‌court,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
inadequate‌  ‌allegation‌  ‌or‌  ‌description‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌respect,‌  ‌so‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 21‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

GR‌:‌‌  A‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌is‌‌


  not‌‌
  allowed‌‌
  to‌‌
  prove‌‌
  a ‌‌defense‌‌  Filing‌‌   of‌‌
  amended‌‌   pleadings.‌‌
  — ‌‌When‌‌  any‌‌
  pleading‌‌   is‌‌ amended,‌‌  2.‌‌Answer‌o
‌ f‌‌a‌‌private‌‌foreign‌‌corporation‌  ‌
that‌‌is‌‌not‌‌raised‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleadings‌‌based‌‌on‌‌Rule‌‌9,‌‌Section‌‌1.‌  ‌ a‌  ‌new‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌entire‌‌
  pleading,‌‌
  incorporating‌‌  the‌‌
  amendments,‌‌ 
which‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌indicated‌‌by‌‌appropriate‌‌marks,‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌filed.‌  ‌ a.)‌‌with‌‌designated‌‌PH‌‌representative‌  ‌ 15‌  ‌ 30‌‌days‌  ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  When‌  ‌issues‌  ‌not‌  ‌raised‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌are‌  ‌tried‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
express‌  ‌or‌  ‌implied‌  ‌consent‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌they‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  Effect‌‌ of‌‌ amended‌‌ pleadings.‌‌ — ‌‌An‌‌ amended‌‌ pleading‌‌ supersedes‌‌ 
b.)‌‌without‌  ‌ 30‌  ‌ 60‌‌days‌  ‌
treated‌  ‌in‌  ‌all‌  ‌respects‌  ‌as‌  ‌if‌  ‌they‌  ‌had‌  ‌been‌  ‌raised‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌amends.‌  ‌However‌, ‌ ‌admissions‌  ‌in‌  ‌superseded‌‌ 
pleadings.‌‌Parties‌‌are‌E ‌ STOPPED.‌  ‌ pleadings‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌received‌  ‌in‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleader,‌  ‌and‌‌  3.‌‌Answer‌t‌ o‌‌an‌‌amended‌‌complaint‌  ‌
claims‌‌   or‌‌
  defenses‌‌   alleged‌‌
  therein‌‌ not‌‌ incorporated‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ amended‌‌ 
There‌  ‌is‌  ‌implied‌  ‌consent‌  ‌when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌object‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
pleading‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌deemed‌‌waived.‌‌   ‌ a.)‌‌if‌‌as‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right‌  ‌ 15‌  ‌ 30‌‌days‌  ‌
adversary’s‌‌attempt‌‌at‌‌proving‌‌an‌‌issue‌‌not‌‌raised‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleading.‌  ‌
The‌‌   reason‌‌   why‌‌  a ‌‌superseded‌‌ pleading‌‌ may‌‌ still‌‌ be‌‌ received‌‌ as‌ 
6. Supplemental‌‌pleading,‌‌when‌‌allowed‌  ‌ b.)‌‌if‌‌as‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌judicial‌‌discretion‌  ‌ 10‌  ‌ 15‌‌days‌  ‌
an‌‌  evidence‌‌   against‌‌   the‌‌
  pleader‌‌ is‌‌ because‌‌ such‌‌ is‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ nature‌‌ 
Upon‌‌  ‌motion‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌  may,‌‌  upon‌‌ reasonable‌‌ notice‌‌ and‌‌  of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judicial‌  ‌admission‌. ‌ ‌Thus,‌  ‌the‌‌   party‌‌
  relying‌‌  thereon‌‌   may‌‌ 
upon‌  ‌such‌  ‌terms‌  ‌as‌  ‌are‌  ‌just,‌  ‌permit‌  ‌him‌  ‌to‌  ‌serve‌  ‌a ‌‌supplemental‌‌  4.‌‌Answer‌t‌ o‌‌counterclaim‌‌or‌‌cross-claim‌  ‌ 10‌  ‌ 20‌‌days‌  ‌
still‌‌   prove‌‌ the‌‌ admissions‌‌ therein‌‌ by‌‌ ‌formal‌‌ offer‌‌ in‌‌ evidence‌‌ 
pleading‌  ‌setting‌  ‌forth‌  ‌transactions,‌  ‌occurrences‌  ‌or‌  ‌events‌  ‌which‌‌  of‌‌such‌‌original‌‌pleading.‌  ‌
have‌  ‌happened‌  ‌since‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌    ‌ 5.‌‌Answer‌t‌ o‌‌3rd‌‌(4th,‌‌etc)‌‌party‌‌complaint‌  ‌ 15‌  ‌ 30‌‌days‌  ‌
supplemented.‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌11‌‌When‌‌to‌‌File‌‌Responsive‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ 6.‌‌Reply‌  10‌  ‌ 15‌‌days‌  ‌
The‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌plead‌  ‌thereto‌  ‌within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌calendar‌‌ 
days‌f‌ rom‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌the‌‌order‌‌admitting‌‌the‌‌supplemental‌‌pleading.‌  ‌ 1. Extension‌‌of‌‌time‌‌to‌‌file‌‌an‌‌ANSWER⭐‌  ‌ 7.‌‌Answer‌t‌ o‌‌supplemental‌‌complaint‌  ‌ 10‌  ‌ 20‌‌days‌  ‌
A‌‌
  supplemental‌‌   complaint‌‌   must‌‌   be‌‌
  based‌‌
  on‌‌
  ‌matters‌‌
  arising‌‌  A‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌may,‌  ‌for‌  ‌meritorious‌  ‌reasons,‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌an‌‌ 
8.‌‌Summons‌‌served‌‌through‌‌PUBLICATION‌  ‌ 60‌  ‌ 60‌‌days‌  ‌
subsequent‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌RELATED‌  ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌
  claim‌‌  additional‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌not‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌calendar‌‌ 
presented‌‌therein‌‌and‌‌founded‌‌on‌‌the‌‌same‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action.‌  ‌ days‌  ‌to‌‌  file‌‌  an‌‌  answer.‌‌  A ‌‌defendant‌‌  is‌‌  only‌‌  allowed‌‌  to‌‌ file‌‌ one‌‌    ‌
7. Distinctions‌‌between‌‌amended‌‌and‌‌supplemental‌‌pleading‌  ‌ (1)‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌extension‌‌of‌‌time‌‌to‌‌file‌‌an‌‌answer.‌‌   ‌ RULE‌‌12‌‌Bill‌‌of‌‌Particulars‌  ‌
 ‌ Amended‌  ‌ Supplemental‌  ‌ A‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌extension‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌any‌  ‌pleading,‌  ‌other‌  ‌than‌  ‌an‌‌ 
answer,‌  ‌is‌  prohibited‌  ‌and‌  ‌considered‌  ‌a ‌ ‌mere‌  ‌scrap‌  ‌of‌‌   paper.‌‌  A‌  ‌bill‌  ‌of‌‌
  particulars‌‌   ‌is‌‌  a ‌‌more‌‌  definite‌‌  statement‌‌  of‌‌  any‌‌  matter‌‌ 
Already‌‌occurred‌‌during‌‌  The‌  ‌court,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌may‌  ‌allow‌‌   any‌‌
  other‌‌
  pleading‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  filed‌‌  which‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌
  averred‌‌  with‌‌   sufficient‌‌   definiteness‌‌ or‌‌ particularity‌‌ in‌‌ 
As‌‌to‌‌  Happened‌‌after‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌  a‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌so‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌enable‌  ‌the‌  ‌opposing‌  ‌party‌  ‌to‌  ‌prepare‌  ‌his‌‌ 
filing‌‌of‌‌original‌‌  after‌‌the‌‌time‌‌fixed‌‌by‌‌these‌‌Rules.‌  ‌
allegations‌  ‌ original‌‌complaint‌  ‌ responsive‌‌pleading.‌  ‌
complaint‌  ‌
➔ Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌Extension‌  ‌of‌  ‌Time‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌ 
reglementary‌‌period.‌  ‌ 1. When‌‌applied‌‌for‌  ‌
As‌‌to‌‌effect‌  ‌ Supersedes‌‌the‌‌original‌  ‌ Appends‌‌the‌‌original‌  ‌
➔ If‌  ‌counterclaim‌  ‌is‌  ‌permissive‌, ‌ ‌answer‌  ‌to‌  ‌counterclaim‌  ‌is‌‌  Before‌  ‌responding‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pleading,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌move‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌definite‌‌ 
Matter‌‌of‌‌  Always‌‌upon‌‌judicial‌‌  required.‌  ‌ statement‌  ‌or‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bill‌  ‌of‌  ‌particulars‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌matter‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌ 
Could‌‌be‌  ‌ ➔ If‌  ‌compulsory‌, ‌ ‌no‌  ‌need‌  ‌to‌  ‌answer.‌  ‌The‌  ‌counterclaim‌  ‌is‌  ‌so‌‌ 
Right?‌  ‌ discretion‌  ‌ averted‌  ‌with‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌definiteness‌  ‌or‌  ‌particularity‌‌   to‌‌  enable‌‌
  him‌‌ 
intertwined‌‌with‌‌the‌‌main‌‌action.‌  ‌ properly‌t‌ o‌‌prepare‌‌his‌‌responsive‌‌pleading.‌‌   ‌
Only‌‌if‌‌substantial,‌‌or‌‌  SUMMARY‌‌OF‌‌TIME‌‌TO‌‌FILE‌‌RESPONSIVE‌‌PLEADINGS‌‌   ‌
Leave‌‌of‌‌  If‌‌
  the‌‌
  pleading‌‌  is‌‌
  a ‌‌reply,‌‌
  the‌‌
  motion‌‌
  must‌‌
  be‌‌  filed‌‌ within‌‌ ‌ten‌‌ (10)‌‌ 
after‌‌defendant‌‌has‌‌filed‌‌  Always‌‌required‌  ‌
Court‌  ‌ Pleading‌  ‌ Old‌  ‌ New‌  ‌ calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌service‌  ‌thereof.‌  ‌Such‌  ‌motion‌  ‌shall‌‌  point‌‌   out‌‌ 
his‌‌Answer.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌defects‌  ‌complained‌  ‌of,‌  ‌the‌  ‌paragraphs‌  ‌wherein‌  ‌they‌  ‌are‌‌ 
8. Effects‌‌of‌‌amended‌‌pleadings‌  ‌ 1.‌‌Answer‌  ‌ 15‌  ‌ 30‌‌days‌  ‌ contained,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌details‌‌desired.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 22‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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2. Action‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌compliance‌‌with‌‌order,‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌  Service‌‌
  ‌is‌‌  the‌‌  act‌‌  of‌‌  providing‌‌ a ‌‌party‌‌ with‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ pleading‌‌  a) Email;‌  ‌
non-compliance‌  ‌ or‌‌any‌‌other‌‌court‌‌submission‌.  ‌‌ ‌ b) Fax;‌  ‌
  ‌Upon‌‌   the‌‌   filing‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌   motion,‌‌   the‌‌  clerk‌‌ of‌‌ court‌‌ must‌‌ immediately‌‌  2. Manner‌‌of‌‌filing‌‌and‌‌Modes‌‌of‌‌service‌  ‌
c) Other‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌means‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
bring‌‌   it‌‌
  to‌‌   the‌‌   attention‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌
  court‌‌ which‌‌ may‌‌ either‌‌ deny‌‌ or‌‌ grant‌‌ 
The‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌court‌  ‌submissions‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  Court,‌‌   or‌‌   as‌‌  provided‌‌   for‌‌  in‌‌
  international‌‌   conventions‌‌ 
it‌‌outright,‌‌or‌‌allow‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌the‌‌opportunity‌‌to‌‌be‌‌heard.‌  ‌
made‌‌by‌  ‌ to‌‌which‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌is‌‌a‌‌party‌  ‌
Compliance‌  ‌with‌  ‌order.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted,‌  ‌either‌  ‌in‌‌ 
(a) Submitting‌  ‌personally‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌plainly‌‌   ‌
whole‌‌   or‌‌   in‌‌   part,‌‌   the‌‌   compliance‌‌   therewith‌‌   must‌‌ be‌‌ effected‌‌ within‌‌ 
ten‌‌   (10)‌‌   ‌calendar‌‌   ‌days‌‌   from‌‌ notice‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ order,‌‌ unless‌‌ a ‌‌different‌‌  indicated‌‌as‌‌such,‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court;‌  ‌ 3. Personal‌‌service,‌‌when‌‌considered‌‌complete‌  ‌
period‌  ‌is‌  ‌fixed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court.‌  ‌The‌  ‌bill‌  ‌of‌  ‌particulars‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌more‌‌  (b) Sending‌‌them‌‌by‌r‌ egistered‌‌mail‌;  ‌‌ ‌ Court‌  ‌submissions‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌by‌  ‌personal‌  ‌delivery‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
definite‌  ‌statement‌  ‌ordered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌either‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌ copy‌‌   ‌
(c) Sending‌‌them‌‌by‌‌accredited‌‌courier;‌‌or‌‌   ‌
separate‌‌ ‌or‌‌ in‌‌ an‌‌ ‌amended‌‌ ‌pleading,‌‌ serving‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ thereof‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ 
adverse‌‌party.‌  ‌ The‌‌   date‌‌  of‌‌
  mailing‌‌   ‌as‌‌ shown‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ post‌‌ office‌‌ stamp‌‌ on‌‌  1) to‌‌   the‌‌   party‌‌   or‌‌   ‌to‌‌   the‌‌   party’s‌‌   counsel,‌‌ ‌or‌‌ to‌‌ their‌‌ authorized‌‌ 
the‌  ‌envelope‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌  ‌registry‌‌   receipt‌, ‌‌shall‌‌   be‌‌
  considered‌‌  representative‌   n
‌ amed‌   i
‌ n‌  ‌the‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌or‌‌ 
Effect‌‌   of‌‌   non-compliance‌. ‌‌‌— ‌‌If‌‌   the‌‌  order‌‌  is‌‌
  not‌‌ obeyed,‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ case‌‌  motion‌ , ‌ o
‌ r‌‌
   ‌
as‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌their‌‌filing.‌  ‌
of‌  ‌insufficient‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌therewith,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌‌ 
striking‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌portions‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌to‌‌   which‌‌   the‌‌  (d) Transmitting‌  ‌them‌  ‌by‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌mail‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌‌  2) by‌  ‌leaving‌  ‌it‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌office‌  ‌with‌  ‌his‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌or‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌‌ 
order‌‌was‌‌directed‌‌or‌‌make‌‌such‌‌other‌‌order‌‌as‌‌it‌‌deems‌‌just.‌  ‌ electronic‌‌   means‌‌   as‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ authorized‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ Court‌‌ in‌‌  having‌‌charge‌‌thereof.‌‌   ‌
places‌‌where‌‌the‌‌court‌‌is‌‌electronically‌‌equipped.‌‌   ‌ 3) If‌‌   no‌‌   person‌‌ is‌‌ found‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ office,‌‌ or‌‌ his‌‌ office‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ known,‌‌ or‌‌ 
3. Stay‌‌of‌‌period‌‌to‌‌file‌‌responsive‌‌pleadings‌  ‌
The‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌‌
  electronic‌‌   transmission‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  considered‌‌  he‌‌   has‌‌   no‌‌   office,‌‌   then‌‌   by‌‌ leaving‌‌ the‌‌ copy,‌‌ between‌‌ 8AM‌‌ - ‌‌6PM,‌‌ 
After‌‌   service‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ bill‌‌ of‌‌ particulars‌‌ or‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌more‌‌ definite‌‌ pleading,‌‌  at‌‌
  t he‌‌   p arty's‌‌   o r‌‌   c ounsel's‌‌   ‌residence‌, ‌‌if‌‌   known,‌‌   with‌‌   a ‌‌person‌‌ 
as‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌filing.‌  ‌
or‌‌ after‌‌ notice‌‌ of‌‌ denial‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ motion,‌‌ the‌‌ moving‌‌ party‌‌ may‌‌ file‌‌ his‌  of‌‌sufficient‌‌age‌‌and‌‌discretion‌‌then‌‌residing‌‌therein.‌ 
responsive‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌  ‌to‌‌   which‌‌   he‌‌
  was‌‌  entitled‌‌   at‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌time‌‌   of‌‌   filing‌‌   his‌‌   motion,‌‌   which‌‌   shall‌‌
  not‌‌   be‌‌
  less‌‌
  than‌‌
  ‌five‌‌
  (5)‌‌  4. Service‌‌by‌‌mail,‌‌when‌‌it‌‌can‌‌be‌‌availed‌‌of‌  ‌
Manner‌‌of‌‌FILING:‌  ‌
calendar‌d ‌ ays‌‌‌in‌‌any‌‌event.‌  ‌ By‌  ‌depositing‌  ‌the‌  ‌copy‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌post‌  ‌office‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌sealed‌  ‌envelope,‌‌ 
1) Personally;‌  ‌ plainly‌  ‌addressed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌party’s‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌at‌  ‌his‌‌ 
A‌  ‌bill‌  ‌of‌  ‌particulars‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌for‌  ‌which‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌ 
intended.‌  ‌ 2) Registered‌ M
‌ ail;‌  ‌ office,‌‌   if‌‌
  known,‌‌   otherwise‌‌   at‌‌
  his‌‌   residence,‌‌ if‌‌ known,‌‌ with‌‌ postage‌‌ 
fully‌‌   prepaid,‌‌   and‌‌   with‌‌   instructions‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  postmaster‌‌   to‌‌ return‌‌ the‌‌ 
3) By‌‌accredited‌‌courier;‌‌or‌  ‌
mail‌‌to‌‌the‌‌sender‌‌after‌t‌ en‌‌(10)‌c‌ alendar‌d ‌ ays‌‌‌if‌‌undelivered.‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌   13‌  ‌Filing‌‌   and‌‌   Service‌‌ of‌‌ Pleadings,‌‌ Judgments‌‌ and‌‌ 
4) By‌‌electronic‌‌mail‌‌or‌‌other‌‌electronic‌‌means.‌  ‌
Other‌‌Papers‌  ‌ If‌  ‌no‌  ‌registry‌  ‌service‌  ‌is‌  ‌available‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌locality‌  ‌of‌  ‌either‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Modes‌‌of‌‌SERVICE‌: ‌ ‌ senders‌‌or‌‌the‌‌addressee,‌‌service‌‌may‌‌be‌‌done‌‌by‌o ‌ rdinary‌‌mail‌. ‌ ‌
This‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌shall‌  ‌govern‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌pleading,‌  ‌motions,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
other‌  ‌court‌  ‌submissions‌, ‌ ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌service‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌except‌‌  1) Personal;‌  ‌ 5. Substituted‌‌service,‌‌to‌‌whom‌‌delivered‌  ‌
those‌‌for‌‌which‌‌a‌‌different‌‌mode‌‌of‌‌service‌‌is‌‌prescribed.‌  ‌ 2) Registered‌‌mail;‌  ‌ If‌  ‌service‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌personally‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌mail,‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌and‌‌ 
1. Meaning‌‌of‌‌filing‌‌‌and‌‌service‌  ‌ place‌  ‌of‌  ‌residence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌his‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌being‌  ‌unknown‌, ‌‌
3) Accredited‌‌courier;‌  ‌
service‌‌   may‌‌  be‌‌   made‌‌  by‌‌  delivering‌‌
  the‌‌  copy‌‌
  ‌to‌‌ the‌‌ clerk‌‌ of‌‌ court‌, ‌‌
Filing‌‌
  ‌is‌‌  the‌‌  act‌‌  of‌‌  ‌submitting‌‌  ‌the‌‌  pleading‌‌  or‌‌  other‌‌  paper‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌  4) Substituted‌‌service;‌  ‌ with‌  ‌proof‌  ‌of‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌‌
  both‌‌  personal‌‌   service‌‌   and‌‌
  service‌‌   by‌‌
  mail‌. ‌‌
clerk‌‌of‌‌court.‌  ‌ 5) By‌‌electronic‌‌means.‌  ‌ The‌‌service‌‌is‌‌complete‌‌at‌‌the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌such‌‌delivery.‌  ‌
6. Service‌‌by‌‌ELECTRONIC‌‌means‌⭐‌‌(§9)‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 23‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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be‌  ‌served‌  ‌upon‌  ‌him‌  ‌also‌  ‌by‌  ‌publication‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌expense‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌if‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌   ‌consents‌‌
  concerned‌‌   ‌to‌‌  such‌‌  modes‌‌  of‌‌  e) Electronic‌‌service‌ —
‌   ‌‌ ‌
prevailing‌‌party.‌  ‌
service.‌‌   ‌ i) at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌transmission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Conventional‌  ‌service‌  ‌or‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌orders,‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌and‌‌   other‌‌ 
Service‌‌   by‌‌
  electronic‌‌   means‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  made‌‌   by‌‌
  sending‌‌   an‌‌ e-mail‌‌ to‌‌  document,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
documents.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Notwithstanding‌‌   the‌‌
  foregoing,‌‌
  the‌‌
  following‌‌   must‌‌ 
the‌  ‌party’s‌  ‌or‌  ‌counsel’s‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌mail‌  ‌address,‌  ‌or‌  ‌through‌‌   other‌‌  ii) when‌  ‌available,‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌electronic‌‌ 
be‌  ‌served‌  ‌or‌  ‌filed‌  ‌personally‌  ‌or‌‌
  by‌‌
  registered‌‌
  mail‌‌   when‌‌
  allowed,‌‌ 
electronic‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌  ‌transmission‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌may‌  ‌agree‌  ‌on,‌‌   or‌‌  notification‌‌of‌‌service‌‌of‌‌the‌‌document‌‌is‌‌sent.‌‌   ‌
and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌or‌  ‌filed‌  ‌electronically‌, ‌ ‌unless‌  ‌express‌‌ 
upon‌‌direction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌‌   ‌
permission‌‌is‌‌granted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Court:‌‌   ‌ Electronic‌  ‌service‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌effective‌  ‌or‌  ‌complete‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌‌ 
Service‌  ‌by‌  ‌facsimile‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  made‌‌
  by‌‌
  sending‌‌
  a ‌‌facsimile‌‌
  copy‌‌
  to‌‌  serving‌‌
  the‌‌
  document‌‌   learns‌‌   that‌‌
  it‌‌ did‌‌ not‌‌ reach‌‌ the‌‌ addressee‌‌ 
(a) I‌nitiatory‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌and‌  ‌initial‌  ‌responsive‌  ‌pleadings,‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌‌ 
the‌‌party’s‌‌or‌‌counsel’s‌‌given‌‌facsimile‌‌number.‌‌   ‌ or‌‌person‌‌to‌‌be‌‌served.‌‌   ‌
an‌‌answer;‌‌   ‌
Change‌  ‌of‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌mail‌  ‌address‌  ‌or‌  ‌facsimile‌  ‌number.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌‌ f) Service‌  ‌by‌  ‌facsimile‌  ‌transmission‌  ‌— ‌   ‌upon‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) S‌ubpoenae,‌‌protection‌‌orders,‌‌and‌‌writs;‌‌   ‌
party‌  ‌who‌  ‌changes‌  ‌his‌‌   or‌‌  her‌‌  electronic‌‌   mail‌‌
  address‌‌  or‌‌
  facsimile‌‌  other‌‌party,‌‌as‌‌indicated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌facsimile‌‌transmission‌‌printout.‌  ‌
number‌‌   while‌‌   the‌‌
  action‌‌   is‌‌
  pending‌‌   must‌‌ promptly‌‌ file,‌‌ within‌‌ ‌five‌‌  (c) A‌ppendices‌  ‌and‌  ‌exhibits‌  ‌to‌  ‌motions,‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌‌
  documents‌‌   that‌‌ 
(5)‌  ‌calendar‌‌   days‌‌   from‌‌   such‌‌   change,‌‌   a ‌‌notice‌‌
  of‌‌
  change‌‌
  of‌‌
  e-mail‌‌  are‌  ‌not‌  ‌readily‌  ‌amenable‌  ‌to‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌scanning‌  ‌may,‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌‌  10. Proof‌‌of‌‌filing‌  ‌
address‌‌   or‌‌
  facsimile‌‌   number‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌ court‌‌ and‌‌ serve‌‌ the‌‌ notice‌‌ on‌‌  option‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌filing‌  ‌such,‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌and‌  ‌served‌‌  (a) Personally‌‌   — ‌‌by‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌written‌‌   or‌‌
  stamped‌‌ acknowledgment‌‌ 
all‌‌other‌‌parties.‌‌   ‌ conventionally;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ of‌‌
  its‌‌
  filing‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌  clerk‌‌  of‌‌ court‌‌ ‌on‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ pleading‌‌ ‌or‌‌ 
Service‌‌   through‌‌   the‌‌
  electronic‌‌
  mail‌‌
  address‌‌
  or‌‌ facsimile‌‌ number‌‌ of‌‌  (d) S‌ealed‌‌and‌‌confidential‌‌documents‌‌or‌‌records.‌  ‌ court‌‌submission‌;  ‌‌ ‌
a‌  ‌party‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌presumed‌  ‌valid‌  ‌unless‌  ‌such‌  ‌party‌  ‌notifies‌  ‌the‌‌  9. C‌ompleteness‌‌of‌‌service.‌‌‌—  ‌‌ ‌ (b) By‌  ‌registered‌  ‌mail‌  ‌— ‌ ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌registry‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌AND‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
court‌‌of‌‌any‌‌change,‌‌as‌‌aforementioned.‌  ‌ affidavit‌o‌ f‌‌the‌‌person‌‌who‌‌mailed‌‌it‌‌‌xxx.‌  ‌
a) Personal‌‌service‌‌‌—‌‌upon‌‌actual‌‌delivery.‌‌   ‌
7. Presumptive‌‌Service‌⭐‌‌(§10)‌  ‌ (c) Through‌‌   an‌‌  accredited‌‌   courier‌‌
  service‌‌
  — ‌‌‌by‌‌ an‌‌ ‌affidavit‌‌ ‌of‌‌ 
b) Service‌  ‌by‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌mail‌  ‌— ‌‌upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  expiration‌‌
  of‌‌
  ‌ten‌‌
  (10)‌‌ 
There‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌presumptive‌‌
  notice‌‌
  to‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  a ‌‌court‌‌
  setting‌‌
  if‌‌  service‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌brought‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌‌ 
calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌mailing,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌otherwise‌ 
such‌‌notice‌‌appears‌‌on‌‌the‌‌records‌‌to‌‌have‌‌been‌‌mailed‌‌   ‌ document‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌service‌  ‌provider,‌‌
  together‌‌
  with‌‌   the‌‌  ‌courier’s‌‌ 
provides.‌‌   ‌
official‌‌receipt‌a‌ nd‌‌document‌‌tracking‌‌number.‌‌   ‌
a) at‌‌ least‌‌ ‌twenty‌‌ (20)‌‌ calendar‌‌ days‌‌ ‌prior‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ scheduled‌‌ date‌‌  c) Service‌‌by‌r‌ egistered‌‌mail‌‌‌—  ‌‌ ‌
of‌‌
  hearing‌‌ and‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ addressee‌‌ is‌‌ from‌‌ ‌within‌‌ ‌the‌‌ same‌‌ judicial‌‌  (d) By‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌mail‌  ‌— ‌ ‌by‌  ‌an‌‌
  ‌affidavit‌‌   of‌‌
  electronic‌‌   filing‌‌
  of‌‌ 
region‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌where‌‌the‌‌case‌‌is‌‌pending,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ i) upon‌‌actual‌‌receipt‌‌by‌‌the‌‌addressee,‌‌OR‌   the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌party‌‌
  accompanied‌‌   by‌‌   a ‌‌‌paper‌‌
  copy‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  pleading‌‌ 
b) at‌  ‌least‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌addressee‌  ‌is‌  ‌from‌‌  or‌  ‌other‌  ‌document‌  ‌transmitted‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌written‌  ‌or‌  ‌stamped‌‌ 
ii) after‌‌
  five‌‌
  (5)‌‌
  ‌calendar‌‌ ‌days‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ date‌‌ he‌‌ received‌‌ 
outside‌‌the‌‌judicial‌‌region.‌  ‌ acknowledgment‌‌of‌‌its‌‌filing‌‌by‌‌the‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌court.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌first‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌the‌‌postmaster,‌‌   ‌
8. Service‌‌of‌‌judgment,‌‌final‌‌orders‌‌or‌‌resolutions‌  ‌ (e) Through‌  ‌other‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌means‌  ‌— ‌ ‌by‌  ‌an‌‌ 
whichever‌‌date‌‌is‌‌earlier.‌   ‌ ‌
affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌‌
  party‌‌
  accompanied‌‌ 
Judgments,‌  ‌final‌  ‌orders‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolutions‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌either‌‌  d) Service‌‌by‌‌accredited‌‌courier‌—
‌   ‌‌ ‌ by‌‌
  a ‌‌copy‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  electronic‌‌   acknowledgment‌‌   of‌‌
  its‌‌
  filing‌‌ by‌‌ 
personally‌o‌ r‌‌by‌r‌ egistered‌‌mail‌.  ‌‌ ‌ the‌‌court.‌‌   ‌
i) upon‌‌actual‌‌receipt‌‌by‌‌the‌‌addressee,‌‌or‌  
Upon‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌case,‌‌
  a ‌‌copy‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  11. Proof‌‌of‌‌service‌  ‌
ii) after‌‌
  at‌‌
  least‌‌
  two‌‌
  (2)‌‌ attempts‌‌ to‌‌ deliver‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ courier‌‌ 
judgment,‌  ‌final‌  ‌order,‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌delivered‌  ‌by‌‌ 
service,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ Proof‌‌of‌p
‌ ersonal‌‌service‌‌‌shall‌‌consist‌‌of‌‌   ‌
accredited‌‌courier‌‌at‌‌the‌‌expense‌‌of‌‌such‌‌party.‌‌   ‌
iii) upon‌  ‌the‌‌
  expiration‌‌  of‌‌
  five‌‌
  (5)‌‌
  calendar‌‌
  days‌‌
  after‌‌
  the‌‌  a) a‌‌written‌‌admission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌party‌‌served,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌summoned‌  ‌by‌  ‌publication‌‌   has‌‌
  failed‌‌
  to‌‌
  appear‌‌  in‌‌ 
first‌‌attempt‌‌to‌‌deliver,‌‌   ‌
the‌‌
  action,‌‌   judgments,‌‌
  final‌‌
  orders‌‌
  or‌‌
  resolutions‌‌   against‌‌
  him‌‌ shall‌‌  b) the‌‌official‌‌return‌‌of‌‌the‌‌server,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
whichever‌‌is‌‌earlier.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 24‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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the‌‌   property‌‌ in‌‌ that‌‌ province‌‌ affected‌‌ thereby.‌‌ Only‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌ 
c) the‌‌affidavit‌‌of‌‌the‌‌party‌‌serving,‌‌   ‌ The‌‌ ‌sheriff‌, ‌‌his‌‌ deputy,‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ proper‌‌ court‌‌ officer,‌‌ ‌and‌‌ in‌‌ case‌‌ of‌‌ 
filing‌  ‌such‌‌  notice‌‌   for‌‌  record‌‌  shall‌‌
  a ‌‌purchaser,‌‌   or‌‌
  encumbrancer‌‌   of‌‌ 
failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌  ‌by‌  ‌them,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌‌ 
containing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌full‌  ‌statement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌date,‌  ‌place‌  ‌and‌  ‌manner‌  ‌of‌‌  the‌‌ property‌‌ affected‌‌ thereby,‌‌ be‌‌ deemed‌‌ to‌‌ have‌‌ constructive‌‌ notice‌‌ 
authorize‌‌   the‌‌   plaintiff‌‌   - ‌‌to‌‌
  serve‌‌
  the‌‌
  summons‌‌   - ‌‌together‌‌ with‌‌ 
service.‌‌   ‌ of‌‌
  the‌‌  pendency‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌  action,‌‌
  and‌‌
  only‌‌
  of‌‌
  its‌‌
  pendency‌‌   against‌‌
  the‌‌ 
the‌‌sheriff.‌‌   ‌
If‌‌the‌‌service‌‌is‌‌made‌‌by:‌  ‌ parties‌‌designated‌‌by‌‌their‌‌real‌‌names.‌  ‌
In‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌summons‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌outside‌  ‌the‌  ‌judicial‌‌ 
(a) Ordinary‌  ‌mail.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌An‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  mailing‌‌
  stating‌  ‌ The‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌‌
  lis‌‌
  pendens‌‌
  may‌‌  be‌‌
  cancelled‌‌   only‌‌
  upon‌‌
  order‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
region‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending,‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌‌ 
the‌‌facts‌‌showing‌‌compliance‌‌with‌‌Section‌‌7‌‌of‌‌this‌‌Rule.‌‌   ‌ court,‌  ‌after‌  ‌proper‌  ‌showing‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌notice‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌‌ 
shall‌‌be‌‌authorized‌‌to‌‌cause‌‌the‌‌service‌‌of‌‌summons.‌‌   ‌
molesting‌‌   the‌‌ adverse‌‌ party,‌‌ or‌‌ that‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ necessary‌‌ to‌‌ protect‌‌ the‌‌ 
(b) Registered‌  ‌mail.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌By‌  ‌the‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌mentioned‌  ‌above‌  ‌and‌‌  rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌party‌‌who‌‌caused‌‌it‌‌to‌‌be‌‌recorded.‌‌   ‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌is‌‌
  a ‌‌juridical‌‌
  entity,‌‌  it‌‌
  shall‌‌
  notify‌‌
  the‌‌
  court,‌‌
  in‌‌ 
the‌‌registry‌‌receipt‌‌‌issued‌‌by‌‌the‌‌mailing‌‌office.‌‌   ‌ writing,‌  ‌and‌  ‌name‌  ‌its‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌representative‌  ‌therein,‌‌ 
The‌‌  ‌registry‌‌   return‌‌   card‌‌   ‌shall‌‌
  be‌‌   filed‌‌
  immediately‌‌   upon‌‌  its‌‌  RULE‌‌14‌‌Summons‌  ‌ attaching‌‌   a ‌‌board‌‌   resolution‌‌ or‌‌ secretary’s‌‌ certificate‌‌ thereto,‌‌ 
receipt‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌sender,‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌lieu‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌the‌  ‌unclaimed‌  ‌letter‌‌  as‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌may‌  ‌be,‌  ‌stating‌  ‌that‌  ‌such‌  ‌representative‌  ‌is‌  ‌duly‌‌ 
together‌‌   with‌‌  the‌‌  certified‌‌   or‌‌ sworn‌‌ copy‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ notice‌‌ given‌‌ by‌‌  1. Who‌‌will‌‌issue‌‌and‌‌what‌‌it‌‌contains‌  ‌ authorized‌‌to‌‌serve‌‌the‌‌summons‌‌on‌‌behalf‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plaintiff.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌postmaster‌‌to‌‌the‌‌addressee.‌‌   ‌ Clerk‌‌   to‌‌
  issue‌‌
  summons.‌‌   ‌— ‌‌‌Unless‌‌   the‌‌  complaint‌‌   is‌‌
  on‌‌
  its‌‌ face‌‌  If‌‌
  the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌  ‌MISREPRESENTS‌‌   ‌that‌‌   the‌‌ defendant‌‌ was‌‌ served‌‌ 
(c) Accredited‌  ‌courier‌  ‌service.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌By‌  ‌an‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌‌  dismissible‌‌   under‌‌
  Section‌‌   1,‌‌
  Rule‌‌
  9,‌‌
  the‌‌ court‌‌ shall,‌‌ within‌‌ five‌‌  summons,‌‌   and‌‌  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  later‌‌
  proved‌‌   that‌‌ no‌‌ summons‌‌ was‌‌ served,‌‌ 
executed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌brought‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌or‌‌
  paper‌‌
  to‌‌  (5)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌receipt‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  initiatory‌‌   pleading‌‌   and‌‌  the‌‌ case‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ ‌DISMISSED‌‌ WITH‌‌ PREJUDICE‌, ‌‌the‌‌ proceedings‌‌ 
the‌  ‌service‌  ‌provider,‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌courier’s‌  ‌official‌‌  proof‌‌   of‌‌
  payment‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  requisite‌‌   legal‌‌   fees,‌‌
  direct‌‌   the‌‌
  clerk‌‌ of‌‌  shall‌‌  be‌‌
  nullified,‌‌   and‌‌  the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌   shall‌‌ be‌‌ meted‌‌ appropriate‌‌ 
receipt‌‌‌or‌‌document‌‌tracking‌‌number‌.  ‌‌ ‌ court‌‌to‌‌issue‌‌the‌‌corresponding‌‌summons‌‌to‌‌the‌‌defendants.‌  sanctions.‌‌   ‌

(d) Electronic‌  ‌mail,‌  ‌facsimile,‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌electronic‌‌  Contents‌. ‌ ‌—‌  ‌The‌  ‌summons‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌directed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant,‌‌  If‌‌
  summons‌‌   is‌‌
  returned‌‌
  without‌‌   being‌‌ served‌‌ on‌‌ any‌‌ or‌‌ all‌‌ the‌‌ 
means‌  ‌of‌  ‌transmission.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌By‌  ‌an‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌‌  signed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌court‌‌under‌‌seal‌‌and‌‌contain‌‌   ‌ defendants,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌to‌  ‌cause‌  ‌the‌‌ 
executed‌‌
  by‌‌  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  who‌‌
  sent‌‌   the‌‌
  email,‌‌
  facsimile,‌‌
  or‌‌
  other‌‌  service‌‌of‌‌summons‌‌by‌‌other‌‌means‌‌available‌‌under‌‌the‌‌Rules.‌‌   ‌
(a) The‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌names‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
electronic‌  ‌transmission,‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌printed‌  ‌proof‌  ‌of‌‌  action;‌‌   ‌ Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌shall‌‌
  cause‌‌
  the‌‌
  dismissal‌‌
  of‌‌ 
transmittal‌.  ‌‌ ‌ the‌‌initiatory‌‌pleading‌‌without‌‌prejudice.‌  ‌
(b) When‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌upon‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌  ‌motion,‌  ‌an‌‌ 
12. Court-issued‌‌orders‌⭐‌‌(§18)‌  ‌ authorization‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌to‌  ‌serve‌  ‌summons‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  Service‌  ‌in‌  ‌person‌  ‌on‌  ‌defendant.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Whenever‌  ‌practicable,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌‌ court‌‌ ‌may‌‌ electronically‌‌ serve‌‌ orders‌‌ and‌‌ other‌‌ documents‌‌ to‌  defendant;‌‌   ‌ summons‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌by‌  ‌handing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
all‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌effect‌  ‌and‌‌  defendant‌‌   in‌‌
  person‌‌
  ‌and‌‌   informing‌‌ the‌‌ defendant‌‌ that‌‌ he‌‌ or‌‌ she‌‌ 
(c) A‌  ‌direction‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  defendant‌‌
  answer‌‌
  within‌‌
  the‌‌
  time‌‌
  fixed‌‌
  by‌‌  is‌‌
  being‌‌
  served‌, ‌‌or,‌‌ if‌‌ he‌‌ or‌‌ she‌‌ refuses‌‌ to‌‌ receive‌‌ and‌‌ sign‌‌ for‌‌ it,‌‌ ‌by‌‌ 
validity‌  ‌as‌  ‌provided‌  ‌herein.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌paper‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌‌  these‌‌Rules;‌  ‌
document‌‌ electronically‌‌ served‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ retained‌‌ and‌‌ attached‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌  leaving‌  ‌the‌  ‌summons‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌view‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌   presence‌‌   of‌‌ 
record‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case.‌‌   ‌ (d) A‌  ‌notice‌  ‌that‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌so‌  ‌answers,‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌will‌‌  the‌‌defendant.‌‌   ‌
take‌‌  judgment‌‌   by‌‌
  default‌‌  and‌‌  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  granted‌‌
  the‌‌
  relief‌‌ applied‌‌  When‌‌can‌‌plaintiff‌‌be‌‌authorized‌‌to‌‌effect‌‌service‌‌of‌‌summons?‌  ‌
13. Notice‌‌of‌L
‌ is‌‌Pendens‌  ‌ for.‌  ‌
In‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌affecting‌  ‌the‌  ‌title‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌real‌‌  1) in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌sheriff,‌  ‌his‌‌ 
A‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌   complaint‌‌   and‌‌
  order‌‌   for‌‌
  appointment‌‌  of‌‌
  guardian‌‌   ad‌‌  deputy,‌‌   or‌‌
  other‌‌   proper‌‌   court‌‌
  officers,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  may‌‌ authorize‌‌ 
property,‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌and‌‌   the‌‌
  defendant,‌‌   when‌‌   affirmative‌‌   relief‌‌  is‌‌  litem‌  ‌if‌  ‌any,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌attached‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  original‌‌
  and‌‌
  each‌‌  copy‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
claimed‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌answer,‌  ‌may‌  ‌record‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌registry‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌plaintiff‌‌-‌‌to‌‌serve‌‌the‌‌summons‌‌-‌‌together‌‌with‌‌the‌‌sheriff‌; ‌ ‌
summons.‌  ‌
deeds‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ province‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ is‌‌ situated‌‌ notice‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  2) summons‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌outside‌  ‌the‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌region‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌ 
pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action.‌  ‌Said‌  ‌notice‌‌   shall‌‌
  contain‌‌   the‌‌   names‌‌   the‌‌  2.
  of‌‌ Who‌‌will‌‌service‌‌summons‌  ‌ court‌‌where‌‌the‌‌case‌‌is‌‌pending;‌  ‌
parties‌‌   and‌‌  the‌‌
  object‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  action‌‌   or‌‌  defense,‌‌   and‌‌   a ‌‌description‌‌ of‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 25‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
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3) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌summons‌  ‌is‌  ‌returned‌  ‌without‌  ‌being‌  ‌served‌  ‌on‌  ‌any‌‌  There‌  ‌is‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌  ‌after‌  ‌unsuccessful‌  ‌attempts‌  ‌to‌‌  By‌‌
  the‌‌   officer‌‌
  having‌‌ the‌‌ management‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ jail‌‌ or‌‌ institution‌‌ 
defendant.‌  ‌ personally‌  ‌serve‌  ‌the‌‌   summons‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌
  defendant‌‌
  in‌‌
  his‌‌
  or‌‌
  her‌‌  who‌‌   is‌‌
  deemed‌‌   deputized‌‌   as‌‌
  a ‌‌special‌‌
  sheriff‌‌
  for‌‌ said‌‌ purpose.‌‌ 
address‌‌indicated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌complaint.‌  ‌ The‌‌  jail‌‌   warden‌‌   shall‌‌
  file‌‌  a ‌‌return‌‌ within‌‌ five‌‌ (5)‌‌ calendar‌‌ 
3. Return‌‌of‌‌service,‌‌issuance‌‌of‌‌alias‌‌summons⭐‌  ‌
days‌‌from‌‌service‌‌of‌‌summons‌‌to‌‌the‌‌defendant.‌‌   ‌
4. Substituted‌‌service‌‌of‌‌summons‌  ‌
Return‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Within‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌‌ 
c) Minor‌‌or‌‌incompetent‌  ‌
summons‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌the‌  ‌sheriff‌‌
  or‌‌  If,‌‌
  for‌‌
  justifiable‌‌   causes,‌‌ the‌‌ defendant‌‌ cannot‌‌ be‌‌ served‌‌ ‌personally‌‌ 
process‌  ‌server,‌  ‌or‌  ‌person‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌‌   shall‌‌  complete‌‌  after‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌attempts‌  ‌on‌  ‌two‌  ‌(2)‌  ‌different‌  ‌dates‌, ‌‌ Upon‌‌   him‌‌  personally‌‌   and‌‌ on‌‌ his‌‌ legal‌‌ guardian‌‌ if‌‌ he‌‌ has‌‌ one,‌‌ or‌‌ 
its‌  ‌service.‌  ‌Within‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌‌  service‌‌may‌‌be‌‌effected:‌  ‌ if‌  ‌none‌  ‌his‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌ad‌  ‌litem‌  ‌whose‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
summons,‌  ‌the‌  ‌server‌  ‌shall‌  ‌file‌  ‌with‌‌  the‌‌
  court‌‌  and‌‌
  serve‌‌   a ‌‌copy‌‌
  of‌‌  applied‌‌   for‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  plaintiff.‌‌ In‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌minor,‌‌ service‌‌ ‌shall‌‌ 
(a) By‌‌  leaving‌‌  copies‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  summons‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ defendant's‌‌ residence‌‌ 
the‌‌  ‌return‌‌
  ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌
  plaintiff’s‌‌ counsel,‌‌ personally,‌‌ by‌‌ registered‌‌ mail,‌‌  be‌‌made‌‌on‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌parent‌‌or‌‌guardian‌.  ‌‌ ‌
to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌  ‌eighteen‌  ‌(18)‌  ‌years‌  ‌of‌  ‌age‌  ‌and‌  ‌of‌‌ 
or‌‌by‌‌electronic‌‌means‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Rules.‌‌   ‌
sufficient‌‌discretion‌‌‌residing‌t‌ herein‌;  ‌‌ ‌ d) Spouse‌  ‌
Should‌  ‌substituted‌  ‌service‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌effected,‌  ‌the‌  ‌return‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
(b) By‌‌
  leaving‌‌
  copies‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  summons‌‌   at‌‌
  the‌‌ defendant's‌‌ office‌‌ or‌‌  When‌‌
  spouses‌‌   are‌‌
  sued‌‌ ‌jointly‌, ‌‌service‌‌ of‌‌ summons‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ 
state‌‌the‌‌following:‌‌   ‌
regular‌  ‌place‌  ‌of‌  ‌business‌  ‌with‌  ‌some‌  ‌competent‌  ‌person‌  ‌in‌‌  made‌‌to‌‌each‌‌spouse‌i‌ ndividually‌.  ‌‌ ‌
(1) The‌  ‌impossibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌prompt‌‌
  personal‌‌
  service‌‌  within‌‌  a ‌‌period‌‌  charge‌  ‌thereof.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌competent‌  ‌person‌  ‌includes,‌  ‌but‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌ 
e) Domestic‌‌private‌‌corporation‌  ‌
of‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌issue‌  ‌and‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌‌  limited‌‌  to,‌‌
  one‌‌
  who‌‌   customarily‌‌   receives‌‌   correspondences‌‌ 
summons;‌‌   ‌ for‌‌the‌‌defendant;‌‌   ‌ Service‌‌may‌‌be‌‌made‌‌on‌‌the‌‌   ‌

(2) The‌  ‌date‌  ‌and‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌attempts‌  ‌on‌  ‌at‌‌
  least‌‌   ‌(2)‌‌  (c) By‌  ‌leaving‌  ‌copies‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌summons,‌  ‌if‌  ‌refused‌  ‌entry‌  ‌upon‌‌  1) president,‌‌   ‌
two‌  ‌different‌‌   dates‌‌  to‌‌  cause‌‌  personal‌‌   service‌‌  and‌‌
  the‌‌   details‌‌  making‌‌   his‌‌
  or‌‌
  her‌‌
  authority‌‌ and‌‌ purpose‌‌ known,‌‌ with‌‌ any‌‌  2) managing‌‌partner,‌‌   ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌inquiries‌  ‌made‌  ‌to‌‌   locate‌‌
  the‌‌
  defendant‌‌   residing‌‌   thereat;‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌officers‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌homeowners’‌  ‌association‌  ‌or‌‌  3) general‌‌manager,‌‌   ‌
and‌‌   ‌ condominium‌  ‌corporation,‌  ‌or‌  ‌its‌  ‌chief‌  ‌security‌  ‌officer‌  ‌in‌‌  4) corporate‌‌secretary,‌‌   ‌
charge‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌community‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌building‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌  5) treasurer,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(3) The‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌  ‌eighteen‌  ‌(18)‌‌   years‌‌  of‌‌
  age‌‌ 
defendant‌‌may‌‌be‌‌found;‌‌and‌  ‌ 6) in-house‌  ‌counsel‌‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  corporation‌‌
  wherever‌‌  they‌‌ 
and‌‌
  of‌‌ sufficient‌‌ discretion‌‌ residing‌‌ thereat,‌‌ name‌‌ of‌‌ competent‌‌ 
may‌‌be‌‌found,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
person‌  ‌in‌  ‌charge‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant’s‌  ‌office‌  ‌or‌  ‌regular‌  ‌place‌  ‌of‌‌  (d) By‌‌
  sending‌‌ an‌‌ electronic‌‌ mail‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ defendant’s‌‌ electronic‌‌ 
7) in‌  ‌their‌  ‌absence‌  ‌or‌  ‌unavailability,‌  ‌on‌  ‌their‌‌ 
business,‌  ‌or‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌homeowners’‌‌  mail‌‌address,‌‌if‌‌allowed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌‌   ‌
secretaries.‌‌   ‌
association‌  ‌or‌  ‌condominium‌  ‌corporation‌  ‌or‌  ‌its‌‌   chief‌‌
  security‌‌ 
Service‌  ‌consistent‌  ‌with‌  ‌international‌  ‌conventions.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Service‌‌ 
officer‌  ‌in‌  ‌charge‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌community‌  ‌or‌  ‌building‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌  If‌  ‌such‌‌
  service‌‌
  cannot‌‌
  be‌‌
  made‌‌  upon‌‌
  any‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  foregoing‌‌ 
may‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌through‌  ‌methods‌  ‌which‌  ‌are‌  ‌consistent‌  ‌with‌‌ 
defendant‌‌may‌‌be‌‌found.‌  persons,‌‌it‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌made‌‌upon‌‌   ‌
established‌‌international‌‌conventions‌‌to‌‌which‌‌the‌‌PH‌‌is‌‌a‌‌party.‌  ‌
NB:‌  ‌This‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌transposed‌  ‌from‌  ‌Section‌  ‌4 ‌ ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Old‌  ‌Rules.‌  ‌The‌‌  8) the‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌customarily‌  ‌receives‌  ‌the‌‌ 
5. How‌‌is‌‌it‌‌served‌‌if‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌is:‌  ‌
entire‌‌provision‌‌has‌‌also‌‌been‌‌amended.‌  correspondence‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌
  defendant‌‌
  at‌‌
  its‌‌
  principal‌‌ 
a) Entity‌‌without‌‌juridical‌‌personality‌  ‌ office.‌‌   ‌
Validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌  ‌and‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌alias‌  ‌summons.‌  ‌— ‌‌
Summons‌  ‌shall‌  ‌remain‌  ‌valid‌  ‌until‌  ‌duly‌  ‌served,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌  Upon‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendants‌  ‌by‌  ‌serving‌  ‌upon‌  ‌any‌  ‌one‌‌   of‌‌  them,‌‌
  or‌‌  In‌‌
  case‌‌  the‌‌
  domestic‌‌  juridical‌‌   entity‌‌
  is‌‌
  under‌‌  receivership‌‌ 
recalled‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court.‌  ‌In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌loss‌  ‌or‌  ‌destruction‌  ‌of‌‌  upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌in‌  ‌charge‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌or‌  ‌place‌  ‌of‌  ‌business‌‌  or‌  ‌liquidation,‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌on‌‌
  the‌‌ 
summons,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌motion,‌  ‌issue‌  ‌an‌  ‌alias‌‌  maintained‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌name.‌  ‌But‌  ‌such‌  ‌service‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌bind‌‌  receiver‌‌or‌‌liquidator,‌‌as‌‌the‌‌case‌‌may‌‌be.‌‌   ‌
summons.‌‌   ‌ individually‌‌   any‌‌  person‌‌
  whose‌‌   connection‌‌   with‌‌  the‌‌ entity‌‌ has,‌‌ 
Should‌  ‌there‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌refusal‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌persons‌‌ 
upon‌‌due‌‌notice,‌‌been‌‌severed‌‌before‌‌the‌‌action‌‌was‌f‌ iled‌. ‌ ‌
above-mentioned‌  ‌to‌  ‌receive‌  ‌summons‌  ‌despite‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌‌ 
b) Prisoner‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 26‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

three‌‌
  (3)‌‌
  attempts‌‌
  on‌‌
  two‌‌   (2)‌‌
  different‌‌
  dates,‌‌ service‌‌ may‌‌ 
h) Unknown‌‌identity‌‌or‌‌whereabout‌  ‌ (4) as‌  ‌provided‌  ‌for‌  ‌in‌  ‌international‌  ‌conventions‌  ‌to‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌‌ 
be‌‌made‌‌electronically,‌‌if‌‌allowed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
Philippines‌‌is‌‌a‌‌party‌. ‌ ‌
Within‌‌ ninety‌‌ (90)‌‌ calendar‌‌ days‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ commencement‌‌ 
f) Foreign‌‌private‌‌corporation‌  ‌
of‌‌
  the‌‌
  action‌, ‌‌service‌‌  may,‌‌   by‌‌
  leave‌‌
  of‌‌
  court,‌‌
  be‌‌
  effected‌‌ upon‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  Service‌‌of‌‌summons‌‌by‌‌mail‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌allowed.‌  ‌
Service‌‌may‌‌be‌‌made‌‌on‌‌   ‌ him‌‌  by‌‌
  ‌publication‌‌  ‌in‌‌
  a ‌‌newspaper‌‌   of‌‌
  general‌‌
  circulation‌‌   and‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌summons‌  ‌was‌  ‌sent‌  ‌abroad‌  ‌and‌  ‌was‌  ‌actually‌‌ 
in‌‌such‌‌places‌‌and‌‌for‌‌such‌‌time‌‌as‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌order.‌  ‌
a. its‌‌
  ‌resident‌‌
  agent‌‌  ‌designated‌‌
  in‌‌ accordance‌‌ with‌‌ law‌‌  received‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant,‌  ‌then‌  ‌the‌  ‌service‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌‌ 
for‌‌that‌‌purpose,‌‌or,‌‌   ‌ Any‌‌
  order‌‌
  granting‌‌   such‌‌ leave‌‌ shall‌‌ specify‌‌ a ‌‌reasonable‌‌ time,‌‌  considered‌  ‌substantial‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌(‌Cariaga‌  ‌v.‌‌ 
which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌  ‌sixty‌  ‌(60)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌‌  Malaya‌) ‌ ‌
b. if‌‌
  there‌‌
  be‌‌
  no‌‌
  such‌‌
  agent,‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  government‌‌ official‌‌ 
notice,‌‌within‌‌which‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌must‌‌answer.‌  ‌
designated‌‌by‌‌law‌‌to‌‌that‌‌effect,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ Any‌  ‌order‌‌
  granting‌‌   such‌‌   leave‌‌   shall‌‌
  specify‌‌   a ‌‌reasonable‌‌
  time,‌‌ 
6. Duty‌‌of‌‌Counsel‌‌of‌‌Record‌⭐ ‌ ‌ which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌  ‌sixty‌  ‌(60)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌‌ 
c. on‌‌
  any‌‌
  of‌‌
  its‌‌
  officers‌‌
  or‌‌
  agents,‌‌
  ‌directors‌‌ or‌‌ trustees‌‌ 
notice,‌‌within‌‌which‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌must‌‌answer.‌  ‌
within‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌ Where‌‌
  the‌‌  summons‌‌   is‌‌
  ‌improperly‌‌   served‌‌  and‌‌  a ‌‌lawyer‌‌
  makes‌‌   a ‌‌
special‌  ‌appearance‌  ‌on‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   defendant‌‌   to,‌‌  among‌‌  others,‌‌ 
If‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  registered‌‌  in‌‌  the‌‌
  Philippines,‌‌ or‌‌ has‌‌ no‌‌ resident‌‌  Arrieta‌‌v.‌‌Arrieta‌,‌‌234808‌‌(2018)‌  ‌
question‌  ‌the‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌‌
  summons,‌‌   the‌‌  counsel‌‌  shall‌‌
  be‌‌ 
agent‌  ‌but‌  ‌has‌  ‌transacted‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌doing‌  ‌business‌  ‌in‌  ‌it,‌  ‌as‌‌ 
deputized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court‌‌to‌‌serve‌‌summons‌‌on‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌client.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌Court,‌  ‌in‌  ‌De‌  ‌Pedro‌, ‌ ‌held‌  ‌that‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌which‌  ‌negate‌  ‌the‌‌ 
defined‌  ‌by‌  ‌law,‌  ‌such‌  ‌service‌  ‌may,‌  ‌with‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court,‌‌
  be‌‌ 
effected‌  ‌outside‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌through‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  7. Extraterritorial‌‌service‌‌of‌‌summons‌‌is‌‌proper‌‌   ‌ court's‌  ‌acquisition‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌– ‌ ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌defective‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌‌ 
following‌‌means:‌‌   ‌ summons‌‌–‌‌are‌‌causes‌‌for‌‌an‌‌action‌‌for‌‌annulment‌‌of‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
(1) when‌‌the‌‌action‌‌‌affects‌‌the‌‌personal‌‌status‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plaintiff;‌  ‌
(a) By‌  ‌personal‌  ‌service‌  ‌coursed‌  ‌through‌  ‌the‌‌  Personal‌‌   service‌‌   of‌‌  summons‌‌   is‌‌
  the‌‌  preferred‌‌ mode‌‌ of‌‌ service‌‌ of‌‌ 
(2) when‌‌   the‌‌  action‌‌
  relates‌‌
  to,‌‌
  or‌‌
  the‌‌
  subject‌‌
  of‌‌
  which‌‌
  is,‌‌ property‌‌  summons.‌‌   However,‌‌   other‌‌
  modes‌‌   of‌‌
  serving‌‌  summons‌‌   may‌‌
  be‌‌
  done‌‌ 
appropriate‌  ‌court‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  foreign‌‌
  country‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌ 
within‌‌   the‌‌
  Philippines,‌‌  in‌‌
  which‌‌   the‌‌
  defendant‌‌  has‌‌
  or‌‌
  claims‌‌
  a ‌‌ when‌  ‌justified.‌  ‌For‌  ‌instance,‌  ‌service‌‌   of‌‌
  summons‌‌   by‌‌
  extraterritorial‌‌ 
assistance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌DFA;‌‌   ‌
lien‌‌or‌‌interest,‌‌actual‌‌or‌‌contingent;‌  ‌ service‌  ‌is‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌after‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(b) By‌  ‌publication‌  ‌once‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌newspaper‌  ‌of‌  ‌general‌‌  respondent‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌reside‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌found‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌country‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌‌ 
(3) when‌‌  the‌‌   relief‌‌ demanded‌‌ in‌‌ such‌‌ an‌‌ action‌‌ consists,‌‌ wholly‌‌ or‌‌ 
circulation‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌country‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌‌  temporarily‌‌out‌‌of‌‌the‌‌country.‌  ‌
in‌‌
  part,‌‌ in‌‌ excluding‌‌ the‌‌ defendant‌‌ from‌‌ any‌‌ interest‌‌ in‌‌ property‌‌ 
may‌  ‌be‌  ‌found‌  ‌and‌  ‌by‌  ‌serving‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
located‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ Notably,‌  ‌publishing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌summons‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌necessarily‌‌ 
summons‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌order‌  ‌by‌‌
  registered‌‌   mail‌‌ 
at‌‌the‌‌last‌‌known‌‌address‌‌of‌‌the‌‌defendant;‌‌   ‌ (4) when‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌nonresident's‌  ‌property‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌attached‌‌  mean‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial‌‌
  court‌‌
  intended‌‌   to‌‌
  direct‌‌
  extraterritorial‌‌
  service‌‌
  of‌‌ 
within‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌ summons‌‌under‌‌the‌‌second‌‌mode‌‌of‌‌service.‌  ‌
(c) By‌‌facsimile;‌  ‌
The‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌‌
  summons‌‌
  may,‌‌
  with‌‌   leave‌‌
  of‌‌
  court,‌‌
  be‌‌
  effected‌‌
  out‌‌  In‌‌ ‌Romualdez-Licaros‌‌ v.‌‌ Licaros‌, ‌‌the‌‌ Court‌‌ considered‌‌ the‌‌ trial‌‌ court's‌‌ 
(d) By‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌means‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌prescribed‌‌
  proof‌‌
  of‌‌  order‌  ‌to‌  ‌publish‌  ‌the‌  ‌summons,‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌furnishing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌in‌‌three‌‌ways:‌   ‌ ‌
service;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ thereof‌  ‌to‌  ‌therein‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌by‌  ‌delivery‌  ‌through‌  ‌the‌  ‌DFA,‌  ‌as‌‌ 
(1) by‌p
‌ ersonal‌‌service‌;  ‌‌ ‌
(e) By‌‌  such‌‌
  other‌‌ means‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ court,‌‌ in‌‌ its‌‌ discretion,‌‌  extraterritorial‌‌ service‌‌ of‌‌ summons‌‌ under‌‌ the‌‌ third‌‌ mode,‌‌ and‌‌ not‌‌ the‌‌ 
may‌‌direct.‌  ‌ (2) by‌  ‌publication‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌newspaper‌  ‌of‌‌   general‌‌
  circulation‌‌   in‌‌
  such‌‌  second‌  ‌mode‌  ‌of‌  ‌service.‌  ‌Similar‌  ‌to‌  ‌this‌  ‌case,‌  ‌given‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
g) Public‌‌corporation‌  ‌ places‌‌ and‌‌ for‌‌ such‌‌ time‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ may‌‌ order,‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ case‌‌ a ‌‌ publication‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌complemented‌‌   by‌‌
  sending‌‌   a ‌‌copy‌‌ 
copy‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  summons‌‌   and‌‌
  order‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ sent‌‌ by‌‌  thereof‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant's‌  ‌last‌  ‌known‌  ‌address‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌through‌‌ 
Service‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌
  effected‌‌
  on‌‌  the‌‌  ‌Solicitor‌‌
  General‌; ‌‌in‌‌  case‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌
registered‌‌mail‌‌to‌‌the‌‌last‌‌known‌‌address‌‌of‌‌the‌‌defendant,‌‌and‌  ‌ registered‌  ‌mail,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌thus‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌to‌  ‌conclude‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌‌ 
province,‌  ‌city‌  ‌or‌  ‌municipality,‌  ‌or‌  ‌like‌  ‌public‌  ‌corporations,‌‌ 
intended‌‌extraterritorial‌‌service‌‌of‌‌summons‌‌under‌‌the‌t‌ hird‌‌mode‌. ‌ ‌
service‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌effected‌  ‌on‌  ‌its‌  ‌executive‌  ‌head‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌such‌‌  (3) service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌effected‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌manner‌‌ 
other‌‌officer‌‌or‌‌officers‌‌as‌‌the‌‌law‌‌or‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌direct.‌  ‌ which‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌d
‌ eem‌‌sufficient‌. ‌ ‌
8. Resident‌‌temporarily‌‌out‌‌of‌‌the‌‌country‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 27‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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Service‌  ‌may,‌  ‌by‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court,‌  ‌be‌  ‌also‌  ‌effected‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  a. the‌‌relief‌s‌ ought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌obtained‌‌and‌‌   ‌
Since‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌could‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌personally‌  ‌served‌  ‌with‌  ‌summons‌‌ 
Philippines,‌‌as‌‌under‌‌the‌‌preceding‌‌section.‌  ‌
despite‌‌  diligent‌‌
  efforts‌‌
  to‌‌
  locate‌‌   his‌‌   whereabouts,‌‌   respondent‌‌ sought‌‌  b. the‌‌grounds‌u
‌ pon‌‌which‌‌it‌‌is‌‌based,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
9. Proof‌‌of‌‌service,‌‌personal‌‌service‌‌or‌‌by‌‌publication‌  ‌ and‌  ‌was‌  ‌granted‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌effect‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌  ‌upon‌‌ 
c. if‌  ‌required‌  ‌by‌  ‌these‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌or‌  ‌necessary‌‌
  to‌‌
  prove‌‌
  facts‌‌
  alleged‌‌ 
him‌  ‌by‌  ‌publication‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌newspaper‌  ‌of‌  ‌general‌  ‌circulation.‌  ‌Thus,‌‌ 
Proof‌  ‌of‌  ‌service.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌server‌  ‌and‌‌  therein,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌accompanied‌  ‌by‌  ‌supporting‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌and‌‌ 
petitioner‌‌was‌‌properly‌‌served‌‌with‌s‌ ummons‌‌by‌‌publication.‌  ‌
shall‌  ‌set‌  ‌forth‌‌
  the‌‌
  manner,‌‌
  place,‌‌   and‌‌  date‌‌   of‌‌
  service;‌‌  shall‌‌  specify‌‌  other‌‌papers.‌  ‌
any‌‌   papers‌‌   which‌‌  have‌‌
  been‌‌   served‌‌   with‌‌   the‌‌  process‌‌   and‌‌ the‌‌ name‌‌  The‌  ‌present‌  ‌rule‌  ‌expressly‌  ‌states‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌applies‌  ‌"‌[i]n‌  ‌any‌  ‌action‌‌ 
3. Non-litigious‌‌and‌‌Litigious‌‌Motions‌⭐ ‌ ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌received‌‌   the‌‌
  same;‌‌   and‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  sworn‌‌   to‌‌
  when‌‌  where‌‌   the‌‌
  defendant‌‌  is‌‌
  designated‌‌  as‌‌
  an‌‌
  unknown‌‌   owner,‌‌   or‌‌ the‌‌ like,‌‌ 
made‌‌by‌‌a‌‌person‌‌other‌‌than‌‌a‌‌sheriff‌‌or‌‌his‌‌deputy.‌‌   ‌ or‌‌ whenever‌‌ his‌‌ whereabouts‌‌ are‌‌ unknown‌‌ and‌‌ cannot‌‌ be‌‌ ascertained‌‌  Non-litigious‌  ‌motions‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Motions‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌act‌‌ 
by‌  ‌diligent‌  ‌inquiry."‌  ‌Thus,‌‌
  it‌‌
  now‌‌
  applies‌‌   to‌‌  ‌ANY‌‌
  ‌action,‌‌  whether‌‌   ‌in‌‌  upon‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudicing‌  ‌the‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌parties‌  ‌are‌‌ 
If‌  ‌summons‌  ‌was‌  ‌served‌  ‌by‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌mail,‌‌
  a ‌‌printout‌‌   of‌‌
  said‌‌ 
personam‌,‌‌in‌‌rem‌‌‌or‌‌quasi‌‌in‌‌rem‌. ‌ ‌ non-litigious‌‌motions.‌‌These‌‌motions‌‌include:‌‌   ‌
e-mail,‌‌ with‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ summons‌‌ as‌‌ served,‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ affidavit‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌person‌‌mailing,‌‌shall‌‌constitute‌‌as‌‌proof‌‌of‌‌service.‌‌   ‌ Moreover,‌‌   even‌‌
  assuming‌‌   that‌‌ the‌‌ service‌‌ of‌‌ summons‌‌ was‌‌ defective,‌‌  a) Motion‌‌for‌‌the‌‌issuance‌‌of‌‌an‌a
‌ lias‌‌summons‌; ‌ ‌
the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Proof‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌  ‌by‌  ‌publication.‌‌
  ‌— ‌‌If‌‌
  the‌‌
  service‌‌
  has‌‌
  been‌‌
  made‌‌  b) Motion‌‌for‌e
‌ xtension‌‌to‌‌file‌‌answer‌; ‌ ‌
petitioner‌  ‌by‌  ‌his‌  ‌own‌  ‌voluntary‌  ‌appearance‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌‌ 
by‌‌publication,‌‌service‌‌may‌‌be‌‌proved‌‌   ‌
against‌  ‌him.‌  ‌Petitioner‌  ‌voluntarily‌  ‌appeared‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌when‌  ‌he‌‌  c) Motion‌‌for‌p
‌ ostponement‌;  ‌‌ ‌
a) by‌‌ the‌‌ affidavit‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ ‌publisher‌, ‌‌editor,‌‌ business‌‌ or‌‌ advertising‌‌  filed‌  ‌the‌  ‌"Omnibus‌  ‌Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌Reconsideration‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌Admit‌‌  d) Motion‌‌for‌‌the‌‌issuance‌‌of‌‌a‌w
‌ rit‌‌of‌‌execution‌;  ‌‌ ‌
manager,‌  ‌to‌  ‌which‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  publication‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌  Attached‌  ‌Answer.”‌  ‌This‌  ‌was‌  ‌equivalent‌  ‌to‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌  ‌and‌‌ 
attached‌‌and‌‌   ‌ vested‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌court‌‌with‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌person‌‌of‌‌petitioner.‌  ‌ e) Motion‌‌for‌‌the‌‌issuance‌‌of‌‌an‌a
‌ lias‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌execution‌;  ‌‌ ‌

b) by‌‌
  an‌‌
  affidavit‌‌  showing‌‌  the‌‌
  ‌deposit‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ summons‌‌   ‌ f) Motion‌‌for‌‌the‌‌issuance‌‌of‌‌a‌w
‌ rit‌‌of‌‌possession‌;  ‌‌ ‌
and‌  ‌order‌  ‌for‌  ‌publication‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌post‌  ‌office,‌  ‌postage‌  ‌prepaid,‌‌  g) Motion‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  issuance‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  order‌‌
  directing‌‌ the‌‌ sheriff‌‌ to‌‌ 
RULE‌‌15‌‌Motions‌  ‌
directed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌‌
  by‌‌  registered‌‌   mail‌‌
  to‌‌  his‌‌
  last‌‌
  known‌‌  execute‌‌the‌‌final‌‌certificate‌‌of‌‌sale‌;‌‌and‌  ‌
address.‌  ‌
1. Motion‌‌defined;‌‌must‌‌be‌‌in‌‌writing‌  ‌ h) Other‌‌similar‌‌motions.‌‌   ‌
10. Effect‌‌of‌‌voluntary‌‌appearance‌‌of‌‌defendant‌  ‌
A‌‌motion‌‌is‌‌an‌‌application‌‌for‌‌relief‌‌other‌‌than‌‌by‌‌a‌‌pleading.‌‌   ‌ These‌‌  motions‌‌
  shall‌‌  ‌not‌‌
  be‌‌
  set‌‌
  for‌‌ hearing‌‌ and‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ resolved‌‌ by‌‌ 
Shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌equivalent‌  ‌to‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons.‌  ‌The‌  ‌inclusion‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌ the‌‌court‌‌within‌‌‌five‌‌(5)‌‌calendar‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌receipt‌‌thereof.‌  ‌
All‌‌  motions‌‌
  shall‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌in‌‌ writing‌‌ ‌except‌‌ ‌those‌‌ made‌‌ in‌‌ open‌‌ court‌‌ or‌‌ 
motion‌‌   to‌‌
  dismiss‌‌  of‌‌  other‌‌
  grounds‌‌  aside‌‌
  from‌‌  lack‌‌
  of‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ 
in‌‌the‌‌course‌‌of‌‌a‌‌hearing‌‌or‌‌trial.‌  ‌
over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌voluntary‌‌  Litigious‌‌motions‌.‌‌—  ‌‌ ‌
appearance.‌  ‌ A‌‌
  motion‌‌  made‌‌   in‌‌
  open‌‌
  court‌‌   or‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  course‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌hearing‌‌   or‌‌ 
(a) Litigious‌‌motions‌‌include:‌‌   ‌
trial‌  ‌should‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌be‌  ‌resolved‌  ‌in‌  ‌open‌‌  court,‌‌   after‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Modes‌‌of‌‌Service‌‌of‌‌Summons‌  ‌ adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌given‌  ‌the‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌to‌  ‌argue‌  ‌his‌  ‌or‌  ‌her‌‌  1) Motion‌‌for‌‌bill‌‌of‌‌particulars;‌‌   ‌
opposition‌‌thereto.‌‌   ‌ 2) Motion‌‌to‌‌dismiss;‌‌   ‌
1) Personal;‌  ‌
When‌‌   a ‌‌motion‌‌  is‌‌
  based‌‌
  on‌‌
  facts‌‌
  not‌‌
  appearing‌‌ on‌‌ record,‌‌ the‌‌  3) Motion‌‌for‌‌new‌‌trial;‌‌   ‌
2) Substituted;‌  ‌ court‌  ‌MAY‌  ‌hear‌  ‌the‌  ‌matter‌  ‌on‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌or‌  ‌depositions‌‌ 
3) By‌‌Publication.‌  ‌ presented‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌respective‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌but‌  ‌the‌‌  court‌‌
  may‌‌
  direct‌‌  4) Motion‌‌for‌‌reconsideration;‌  
that‌‌
  the‌‌   matter‌‌
  be‌‌ heard‌‌ wholly‌‌ or‌‌ partly‌‌ on‌‌ oral‌‌ testimony‌‌ or‌‌  5) Motion‌‌for‌‌execution‌‌pending‌‌appeal;‌‌   ‌
Pedro‌‌Santos,‌‌Jr‌‌v.‌‌PNOC‌,‌‌170943‌‌(2008)‌‌abandoned‌‌Citizens‌‌  depositions.‌‌   ‌
6) Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌amend‌  ‌after‌  ‌a ‌ ‌responsive‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌ 
Insurance‌  ‌ 2. Contents‌—
‌ ‌‌A‌‌motion‌‌shall‌‌state‌‌   ‌ filed;‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 28‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

a) that‌  ‌the‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌‌


  action‌‌
  is‌‌
  barred‌‌
  by‌‌
  a ‌‌prior‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  or‌‌ 
7) Motion‌‌to‌‌cancel‌‌statutory‌‌lien;‌‌   ‌ 1) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌‌ 
by‌‌the‌‌statute‌‌of‌‌limitations;‌‌   ‌
matter‌‌of‌‌the‌‌claim;‌‌   ‌
8) Motion‌‌for‌‌an‌‌order‌‌to‌‌break‌‌in‌‌or‌‌for‌‌a‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌demolition;‌‌   ‌
b) that‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌  ‌or‌  ‌demand‌  ‌set‌  ‌forth‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff’s‌‌ 
2) That‌‌
  there‌‌
  is‌‌ another‌‌ action‌‌ pending‌‌ between‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ 
9) Motion‌‌for‌‌intervention;‌‌   ‌ pleading‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌paid,‌‌
  waived,‌‌
  abandoned‌‌   or‌‌
  otherwise‌‌ 
parties‌‌for‌‌the‌‌same‌‌cause;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
10) Motion‌‌for‌‌judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌pleadings;‌‌   ‌ extinguished;‌‌or‌‌   ‌
3) That‌‌
  the‌‌
  cause‌‌
  of‌‌
  action‌‌
  is‌‌
  barred‌‌  by‌‌
  a ‌‌prior‌‌ judgment‌‌ 
11) Motion‌‌for‌‌summary‌‌judgment;‌‌   ‌ c) that‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌  ‌on‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  i‌ s‌  ‌founded‌  i‌ s‌‌ 
or‌‌by‌‌the‌‌statute‌‌of‌‌limitations;‌‌   ‌
unenforceable‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌statute‌  ‌of‌‌ 
12) Demurrer‌‌to‌‌evidence;‌‌   ‌ (b) Motion‌‌to‌h
‌ ear‌‌affirmative‌‌defenses‌; ‌ ‌ frauds‌,  ‌‌ ‌
13) Motion‌‌to‌‌declare‌‌defendant‌‌in‌‌default;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ (c) Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌reconsideration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court’s‌  ‌action‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌  shall‌‌‌bar‌‌the‌‌refiling‌o
‌ f‌‌the‌‌same‌‌action‌‌or‌‌claim.‌‌(§5,‌‌R16)‌  ‌
14) Other‌‌similar‌‌motions.‌‌   ‌ affirmative‌‌defenses;‌‌   ‌
(d) Motion‌‌  to‌‌
  ‌suspend‌‌  proceedings‌‌
  ‌without‌‌
  ‌a ‌‌TRO‌‌
  or‌‌ injunction‌‌  RULE‌‌16‌‌Motion‌‌to‌‌Dismiss‌  ‌
(b) All‌  ‌motions‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌by‌  ‌personal‌  ‌service,‌  ‌accredited‌‌ 
private‌‌  courier‌‌
  or‌‌
  registered‌‌   mail,‌‌   or‌‌
  electronic‌‌
  means‌‌ so‌‌ as‌‌ to‌‌  issued‌‌by‌‌a‌‌higher‌‌court;‌‌   ‌
[Provisions‌‌either‌‌deleted‌‌or‌‌transposed]‌  ‌
ensure‌‌their‌‌receipt‌‌by‌‌the‌‌other‌‌party.‌‌   ‌ (e) Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌extension‌  ‌of‌  ‌time‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌pleadings,‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(c) The‌‌ opposing‌‌ party‌‌ shall‌‌ file‌‌ his‌‌ or‌‌ her‌‌ opposition‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌litigious‌‌  any‌‌other‌‌papers,‌‌   ‌ RULE‌‌17‌‌Dismissal‌‌of‌‌Actions‌  ‌
motion‌‌   within‌‌
  ‌five‌‌
  (5)‌‌ calendar‌‌ days‌‌ from‌‌ receipt‌‌ thereof.‌‌ No‌‌  except‌a‌ ‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌extension‌‌to‌‌file‌‌an‌a
‌ nswer‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
other‌  ‌submissions‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌considered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  1. Upon‌‌notice‌‌by‌‌plaintiff‌  ‌
(f) Motion‌‌for‌p
‌ ostponement‌‌intended‌‌for‌‌delay,‌‌   ‌
resolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌motion.‌‌   ‌ By‌‌ filing‌‌ a ‌‌‌notice‌‌ of‌‌ dismissal‌ ‌at‌‌ ‌any‌‌ time‌‌ before‌‌ service‌‌ of‌‌ 
except‌i‌ f‌‌it‌‌is‌‌based‌‌on‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌motion‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌resolved‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌within‌  ‌fifteen‌  ‌(15)‌‌  the‌‌answer‌‌or‌‌of‌‌a‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌summary‌‌judgment‌.  ‌‌ ‌
calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌its‌  ‌receipt‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  opposition‌‌   thereto,‌‌  or‌‌
  upon‌‌  1) acts‌‌of‌‌God,‌‌   ‌
Two‌‌types‌‌of‌‌dismissal‌  ‌
expiration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌to‌‌file‌‌such‌‌opposition.‌‌   ‌
2) force‌‌majeure‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(1) With‌‌prejudice‌—
‌ ‌‌the‌‌case‌‌can‌‌no‌‌longer‌‌be‌‌re-filed.‌  ‌
4. Notice,‌‌proof‌‌of‌‌service‌  ‌
3) physical‌‌inability‌‌of‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌to‌‌appear‌‌and‌‌testify.‌‌   ‌
(2) Without‌‌prejudice‌‌‌—‌‌the‌‌case‌‌can‌‌be‌‌re-filed.‌  ‌
Notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌on‌  ‌litigious‌  ‌motions;‌  ‌discretionary.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌‌ 
If‌‌
  the‌‌
  motion‌‌   is‌‌
  granted‌‌
  based‌‌   on‌‌
  such‌‌
  exceptions,‌‌   the‌‌  moving‌‌ 
court‌  ‌may,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌discretion,‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌deemed‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  ‌ he‌‌dismissal‌‌is‌‌WITHOUT‌‌PREJUDICE.‌  ‌
T
party‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌warned‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌evidence‌‌ 
necessary‌‌for‌‌its‌‌resolution,‌‌call‌‌a‌‌hearing‌‌on‌‌the‌‌motion.‌‌   ‌
must‌  ‌still‌  ‌be‌  ‌terminated‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌dates‌  ‌previously‌  ‌agreed‌‌  EXC‌: ‌ ‌
Proof‌‌
  of‌‌
  service‌‌
  necessary.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌‌No‌‌ written‌‌ motion‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ acted‌‌  upon‌.‌   1.) When‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌itself,‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌himself‌‌ 
upon‌b
‌ y‌‌the‌‌court‌‌without‌‌proof‌‌of‌‌service‌‌thereof.‌  ‌ stated‌‌
  that‌‌
  he‌‌
  is‌‌
  dismissing‌‌   his‌‌
  own‌‌
  complaint‌‌   with‌‌ prejudice;‌‌ 
A‌‌
  ‌motion‌‌   for‌‌
  postponement‌, ‌‌whether‌‌   written‌‌
  or‌‌
  oral,‌‌  shall,‌‌ at‌‌ all‌‌ 
5. Motion‌‌for‌‌leave‌  ‌ times,‌  ‌be‌  ‌accompanied‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌official‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌  OR‌  ‌
office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌evidencing‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  2.) When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌notice‌  ‌operates‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌adjudication‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits‌‌ 
A‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌leave‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pleading‌  ‌or‌  ‌motion‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
accompanied‌‌by‌‌the‌‌pleading‌‌or‌‌motion‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌admitted.‌  ‌ postponement‌  ‌fee‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌accept‌  ‌the‌‌  when‌  ‌filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌plaintiff‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌once‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌
motion‌‌unless‌‌accompanied‌‌by‌‌the‌‌original‌‌receipt.‌‌   ‌ competent‌  ‌court‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌or‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌‌ 
6. Prohibited‌‌Motions‌⭐‌‌(§12)‌  ‌
7. Dismissal‌‌WITH‌‌Prejudice⭐‌  ‌ claim.‌‌This‌‌is‌‌the‌‌TWO-DISMISSAL‌‌RULE.‌  ‌
The‌‌following‌‌motions‌s‌ hall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌allowed‌:  ‌‌ ‌
Subject‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ of‌‌ ‌appeal‌, ‌‌an‌‌ order‌‌ granting‌‌ a ‌‌motion‌‌ to‌‌ dismiss‌‌  How‌‌to‌‌re-file‌‌action?‌  ‌
(a) Motion‌‌to‌‌dismiss‌‌‌except‌o
‌ n‌‌the‌‌following‌‌grounds:‌‌   ‌ or‌‌an‌‌affirmative‌‌defense‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 29‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

thereof‌  ‌may,‌  ‌with‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌, ‌ ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌intervene‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a) If‌  ‌within‌  ‌15‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌ordered‌  ‌dismissed,‌  ‌all‌‌  As‌‌  per‌‌
  AM‌‌
  03-01-09,‌‌   failure‌‌
  of‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  to‌‌
  move‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌ setting‌‌ 
action.‌‌   ‌
that‌‌ you‌‌ have‌‌ to‌‌ do‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ ask‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ ‌set‌‌ aside‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ of‌‌  of‌‌case‌‌for‌‌pre-trial‌‌is‌n‌ o‌‌longer‌‌a‌‌ground‌‌for‌‌dismissal‌. ‌ ‌
dismissal‌‌   and‌‌  revive‌‌   the‌‌ case‌‌ because‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ of‌‌ dismissal‌‌  The‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌consider‌‌   ‌
3.) Comply‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  Rules‌‌
  of‌‌
  Court‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ order‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ for‌‌ no‌‌ 
have‌‌not‌‌yet‌‌become‌‌final.‌  ‌
justifiable‌‌reason‌‌or‌‌cause.‌  ‌ a) WON‌  ‌the‌  ‌intervention‌  ‌will‌  ‌unduly‌  ‌delay‌  ‌or‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌the‌‌ 
b) However,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌dismissing‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌‌  adjudication‌‌of‌‌the‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌original‌‌parties,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
GR‌:‌‌  The‌‌
  court‌‌
  should‌‌  not‌‌
  dismiss‌‌  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  upon‌‌
  its‌‌
  own‌‌ initiative,‌‌ 
based‌  ‌on‌  ‌your‌  ‌own‌  ‌notice‌  ‌has‌  ‌become‌  ‌final‌  ‌after‌  ‌15‌‌   days‌, ‌‌
because‌  ‌the‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌for‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌are‌  ‌waivable.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌‌  b) WON‌  ‌the‌  ‌intervenor's‌  ‌rights‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌fully‌  ‌protected‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌
then‌‌
  the‌‌
  only‌‌   way‌‌   you‌‌  can‌‌
  revive‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  to‌‌
  file‌‌
  an‌‌
  entirely‌‌ new‌‌ 
defendant‌‌fails‌‌to‌‌move‌‌for‌‌dismissal,‌‌he‌‌is‌‌waiving‌‌the‌‌defect.‌  ‌ separate‌‌proceeding.‌‌   ‌
action‌. ‌ ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  The‌‌court‌‌may‌‌dismiss‌‌the‌‌complaint‌m
‌ otu‌‌propio‌: ‌ ‌ 2. Grounds‌  ‌
2. Upon‌‌motion‌  ‌
1. Section‌‌3,‌‌Rule‌‌17‌‌(Plaintiff’s‌‌fault);‌  ‌ a) The‌  ‌intervenor‌  ‌has‌  ‌a ‌ ‌legal‌  ‌interest‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌matter‌  ‌under‌‌ 
A‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌shall‌‌   not‌‌
  be‌‌
  dismissed‌‌   at‌‌  the‌‌  plaintiff's‌‌  instance‌‌  save‌‌ 
litigation;‌  ‌
upon‌‌   approval‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌   and‌‌
  upon‌‌   such‌‌   terms‌‌   and‌‌ conditions‌‌ as‌‌  2. When‌  ‌on‌  ‌its‌  ‌face,‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌shows‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌‌ 
the‌‌court‌‌deems‌‌proper.‌‌   ‌ jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌matter;‌  ‌ b) The‌‌  intervenor‌‌
  has‌‌
  a ‌‌legal‌‌
  interest‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌success‌‌
  ‌of‌‌ either‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌‌parties;‌  ‌
If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterclaim‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌pleaded‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defendant‌  ‌prior‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  3. When‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌litis‌  ‌pendentia‌; ‌ ‌or‌  ‌res‌  ‌adjudicata‌; ‌ ‌or‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌‌ 
service‌  ‌upon‌  ‌him‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiffs‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌dismissal,‌  ‌the‌‌  action‌‌has‌‌prescribed;‌  ‌ c) The‌‌intervenor‌‌has‌‌a‌‌legal‌‌interest‌a
‌ gainst‌‌both‌;‌‌OR‌  ‌
dismissal‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  limited‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  complaint.‌‌   The‌‌ dismissal‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌  4. Under‌‌   the‌‌
  Summary‌‌   Rules,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌   is‌‌  empowered‌‌   to‌‌
  dismiss‌‌  d) The‌  ‌Intervenor‌  ‌is‌  ‌so‌  ‌situated‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌
  adversely‌‌   affected‌‌
  by‌‌
  a ‌‌
without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌to‌  ‌prosecute‌  ‌his‌‌  immediately‌‌without‌‌any‌‌motion.‌  ‌ distribution‌  ‌or‌‌  other‌‌  disposition‌‌   of‌‌
  property‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌  custody‌‌
  of‌ 
counterclaim‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌  ‌action‌  ‌unless‌  ‌within‌  ‌fifteen‌  ‌(15)‌‌  the‌‌court‌‌or‌‌of‌‌an‌‌officer‌‌thereof.‌‌   ‌
calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌he‌  ‌manifests‌  ‌his‌‌  Is‌‌dismissal‌‌with‌‌prejudice?‌  ‌
preference‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌his‌  ‌counterclaim‌  ‌resolved‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌action.‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  The‌  ‌interest‌  ‌referred‌  ‌to‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌interest‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌direct,‌‌ 
‌YES‌. ‌ ‌Dismissal‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌fault‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌is‌  ‌with‌‌ 
Unless‌‌   otherwise‌‌   specified‌‌  in‌‌   order,‌‌ ‌a ‌‌dismissal‌‌ under‌‌ this‌‌ 
  the‌‌ immediate,‌  ‌actual,‌  ‌existing‌  ‌interest‌‌   as‌‌
  distinguished‌‌   from‌‌   expectant,‌‌ 
prejudice.‌  ‌
inchoate‌‌or‌‌contingent‌‌interest.‌  ‌
paragraph‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  without‌‌ prejudice‌. ‌‌A ‌‌class‌‌ suit‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  Unless‌‌the‌‌court‌‌provides‌‌otherwise.‌  ‌
be‌‌dismissed‌‌or‌‌compromised‌‌without‌‌the‌‌approval‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌ GR‌:‌‌  ‌Discretionary‌,‌‌as‌‌it‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right.‌  ‌
Section‌‌   3 ‌‌presupposes‌‌   that‌‌  the‌‌ court‌‌ acquired‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ 
Already‌d
‌ iscretionary‌‌o
‌ n‌‌the‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  ‌A‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right:‌  ‌
the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case,‌  ‌and‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  previous‌‌ 
GR‌:‌‌  If‌  ‌you‌‌
  dismiss‌‌
  the‌‌
  complaint,‌‌
  the‌‌
  compulsory‌‌
  counterclaim‌‌
  is‌‌  case‌‌in‌‌order‌‌that‌‌the‌‌dismissal‌‌be‌‌with‌‌prejudice.‌  ‌ 1.) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌intervenor‌  ‌turns‌  ‌out‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌an‌  ‌indispensable‌  ‌party;‌‌ 
also‌‌dismissed.‌  ‌ and‌  ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  The‌‌  defendant‌‌
  can‌‌
  revive‌‌
  the‌‌
  compulsory‌‌
  counterclaim‌‌
  within‌‌  RULE‌‌19‌‌Intervention‌  ‌ 2.) Class‌‌suit‌‌(Section‌‌12,‌‌Rule‌‌3)‌  ‌
15‌‌days.‌  ‌
An‌‌
  ‌INTERVENTION‌‌   ‌is‌‌
  a ‌‌proceeding‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌suit‌‌  or‌‌
  action‌‌  in‌‌ which‌‌ a ‌‌third‌‌  3. When‌‌to‌‌intervene‌  ‌
3. Dismissal‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌fault‌‌of‌‌plaintiff‌  ‌ person,‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌case,‌  ‌is‌  ‌permitted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌make‌‌  The‌  ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌intervene‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ny‌  ‌time‌  ‌before‌‌  
Upon‌‌motion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌or‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌court's‌‌own‌‌motion,‌‌   ‌ himself‌‌a‌‌party‌‌to‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌
rendition‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌‌by‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌court‌.  ‌‌ ‌
The‌‌case‌‌may‌‌be‌‌dismissed‌‌if‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌‌fails‌‌to:‌  ‌ 1. Who‌‌may‌‌intervene‌  ‌
4. Remedy‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌intervention‌  ‌
1.) Appear‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌
  date‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  presentation‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  evidence-in-chief‌‌  A‌‌ person‌‌ who‌‌ has‌‌ a ‌‌legal‌‌ interest‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ matter‌‌ in‌‌ litigation,‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
success‌‌  of‌‌  either‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties,‌‌   or‌‌
  an‌‌   interest‌‌   against‌‌
  both,‌‌ or‌‌ is‌‌ so‌‌  Mandamus‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌  a ‌‌remedy‌‌  as‌‌
  one‌‌  cannot‌‌
  compel‌‌   the‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ do‌‌ a ‌‌
on‌‌the‌‌complaint;‌  ‌
situated‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌adversely‌  ‌affected‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌distribution‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌‌  discretionary‌  ‌act.‌  ‌But,‌  ‌if‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌grave‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌discretion‌, ‌‌
2.) Prosecute‌‌his‌‌action‌‌for‌‌an‌‌unreasonable‌‌length‌‌of‌‌time;‌  ‌ disposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌property‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  custody‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌
  or‌‌  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  officer‌  mandamus‌‌‌or‌‌certiorari‌‌‌may‌‌be‌‌resorted‌‌to.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 30‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

5. Pleadings‌‌in‌‌intervention‌—
‌ ‌‌The‌‌intervenor‌‌shall‌‌file‌‌   ‌ Subpoena‌‌   ‌is‌‌
  a ‌‌process‌‌   directed‌‌
  to‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ requiring‌‌ him‌‌ to‌‌ attend‌‌  No‌  ‌prisoner‌  ‌sentenced‌  ‌to‌  ‌death,‌  ‌reclusion‌  ‌perpetua‌  ‌or‌  ‌life‌‌ 
and‌  ‌to‌  ‌testify‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌action,‌  ‌or‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌‌  imprisonment‌‌   and‌‌
  who‌‌   is‌‌ confined‌‌ in‌‌ any‌‌ penal‌‌ institution‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
a) a‌  ‌complaint-in-intervention‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌asserts‌  ‌a ‌ ‌claim‌  ‌against‌‌ 
investigation‌‌   conducted‌‌   by‌‌
  competent‌‌ authority,‌‌ or‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ taking‌‌ of‌‌  brought‌  ‌outside‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌  ‌penal‌  ‌institution‌  ‌for‌  ‌appearance‌  ‌or‌‌ 
either‌‌or‌‌all‌‌of‌‌the‌‌original‌‌parties,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
his‌‌deposition.‌‌   ‌ attendance‌‌in‌‌any‌‌court‌u ‌ nless‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌. ‌ ‌
b) an‌  ‌answer-in-intervention‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌unites‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌defending‌‌ 
It‌‌
  may‌‌ also‌‌ require‌‌ him‌‌ to‌‌ bring‌‌ with‌‌ him‌‌ any‌‌ books,‌‌ documents,‌‌ or‌‌  3. Grounds‌‌for‌‌quashing‌‌subpoena‌— ‌ ‌‌if‌‌it‌‌is‌‌   ‌
party‌‌in‌‌resisting‌‌a‌‌claim‌‌against‌‌the‌‌latter.‌  ‌
other‌‌  things‌‌   under‌‌  his‌‌ control,‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ case‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ called‌‌ a ‌‌subpoena‌‌ 
a. unreasonable‌‌and‌‌oppressive,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Answer‌  ‌to‌  ‌complaint-in-intervention.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌answer‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  duces‌‌tecum.‌  ‌
complaint-in-intervention‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌fifteen‌  ‌(15)‌‌  b. the‌‌   relevancy‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  books,‌‌   documents‌‌   or‌‌
  things‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ 
Kinds‌  ‌
calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌admitting‌  ‌the‌  ‌same,‌‌  appear,‌ o
‌ r‌‌   ‌
unless‌‌a‌‌different‌‌period‌‌is‌‌fixed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌ a) Subpoena‌  ‌duces‌  ‌tecum‌  ‌— ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌is‌  ‌directed‌  ‌to‌‌   bring‌‌   with‌‌ 
c. if‌‌   the‌‌   person‌‌   in‌‌  whose‌‌   behalf‌‌   the‌‌   subpoena‌‌   is‌‌ issued‌‌ fails‌‌ 
him‌‌any‌‌books,‌‌documents,‌‌or‌‌other‌‌things‌‌under‌‌his‌‌control.‌  ‌
Effect‌‌of‌‌Dismissal‌‌of‌‌Main‌‌Action‌  ‌ to‌‌advance‌‌the‌‌reasonable‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌the‌‌production‌‌thereof.‌  ‌
b) Subpoena‌  ‌ad‌  ‌testificandum‌  ‌— ‌‌witness‌‌   is‌‌  required‌‌   to‌‌
  attend‌‌ 
GR‌:‌‌  ‌Intervention‌‌also‌‌dismissed.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌quash‌  ‌a ‌ ‌subpoena‌  ‌ad‌  ‌testificandum‌‌   on‌‌   the‌‌
  ground‌‌ 
and‌‌to‌‌testify.‌  ‌
that‌‌the‌w‌ itness‌‌is‌‌not‌‌bound‌‌thereby‌.  ‌‌ ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  ‌If‌‌the‌‌intervention‌‌can‌‌stand‌‌on‌‌its‌‌own,‌‌it‌‌should‌‌continue.‌  ‌ c) Subpoena‌‌duces‌‌tecum‌‌ad‌‌testificandum‌. ‌ ‌
In‌‌
  either‌‌  case,‌‌   the‌‌   subpoena‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌ quashed‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ ground‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ 
Requisites‌  ‌ witness‌   f
‌ ees‌   a
‌ nd‌   k
‌ ilometrage‌   ‌allowed‌  ‌by‌  ‌these‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌were‌  ‌not‌‌ 
RULE‌‌20‌‌Calendar‌‌of‌‌Cases‌  ‌
Well-settled‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌
  rule‌‌
  that‌‌  before‌‌
  a ‌‌‌subpoena‌‌  duces‌‌   tecum‌‌  may‌‌   issue,‌‌  tendered‌w ‌ hen‌‌the‌‌subpoena‌‌was‌‌served.‌  ‌
1. Who‌‌prepares‌‌the‌‌calendar‌  ‌ the‌‌court‌‌must‌‌first‌‌be‌‌satisfied‌‌that‌‌the‌‌following‌‌requisites‌‌are‌‌present:‌   ‌ ‌ VIATORY‌  ‌RIGHT.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌bound‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌to‌  ‌testify‌  ‌if‌  ‌his‌‌ 
The‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court,‌‌  under‌‌
  the‌‌   direct‌‌
  supervision‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  judge,‌‌  shall‌‌  (1) the‌  ‌books,‌  ‌documents‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌things‌  ‌requested‌  ‌must‌  ‌appear‌‌  residence‌‌is‌‌more‌‌than‌1 ‌ 00‌‌km‌‌‌from‌‌the‌‌place‌‌of‌‌trial.‌ 
keep‌  ‌a ‌ ‌calendar‌  ‌of‌  ‌cases‌  ‌for‌  ‌pre-trial,‌  ‌for‌  ‌trial,‌‌
  those‌‌   whose‌‌   trials‌‌  prima‌  ‌facie‌  ‌relevant‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌controversy‌‌  4. How‌‌subpoena‌‌is‌‌served‌  ‌
were‌  ‌adjourned‌  ‌or‌  ‌postponed,‌  ‌and‌  ‌those‌  ‌with‌  ‌motions‌  ‌to‌  ‌set‌  ‌for‌‌  (‌test‌‌of‌‌relevancy‌);‌‌and‌  ‌
hearing.‌‌Preference‌s‌ hall‌‌be‌‌given‌‌to‌‌   ‌ Shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  i‌ n‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌manner‌  ‌as‌  ‌personal‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(2) such‌‌   books‌‌   must‌‌  be‌‌  reasonably‌‌  described‌‌   by‌‌  the‌‌   parties‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌  substituted‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌original‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
a) habeas‌‌corpus‌‌cases,‌‌   ‌ readily‌‌identified‌‌(t‌ est‌‌of‌‌definiteness‌).‌  ‌ exhibited‌‌   and‌‌   a ‌‌copy‌‌
  thereof‌‌
  delivered‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  on‌‌  whom‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ 
b) election‌‌cases,‌‌   ‌ 2. Who‌‌will‌‌issue‌‌the‌‌subpoena‌  ‌ served.‌  ‌The‌  ‌service‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌so‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌a ‌‌
reasonable‌  ‌time‌  ‌for‌  ‌preparation‌  ‌and‌  ‌travel‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌of‌‌ 
c) special‌‌civil‌‌actions,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ (a) the‌‌court‌‌before‌‌whom‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌is‌‌required‌‌to‌‌attend;‌  ‌
attendance.‌‌   ‌
d) those‌‌so‌‌required‌‌by‌‌law.‌  ‌ (b) the‌‌court‌‌of‌‌the‌‌place‌‌where‌‌the‌‌deposition‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌taken;‌  ‌
Costs‌  ‌for‌  ‌court‌  ‌attendance‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌production‌  ‌of‌  ‌documents‌‌ 
2. Assignment‌‌of‌‌cases‌  ‌ (c) the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌or‌  ‌body‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌so‌‌   in‌‌  connection‌‌  and‌‌  other‌‌   materials‌‌   subject‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ subpoena‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ tendered‌‌ 
Shall‌  ‌be‌‌   done‌‌  ‌exclusively‌‌   by‌‌  raffle‌. ‌‌The‌‌  assignment‌‌   shall‌‌  be‌‌
  done‌‌  with‌ i
‌ nvestigations‌ c
‌ onducted‌ b
‌ y‌ s
‌ aid‌ o
‌ fficer‌ o
‌ r‌ b
‌ ody;‌ o
‌ r‌
  ‌ or‌c
‌ harged‌ a
‌ ccordingly.‌   ‌
in‌  ‌open‌  ‌session‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌adequate‌  ‌notice‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌so‌  ‌as‌‌
  to‌‌  (d) any‌  ‌Justice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌SC‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  CA‌‌
  in‌‌
  any‌‌
  case‌‌
  or‌‌
  investigation‌‌  Personal‌  ‌appearance‌  ‌in‌  ‌court.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌person‌  ‌present‌  ‌in‌  ‌court‌‌ 
afford‌‌interested‌‌parties‌‌the‌‌opportunity‌‌to‌‌be‌‌present.‌  ‌ pending‌‌within‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌ before‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judicial‌  ‌officer‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  required‌‌
  to‌‌
  testify‌‌
  as‌‌
  if‌‌
  he‌‌
  were‌‌
  in‌‌ 
attendance‌‌upon‌‌a‌‌subpoena‌‌is‌‌sued‌‌by‌‌such‌‌court‌‌or‌‌officer.‌  ‌
When‌‌  application‌‌   for‌‌
  a ‌‌subpoena‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌prisoner‌‌ is‌‌ made,‌‌ the‌‌ judge‌‌ or‌‌ 
RULE‌‌21‌‌Subpoena‌  ‌ officer‌  ‌shall‌  ‌examine‌  ‌and‌  ‌study‌  ‌carefully‌  ‌such‌  ‌application‌  ‌to‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  ‌  ‌ ‌person‌  ‌can‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌compelled‌  ‌to‌  ‌testify‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌been‌‌ 
A
determine‌‌whether‌‌the‌‌same‌‌is‌‌made‌‌for‌‌a‌‌valid‌‌purpose.‌  ‌ served‌‌with‌‌a‌‌subpoena.‌  ‌
1. Kinds‌‌of‌‌subpoena‌  ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  ‌If‌‌he‌‌is‌‌present‌‌in‌‌court‌‌before‌‌a‌‌judicial‌‌officer.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 31‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

5. Sanction‌‌for‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌obey‌‌subpoena‌  ‌ How‌‌   to‌‌


  compute‌‌  time.‌‌
  — ‌‌The‌‌  day‌‌
  of‌‌  the‌‌  act‌‌
  or‌‌  event‌‌  from‌‌
  which‌‌  (f ) The‌  ‌propriety‌  ‌of‌  ‌rendering‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleadings,‌  ‌or‌‌ 

In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌‌


  a ‌‌witness‌‌   to‌‌
  attend,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  or‌‌
  judge‌‌   issuing‌‌ 
the‌  ‌designated‌  ‌period‌‌
  of‌‌
  time‌‌
  begins‌‌   to‌‌  run‌‌  is‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  ‌excluded‌‌  ‌and‌‌  summary‌  ‌judgment‌, ‌ ‌or‌‌  of‌‌  ‌dismissing‌‌  ‌the‌‌  action‌‌  should‌‌  a ‌‌
the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌performance‌i‌ ncluded‌.  ‌‌ ‌ valid‌‌ground‌‌therefor‌‌be‌‌found‌‌to‌‌exist;‌  ‌
the‌‌   subpoena,‌‌   upon‌‌  proof‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ service‌‌ thereof‌‌ and‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ failure‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌  ‌witness,‌  ‌may‌‌
  issue‌‌   ‌warrant‌‌
  a‌‌   ‌to‌‌  the‌‌  sheriff‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌  province,‌‌  If‌‌
  the‌‌
  last‌‌
  day‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  period,‌‌ as‌‌ thus‌‌ computed,‌‌ falls‌‌ on‌‌ a ‌‌Saturday,‌‌ a ‌‌ (g) The‌‌requirement‌‌for‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌to:‌‌   ‌
or‌  ‌his‌‌
  deputy,‌‌   to‌‌
  arrest‌‌   the‌‌  witness‌‌
  and‌‌
  bring‌‌  him‌‌  before‌‌   the‌‌
  court‌‌  Sunday,‌‌   or‌‌
  a‌‌
  legal‌‌  holiday‌‌  in‌‌ the‌‌ place‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ sits,‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ 
1. Mark‌  ‌their‌  ‌respective‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌if‌  ‌not‌  ‌yet‌‌
  marked‌‌ 
or‌  ‌officer‌  ‌where‌  ‌his‌  ‌attendance‌  ‌is‌  ‌required,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌cost‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌  shall‌‌not‌‌run‌‌until‌‌the‌‌next‌‌working‌‌day.‌‌   ‌
in‌‌the‌‌judicial‌‌affidavits‌‌of‌‌their‌‌witnesses;‌  ‌
warrant‌‌   and‌‌
  seizure‌‌   of‌‌
  such‌‌   witness‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  paid‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ witness‌‌ if‌‌  Effect‌‌
  of‌‌
  interruption.‌‌   — ‌‌Should‌‌   an‌‌
  act‌‌
  be‌‌
  done‌‌
  which‌‌ effectively‌‌ 
the‌  ‌court‌  ‌issuing‌  ‌it‌  ‌shall‌  ‌determine‌  ‌that‌  ‌his‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌answer‌‌   the‌‌  2. Examine‌  ‌and‌  ‌make‌  ‌comparisons‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌‌ 
interrupts‌‌   the‌‌
  running‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ period,‌‌ the‌‌ allowable‌‌ period‌‌ after‌‌ such‌‌ 
subpoena‌‌was‌‌willful‌‌and‌‌without‌‌just‌‌excuse.‌‌   ‌ parties'‌‌evidence‌‌vis-a-vis‌‌the‌‌copies‌‌to‌‌be‌‌marked;‌  ‌
interruption‌  ‌shall‌  ‌start‌  ‌to‌  ‌run‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌day‌  ‌after‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Contempt‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Failure‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌person‌  ‌without‌  ‌adequate‌  ‌cause‌  ‌to‌‌  cessation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌cause‌‌thereof.‌  ‌ 3. Manifest‌‌  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  record‌‌
  stipulations‌‌ regarding‌‌ the‌‌ 
obey‌‌
  a ‌‌subpoena‌‌
  served‌‌
  upon‌‌
  him‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌   a ‌‌‌contempt‌‌
  deemed‌‌   faithfulness‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌reproductions‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌‌  day‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ act‌‌ that‌‌ caused‌‌ the‌‌ interruption‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ ‌excluded‌‌ ‌in‌‌ 
genuineness‌  ‌and‌  ‌due‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌from‌‌which‌‌the‌‌subpoena‌‌is‌‌issued.‌  ‌ the‌‌computation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period.‌  ‌
 ‌
parties'‌‌evidence;‌  ‌
6. Exception‌:‌‌Viatory‌‌right‌‌of‌‌a‌‌witness‌  ‌
V.‌‌Pre-Trial‌  ‌ 4. Reserve‌‌ evidence‌‌ not‌‌ available‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ pre-trial,‌‌ but‌‌ 
Shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌apply‌‌
  to‌‌
  a ‌‌witness‌‌
  who‌‌   resides‌‌  more‌‌   than‌‌
  ‌one‌‌
  hundred‌‌  only‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌manner:‌‌   ‌
(100)‌  ‌kilometers‌  ‌from‌  ‌his‌  ‌residence‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌where‌‌   he‌‌
  is‌‌
  to‌‌ 
A.‌‌When‌‌Conducted‌  ‌ a. For‌  ‌testimonial‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌by‌  ‌giving‌  ‌the‌‌ 
testify‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  ordinary‌‌   course‌‌
  of‌‌ travel,‌‌ or‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌detention‌‌ prisoner‌‌ if‌‌ 
name‌  ‌or‌  ‌position‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
no‌  ‌permission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌his‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending‌  ‌was‌‌  After‌  ‌the‌  ‌last‌  ‌responsive‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌served‌  ‌and‌  ‌filed,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
branch‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌issue,‌  ‌within‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌‌  testimony‌‌of‌‌the‌‌proposed‌‌witness;‌  ‌
obtained.‌  ‌
from‌  ‌filing,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌which‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌  set‌‌
  not‌‌
  later‌‌
  than‌‌  b. For‌  ‌documentary‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌‌ 
 ‌ Summons‌  ‌ Subpoena‌  ‌
sixty‌  ‌(60)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌last‌  ‌responsive‌‌  object‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌by‌  ‌giving‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌‌ 
pleading.‌  ‌ description‌‌of‌‌the‌‌evidence.‌‌   ‌
Directed‌‌at‌  ‌ Defendant‌  ‌ Witness‌  ‌
B.‌‌Nature‌‌and‌‌Purpose‌  ‌ No‌‌
  reservation‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  allowed‌‌
  if‌‌
  not‌‌ made‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
To‌  ‌ File‌‌a‌‌responsive‌‌  Appear‌‌in‌‌court‌‌to‌‌testify‌‌  manner‌‌described‌‌above.‌‌   ‌
pleading‌‌to‌‌a‌‌complaint‌‌  and/or‌‌bring‌‌documents‌  ‌ The‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌is‌  ‌mandatory‌  ‌and‌‌
  should‌‌
  be‌‌
  terminated‌‌
  promptly‌. ‌‌
filed‌‌against‌‌him‌  ‌ The‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌consider:‌  ‌ (h) Such‌‌
  other‌‌
  matters‌‌
  as‌‌
  may‌‌
  aid‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ prompt‌‌ disposition‌‌ of‌‌ the‌ 
action.‌  ‌
Otherwise‌  ‌ A‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌default‌‌  He‌‌will‌‌be‌‌cited‌‌in‌‌  (a) The‌  ‌possibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌amicable‌  ‌settlement‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
submission‌‌to‌‌alternative‌‌modes‌‌of‌‌dispute‌‌resolution;‌  ‌ The‌  ‌failure‌  ‌without‌  ‌just‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌AND‌  ‌counsel‌‌
  to‌‌
  appear‌‌ 
will‌‌be‌‌rendered‌‌against‌‌  contempt‌‌or‌‌be‌‌arrested‌  ‌
during‌  ‌pre-trial,‌  ‌despite‌  ‌notice,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌result‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌waiver‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌‌ 
him‌  ‌ (b) The‌‌simplification‌o ‌ f‌‌the‌‌issues;‌  ‌ objections‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ faithfulness‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ reproductions‌‌ marked,‌‌ or‌‌ their‌‌ 
(c) The‌  ‌possibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌obtaining‌  ‌stipulations‌  ‌or‌  ‌admissions‌  ‌of‌‌ 
genuineness‌‌and‌‌due‌‌execution.‌‌   ‌
Applicable‌  ‌ In‌‌civil‌‌cases‌  ‌ Both‌‌civil‌‌and‌‌criminal‌  ‌
facts‌‌‌and‌‌of‌‌documents‌‌to‌‌avoid‌‌unnecessary‌‌proof;‌  ‌ The‌  ‌failure‌  ‌without‌‌  just‌‌
  cause‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌   and/or‌‌   counsel‌‌
  to‌‌
  bring‌‌ 
Viatory‌‌right‌  ‌ Inapplicable‌  ‌ Applies‌  ‌ the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌required‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌waiver‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(d) The‌  ‌l imitation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌number‌  ‌and‌  ‌identification‌  ‌of‌‌ 
presentation‌‌of‌‌such‌‌evidence.‌‌   ‌
 ‌ witnesses‌a
‌ nd‌‌the‌‌setting‌‌of‌‌trial‌‌dates‌; ‌ ‌
(e) The‌  ‌advisability‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌preliminary‌  ‌reference‌  ‌of‌  ‌issues‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌
C.‌‌Notice‌‌and‌‌Mandatory‌‌Appearance‌‌of‌‌Parties‌  ‌
RULE‌‌22‌‌Computation‌‌of‌‌Time‌  ‌
commissioner‌; ‌ ‌ The‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌pre-trial‌‌shall‌‌include‌‌the‌‌dates‌‌respectively‌‌set‌‌for:‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 32‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

(10)‌‌  calendar‌‌
  days‌‌
  from‌‌   termination‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  pre-trial,‌‌
  ‌and‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ 
(a) Pre-trial;‌  ‌ 2.) Failure‌‌to‌‌appear‌‌in‌‌a‌‌pre-trial‌‌conference‌‌(Rule‌‌18,‌‌§5);‌ 
to‌‌render‌‌judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌basis‌o‌ f‌‌the‌‌evidence‌‌offered‌. ‌ ‌
(b) Court-Annexed‌‌Mediation;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 3.) Failure‌‌to‌‌file‌‌a‌‌pre-trial‌‌brief‌‌(Rule‌‌18,‌‌§6)‌  ‌
GR‌:‌‌  ‌ oth‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌AND‌‌
B   counsel‌‌
  must‌‌
  appear,‌‌
  otherwise,‌‌
  the‌‌
  action‌‌ 
(c) Judicial‌‌Dispute‌‌Resolution,‌‌if‌‌necessary.‌‌   ‌ shall‌‌be‌‌dismissed‌‌with‌‌prejudice.‌  ‌ F.‌‌Pre-Trial‌‌Order‌  ‌
Non-appearance‌  ‌at‌‌
  any‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  foregoing‌‌  settings‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  deemed‌‌  EXC‌:‌‌  Unless‌‌otherwise‌‌ordered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌ Upon‌  ‌termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌issue‌  ‌an‌‌   order‌‌ 
as‌  ‌non-appearance‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌merit‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌‌  within‌‌   ten‌‌
  (10)‌‌  calendar‌‌
  days‌‌  ‌which‌‌   shall‌‌
  recite‌‌ in‌‌ detail‌‌ the‌‌ matters‌‌ 
Remedy‌‌   of‌‌
  defendant‌‌
  if‌‌
  he‌‌
  failed‌‌
  to‌‌
  attend‌‌
  the‌‌   pre-trial‌‌ — ‌‌‌Motion‌‌ 
sanctions‌‌under‌‌Section‌‌5‌‌hereof.‌  ‌ taken‌‌up.‌x‌ xxx‌  ‌
for‌‌Reconsideration‌,‌‌NOT‌a‌ ‌‌motion‌‌to‌‌lift‌‌default.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌non-appearance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌‌
  and‌‌
  counsel‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  excused‌‌
  only‌‌  The‌  ‌direct‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌ 
GR‌:‌‌  ‌  ‌‌second‌‌
A   pre-trial‌‌
  cannot‌‌
  be‌‌
  granted.‌‌
  The‌‌
  remedy‌‌
  instead‌‌
  is‌‌
  to‌‌ 
for‌‌   ‌ form‌  ‌of‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌affidavits.‌  ‌After‌  ‌the‌  ‌identification‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌ 
go‌‌to‌‌trial.‌  ‌
a) acts‌‌of‌‌God,‌‌   ‌ affidavits,‌‌cross-examination‌‌shall‌‌proceed‌‌immediately.‌‌   ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  UNLESS‌  ‌the‌‌   parties‌‌
  themselves‌‌   had‌‌
  voluntarily‌‌
  agreed‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌ 
b) force‌m‌ ajeure,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ Postponement‌  ‌of‌  ‌presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties’‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌‌
case‌‌be‌‌set‌‌anew‌‌for‌‌pre-trial.‌  ‌
c) duly‌‌substantiated‌‌physical‌‌inability.‌‌   ‌ scheduled‌‌date‌‌is‌‌prohibited,‌‌except‌‌if‌‌it‌‌is‌‌based‌‌on‌‌   ‌
A‌  ‌representative‌  ‌may‌  ‌appear‌  ‌on‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party,‌  ‌but‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌‌ 
E.‌‌Pre-trial‌‌Brief‌  ‌
a) acts‌‌of‌‌God,‌‌   ‌
fully‌‌authorized‌‌in‌‌writing‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌parties‌  ‌shall‌  ‌file‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌‌
  serve‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  adverse‌‌  party‌‌   at‌‌  b) force‌m‌ ajeure‌‌or‌‌   ‌
a) to‌‌enter‌‌into‌‌an‌‌amicable‌‌settlement,‌‌   ‌ least‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial,‌  ‌their‌‌  c) duly‌  ‌substantiated‌  ‌physical‌  ‌inability‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌to‌‌ 
b) to‌‌submit‌‌to‌‌alternative‌‌modes‌‌of‌‌dispute‌‌resolution,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ respective‌‌pre-trial‌‌briefs.‌  ‌ appear‌‌and‌‌testify.‌‌   ‌
c) to‌  ‌enter‌  i‌ nto‌  ‌stipulations‌  ‌or‌  ‌admissions‌  ‌of‌  ‌facts‌  ‌and‌  Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌‌
  the‌‌
  pre-trial‌‌
  brief‌‌
  shall‌‌
  have‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  effect‌‌  The‌  ‌party‌  ‌who‌  ‌caused‌  ‌the‌  ‌postponement‌  ‌is‌  ‌warned‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
documents.‌‌   ‌ as‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌appear‌‌at‌‌the‌‌pre-trial.‌  ‌ presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌must‌  ‌still‌  ‌be‌  ‌terminated‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌ 
GR‌:‌‌  I‌ n‌‌
  a ‌‌pre-trial,‌‌
  the‌‌
  law‌‌
  requires‌‌ the‌‌ presence‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ party‌‌ and‌‌ his‌‌  remaining‌‌dates‌‌previously‌‌agreed‌‌upon.‌‌   ‌
Fails‌‌to‌‌appear‌‌at‌‌pre-trial‌‌or‌‌file‌‌a‌‌brief‌  ‌
counsel‌  ‌because‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pre-trial‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌consider‌  ‌the‌‌  Should‌  ‌the‌  ‌opposing‌  ‌party‌  ‌fail‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌without‌  ‌valid‌  ‌cause‌‌ 
possibility‌‌of‌‌an‌‌amicable‌‌settlement.‌  ‌ Plaintiff‌  ‌ Dismissal‌‌with‌‌prejudice‌. ‌ ‌ stated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌next‌  ‌preceding‌  ‌paragraph,‌  ‌the‌  ‌presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  A‌  ‌valid‌  ‌cause‌  ‌is‌  ‌shown‌  ‌therefor‌  ‌or‌  ‌if‌  ‌a ‌ ‌representative‌  ‌shall‌‌  scheduled‌  ‌witness‌  ‌will‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌absent‌  ‌party‌  ‌being‌‌ 
Defendant‌  ‌ Allow‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌‌to‌‌present‌‌his‌‌evidence‌e‌ x-parte‌. ‌ ‌ deemed‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌waived‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌interpose‌  ‌objection‌  ‌and‌‌ 
appear‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌fully‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌through‌  ‌a ‌‌
power‌  ‌of‌  ‌attorney‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌corporation,‌  ‌through‌  ‌a ‌‌ conduct‌‌cross-examination.‌‌   ‌
What‌‌  are‌‌
  the‌‌ instances‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ PLAINTIFF‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ penalized‌‌ by‌‌ 
board‌‌resolution.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌contents‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌order‌  ‌shall‌  ‌control‌  ‌the‌  ‌subsequent‌‌ 
the‌‌court‌‌with‌‌a‌‌dismissal‌‌of‌‌his‌‌complaint?‌  ‌
proceedings,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌modified‌  ‌before‌  ‌trial‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌manifest‌‌ 
D.‌‌Effect‌‌of‌‌Failure‌‌to‌‌Appear‌  ‌ 1.) Where‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌  injustice.‌  ‌
Section‌  ‌5.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌When‌  ‌duly‌  ‌notified‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌and‌‌  evidence-in-chief‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌his‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌‌(Rule‌‌17,‌‌§3);‌  ‌
GR‌:‌‌  ‌ he‌  ‌contents‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌order‌  ‌shall‌  ‌control‌  ‌the‌‌ 
T
counsel‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌without‌  ‌valid‌‌   cause‌‌  ‌when‌‌   so‌‌
  required‌‌  pursuant‌‌   to‌‌  2.) Failure‌‌to‌‌appear‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pre-trial‌‌conference‌‌(Rule‌‌18,‌‌§5);‌  subsequent‌‌course‌‌of‌‌the‌‌action‌  ‌
the‌  ‌next‌  ‌preceding‌  ‌section‌  ‌shall‌‌
  be‌‌  cause‌‌  for‌‌
  ‌dismissal‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  action‌. ‌‌
The‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌WITH‌  ‌prejudice‌, ‌ ‌unless‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌ordered‌  ‌by‌‌  3.) Failure‌‌to‌‌file‌‌a‌‌pre-trial‌‌brief‌‌(Rule‌‌18,‌‌§6)‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  UNLESS‌‌modified‌‌before‌‌trial‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌manifest‌‌injustice.‌  ‌
the‌‌court.‌‌   ‌ When‌  ‌would‌  ‌the‌  ‌DEFENDANT‌  ‌be‌  ‌penalized‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌that‌‌  G.‌‌CAM‌‌and‌‌JDR⭐‌  ‌
A‌  ‌similar‌  ‌failure‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌and‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  plaintiff‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌  ‌his‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌  ‌and‌‌ 
cause‌‌   to‌‌
  allow‌‌
  the‌‌  plaintiff‌‌   to‌‌
  present‌‌   his‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  ‌ex‌‌ parte‌‌ ‌within‌‌ ten‌‌  judgment‌‌be‌‌rendered‌‌based‌‌purely‌‌on‌‌such‌‌evidence?‌  ‌ Court-Annexed‌  ‌Mediation‌. ‌ ‌— ‌‌AFTER‌‌  pre-trial‌‌  and,‌‌  after‌‌  issues‌‌  are‌‌ 
joined,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌refer‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌for‌  ‌mandatory‌  ‌court-annexed‌‌ 
1.) Failure‌‌to‌‌file‌‌an‌‌answer‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌9‌‌on‌‌Default;‌  ‌
mediation.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 33‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

The‌  ‌period‌  ‌for‌  ‌CAM‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌exceed‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌‌  (b) Before‌‌action‌‌or‌‌pending‌‌appeal‌‌(Rule‌‌24)‌I‌ n‌‌  (3) whether‌‌relating‌‌to‌‌the‌‌claim‌‌or‌‌defense‌‌of‌‌any‌‌other‌‌party,‌‌   ‌
without‌‌further‌‌extension.‌  ‌ Perpetuam‌‌Rei‌‌Memoriam‌; ‌ ‌
(4) including‌‌  the‌‌
  existence,‌‌ description,‌‌ nature,‌‌ custody,‌‌ condition,‌‌ 
Judicial‌  ‌Dispute‌  ‌Resolution.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Only‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌‌  B. WRITTEN‌‌INTERROGATORIES‌‌TO‌‌PARTIES‌‌‌(Rule‌‌25);‌  ‌ and‌‌
  location‌‌
  of‌‌
  any‌‌
  books,‌‌
  documents,‌‌   or‌‌ other‌‌ tangible‌‌ things‌‌ 
which‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ was‌‌ originally‌‌ raffled‌‌ is‌‌ convinced‌‌ that‌‌ settlement‌‌ is‌‌ still‌‌  and‌‌   ‌
C. REQUEST‌‌FOR‌‌ADMISSION‌‌OF‌‌ADVERSE‌‌PARTIES‌‌‌(Rule‌‌ 
possible,‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  may‌‌  be‌‌ referred‌‌ to‌‌ ‌another‌‌ court‌‌ for‌‌ judicial‌‌ dispute‌‌  26);‌  ‌ (5) the‌  ‌identity‌  ‌and‌  ‌location‌  ‌of‌  ‌persons‌  ‌having‌  ‌knowledge‌  ‌of‌‌ 
resolution.‌‌   ‌ relevant‌‌facts.‌  ‌
D. PRODUCTION‌‌OR‌‌INSPECTION‌‌OF‌‌DOCUMENTS‌‌AND‌‌ 
The‌  ‌JDR‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌non-extendible‌  ‌period‌‌
  of‌‌
  fifteen‌  THINGS‌‌‌(Rule‌‌27);‌‌and‌  ‌ LIMITATIONS‌  ‌
(15)‌‌calendar‌‌days‌‌‌from‌n ‌ otice‌‌of‌f‌ ailure‌o ‌ f‌‌the‌‌CAM‌.  ‌‌ ‌
E. PHYSICAL‌‌AND‌‌MENTAL‌‌EXAMINATION‌‌OF‌‌PERSONS‌‌‌(Rule‌‌  1. Matter‌‌not‌‌be‌‌privileged;‌  ‌
If‌  ‌JDR‌  ‌fails,‌  ‌trial‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌dates‌‌  28)‌  ‌
agreed‌‌upon.‌‌   ‌ 2. Must‌‌be‌‌relevant‌‌to‌‌the‌‌case;‌  ‌

All‌‌proceedings‌‌during‌‌the‌‌CAM‌‌and‌‌the‌‌JDR‌‌shall‌‌be‌c‌ onfidential‌. ‌ ‌ RULE‌‌23‌‌Depositions‌‌Pending‌‌Actions‌  ‌ 3. Protection‌‌of‌‌deponents‌‌under‌‌Secs‌‌16‌‌and‌‌18.‌  ‌

H.‌‌Judgment‌‌After‌‌Pre-Trial⭐‌  ‌ 4. Use‌‌of‌‌Deposition‌  ‌
1. When‌  ‌May‌  ‌be‌  ‌Taken‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Upon‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌, ‌‌the‌‌ 
testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌person,‌  ‌whether‌  ‌a ‌‌party‌‌
  or‌‌
  not,‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  taken,‌‌  at‌‌  At‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial‌‌ or‌‌ ‌upon‌‌ the‌‌ hearing‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌motion‌‌ or‌‌ an‌‌ ‌interlocutory‌‌ 
Should‌‌there‌‌be‌‌   ‌
the‌‌instance‌‌of‌‌any‌‌party,‌‌by‌‌deposition‌‌upon‌‌   ‌ proceeding‌, ‌‌any‌‌ part‌‌ or‌‌ all‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌deposition‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ used‌‌ against‌‌ any‌‌ 
a) no‌‌more‌‌controverted‌‌facts,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ party‌‌ who‌‌ was‌‌ present‌‌ or‌‌ represented‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ taking‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ deposition‌‌ 
(1) oral‌‌examination‌o‌ r‌‌   ‌ or‌  ‌who‌  ‌had‌  ‌due‌  ‌notice‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌‌
  with‌‌  any‌‌
  one‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
b) no‌‌more‌‌genuine‌‌issue‌‌as‌‌to‌‌any‌‌material‌‌fact,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
following‌‌provisions:‌  ‌
c) an‌‌absence‌‌of‌‌any‌‌issue,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ (2) written‌‌interrogatories‌.  ‌‌ ‌
The‌  ‌attendance‌  ‌of‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌compelled‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌use‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ (a) Any‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌  ‌by‌  ‌ANY‌  ‌party‌ 
f‌ or‌  t‌ he‌‌ 
d) should‌‌the‌‌answer‌‌fail‌‌to‌‌tender‌‌an‌‌issue,‌‌   ‌
subpoena.‌  ‌The‌  ‌deposition‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌person‌‌
  ‌confined‌‌
  in‌‌
  prison‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌  purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌contradicting‌  ‌or‌  ‌impeaching‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌‌
  court‌‌   shall,‌‌
  without‌‌
  prejudice‌‌   to‌‌ a ‌‌party‌‌ moving‌‌ for‌‌ judgment‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌  taken‌o ‌ nly‌‌by‌‌leave‌‌of‌‌court‌o‌ n‌‌such‌‌terms‌‌as‌‌the‌‌court‌‌prescribes.‌  ‌ testimony‌‌of‌‌the‌‌deponent‌‌‌as‌‌a‌‌witness‌; ‌ ‌
pleadings‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌34‌  ‌or‌  ‌summary‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌35,‌  ‌motu‌‌ 
proprio‌  ‌include‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌be‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌for‌‌  DEPOSITION‌  is‌  ‌the‌  ‌written‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌‌  given‌‌  in‌‌  the‌‌  (b) The‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌one‌  ‌who‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌‌ 
summary‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleadings,‌  ‌without‌  ‌need‌  ‌of‌‌  course‌  ‌of‌  ‌a‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌proceeding,‌  ‌in‌  ‌advance‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial‌‌
  or‌‌
  hearing,‌‌  taking‌‌ the‌‌ deposition‌‌ was‌‌ an‌‌ officer,‌‌ director,‌‌ or‌‌ managing‌‌ agent‌‌ 
position‌  ‌papers‌  ‌or‌  ‌memoranda.‌  ‌In‌  ‌such‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  upon‌‌ oral‌‌ examination‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ response‌‌ to‌‌ written‌‌ interrogatories,‌‌ and‌‌  of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌  ‌or‌  ‌private‌‌
  corporation,‌‌   partnership,‌‌  or‌‌   association‌‌ 
rendered‌  ‌within‌  ‌ninety‌  ‌(90)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  where‌‌an‌‌opportunity‌‌is‌‌given‌‌for‌‌cross-examination.‌‌   ‌ which‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌for‌‌
  any‌‌ 
pre-trial.‌‌   ‌ LEAVE‌‌OF‌‌COURT‌‌REQUIRED?‌Y ‌ ES‌,‌‌if‌‌deponent‌‌is‌‌confined‌‌in‌‌prison.‌  ‌ purpose‌; ‌ ‌
The‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌submit‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌‌
  for‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  shall‌not‌‌
    be‌‌  2. Kinds‌‌of‌‌Deposition‌  ‌ (c) The‌‌
  deposition‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌witness,‌‌ whether‌‌ or‌‌ not‌‌ a ‌‌party,‌‌ 
the‌‌subject‌‌to‌‌appeal‌‌or‌‌certiorari‌.‌
may‌‌
  be‌‌
  used‌‌
  by‌‌
  any‌‌
  party‌‌
  for‌‌ any‌‌ purpose‌‌ ‌if‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ 
 ‌

1.) Deposition‌‌upon‌‌‌oral‌‌examination;‌‌and‌  ‌
finds:‌‌   ‌
VI.‌‌Modes‌‌of‌‌Discovery‌  ‌ 2.) Deposition‌‌upon‌‌written‌‌interrogatories.‌  ‌
(1) that‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌is‌‌dead,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
3. Scope‌‌of‌‌Examination‌‌—‌T
‌ he‌‌deponent‌‌may‌‌be‌‌examined‌‌   ‌
A. DEPOSITIONS‌—
‌   ‌‌ ‌ (2) that‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌resides‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌ ‌distance‌  ‌more‌‌   than‌‌   one‌‌ 
(1) regarding‌‌any‌‌matter,‌‌not‌‌privileged,‌‌   ‌
(a) Pending‌‌action‌‌‌(Rule‌‌23)‌D
‌ e‌‌Benne‌‌Esse‌a‌ nd‌  ‌ hundred‌‌   (100)‌‌   kilometers‌‌   from‌‌   the‌‌
  place‌‌ of‌‌ trial‌‌ or‌ 
(2) which‌‌is‌‌relevant‌‌to‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌of‌‌the‌‌pending‌‌action,‌‌   ‌ hearing,‌‌   or‌‌  is‌‌
  out‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Philippines,‌‌   unless‌‌
  it‌‌
  appears‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 34‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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that‌‌ his‌‌ absence‌‌ was‌‌ procured‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ party‌‌ offering‌‌ the‌‌  witness‌‌  especially‌‌  if‌‌


  he‌‌
  is‌‌
  dead‌‌
  or‌‌
  residing‌‌
  more‌‌ than‌‌  taken‌  ‌in‌  ‌due‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌  ‌law,‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌furtherance‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice,‌‌
  with‌‌   an‌‌ 
deposition,‌‌or‌  ‌ 100‌‌kilometers.‌‌   ‌ offer‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌   court‌‌  making‌‌ the‌‌ request,‌‌ to‌‌ do‌‌ the‌‌ like‌‌ for‌‌ 
the‌‌other,‌‌in‌‌a‌‌similar‌‌case.‌  ‌
(3) that‌  ‌the‌‌
  witness‌‌
  is‌‌
  unable‌‌
  to‌‌
  attend‌‌
  or‌‌
  testify‌‌
  because‌‌  EX‌:‌‌  Deponent‌‌still‌‌not‌‌a‌‌witness‌‌when‌‌deposition‌‌is‌‌   ‌
of‌‌age,‌‌sickness,‌‌infirmity,‌‌or‌‌imprisonment,‌‌or‌  ‌ 8. Disqualification‌‌of‌‌deposition‌‌officer‌  ‌
1.) used‌‌to‌‌impeach‌‌deponent;‌  ‌
(4) that‌  ‌the‌‌
  party‌‌  offering‌‌
  the‌‌
  deposition‌‌  has‌‌
  been‌‌
  unable‌‌  No‌‌deposition‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌taken‌‌before‌‌a‌‌person‌‌who‌‌is‌‌   ‌
2.) from‌‌adverse‌‌party.‌  ‌
to‌‌
  procure‌‌   the‌‌
  attendance‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  witness‌‌ by‌‌ subpoena;‌‌ 
(1) a‌  ‌relative‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌sixth‌  ‌degree‌  ‌of‌  ‌consanguinity‌  ‌or‌‌ 
or‌  ‌ 5. When‌‌to‌‌Object‌‌the‌‌Admissibility‌‌of‌‌Deposition‌  ‌
affinity,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(5) upon‌  ‌application‌  ‌and‌  ‌notice,‌  ‌that‌  ‌such‌  ‌exceptional‌‌  At‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌or‌  ‌hearing,‌  ‌to‌  ‌receiving‌  ‌in‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌any‌‌
  deposition‌‌
  or‌‌ 
part‌‌ thereof‌‌ for‌‌ any‌‌ reason‌‌ which‌‌ would‌‌ require‌‌ the‌‌ exclusion‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  (2) employee‌‌   or‌‌
  counsel‌‌
  of‌‌
  any‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties,‌‌
  or‌‌
  who‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌relative‌‌ 
circumstances‌  ‌exist‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌make‌  ‌it‌  ‌desirable,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
evidence‌‌if‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌were‌‌then‌‌present‌‌and‌‌testifying.‌  ‌ within‌‌the‌‌same‌‌degree,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
interest‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice‌  ‌and‌  ‌with‌  ‌due‌  ‌regard‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
importance‌  ‌of‌  ‌presenting‌  ‌the‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌witnesses‌  6. Persons‌‌who‌‌can‌‌take‌‌deposition‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌or‌‌abroad‌  ‌ (3) employee‌‌of‌‌such‌‌counsel;‌‌or‌‌   ‌
orally‌  ‌in‌  ‌open‌  ‌court,‌  ‌to‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌ 
Within‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌depositions‌‌may‌‌be‌‌taken‌‌before‌‌any‌‌   ‌ (4) who‌‌is‌‌financially‌‌interested‌‌in‌‌the‌‌action.‌  ‌
used;‌‌and‌  ‌
a) judge,‌‌   ‌ 9. Procedures‌‌in‌‌Deposition‌‌Upon‌‌Oral‌‌Examination‌  ‌
(d) If‌  ‌only‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deposition‌  ‌is‌‌  offered‌‌   in‌‌
  evidence‌‌   by‌‌
  a ‌‌party,‌‌ 
the‌‌   adverse‌‌  party‌‌   may‌‌   require‌‌
  him‌‌   to‌‌
  introduce‌‌   all‌‌
  of‌‌
  it‌‌
  which‌‌  b) notary‌‌public,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ A‌  ‌party‌  ‌desiring‌  ‌to‌  ‌take‌  ‌the‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌person‌  ‌upon‌  ‌oral‌‌ 
is‌‌  relevant‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌   part‌‌
  introduced,‌‌   and‌‌ any‌‌ party‌‌ may‌‌ introduce‌‌  examination‌  ‌shall‌‌   give‌‌   reasonable‌‌   notice‌‌
  in‌‌
  writing,‌‌   to‌‌
  every‌‌
  other‌ 
any‌‌other‌‌parts.‌  ‌ c) the‌‌person‌‌referred‌‌to‌‌in‌‌section‌‌14‌‌hereof.‌  ‌ party‌‌to‌‌the‌‌action.‌‌   ‌

Effect‌‌  of‌‌
  using‌‌ depositions.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌The‌‌ introduction‌‌ in‌‌ evidence‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  In‌‌a‌‌foreign‌‌state‌‌or‌‌country,‌‌depositions‌‌may‌‌be‌‌taken‌‌on‌‌notice‌  ‌ The‌  ‌notice‌  ‌shall‌  ‌state‌  ‌the‌‌   time‌‌
  and‌‌   place‌‌
  for‌‌
  taking‌‌
  the‌‌
  deposition‌‌ 
deposition‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌part‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌for‌  ‌any‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌other‌  ‌than‌  ‌that‌  ‌of‌‌  (a) before‌  ‌a ‌ ‌secretary‌  ‌of‌  ‌embassy‌  ‌or‌  ‌legation,‌  ‌consul‌  ‌general,‌‌  and‌‌
  the‌‌   name‌‌   and‌‌  address‌‌ of‌‌ each‌‌ person‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ examined,‌‌ if‌‌ known,‌‌ 
contradicting‌  ‌or‌  ‌impeaching‌  ‌the‌  ‌deponent‌  ‌makes‌  ‌the‌  ‌deponent‌‌  consul,‌‌vice-consul,‌‌or‌‌consular‌‌agent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RP‌  ‌ and‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌known,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌general‌  ‌description‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌to‌‌ 
the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌introducing‌  ‌the‌  ‌deposition‌, ‌ ‌but‌  ‌this‌‌  identify‌‌him‌‌or‌‌the‌‌particular‌‌class‌‌or‌‌group‌‌to‌‌which‌‌he‌‌belongs.‌  ‌
(b) before‌  ‌such‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌officer‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌use‌‌
  by‌‌
  an‌‌
  adverse‌‌   party‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌deposition‌‌   as‌‌  10. Power‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌to‌‌control‌‌or‌‌limit‌‌conduct‌‌of‌‌examination‌  ‌
commission‌‌‌or‌‌under‌‌letters‌‌rogatory‌;‌‌or‌  ‌
described‌‌in‌‌paragraph‌‌(b)‌‌of‌‌Section‌‌4‌‌of‌‌this‌‌Rule.‌  ‌
(c) the‌‌person‌‌referred‌‌to‌‌in‌‌section‌‌14‌‌hereof.‌‌— ‌ ‌ After‌  ‌notice‌  ‌is‌  ‌served‌  ‌for‌‌
  taking‌‌   a ‌‌deposition‌‌   by‌‌  oral‌‌
  examination,‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ upon‌‌  motion‌‌   seasonably‌‌   made‌‌   by‌‌  any‌‌   party‌‌
  or‌‌  by‌‌  the‌‌
  person‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ 
If‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties‌‌   so‌‌
  stipulate‌‌
  in‌‌
  writing,‌‌
  depositions‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌ taken‌‌  examined‌‌   and‌‌   for‌‌
  good‌‌
  cause‌‌   shown,‌‌   the‌‌  court‌‌  in‌‌
  which‌‌   the‌‌
  action‌‌ 
➔ A‌‌deposition‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌substitute‌‌for‌‌the‌‌testimony‌‌of‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌ 
before‌‌   any‌‌  person‌‌   authorized‌‌   to‌‌
  administer‌‌   oaths‌, ‌‌at‌‌
  any‌‌   time‌‌  is‌‌pending‌‌may‌‌make‌t‌ he‌‌following‌‌‌orders:‌  ‌
in‌‌court.‌  ‌
or‌  ‌place,‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌  ‌with‌  ‌these‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌and‌  ‌when‌  ‌so‌  ‌taken‌‌ 
➔ If‌‌deponent‌‌deviates‌‌from‌‌his‌‌earlier‌‌deposition‌‌during‌‌trial,‌‌he‌‌  may‌‌be‌‌used‌‌like‌‌other‌‌depositions.‌  ‌ (1) That‌‌the‌‌deposition‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌taken,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
can‌‌be‌‌IMPEACHED.‌  ‌ (2) That‌‌  it‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  taken‌‌
  only‌‌
  at‌‌
  some‌‌
  designated‌‌
  place‌‌
  other‌‌ than‌‌ 
7. Commission‌‌or‌‌Letters‌‌Rogatory‌  ‌
➔ The‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌mere‌  ‌WITNESS‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌strict‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌(‌for‌‌  that‌‌stated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌notice,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Shall‌‌  be‌‌
  issued‌‌  only‌‌  when‌‌
  necessary‌‌  or‌‌
  convenient,‌‌  on‌‌ application‌‌ 
impeachment‌  ‌only‌) ‌ ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌   deposition‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌
  ADVERSE‌‌   PARTY‌‌  (3) That‌‌it‌‌may‌‌be‌‌taken‌‌only‌‌on‌‌written‌‌interrogatories,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
and‌  ‌notice,‌  ‌and‌  ‌on‌‌
  such‌‌
  terms,‌‌
  and‌‌
  with‌‌  such‌‌
  direction‌‌   as‌‌
  are‌‌
  just‌‌ 
is‌‌
  for‌‌
  any‌‌
  purpose‌‌   because‌‌   it‌‌
  can‌‌
  either‌‌
  be‌‌
  used‌‌
  to‌‌ impeach‌‌ or‌‌ 
and‌‌appropriate.‌  ‌ (4) That‌‌certain‌‌matters‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌inquired‌‌into,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
as‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
GR‌:‌‌  Taking‌‌
  deposition‌‌  does‌‌   not‌‌
  make‌‌
  deponent‌‌   a ‌‌witness.‌‌ 
LETTERS‌  ‌ROGATORY‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌instrument‌  ‌whereby‌  ‌the‌  ‌foreign‌‌  (5) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌scope‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌examination‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌held‌  ‌with‌  ‌no‌  ‌one‌‌ 
Presenting‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌as‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌makes‌  ‌deponent‌  ‌a ‌‌ court‌  ‌is‌  ‌informed‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌  pendency‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  and‌‌  the‌‌
  name‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  present‌  ‌except‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌and‌  ‌their‌  ‌officers‌  ‌or‌‌ 
foreign‌‌   witnesses,‌‌  and‌‌   is‌‌
  requested‌‌
  to‌‌ cause‌‌ their‌‌ depositions‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌  counsel,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 35‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

petition,‌‌
  stating‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  petitioner‌‌
  will‌‌
  apply‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ court,‌‌ at‌‌ a ‌‌time‌‌ 
(6) That‌‌
  after‌‌
  being‌‌
  sealed‌‌   the‌‌
  deposition‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  opened‌‌
  only‌‌ by‌‌  (a) As‌  ‌to‌  ‌notice.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌All‌  ‌errors‌  ‌and‌  ‌irregularities‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  notice‌‌
  for‌‌ 
and‌‌place‌‌named‌‌therein,‌‌for‌‌the‌‌order‌‌described‌‌in‌‌the‌‌petition.‌‌   ‌
order‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ taking‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deposition‌  ‌are‌  ‌waived‌  ‌unless‌  ‌written‌  ‌objection‌  ‌is‌‌ 
promptly‌‌served‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌party‌‌giving‌‌the‌‌notice.‌  ‌ At‌‌
  least‌‌
  ‌twenty‌‌   (20)‌‌
  ‌calendar‌‌  ‌days‌‌  before‌‌  the‌‌ date‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ hearing,‌‌ 
(7) That‌  ‌secret‌  ‌processes,‌  ‌developments,‌  ‌or‌  ‌research‌‌
  need‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌ 
the‌‌
  court‌‌  shall‌‌
  cause‌‌
  notice‌‌
  thereof‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  served‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌ parties‌‌ and‌ 
disclosed,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ (b) As‌  ‌to‌  ‌disqualification‌  ‌of‌  ‌officer.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌waived‌  ‌unless‌  ‌made‌‌ 
prospective‌  ‌deponents‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌manner‌  ‌provided‌  ‌for‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌‌ 
before‌‌   the‌‌
  taking‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  deposition‌‌  begins‌‌ or‌‌ as‌‌ soon‌‌ thereafter‌‌ 
(8) That‌‌   the‌‌
  parties‌‌
  shall‌‌
  simultaneously‌‌   file‌‌
  specified‌‌ documents‌‌  summons.‌  ‌
as‌‌
  the‌‌  disqualification‌‌   becomes‌‌   known‌‌   or‌‌ could‌‌ be‌‌ discovered‌‌ 
or‌  ‌information‌  ‌enclosed‌  ‌in‌  ‌sealed‌  ‌envelopes‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌opened‌‌
  as‌‌ 
with‌‌reasonable‌‌diligence.‌  ‌ 3. When‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌order‌‌the‌‌examination‌  ‌
directed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌‌   ‌
(c) As‌‌
  to‌‌
  competency‌‌   relevancy‌‌ of‌‌ evidence.‌‌ — ‌‌‌not‌‌ waived‌ ‌
  or‌‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌
  is‌‌
  satisfied‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  perpetuation‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  testimony‌‌   may‌‌ 
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌make‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌order‌  ‌which‌  ‌justice‌  ‌requires‌  ‌to‌‌ 
by‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌make‌  ‌them‌  ‌before‌  ‌or‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌taking‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  prevent‌  ‌a ‌ ‌failure‌  ‌or‌  ‌delay‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice,‌  ‌it‌  ‌shall‌  ‌make‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌‌ 
protect‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌witness‌  ‌from‌  ‌annoyance,‌  ‌embarrassment,‌  ‌or‌‌ 
deposition,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌objection‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌which‌‌  designating‌  ‌or‌  ‌describing‌  ‌the‌  ‌persons‌  ‌whose‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
oppression.‌  ‌
might‌‌have‌‌been‌‌obviated‌‌or‌‌removed‌‌if‌‌presented‌‌at‌‌that‌‌time.‌  ‌ taken‌  ‌and‌  ‌specifying‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌examination‌  ‌and‌‌ 
Motion‌‌   to‌‌
  terminate‌‌   or‌‌ limit‌‌ examination.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌At‌‌ any‌‌ time‌‌ during‌‌  whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌depositions‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌taken‌  ‌upon‌  ‌oral‌  ‌examination‌  ‌or‌‌ 
the‌‌
  taking‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ deposition,‌‌ on‌‌ motion‌‌ or‌‌ petition‌‌ of‌‌ any‌‌ party‌‌ or‌‌ of‌‌  (d) As‌  ‌to‌  ‌oral‌  ‌examination‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌particulars.‌‌   — ‌ ‌waived‌‌ 
written‌‌interrogatories.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌deponent,‌  ‌and‌  ‌upon‌  ‌a ‌ ‌showing‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌examination‌  ‌is‌  ‌being‌‌  unless‌‌   reasonable‌‌
  objection‌‌
  thereto‌‌
  is‌‌ made‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ taking‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
deposition.‌  ‌ 4. Deposition‌‌pending‌‌appeal,‌‌where‌‌taken‌  ‌
conducted‌‌   in‌‌
  bad‌‌   faith‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ such‌‌ manner‌‌ as‌‌ unreasonably‌‌ to‌‌ annoy,‌‌ 
embarrass,‌‌   or‌‌
  oppress‌‌   the‌‌  deponent‌‌ or‌‌ party,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌  (e) As‌  ‌to‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌  ‌written‌  ‌interrogatories.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌waived‌  ‌unless‌‌  Use‌  ‌of‌  ‌deposition.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deposition‌  ‌to‌  ‌perpetuate‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌is‌‌ 
action‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌‌
  where‌‌   the‌‌
  deposition‌‌   is‌‌  served‌‌   in‌‌
  writing‌‌   upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  propounding‌‌   them‌‌   within‌‌ the‌‌  taken‌  ‌under‌  ‌this‌  ‌Rule,‌  ‌or‌  ‌if,‌  ‌although‌  ‌not‌  ‌so‌  ‌taken,‌  ‌it‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌‌ 
being‌  ‌taken‌  ‌may‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌conducting‌  ‌the‌  ‌examination‌  ‌to‌‌  time‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌for‌  ‌serving‌  ‌succeeding‌  ‌cross‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌‌  admissible‌‌   in‌‌
  evidence,‌‌   it‌‌
  may‌‌   be‌‌
  used‌‌
  in‌‌
  any‌‌  action‌‌
  involving‌‌   the‌‌ 
cease‌‌   forthwith‌‌   from‌‌   taking‌‌   the‌‌
  deposition,‌‌  or‌‌
  may‌‌   limit‌‌
  the‌‌ scope‌‌  interrogatories‌  ‌and‌  ‌within‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  same‌‌subject‌‌matter‌‌subsequently‌‌brought.‌  ‌
and‌‌manner‌‌of‌‌the‌‌taking‌‌of‌‌the‌‌deposition.‌‌   ‌ last‌‌interrogatories‌‌authorized.‌  ‌ Depositions‌‌   pending‌‌   appeal‌. ‌‌‌— ‌‌If‌‌  an‌‌  appeal‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌ taken‌‌ from‌‌ 
11. Procedures‌‌in‌‌deposition‌‌upon‌‌written‌‌interrogatories‌  ‌ (f) As‌‌
  to‌‌
  manner‌‌   of‌‌
  preparation.‌‌   — ‌‌‌waived‌‌ ‌unless‌‌ a ‌‌‌motion‌‌ to‌‌  a‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court,‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌‌   in‌‌
  proper‌‌  cases,‌‌  or‌‌
  before‌‌ 
suppress‌  ‌the‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌or‌  ‌some‌  ‌part‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌is‌  ‌made‌  ‌with‌‌  the‌  ‌taking‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌therefor‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌expired,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
A‌‌
  party‌‌  desiring‌‌   to‌‌  take‌‌
  the‌‌
  deposition‌‌  of‌‌
  any‌‌  person‌‌
  upon‌‌   written‌‌ 
reasonable‌  ‌promptness‌  ‌after‌  ‌such‌  ‌defect‌  ‌is,‌  ‌or‌  ‌with‌  ‌due‌‌  court‌‌   in‌‌
  which‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ was‌‌ rendered‌‌ may‌‌ allow‌‌ the‌‌ taking‌‌ 
interrogatories‌  ‌shall‌  ‌serve‌  ‌them‌  ‌upon‌  ‌every‌  ‌other‌  ‌party‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌‌
diligence‌‌might‌‌have‌‌been,‌‌ascertained.‌  ‌ of‌‌   depositions‌‌   of‌‌
  witnesses‌‌   to‌‌
  perpetuate‌‌   their‌‌ testimony‌‌ for‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
notice‌‌  stating‌‌  the‌‌   name‌‌   and‌‌
  address‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ answer‌‌ 
event‌‌of‌‌further‌‌proceedings‌‌in‌‌the‌‌said‌‌court.‌  ‌
them‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌or‌  ‌descriptive‌  ‌title‌  ‌and‌  ‌address‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌‌ 
before‌‌whom‌‌the‌‌deposition‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌taken.‌  ‌ RULE‌‌24‌‌Depositions‌‌Before‌‌Action‌‌or‌‌Pending‌‌Appeal‌  In‌‌
  such‌‌  case‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌ who‌‌ desires‌‌ to‌‌ perpetuate‌‌ the‌‌ testimony‌‌ may‌‌ 
make‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌  ‌court‌‌
  for‌‌
  leave‌‌
  to‌‌
  take‌‌
  the‌‌
  depositions,‌‌ 
Interrogatory‌  ‌ DAYS‌‌TO‌‌PREPARE‌  ‌
1. Verified‌‌petition,‌‌where‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌ upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌notice‌  ‌and‌  ‌service‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌as‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌was‌‌ 
DIRECT‌    ‌ A‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌desires‌  ‌to‌  ‌perpetuate‌  ‌his‌  ‌own‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌or‌‌   that‌‌
  of‌‌  pending‌‌therein.‌‌The‌‌motion‌‌shall‌‌state‌‌   ‌
another‌‌   person‌‌  regarding‌‌   any‌‌  matter‌‌   that‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  cognizable‌‌ in‌‌ any‌‌  (a) the‌‌
  names‌‌   and‌‌ addresses‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ persons‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ examined‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ 
CROSS‌  10‌  ‌ court‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Philippines‌‌   may‌‌  file‌‌
  a ‌‌‌verified‌‌ petition‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌  substance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌which‌  ‌he‌  ‌expects‌  ‌to‌  ‌elicit‌  ‌from‌‌ 
the‌‌place‌‌of‌‌the‌‌residence‌‌of‌‌any‌‌expected‌‌adverse‌‌party‌.  ‌‌ ‌ each,‌‌and‌  ‌
REDIRECT‌  5‌  ‌
2. Notice‌‌and‌‌service‌  ‌ (b) the‌‌reason‌‌for‌‌perpetuating‌‌their‌‌testimony.‌  ‌
RECROSS‌  3‌  ‌ The‌  ‌petitioner‌‌   shall‌‌
  serve‌‌
  a ‌‌notice‌‌
  upon‌‌   each‌‌
  person‌‌   named‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌ 
petition‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌expected‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party,‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  RULE‌‌25‌‌Interrogatories‌‌to‌‌Parties‌  ‌
12. Effects‌‌of‌‌errors‌‌and‌‌irregularities‌‌in‌‌depositions‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 36‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

such‌  ‌objections‌  ‌are‌  ‌resolved,‌  ‌which‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌as‌‌ 
1. When‌‌may‌‌be‌‌taken‌  ‌ As‌‌to‌  ‌ R23‌‌Sec‌‌25‌  ‌ R25‌  ‌
early‌‌as‌‌practicable.‌  ‌
Upon‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌  ‌motion‌, ‌ ‌any‌  ‌party‌  ‌desiring‌  ‌to‌  ‌elicit‌  ‌material‌  ‌and‌‌ 
Before‌‌whom‌  ‌ Deposition‌‌officer‌  ‌ No‌‌need‌  ‌ 3. Effect‌‌of‌‌not‌‌responding‌‌to‌‌the‌‌request‌  ‌
relevant‌  ‌facts‌  ‌from‌  ‌any‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌parties‌  ‌shall‌  ‌file‌  ‌and‌  ‌serve‌‌ 
upon‌  ‌the‌‌  latter‌‌  written‌‌  interrogatories‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  answered‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌  Preparation‌  ‌ Questions‌‌prepared‌‌  Questioning‌‌is‌‌direct‌  ‌ Any‌‌
  admission‌‌   made‌‌  by‌‌  a ‌‌party‌‌
  pursuant‌‌  to‌‌
  such‌‌ request‌‌ is‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
served‌‌   or,‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  served‌‌  is‌‌
  a ‌‌public‌‌ or‌‌ private‌‌ corporation‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌ beforehand‌  ‌ purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pending‌  ‌action‌  ‌only‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌an‌‌ 
partnership‌  ‌or‌  ‌association,‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌officer‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌competent‌  ‌to‌‌  admission‌‌   by‌‌   him‌‌  for‌‌
  any‌‌  other‌‌ purpose‌‌ nor‌‌ may‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ be‌‌ used‌‌ 
testify‌‌in‌‌its‌‌behalf.‌  ‌ To‌‌whom‌  ‌ Any‌‌person‌  ‌ Parties‌‌only‌  ‌ against‌‌him‌‌in‌‌any‌‌other‌‌proceeding.‌‌   ‌

2. Answer‌‌to‌‌interrogatories‌‌(15‌‌days)‌  ‌ 4. Withdrawal‌‌of‌‌admission‌  ‌
 ‌
The‌  ‌interrogatories‌‌   shall‌‌   be‌‌
  answered‌‌   fully‌‌
  in‌‌
  writing‌‌  and‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌  RULE‌‌26‌‌Admission‌‌by‌‌Adverse‌‌Party‌  ‌   ‌court‌‌
The‌‌  may‌‌ allow‌ ‌the‌‌ party‌‌ making‌‌ an‌‌ admission‌‌ under‌‌ the‌‌ 
signed‌  ‌and‌  ‌sworn‌  ‌to‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌making‌  ‌them.‌‌   The‌‌
  party‌‌
  upon‌‌  Rule,‌  ‌whether‌  ‌express‌  ‌or‌  ‌implied,‌  ‌to‌  ‌withdraw‌  ‌or‌  ‌amend‌  ‌it‌  ‌upon‌‌ 
whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌interrogatories‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌served‌  ‌shall‌  ‌file‌  ‌and‌  ‌serve‌  ‌a ‌‌ 1. When‌‌to‌‌file‌‌request‌‌for‌‌admission‌  ‌ such‌‌terms‌‌as‌‌may‌‌be‌‌just.‌  ‌
copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌answers‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌submitting‌  ‌the‌  ‌interrogatories‌‌ 
within‌‌   ‌fifteen‌‌  (15)‌‌
  ‌calendar‌‌   ‌days‌after‌‌
    service‌‌  thereof‌‌ unless‌‌ the‌‌    ‌a ny‌‌
At‌‌   time‌‌
  after‌‌
  issues‌‌
  have‌‌   joined‌, ‌‌a ‌‌party‌‌ may‌‌  5. Effect‌‌of‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌file‌‌request‌‌for‌‌admission‌  ‌
  been‌‌
court‌‌   on‌‌   motion‌‌  and‌‌  for‌‌ good‌‌ cause‌‌ shown,‌‌ extends‌‌ or‌‌ shortens‌‌ the‌‌  file‌  ‌and‌  ‌serve‌  ‌upon‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌party‌  ‌a ‌ ‌written‌  ‌request‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  I‌ f‌  ‌you‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌serve‌  ‌a ‌ ‌request‌  ‌for‌  ‌admission‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌‌ 
time.‌  ‌ admission‌‌by‌‌the‌‌latter‌‌   ‌ party‌  ‌of‌‌   material‌‌   or‌‌
  relevant‌‌   facts‌‌  at‌‌
  issue‌‌
  which‌‌
  are,‌‌
  or‌‌  ought‌‌ 
a) of‌‌ the‌‌ ‌genuineness‌‌ ‌of‌‌ any‌‌ material‌‌ and‌‌ relevant‌‌ document‌‌  to‌‌   be,‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ personal‌‌ knowledge‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ latter,‌‌ you‌‌ will‌‌ ‌NOT‌‌ 
3. Objection‌‌to‌‌interrogatories‌‌(10‌‌days)‌  ‌
described‌‌in‌‌and‌‌exhibited‌‌with‌‌the‌‌request‌‌or‌‌   ‌ be‌‌permitted‌‌to‌‌present‌‌evidence‌‌on‌‌such‌‌facts.‌  ‌
Objections‌  ‌to‌  ‌any‌  ‌interrogatories‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌presented‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
b) of‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌truth‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  any‌‌
  material‌‌
  and‌‌
  relevant‌‌
  matter‌‌ of‌‌ fact‌‌ set‌‌  EXC‌:‌‌   ‌
within‌‌   ten‌‌
  (10)‌‌ ‌calendar‌‌ ‌days‌‌ after‌‌ service‌‌ thereof,‌‌ with‌‌ notice‌‌ as‌‌ 
in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion;‌  ‌and‌  ‌answers‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deferred‌  ‌until‌  ‌the‌  forth‌‌in‌‌the‌‌request.‌‌   ‌ 1) Unless‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌by‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  for‌‌
  good‌‌
  cause‌‌
  shown,‌‌ 
objections‌  ‌are‌  ‌resolved,‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌at‌  ‌as‌  ‌early‌  ‌a ‌ ‌time‌  ‌as‌  ‌is‌‌  2. What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌matters‌‌to‌‌be‌‌admitted‌  ‌ AND‌  ‌
practicable.‌  ‌
Each‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌matters‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌an‌  ‌admission‌  ‌is‌  ‌requested‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  2) To‌‌prevent‌‌a‌‌failure‌‌of‌‌justice.‌  ‌
4. Scope‌‌of‌‌interrogatories‌  ‌
deemed‌  ‌admitted‌  ‌unless‌, ‌ ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌period‌  ‌designated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
No‌‌  party‌  ‌may,‌‌ without‌‌ leave‌‌ of‌‌ court,‌‌ serve‌ ‌more‌‌ than‌‌ one‌‌ set‌‌  request,‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌less‌‌   than‌‌  fifteen‌‌   (15)‌‌
  ‌calendar‌‌
  ‌days‌‌ 
1. A‌‌
  request‌‌   must‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌directed‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  whose‌‌   admission‌‌ is‌‌ 
of‌‌interrogatories‌‌‌to‌‌be‌‌answered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌same‌‌party.‌  ‌ after‌‌
  service‌‌   thereof,‌‌  the‌‌  party‌‌  to‌‌ whom‌‌ the‌‌ request‌‌ is‌‌ directed‌‌ files‌‌ 
sought.‌  ‌Service‌  ‌of‌  ‌request‌  ‌to‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌person‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌valid‌‌ 
and‌  ‌serves‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌requesting‌  ‌the‌  ‌admission‌  ‌a ‌ ‌sworn‌‌ 
Interrogatories‌‌   may‌‌  relate‌‌   to‌‌
  any‌‌
  matters‌‌   that‌‌
  can‌‌
  be‌‌
  inquired‌‌ into,‌‌  request‌‌at‌‌all.‌  ‌
statement‌‌either‌‌   ‌
and‌  ‌the‌  ‌answers‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌purposes‌  ‌provided‌‌   in‌‌  2. A‌  ‌request‌  ‌must‌  ‌always‌  ‌be‌  ‌directed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌whose‌‌ 
section‌‌4‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same‌‌Rule.‌  ‌ a) denying‌‌   specifically‌‌   the‌‌   matters‌‌   of‌‌
  which‌‌
  an‌‌  admission‌‌  is‌‌ 
admission‌‌   is‌‌
  sought,‌‌   but‌‌  the‌‌
  latter‌‌
  may‌‌ ‌delegate‌to‌‌   his‌‌ lawyer‌‌ 
requested‌‌or‌‌   ‌
5. Effect‌‌of‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌serve‌‌written‌‌interrogatories‌  ‌ the‌‌  right‌‌
  to‌‌  answer‌‌   the‌‌ request.‌‌ Such‌‌ is‌‌ valid‌‌ so‌‌ long‌‌ as‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ 
b) setting‌‌   forth‌‌
  in‌‌
  detail‌‌  the‌‌   reasons‌‌ why‌‌ he‌‌ cannot‌‌ truthfully‌‌  a‌‌valid‌‌authorization.‌‌   ‌
A‌‌‌party‌‌not‌‌served‌‌with‌‌written‌‌interrogatories‌‌   ‌ either‌‌admit‌‌or‌‌deny‌‌those‌‌matters.‌  ‌
a. may‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌compelled‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌to‌‌  Objections‌  ‌to‌  ‌any‌  ‌request‌  ‌for‌  ‌admission‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌   submitted‌‌   to‌‌  RULE‌‌27‌‌Production‌‌or‌‌Inspection‌‌of‌‌Documents‌‌or‌‌ 
give‌‌testimony‌‌in‌‌open‌‌court,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ the‌  ‌court‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  requested‌‌
  within‌‌  the‌‌
  period‌‌
  for‌‌  and‌‌
  prior‌‌
  to‌‌  Things‌  ‌
the‌  ‌filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  sworn‌‌  statement‌‌
  as‌‌
  contemplated‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  preceding‌‌ 
b. to‌‌give‌‌a‌‌deposition‌‌pending‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
paragraph‌  ‌and‌  ‌his‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌therewith‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deferred‌  ‌until‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 37‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

just,‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌a ‌ ‌physician‌  ‌fails‌  ‌or‌  ‌refuses‌  ‌to‌‌


  make‌‌
  such‌‌
  a ‌‌report‌‌
  ‌the‌‌ 
1. What‌‌can‌‌be‌‌inspected‌‌— ‌ ‌‌Upon‌‌motion‌‌of‌‌any‌‌party‌‌showing‌  must‌‌be‌‌brought‌‌to‌‌court‌  ‌
court‌‌may‌‌exclude‌‌his‌‌testimony‌‌if‌‌offered‌‌at‌‌the‌‌trial‌. ‌ ‌
good‌‌cause‌‌therefor,‌‌the‌‌court‌‌in‌‌which‌‌an‌‌action‌‌is‌‌pending‌‌may‌‌   ‌
Upon‌‌  3. Waiver‌‌of‌‌privilege‌  ‌
(a) order‌  ‌any‌  ‌party‌‌   to‌produce‌‌
    and‌‌  permit‌‌   the‌‌
  inspection‌‌   and‌‌  Any‌‌person‌  ‌ Limited‌‌to‌‌parties‌  ‌
whom‌  ‌
copying‌  ‌or‌  ‌photographing‌, ‌ ‌by‌  ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌moving‌‌  The‌‌  party‌‌
  examined‌‌ waives‌‌ any‌‌ privilege‌‌ he‌‌ may‌‌ have‌‌ in‌‌ that‌‌ action‌‌ 
party,‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌designated‌  ‌documents,‌  ‌papers,‌  ‌books,‌  ‌accounts,‌‌  motion‌‌with‌‌notice‌‌to‌‌  or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌involving‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌controversy,‌  ‌regarding‌  ‌the‌‌ 
letters,‌  ‌photographs,‌  ‌objects‌‌   or‌‌
  tangible‌‌   things,‌‌  not‌‌
  privileged,‌‌  Upon‌  ‌ Application‌‌ex‌‌parte‌  ‌ testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌every‌  ‌other‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌examined‌  ‌or‌  ‌may‌‌ 
the‌‌adverse‌‌party‌  ‌
which‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌or‌  ‌contain‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌material‌  ‌to‌  ‌any‌  ‌matter‌‌  thereafter‌  ‌examine‌  ‌him‌  ‌in‌  ‌respect‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌mental‌‌
  or‌‌
  physical‌‌ 
involved‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ and‌‌ which‌‌ are‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ possession,‌‌ custody‌‌    ‌ examination.‌  ‌
or‌‌control,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌28‌‌Physical‌‌and‌‌Mental‌‌Examination‌‌of‌‌Persons‌  ‌
(b) order‌‌
  any‌‌   party‌‌ to‌permit‌‌
   entry‌‌ upon‌‌ designated‌‌ land‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌  RULE‌‌29‌‌Refusal‌‌to‌‌Comply‌‌with‌‌Modes‌‌of‌‌Discovery‌  ‌
property‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌possession‌  ‌or‌  ‌control‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌‌  1. When‌‌examination‌‌may‌‌be‌‌ordered‌  ‌
inspecting,‌  ‌measuring,‌  ‌surveying,‌  ‌or‌  ‌photographing‌  ‌the‌‌  1. Refusal‌‌to‌‌answer‌  ‌
  ‌the‌‌
In‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌‌   mental‌‌
  or‌‌
  physical‌‌
  condition‌‌ 
property‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌designated‌  ‌relevant‌  ‌object‌  ‌or‌  ‌operation‌‌  The‌  ‌examination‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌
  completed‌‌   on‌‌
  other‌‌
  matters‌‌   or‌‌
  adjourned‌‌ 
thereon.‌‌   ‌ of‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌ is‌‌ in‌‌ controversy‌, ‌‌the‌‌ court‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌  as‌  ‌the‌  ‌proponent‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌question‌  ‌may‌  ‌prefer.‌  ‌The‌  ‌proponent‌  ‌may‌‌ 
pending‌‌  may‌‌
  ‌in‌‌
  its‌‌
  discretion‌‌
  order‌‌ him‌‌ to‌‌ submit‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌physical‌‌ or‌‌  thereafter‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ 
REQUISITES‌  ‌
mental‌‌examination‌‌by‌‌a‌‌physician.‌  ‌ deposition‌‌is‌‌being‌‌taken,‌‌for‌‌an‌‌‌order‌‌to‌‌compel‌‌an‌‌answer‌.  ‌‌ ‌
1.) A‌  ‌motion‌  ‌(leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court)‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌‌
  by‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌
  showing‌‌ 
REQUISITES‌  ‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌refusing‌‌ 
good‌‌cause‌‌therefor;‌‌   ‌
1.) The‌  ‌physical‌  ‌or‌  ‌mental‌  ‌condition‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌subject‌  ‌of‌‌  party‌‌   or‌‌  deponent‌‌  to‌‌
  answer‌‌  the‌‌   question‌‌   or‌‌
  interrogatory‌‌   and‌‌  if‌‌
  it‌‌ 
2.) Notice‌o‌ f‌‌the‌‌motion‌‌must‌‌be‌‌given‌‌to‌‌all‌‌other‌‌parties;‌‌   ‌ controversy‌o ‌ f‌‌the‌‌action;‌  ‌ also‌  ‌finds‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌refusal‌  ‌to‌  ‌answer‌  ‌was‌  ‌without‌  ‌substantial‌‌ 
justification‌, ‌ ‌it‌  ‌may‌  ‌require‌‌   the‌‌  refusing‌‌  party‌‌   or‌‌
  deponent‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌ 
3.) The‌‌
  motion‌‌   must‌‌
  ‌sufficiently‌‌
  describe‌‌  ‌the‌‌ document‌‌ or‌‌ thing‌‌  2.) A‌‌motion‌‌showing‌‌good‌‌cause‌‌must‌‌be‌‌filed;‌‌and‌  ‌ counsel‌  ‌advising‌  ‌the‌  ‌refusal,‌  ‌or‌  ‌both‌  ‌of‌  ‌them,‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌the‌‌ 
sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌produced‌‌or‌‌inspected;‌‌   ‌
3.) Notice‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  motion‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ given‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ party‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ examined‌‌  proponent‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌   reasonable‌‌   expenses‌‌   incurred‌‌   in‌‌ 
4.) The‌  ‌document‌  ‌or‌  ‌thing‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌produced‌  ‌or‌  ‌inspected‌‌  and‌‌to‌‌all‌‌other‌‌parties.‌  ‌ obtaining‌‌the‌‌order,‌‌including‌‌attorney's‌‌fees.‌  ‌
must‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌or‌  ‌contain‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌material‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌pending‌‌ 
2. Report‌‌of‌‌findings,‌‌effect‌‌if‌‌the‌‌person‌‌examined‌‌request‌‌for‌‌a ‌‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌is‌  ‌denied‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌finds‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌filed‌‌ 
action;‌‌   ‌
copy‌‌of‌‌the‌‌report‌‌or‌‌findings‌  ‌ without‌  ‌substantial‌  ‌justification,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌‌ 
5.) The‌  ‌document‌  ‌or‌  ‌thing‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌produced‌  ‌or‌  ‌inspected‌‌  proponent‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌advising‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  application,‌‌   or‌‌ 
must‌‌not‌‌be‌‌privileged‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ If‌  ‌requested‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌examined,‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌causing‌  ‌the‌‌ 
both‌‌   of‌‌  them,‌‌
  ‌to‌‌
  pay‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  refusing‌‌  party‌‌  or‌‌ deponent‌‌ the‌‌ amount‌‌ 
examination‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌shall‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌to‌  ‌him‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌detailed‌‌ 
6.) The‌  ‌document‌  ‌or‌  ‌thing‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌produced‌  ‌or‌  ‌inspected‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌expenses‌  ‌incurred‌  ‌in‌  ‌opposing‌  ‌the‌  ‌application,‌‌ 
written‌  ‌report‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌examining‌  ‌physician‌  ‌setting‌  ‌out‌  ‌his‌‌   findings‌‌ 
must‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌
  possession‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  adverse‌‌ party‌‌ or,‌‌ at‌‌ least,‌‌  including‌‌attorney's‌‌fees.‌  ‌
and‌‌conclusions.‌‌   ‌
under‌‌his‌‌control.‌‌   ‌ 2. Contempt‌‌of‌‌Court‌  ‌
After‌  ‌such‌  ‌request‌  ‌and‌‌   delivery,‌‌   the‌‌  party‌‌
  causing‌‌   the‌‌
  examination‌‌ 
2. Exception‌:‌‌Confidential‌‌or‌‌Privileged‌‌matter‌  ‌ to‌‌
  be‌‌
  made‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  entitled‌‌   upon‌‌   request‌‌  to‌‌
  receive‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ party‌‌  If‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌
  or‌‌
  other‌‌  witness‌‌  refuses‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ sworn‌‌ or‌‌ refuses‌‌ to‌‌ answer‌‌ 
As‌‌to‌  ‌ R21‌‌subpoena‌‌duces‌‌tecum‌  ‌ R27‌  ‌ examined‌  ‌alike‌  ‌report‌‌   of‌‌
  any‌‌   examination,‌‌   previously‌‌   or‌‌  thereafter‌‌  any‌‌   question‌‌   after‌‌
  being‌‌
  directed‌‌   to‌‌
  do‌‌
  so‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ place‌‌ 
made,‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌mental‌  ‌or‌  ‌physical‌  ‌condition.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌‌  in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌is‌  ‌being‌  ‌taken,‌  ‌the‌  ‌refusal‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
Means‌‌of‌‌compelling‌‌  examined‌  ‌refuses‌  ‌to‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌such‌  ‌report,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌on‌‌   motion‌‌   and‌‌  considered‌‌a‌c ‌ ontempt‌o ‌ f‌‌that‌‌court.‌  ‌
Nature‌  ‌ Mode‌‌of‌‌discovery‌  ‌
production‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌which‌‌  notice‌  ‌may‌‌   make‌‌   an‌‌
  order‌‌   requiring‌‌   delivery‌‌   on‌‌
  such‌‌  terms‌‌   as‌‌
  are‌‌ 
3. Other‌‌consequences‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 38‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

If‌  ‌any‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌an‌  ‌officer‌  ‌or‌  ‌managing‌  ‌agent‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌refuses‌‌
  to‌  d) in‌  ‌its‌  ‌discretion,‌  ‌order‌  ‌him‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌expenses‌‌  The‌  ‌party‌  ‌who‌  ‌caused‌  ‌the‌  ‌postponement‌  ‌is‌  ‌warned‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
obey‌  ‌an‌  ‌order,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌make‌  ‌such‌  ‌orders‌  ‌in‌  ‌regard‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  incurred‌‌by‌‌the‌‌other,‌‌including‌‌attorney's‌‌fees.‌‌   ‌ presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌must‌  ‌still‌  ‌be‌  ‌terminated‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
refusal‌‌as‌‌are‌‌just,‌‌and‌‌among‌‌others‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌ remaining‌‌dates‌‌previously‌‌agreed‌‌upon.‌  ‌
INSTANCES‌‌WHEREIN‌‌DEFENDANT‌‌MAY‌‌BE‌‌ 
(a) An‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌matters‌  ‌regarding‌‌   which‌‌   the‌‌  questions‌‌   were‌‌  DECLARED‌‌IN‌‌DEFAULT:‌  ‌ A‌  ‌motion‌  ‌to‌‌
  postpone‌‌   a ‌‌trial‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  ground‌‌  of‌‌
  illness‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌
  or‌‌ 
asked,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌character‌  ‌or‌  ‌description‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌thing‌‌  or‌‌
  land,‌‌   or‌  counsel‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌upon‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌or‌  ‌sworn‌‌ 
1.) Failure‌‌to‌‌file‌‌an‌‌ANSWER;‌  ‌
the‌‌
  contents‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ paper,‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ physical‌‌ or‌‌ mental‌‌ condition‌‌ of‌‌  certification‌‌that‌‌the‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌party,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌designated‌‌
  facts‌‌
  shall‌‌   be‌‌  taken‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌  2.) Failure‌‌to‌‌appear‌‌at‌‌the‌‌pre-trial‌‌conference‌‌(Rule‌‌18);‌‌and‌ 
1. presence‌‌
  of‌‌
  such‌‌
  party‌‌
  or‌‌ counsel‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ trial‌‌ is‌‌ ‌indispensable‌‌ 
established‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purposes‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌‌  3.) Failure‌‌to‌‌cooperate‌‌in‌‌the‌‌mode‌‌of‌‌discovery‌‌(§5,‌‌Rule‌‌29).‌  ‌ and‌  ‌
with‌‌the‌‌claim‌‌of‌‌the‌‌party‌‌obtaining‌‌the‌‌order;‌  ‌
2. that‌  ‌the‌  ‌character‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌illness‌  ‌is‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌render‌  ‌his‌‌ 
(b) An‌‌
  order‌‌  refusing‌‌   to‌‌  allow‌‌
  the‌‌
  disobedient‌‌   party‌‌
  to‌‌
  support‌‌
  or‌‌  Sibayan‌‌v.‌‌Alda‌,‌‌233395,‌‌17‌‌Jan‌‌2018‌  ‌ non-attendance‌‌excusable.‌  ‌
oppose‌  ‌designated‌  ‌claims‌  ‌or‌  ‌defenses‌  ‌or‌  ‌prohibiting‌  ‌him‌‌ 
Technical‌‌
  rules‌‌
  of‌‌
  procedure‌‌
  and‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  are‌‌ not‌‌ strictly‌‌ adhered‌‌ to‌‌ 
from‌  ‌introducing‌  ‌in‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌designated‌  ‌documents‌  ‌or‌‌ 
in‌‌administrative‌‌investigations.‌  ‌
things‌  ‌or‌  ‌items‌  ‌of‌  ‌testimony,‌  ‌or‌‌
  from‌‌
  introducing‌‌   evidence‌‌  of‌‌ 
physical‌‌or‌‌mental‌‌condition;‌  ‌ Thus,‌  ‌recourse‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌discovery‌  ‌procedure,‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌written‌‌ 
interrogatories‌‌   and‌‌
  production‌‌   or‌‌
  inspection‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌document‌‌ or‌‌ things‌‌ 
(c) An‌  ‌order‌  ‌striking‌  ‌out‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌or‌  ‌parts‌  ‌thereof,‌‌
  or‌‌
  staying‌‌ 
is‌‌
  ‌NOT‌‌
  mandatory‌‌   in‌‌
  administrative‌‌   proceedings‌. ‌‌Although‌‌   trial‌‌ 
further‌‌  proceedings‌‌ until‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ is‌‌ obeyed,‌‌ or‌‌ dismissing‌‌ the‌‌ 
courts‌  ‌are‌  ‌enjoined‌  ‌to‌  ‌observe‌  ‌strict‌  ‌enforcement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rules‌  ‌on‌‌ 
action‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌part‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌or‌  ‌rendering‌  ‌a ‌‌
evidence,‌‌the‌‌same‌‌does‌‌not‌‌hold‌‌true‌‌for‌‌administrative‌‌bodies.‌  ‌
judgment‌‌by‌‌default‌‌‌against‌‌the‌‌disobedient‌‌party;‌‌and‌  ‌
 ‌
(d) In‌‌
  lieu‌‌
  of‌‌
  any‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  foregoing‌‌   orders‌‌
  or‌‌
  in‌‌
  addition‌‌   thereto,‌‌ an‌‌ 
order‌  ‌directing‌  ‌the‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌‌
  party‌‌
  or‌‌
  agent‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌
  for‌‌  VII.‌‌Trial‌  ‌
disobeying‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌orders‌  ‌except‌  ‌an‌‌  order‌‌
  to‌‌
  submit‌‌   to‌‌
  a ‌‌
physical‌‌or‌‌mental‌‌examination.‌  ‌ Trial‌‌Proper‌  ‌
4. Reimbursement‌‌of‌‌expenses‌‌for‌‌refusal‌‌to‌‌admit‌  ‌ TRIAL‌‌   ‌is‌‌
  an‌‌
  examination‌‌   before‌‌   a ‌‌competent‌‌ tribunal‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ facts‌‌ or‌‌ law‌‌ 
If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌‌
  after‌‌
  being‌‌
  served‌‌   with‌‌
  a ‌‌request‌‌   under‌‌   Rule‌‌  26‌‌
  serves‌‌   a ‌‌ put‌ i
‌ n‌ i
‌ ssue‌ i
‌ n‌ a
‌ ‌ c
‌ ase,‌ f
‌ or‌ t
‌ he‌ p
‌ urpose‌ ‌of‌‌determining‌‌such‌‌issue.‌‌   ‌
sworn‌  ‌denial‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌requesting‌  ‌the‌  ‌admissions‌‌  1. Schedule‌‌of‌‌Trial‌⭐ ‌ ‌
thereafter‌‌   proves‌‌  the‌‌
  genuineness‌‌   of‌‌   such‌‌
  document‌‌   or‌‌  the‌‌ truth‌‌ of‌‌ 
 ‌
any‌  ‌such‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌fact,‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌‌  The‌‌   parties‌‌ shall‌‌ strictly‌‌ observe‌‌ the‌‌ scheduled‌‌ hearings‌‌ as‌‌ agreed‌‌ upon‌‌ 
requiring‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌party‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌him‌  ‌the‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌expenses‌‌  and‌‌set‌‌forth‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pre-trial‌‌order.‌‌   ‌ 3. Order‌‌of‌‌Trial‌‌—‌‌SIMPLY‌‌PUT:‌  ‌
incurred‌‌in‌‌making‌‌such‌‌proof‌,‌‌including‌‌attorney's‌‌fees.‌‌   ‌ 2. Grounds‌‌of‌‌Motion‌‌for‌‌Postponement‌  ‌
1. Plaintiff‌  ‌presents‌  ‌EVIDENCE-IN-CHIEF‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌his‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌‌ 
5. Effect‌‌of‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌attend‌‌or‌‌serve‌‌answers‌‌to‌‌deposition‌  ‌ GR‌:‌‌  Not‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌one‌  ‌(1)‌  ‌month‌  ‌for‌  ‌its‌  ‌adjournment‌  ‌BUT‌  ‌a ‌‌ action;‌  ‌
If‌‌failure‌‌is‌‌WILLFUL,‌‌the‌‌court‌‌on‌‌motion‌‌and‌‌notice,‌‌may‌‌   ‌ maximum‌   o
‌ f‌  t
‌ hree‌  (
‌ 3)‌  p
‌ ostponements.‌   I
‌ n‌
  e
‌ ffect,‌   i
‌ t‌
  w
‌ ill‌  b
‌ e‌‌
 
2. Defendant‌  ‌presents‌  ‌his‌  ‌EVIDENCE-IN-CHIEF‌  ‌in‌  ‌support‌  ‌of‌‌
  his‌‌ 
exactly‌‌90‌‌days.‌  ‌
defense;‌  ‌
a) strike‌‌out‌‌all‌‌or‌‌any‌‌part‌‌of‌‌any‌‌pleading‌‌of‌‌that‌‌party,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  ‌When‌‌authorized‌‌in‌‌writing‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court‌‌administrator.‌  ‌
3. Plaintiff‌‌presents‌‌REBUTTAL‌; ‌ ‌
b) dismiss‌‌the‌‌action‌‌or‌‌proceeding‌‌or‌‌any‌‌part‌‌thereof,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
4. Defendant‌‌presents‌‌SUR-REBUTTAL‌; ‌ ‌
c) enter‌‌a‌‌judgment‌‌by‌‌default‌‌against‌‌that‌‌party,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 39‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

such‌  ‌orders‌  ‌concerning‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌therein‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌tend‌  ‌to‌  ‌avoid‌‌ 
5. Parties‌‌submit‌‌their‌‌ARGUMENTS‌‌through‌‌MEMORANDA.‌  ‌ The‌‌
  clerk‌‌   of‌‌  court‌‌   shall‌‌   have‌‌   no‌‌   power‌‌
  to‌‌   rule‌‌ on‌‌ objections‌‌ to‌‌ any‌‌ 
unnecessary‌‌costs‌‌or‌‌delay.‌‌   ‌
question‌‌   or‌‌  to‌‌  the‌‌  admission‌‌   of‌‌  exhibits,‌‌   which‌‌   objections‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌  ‌additional‌‌ 
resolved‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌upon‌  ‌submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌report‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
evidence‌‌in‌‌chief‌‌during‌‌rebuttal‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌his‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌. ‌ ‌
transcripts‌‌   within‌‌   ‌ten‌‌  (10)‌‌   ‌calendar‌‌ ‌days‌‌ from‌‌ termination‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
In‌‌
  consolidation‌‌   of‌‌   cases,‌‌   the‌‌   case‌‌  bearing‌‌  the‌‌
  higher‌‌   docket‌‌ number‌‌ is‌‌ 
1.) When‌‌it‌‌is‌‌newly‌‌discovered;‌  ‌ hearing.‌  ‌
consolidated‌‌with‌‌the‌‌case‌‌having‌‌the‌‌lower‌‌docket‌‌number.‌  ‌
2.) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌was‌  ‌omitted‌  ‌through‌  ‌inadvertence‌  ‌or‌‌  NB:‌‌  Section‌‌   7 ‌‌of‌‌
  the‌‌ old‌‌ rules‌‌ regarding‌‌ Statement‌‌ of‌‌ Judge‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ 
Three‌‌ways‌‌of‌‌consolidating‌‌cases‌  ‌
mistake;‌  ‌ DELETED.‌‌Now,‌‌EVERYTHING‌‌must‌‌be‌‌on‌‌record.‌  ‌
1) By‌  ‌recasting‌  ‌the‌  ‌cases‌‌   already‌‌   instituted,‌‌   conducting‌‌   only‌‌  one‌‌ 
3.) When‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌is‌‌to‌‌correct‌‌evidence‌‌previously‌‌offered;‌‌   ‌ 7. Suspension‌‌of‌‌Action‌  ‌
hearing‌‌and‌‌rendering‌‌only‌‌one‌‌decision;‌  ‌
4.) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌additional‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌offered‌  ‌is‌  ‌material‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌‌  Art.‌‌2030.‌E ‌ very‌‌civil‌‌action‌‌or‌‌proceeding‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌suspended:‌‌   ‌
2) By‌  ‌consolidating‌  ‌the‌  ‌existing‌  ‌cases‌  ‌and‌  ‌holding‌  ‌only‌  ‌one‌‌ 
merely‌‌cumulative‌‌or‌‌impeaching.‌  ‌
1. If‌‌  willingness‌‌   to‌‌
  discuss‌‌   a ‌‌possible‌‌   ‌compromise‌‌   ‌is‌‌ expressed‌‌  hearing‌‌and‌‌rendering‌‌only‌‌one‌‌decision;‌  ‌
4. Oral‌‌Offer‌‌of‌‌Exhibits‌⭐ ‌ ‌ by‌‌one‌‌or‌‌both‌‌parties;‌‌or‌  ‌
3) By‌‌   hearing‌‌   only‌‌
  the‌‌   principal‌‌   case‌‌  and‌‌  suspending‌‌   the‌‌   hearing‌‌ 
The‌  ‌offer‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌the‌  ‌comment‌  ‌or‌  ‌objection‌  ‌thereto,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  2. If‌‌  it‌‌
  appears‌‌   that‌‌  one‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌   parties,‌‌
  before‌‌   the‌‌  commencement‌‌  on‌‌  the‌‌  others‌‌   until‌‌   judgment‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ rendered‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ principal‌‌ 
court‌‌ruling‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌made‌‌orally.‌  ‌ of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding,‌  ‌offered‌  ‌to‌  ‌discuss‌  ‌a ‌ ‌possible‌‌  case.‌  ‌
5. Agreed‌‌statement‌‌of‌‌facts‌  ‌ compromise‌‌‌but‌‌the‌‌other‌‌party‌‌refused‌‌the‌‌offer.‌  ‌
Consolidation‌‌ of‌‌ criminal‌‌ and‌‌ civil‌‌ cases‌‌ is‌‌ ALLOWED,‌‌ but‌‌ the‌‌ degree‌‌ of‌‌ 
JUDGEMENT‌‌ ON‌‌ AGREED‌‌ STATEMENT‌‌ OF‌‌ FACTS‌‌ ‌or‌‌ ‌JUDGEMENT‌‌  What‌   a
‌ re‌   t
‌ he‌   m
‌ atters‌   t
‌ hat‌   C
‌ ANNOT‌   b
‌ e‌   t
‌ he‌
  s
‌ ubject‌   o
‌ f‌‌
  proof‌‌will‌‌differ.‌‌(C ‌ años‌‌v.‌‌Peralta‌) ‌ ‌
BASED‌‌   ON‌‌ STIPULATION‌‌ OF‌‌ FACTS.‌‌ ‌The‌‌ parties‌‌ to‌‌ any‌‌ action‌‌ may‌‌  compromise?‌‌‌Under‌‌Article‌‌2035,‌‌New‌‌Civil‌‌Code,‌‌the‌‌following:‌‌   ‌
Separate‌‌   trials.‌‌   ‌— ‌‌The‌‌ court,‌‌ in‌‌ furtherance‌‌ of‌‌ convenience‌‌ or‌‌ to‌‌ avoid‌‌ 
agree,‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌involved‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌litigation,‌  ‌and‌‌  (1) The‌‌civil‌‌status‌‌of‌‌persons;‌‌(whether‌‌legitimate‌‌or‌‌illegitimate)‌  ‌ prejudice,‌  ‌may‌  ‌order‌  ‌a ‌ s ‌ eparate‌  ‌trial‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌claim,‌  ‌cross-claim,‌‌ 
submit‌‌   the‌‌
  case‌‌   for‌‌   judgment‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌  facts‌‌   agreed‌‌
  upon,‌‌ without‌‌ the‌‌  counterclaim,‌   o
‌ r‌  t
‌ hird-party‌   ‌complaint,‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌separate‌  ‌issue‌  ‌or‌‌  of‌‌ 
(2) The‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌marriage‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌legal‌  ‌separation;‌  ‌(w/n‌  ‌a ‌‌
introduction‌‌of‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ any‌  ‌number‌  ‌of‌  ‌claims,‌  ‌cross-claims,‌  ‌counterclaims,‌  ‌third-party‌‌ 
marriage‌‌settlement‌‌exists)‌  ‌
If‌‌
  the‌‌   parties‌‌   agree‌‌   only‌‌   on‌‌
  some‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ facts‌‌ in‌‌ issue,‌‌ the‌‌ ‌trial‌‌ shall‌‌  complaints‌‌or‌‌issues.‌  ‌
(3) Any‌‌ground‌‌for‌‌legal‌‌separation;‌  ‌
be‌  ‌held‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌disputed‌  ‌facts‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌order‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
prescribe.‌  ‌ (4) Future‌  ‌support;‌  ‌(always‌  ‌depends‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌‌  RULE‌‌32‌‌Trial‌‌by‌‌Commissioner‌  ‌
giving‌‌support)‌  ‌
6. Judge‌‌to‌‌receive‌‌evidence,‌‌delegation‌‌to‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌court‌  ‌
Applies‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌something‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌tried‌  ‌which‌  ‌requires‌  ‌some‌‌ 
(5) The‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌courts;‌  ‌
The‌‌   ‌judge‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌   where‌‌   the‌‌  case‌‌  is‌‌ pending‌‌ shall‌‌ ‌personally‌‌  technical‌‌expertise.‌  ‌
receive‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌adduced‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties.‌  ‌However‌, ‌ ‌in‌‌  (6) Future‌‌legitime.‌  ‌
1. Reference‌‌to‌‌a‌‌commissioner‌  ‌
default‌  ‌or‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌  ‌hearings,‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌case‌  ‌where‌‌   the‌‌  ‌parties‌‌ 
agree‌‌   in‌‌
  writing‌, ‌‌the‌‌   court‌‌   may‌‌   delegate‌‌ the‌‌ reception‌‌ of‌‌ evidence‌‌  RULE‌‌31‌‌Consolidation‌‌or‌‌Severance‌  ‌ By‌‌mutual‌‌agreement‌‌or‌‌consent‌  ‌
to‌‌its‌c‌ lerk‌‌of‌‌court‌‌who‌‌is‌‌a‌‌member‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bar‌. ‌ ‌ By‌‌motion‌‌of‌‌one‌‌party‌  ‌
Thus,‌  ‌delegation‌  ‌of‌  ‌reception‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌to‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌‌  Consolidation‌.‌—
‌ ‌‌When‌‌actions‌‌   ‌
a) When‌‌ the‌‌ trial‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ issue‌‌ of‌‌ fact‌‌ requires‌‌ the‌‌ examination‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌
REQUIRES:‌  ‌ 1. involving‌‌a‌‌common‌‌question‌‌of‌‌law‌‌or‌‌fact‌‌   ‌ long‌  ‌account‌  ‌on‌‌   either‌‌  side,‌‌  in‌‌
  which‌‌
  case‌‌  the‌‌
  commissioner‌‌ 
a) Defendant‌‌is‌‌already‌‌in‌‌default‌‌or‌‌in‌e‌ x‌‌parte‌‌‌hearing;‌  ‌ 2. are‌‌pending‌‌before‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌   ‌ may‌‌
  be‌‌
  directed‌‌   to‌‌ hear‌‌ and‌‌ report‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ whole‌‌ issue‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ 
specific‌‌question‌‌involved‌‌therein;‌  ‌
b) The‌‌parties‌‌agree‌‌in‌‌writing;‌  ‌ it‌‌ may‌‌ order‌‌ a ‌‌joint‌‌ hearing‌‌ or‌‌ trial‌‌ of‌‌ any‌‌ or‌‌ all‌‌ the‌‌ matters‌‌ in‌‌ issue‌‌ in‌‌ 
c) The‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌court‌‌is‌‌a‌‌lawyer.‌  ‌ the‌‌   actions;‌‌
  it‌‌
  may‌‌  order‌‌
  all‌‌
  the‌‌
  actions‌‌ ‌consolidated‌; ‌‌and‌‌ it‌‌ may‌‌ make‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 40‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

court‌‌
  reverses‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ of‌‌ dismissal,‌‌ ‌the‌‌ appellate‌‌ court‌‌ renders‌‌ 
b) When‌‌   the‌‌
  taking‌‌  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  account‌‌ is‌‌ necessary‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ information‌‌  Objections‌  ‌to‌‌   the‌‌  report‌‌
  based‌‌  upon‌‌  grounds‌‌   which‌‌  were‌‌
  available‌ 
judgment‌‌immediately‌‌in‌‌favor‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌. ‌ ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌before‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌or‌  ‌for‌  ‌carrying‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌‌  to‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌commissioner,‌‌ 
order‌‌into‌‌effect;‌‌   ‌ other‌  ‌than‌  ‌objections‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌findings‌  ‌and‌  ‌conclusions‌  ‌therein‌  ‌set‌‌  Action‌  ‌on‌  ‌demurrer‌  ‌to‌  ‌evidence‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌demurrer‌‌  to‌‌  evidence‌‌ 
forth,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌considered‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  unless‌‌
  they‌‌
  were‌‌  made‌‌  shall‌‌be‌‌subject‌‌to‌‌the‌‌provisions‌‌of‌‌Rule‌‌15.‌  ‌
c) When‌  ‌a ‌‌question‌‌
  of‌‌
  fact,‌‌
  other‌‌
  than‌‌
  upon‌‌  the‌‌  pleadings,‌‌   arises‌‌ 
before‌‌the‌‌commissioner.‌  ‌
upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌or‌  ‌otherwise,‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌stage‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case,‌  ‌or‌  ‌for‌‌  The‌‌   ‌order‌‌
  ‌denying‌‌   ‌the‌‌
  demurrer‌‌   to‌‌ evidence‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ subject‌‌ 
carrying‌‌a‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌order‌‌into‌‌effect‌.  ‌‌ ‌ 5. Hearing‌‌upon‌‌report‌  ‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ ‌appeal‌‌ ‌or‌‌ petition‌‌ for‌‌ ‌certiorari‌, ‌‌‌prohibition‌‌ ‌or‌‌ ‌mandamus‌‌ 
By‌‌court’s‌‌own‌‌volition‌  ‌ Upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌  ‌referred‌  ‌to‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌preceding‌‌  before‌‌judgment‌.  ‌‌ ‌
section,‌  ‌the‌  ‌report‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌set‌‌  for‌‌  hearing‌, ‌‌after‌‌   which‌‌  the‌‌
  court‌‌  What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌ACCELERATED‌‌Judgments:‌  ‌
Other‌‌Trials‌‌by‌‌Commissioner:‌  ‌
shall‌  ‌issue‌  ‌an‌‌   order‌‌  adopting,‌‌   modifying,‌‌   or‌‌
  rejecting‌‌   the‌‌
  report‌‌
  in‌‌ 
1.) Special‌‌Civil‌‌Action‌‌of‌E
‌ xpropriation‌u
‌ nder‌‌Rule‌‌67;‌  ‌ whole‌‌   or‌‌
  in‌‌
  part,‌‌  or‌‌
  recommitting‌‌   it‌‌
  with‌‌
  instructions,‌‌ or‌‌ requiring‌‌  a. Judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Pleadings;‌‌and‌  ‌

2.) Special‌‌Civil‌‌Action‌‌of‌P
‌ artition‌u
‌ nder‌‌Rule‌‌69.‌  ‌ the‌‌
  parties‌‌   to‌‌
  present‌‌   further‌‌
  evidence‌‌   before‌‌   the‌‌
  commissioner‌‌ or‌‌  b. Summary‌J‌ udgments.‌  ‌
the‌‌court.‌  ‌
2. Order‌‌of‌‌reference‌  ‌
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌stipulate‌  ‌that‌‌
  a ‌‌commissioner's‌‌   findings‌‌   of‌‌
  fact‌‌  RULE‌‌34‌‌Judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌
When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reference‌  ‌is‌  ‌made,‌  ‌the‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌shall‌  ‌forthwith‌  ‌furnish‌  ‌the‌‌  shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌FINAL,‌  ‌only‌  ‌questions‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌shall‌  ‌thereafter‌  ‌be‌‌ 
commissioner‌‌with‌‌a‌‌copy‌‌of‌‌the‌o ‌ rder‌‌of‌‌reference‌. ‌ ‌ considered‌. ‌ ‌ Where‌‌ an‌‌ ANSWER‌‌ ‌fails‌‌ to‌‌ tender‌‌ an‌‌ issue‌, ‌‌or‌‌ otherwise‌‌ admits‌‌ the‌‌ 
material‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party's‌  ‌pleading,‌‌   the‌‌
  court‌‌
  may,‌‌
  ‌on‌‌ 
3. Powers‌‌of‌‌the‌‌commissioner‌  ‌ 6. Compensation‌‌of‌‌commissioner‌  ‌
motion‌o ‌ f‌‌that‌‌party,‌‌direct‌‌judgment‌‌on‌‌such‌‌pleading.‌‌   ‌
a. regulate‌‌the‌‌proceedings‌‌in‌‌every‌‌hearing‌‌before‌‌him‌‌and‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌commissioner‌  ‌such‌  ‌reasonable‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  However,‌  ‌in‌  ‌actions‌  ‌for‌‌   declaration‌‌   of‌‌
  nullity‌‌  or‌‌
  annulment‌‌   of‌‌ 
b. to‌‌
  do‌‌
  all‌‌
  acts‌‌
  and‌‌
  take‌‌ all‌‌ measures‌‌ necessary‌‌ or‌‌ proper‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌  compensation‌‌   as‌‌
  the‌‌
  circumstances‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ case‌‌ warrant,‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ taxed‌‌ 
marriage‌  ‌or‌  ‌for‌  ‌legal‌  ‌separation,‌  ‌the‌  ‌material‌  ‌facts‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌‌ 
efficient‌‌performance‌‌of‌‌his‌‌duties‌‌under‌‌the‌‌order.‌‌   ‌ as‌  ‌costs‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌defeated‌  ‌party‌, ‌‌or‌‌  ‌apportioned‌, ‌‌as‌‌   justice‌‌ 
the‌‌complaint‌‌shall‌‌always‌‌be‌‌proved.‌‌   ‌
requires.‌‌   ‌
c. He‌‌may‌‌issue‌‌subpoenas‌‌and‌‌subpoenas‌‌duces‌‌tecum,‌‌   ‌ The‌‌following‌‌are‌‌the‌‌grounds:‌  ‌
d. swear‌‌witnesses,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ RULE‌‌33‌‌Demurrer‌‌to‌‌Evidence‌  ‌ 1.) When‌‌an‌‌answer‌‌fails‌‌to‌‌tender‌‌an‌‌issue;‌‌or‌  ‌
e. unless‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌reference,‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌‌  a.) when‌  ‌it‌  ‌neither‌  ‌admits‌  ‌nor‌  ‌denies‌  ‌the‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌in‌‌ 
Demurrer‌  ‌to‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌‌
  dismiss‌‌  filed‌‌  by‌‌  the‌‌
  defendant‌‌ 
rule‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌admissibility‌‌of‌‌evidence.‌‌   ‌ the‌‌complaint;‌  ‌
after‌  ‌the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  had‌‌
  rested‌‌
  his‌‌
  case,‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  ground‌‌   of‌‌
  insufficiency‌‌  of‌‌ 
The‌  ‌refusal‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌to‌  ‌obey‌  ‌a ‌ ‌subpoena‌  ‌issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  evidence.‌  ‌ b.) when‌‌  all‌‌
  the‌‌
  denials‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  answer‌‌
  are‌‌
  general‌‌ denials‌‌ 
commissioner‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌give‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌before‌  ‌him‌  ‌or‌  ‌her,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  and‌‌not‌‌specific.‌  ‌
a. Ground‌‌for‌‌demurrer‌  ‌
deemed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌contempt‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌which‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Upon‌‌the‌‌facts‌‌and‌‌the‌‌law‌‌the‌p
‌ laintiff‌‌has‌‌shown‌‌no‌‌right‌‌to‌‌relief‌. ‌ ‌ 2.) When‌  ‌an‌  ‌answer‌‌
  otherwise‌‌  admits‌‌
  all‌‌
  the‌‌
  material‌‌
  allegations‌‌ 
commissioner.‌  ‌
of‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party’s‌‌pleading.‌  ‌
4. Report‌‌of‌‌commissioner‌  ‌ b. Effect‌‌if‌‌motion‌‌is‌‌granted‌‌or‌‌denied‌  ‌
Exceptions‌  ‌
Upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌report,‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌notified‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  When‌  ‌the‌  ‌demurrer‌‌   is‌‌
  ‌denied‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  defendant‌‌
  will‌‌
  now‌‌
  present‌‌   his‌‌ 
evidence‌‌   to‌‌ prove‌‌ his‌‌ defense‌‌ because‌‌ the‌‌ defendant‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ waive‌‌  1) Plaintiff‌‌  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  deemed‌‌
  to‌‌ have‌‌ admitted‌‌ ‌irrelevant‌‌ ‌allegations‌‌ 
clerk,‌  ‌and‌  ‌they‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌within‌‌ 
his‌‌right‌‌to‌‌present‌‌in‌‌the‌‌event‌‌the‌‌demurrer‌‌is‌‌denied.‌  ‌ in‌‌the‌‌defendant’s‌‌answer;‌  ‌
which‌‌   to‌‌
  signify‌‌   grounds‌‌   of‌‌
  objections‌‌   to‌‌ the‌‌ findings‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ report,‌‌ 
if‌‌they‌‌so‌‌desire.‌‌   ‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant’s‌  ‌demurrer‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌   case‌‌   is‌‌
  dismissed‌‌  2) Defendant‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌admitted‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌of‌‌ 
and‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌the‌‌  damages‌‌in‌‌the‌‌complaint.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 41‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

How‌‌is‌‌it‌‌done‌  ‌ judgment‌‌  appearing‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pleadings,‌‌  2.) Rule‌‌34‌‌–‌‌Judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Pleadings;‌‌and‌  ‌


rendered‌  ‌ affidavits,‌‌depositions‌‌and‌‌ 
1) By‌‌motion‌‌of‌‌plaintiff;‌  ‌ 3.) Rule‌‌35‌‌–‌‌Summary‌‌Judgment.‌  ‌
admissions‌‌on‌‌file‌  ‌
2) By‌‌the‌‌court’s‌‌own‌‌volition‌‌or‌m
‌ otu‌‌proprio‌. ‌ ‌ NB:‌  ‌Which‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌action‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌or‌‌ 
Available‌‌  Both‌‌plaintiff‌‌and‌‌  petition‌‌for‌c‌ ertiorari‌,‌‌prohibition‌o ‌ r‌‌mandamus‌? ‌ ‌
Does‌‌not‌‌apply:‌‌(DALUC)‌  ‌ Plaintiff‌‌only‌  ‌
to‌  ‌ defendant‌  ‌
 ‌ Action‌‌or‌‌Order‌  ‌ Before‌‌Judgment?‌  ‌
1.) in‌  ‌actions‌  ‌for‌  ‌declaration‌  ‌of‌  ‌nullity‌  ‌or‌  ‌annulment‌  ‌of‌‌ 
marriage;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ Requisites‌  ‌of‌  ‌supporting‌  ‌or‌  ‌opposing‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌for‌‌ 
Demurrer‌  ‌ Order‌‌DENYING‌  ‌ YES‌  ‌
Summary‌‌Judgment‌.‌‌PACC‌  ‌
2.) in‌‌actions‌‌for‌‌‌legal‌‌separation‌;  ‌‌ ‌
1.) The‌‌affidavit‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌made‌‌based‌‌on‌p
‌ ersonal‌‌knowledge‌; ‌ ‌ Judgment‌‌on‌‌Pleadings‌  ‌ ANY‌  ‌ ❌‌  ‌
3.) when‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌unliquidated‌  ‌damages‌‌ 
because‌  ‌there‌  ‌must‌‌  always‌‌   be‌‌
  evidence‌‌   to‌‌
  prove‌‌
  such‌‌
  amount‌‌  2.) It‌  ‌shall‌  ‌set‌  ‌forth‌  ‌such‌  ‌facts‌  ‌as‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌  ‌admissible‌  ‌in‌‌  Summary‌‌Judgment‌  ‌ ANY‌  ‌ ❌‌  ‌
(Rule‌‌8,‌‌Section‌‌11);‌‌   ‌ evidence;‌  ‌
3.) The‌  ‌affiant‌  ‌is‌  ‌competent‌  ‌to‌  ‌testify‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌matters‌  ‌stated‌‌   ‌
4.) when‌‌only‌c‌ onclusions‌‌of‌‌law‌‌‌are‌‌being‌‌alleged.‌‌   ‌

Action‌‌
  on‌‌
  motion‌‌
  for‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  pleadings‌. ‌‌— ‌‌The‌‌ court‌‌ 
therein;‌‌and‌  ‌ VIII.‌‌Judgments,‌‌Final‌‌Orders‌‌and‌‌Entry‌‌Thereof‌  ‌
may‌‌   ‌motu‌‌
  proprio‌‌   ‌or‌‌
  ‌on‌‌
  motion‌‌   render‌‌
  judgment‌‌   on‌‌  the‌‌ pleadings‌‌ if‌‌ it‌‌  4.) Certified‌‌   true‌‌
  copies‌‌  of‌‌
  all‌‌
  papers‌‌
  of‌‌
  parts‌‌
  thereof‌‌
  referred‌‌ to‌‌ 
is‌‌
  apparent‌‌   that‌‌
  the‌‌  answer‌‌   fails‌‌ to‌‌ tender‌‌ an‌‌ issue,‌‌ or‌‌ otherwise‌‌ admits‌‌  in‌‌the‌‌affidavit‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌attached‌‌thereto‌‌or‌‌served‌‌therewith.‌  ‌ Rendition‌‌of‌‌Judgment‌‌and‌‌Final‌‌Orders‌  ‌
the‌‌  material‌‌   allegations‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  adverse‌‌ party’s‌‌ pleadings.‌‌ Otherwise,‌‌ the‌  ANY‌  ‌action‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌summary‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌  Judgment‌‌   ‌is‌‌  the‌‌ final‌‌ consideration‌‌ and‌‌ determination‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌court‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
motion‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌subject‌‌to‌‌the‌‌provisions‌‌of‌‌Rule‌‌15‌‌of‌‌these‌‌Rules.‌‌   ‌ pleadings‌‌   shall‌‌   ‌not‌‌   be‌‌   subject‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌   ‌appeal‌‌ ‌or‌‌ petition‌‌ for‌‌ ‌certiorari‌, ‌‌ rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌as‌  ‌those‌  ‌rights‌  ‌presently‌  ‌exist,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌matters‌‌ 
ANY‌‌  action‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ on‌‌ a ‌‌motion‌‌ for‌‌ judgment‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ pleadings‌‌ shall‌‌  prohibition‌ o
‌ r‌ m
‌ andamus‌ . ‌
  ‌ submitted‌‌to‌‌it‌i‌ n‌‌an‌‌action‌‌or‌‌proceeding.‌  ‌
not‌‌
  be‌‌
  subject‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌
  ‌appeal‌‌   ‌or‌‌ petition‌‌ for‌‌ ‌certiorari‌, ‌‌‌prohibition‌‌ ‌or‌‌  1. Requisites‌‌for‌‌a‌‌valid‌‌judgment‌  ‌
Should‌‌   it‌‌
  appear‌‌   to‌‌
  its‌‌
  satisfaction‌‌   at‌‌  any‌‌   time‌‌   that‌‌
  any‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ affidavits‌‌ 
mandamus‌. ‌ ‌
presented‌‌   pursuant‌‌   to‌‌
  this‌‌   Rule‌‌ are‌‌ presented‌‌ in‌‌ ‌bad‌‌ faith‌, ‌‌or‌‌ solely‌‌ for‌‌  1.) the‌‌   court‌‌   rendering‌‌   judgment‌‌   must‌‌  have‌‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ 
the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌delay‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌forthwith‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌offending‌‌  subject‌‌matter‌; ‌ ‌
RULE‌‌35‌‌Summary‌‌Judgments‌  ‌ party‌‌   or‌‌  counsel‌‌   to‌‌
  pay‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  other‌‌   party‌‌   the‌‌   amount‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ reasonable‌‌ 
2.) the‌‌   court‌‌   rendering‌‌   judgment‌‌   must‌‌  have‌‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ 
expenses‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ affidavits‌‌ caused‌‌ him‌‌ to‌‌ incur,‌‌ including‌‌ 
Summary‌‌   judgment‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌method‌‌   for‌‌
  promptly‌‌   disposing‌‌ of‌‌ actions‌‌ in‌‌  person‌   o
‌ f‌
  t
‌ he‌   d
‌ efendant‌ , ‌
  a
‌ nd‌
  i
‌ n‌  c
‌ ase‌   ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌
attorney's‌‌   fees.‌‌   It‌‌  may,‌‌   after‌‌   hearing,‌‌   further‌‌   adjudge‌‌ the‌‌ offending‌‌ party‌‌ 
which‌‌there‌‌is‌n‌ o‌‌genuine‌‌issue‌‌‌as‌‌to‌‌any‌‌material‌‌fact.‌  ‌ non-resident,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌rendering‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌must‌  ‌have‌‌ 
or‌‌counsel‌‌guilty‌‌of‌‌contempt‌. ‌ ‌
jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌res‌; ‌ ‌
1. Distinguish‌‌Judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Pleading‌‌and‌‌Summary‌‌ 
Partial‌‌Summary‌‌Judgment‌  ‌
Judgment‌  ‌ 3.) the‌‌   court‌‌   rendering‌‌   judgment‌‌   must‌‌  have‌‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ 
The‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌authorizes‌  ‌the‌‌   rendition‌‌   of‌‌   partial‌‌   summary‌‌   judgment.‌‌   Such‌‌  issues,‌‌   that‌‌   is,‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌ shall‌‌ decide‌‌ only‌‌ the‌‌ issues‌‌ raised‌‌ 
R34‌‌Judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ 
As‌‌to‌  ‌ R35‌‌Summary‌‌Judgment‌  ‌ judgment‌‌   is‌‌ ‌interlocutory‌‌ ‌in‌‌ nature‌‌ and‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ final‌‌ and‌‌ appealable.‌‌ The‌‌  by‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌in‌‌their‌‌pleadings;‌  ‌
Pleadings‌  ‌
appeal‌  ‌from‌  ‌such‌  ‌partial‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌taken‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
4.) the‌  ‌court‌  ‌rendering‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌validly‌  ‌constituted‌‌ 
judgment‌‌in‌‌the‌‌entire‌‌case‌‌after‌‌trial‌‌shall‌‌have‌‌been‌‌conducted.‌  ‌
there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌issue‌‌of‌‌fact‌‌at‌‌  no‌‌genuine‌‌issue‌‌of‌‌fact‌‌to‌‌  court‌‌and‌‌the‌‌judge‌‌thereof,‌‌a‌‌judge‌‌de‌‌jure‌‌or‌‌de‌‌facto;‌  ‌
Ground‌  ‌
all‌‌to‌‌be‌‌tried‌  ‌ be‌‌tried‌  ‌ GR‌:‌‌  Judgment‌‌cannot‌b ‌ e‌‌secured‌‌by‌m ‌ ere‌‌motion‌. ‌ ‌
5.) the‌‌   judgment‌‌   must‌‌ be‌‌ rendered‌‌ ‌after‌‌ lawful‌‌ hearing‌, ‌‌meaning‌‌ 
EXC‌:  ‌‌ ‌ that‌‌due‌‌process‌‌must‌‌be‌‌observed.‌  ‌
How‌‌  Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌pleadings‌  ‌ on‌‌the‌‌basis‌‌of‌‌facts‌‌ 
1.) Rule‌‌33‌‌–‌‌Demurrer‌‌to‌‌Evidence;‌‌   ‌ Formal‌‌Requisites‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 42‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

corresponding‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌ministerial‌‌ 


1.) The‌‌judgment‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌in‌w
‌ riting‌; ‌ ‌ 1. the‌‌damages‌‌awarded‌‌are‌‌excessive,‌  ‌
duty‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌(Rule‌‌39);‌‌   ‌
2.) It‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌personally‌‌and‌‌directly‌‌‌prepared‌‌by‌‌the‌‌judge;‌  ‌ 2. the‌‌
  evidence‌‌ is‌‌ insufficient‌‌ to‌‌ justify‌‌ the‌‌ decision‌‌ or‌‌ final‌‌ order,‌‌ 
2.) The‌  ‌court‌  ‌rendering‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌   ‌loses‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   over‌‌
  the‌‌ 
OR‌  ‌
3.) It‌‌
  shall‌‌
  ‌state‌‌
  clearly‌‌
  and‌‌
  distinctly‌‌
  the‌‌ facts‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ law‌‌ ‌on‌‌  case‌‌
  so‌‌
  that‌‌  it‌‌
  can‌‌
  no‌‌
  longer‌‌ correct‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ in‌‌ substance,‌‌ 
which‌‌it‌‌is‌‌based;‌‌and‌  ‌ except‌  ‌to‌  ‌make‌  ‌corrections‌  ‌of‌  ‌clerical‌  ‌errors‌  ‌and‌  ‌omissions‌‌  3. the‌‌decision‌‌or‌‌final‌‌order‌‌is‌‌contrary‌‌to‌‌law.‌  ‌
4.) It‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌signed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌judge‌‌‌and‌‌   ‌ plainly‌‌due‌‌to‌‌inadvertence‌‌or‌‌negligence.‌  ‌ 3. Contents‌‌of‌‌MNT‌‌or‌‌MR‌  ‌
5.) Filed‌w
‌ ith‌‌the‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌court.‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌for‌  ‌support‌, ‌ ‌which‌  ‌can‌‌
  be‌‌
  modified‌‌
  at‌‌  Affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌merit,‌  ‌when‌‌   required.‌‌   An‌‌
  ‌AFFIDAVIT‌‌   OF‌‌  MERIT‌‌   is‌‌ 
any‌‌time.‌  ‌ one‌  ‌which‌  ‌recites‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌character‌  ‌of‌‌  ‌FAME‌‌
  ‌on‌‌
  which‌‌
  the‌‌ 
2. Judgment‌‌upon‌‌compromise,‌‌immediately‌‌executory‌  ‌
3.) Res‌‌adjudicata‌‌‌supervenes.‌  ‌ motion‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌and‌  ‌stating‌  ‌the‌  ‌movant’s‌  ‌good‌  ‌and‌  ‌substantial‌‌ 
A‌‌
  judgment‌‌   rendered‌‌
  with‌‌ the‌‌ consent‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ purpose‌‌  cause‌‌   of‌‌
  action‌‌   or‌‌
  defense‌‌
  and‌‌  the‌‌
  evidence‌‌ he‌‌ intends‌‌ to‌‌ present‌‌ if‌‌ 
of‌‌effecting‌‌a‌‌compromise‌‌or‌‌settlement‌‌of‌‌an‌‌action.‌  ‌ the‌‌
  motion‌‌   is‌‌
  granted,‌‌  which‌‌ evidence‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ such‌‌ as‌‌ to‌‌ warrant‌‌ 
RULE‌‌37‌‌New‌‌Trial‌‌or‌‌Reconsiderations‌  ‌
A‌  ‌compromise‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌contract‌  ‌whereby‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌by‌  ‌making‌‌  reasonable‌  ‌belief‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌result‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌would‌  ‌probably‌  ‌be‌‌ 
reciprocal‌  ‌concessions,‌  ‌avoid‌  ‌a ‌ ‌litigation‌  ‌or‌  ‌put‌  ‌an‌  ‌end‌  ‌to‌  ‌one‌‌  Remedies‌‌After‌‌Judgment‌‌but‌‌Before‌‌Finality‌  ‌ otherwise.‌  ‌
already‌‌commenced.‌  ‌ 1. Motion‌‌for‌‌New‌‌Trial,‌‌Grounds‌  ‌ Proforma‌  ‌motion,‌  ‌effect‌  ‌of.‌  ‌The‌  ‌period‌  ‌to‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌‌ 
A‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌upon‌  ‌a ‌ ‌compromise‌  ‌entered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌not‌‌  interrupted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌such‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌new‌‌trial.‌ 
Within‌‌   the‌‌
  ‌period‌‌   for‌‌
  taking‌‌   an‌‌
  appeal‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  aggrieved‌‌   party‌‌
  may‌‌ 
subscribed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌bound‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌compromise‌‌  move‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌set‌  ‌aside‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌and‌‌  Distinguish‌‌   reopening‌‌   of‌‌
  trial‌‌   from‌‌
  new‌‌  trial.‌‌
  New‌‌
  trial‌‌
  should‌‌ 
agreement,‌‌   and‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ absence‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌special‌‌ authority‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ lawyer‌‌ to‌‌  grant‌‌
  a ‌‌‌new‌‌ trial‌‌ ‌for‌‌ one‌‌ or‌‌ more‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ following‌‌ causes‌‌ materially‌‌  be‌‌
  distinguished‌‌   from‌‌ the‌‌ exercise‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ discretionary‌‌ power‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
bind‌‌his‌‌client‌‌in‌‌the‌‌said‌‌agreement,‌‌is‌U ‌ NENFORCEABLE‌.  ‌‌ ‌ affecting‌‌the‌‌substantial‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌said‌‌party:‌‌   ‌ court‌‌  to‌‌
  REOPEN‌‌   a ‌‌trial‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌ introduction‌‌ of‌‌ additional‌‌ evidence,‌‌ 
What‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌  ‌legal‌  ‌effects‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌based‌  ‌upon‌  ‌a ‌‌ to‌‌clarify‌‌its‌‌doubts‌‌on‌‌material‌‌points.‌‌   ‌
(a) FAME.‌  ‌Fraud,‌  ‌accident,‌  ‌mistake‌  ‌or‌  ‌excusable‌  ‌negligence‌‌ 
compromise‌‌agreement?‌‌   ‌ which‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌prudence‌  ‌could‌  ‌not‌  ‌have‌  ‌guarded‌  ‌against‌‌   and‌‌  This‌  ‌discretionary‌  ‌power‌  ‌is‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌no‌  ‌rule‌  ‌other‌  ‌than‌  ‌the‌‌ 
1.) The‌  ‌compromise‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌appealable‌  ‌and‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌  by‌  ‌reason‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌such‌  ‌aggrieved‌  ‌party‌  ‌has‌  ‌probably‌  ‌been‌‌  paramount‌  ‌interest‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice‌  ‌and‌  ‌will‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌reviewed‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal‌‌ 
immediately‌‌executory.‌  ‌ impaired‌‌in‌‌his‌‌rights;‌O ‌ R‌  ‌ unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌‌   thereof‌‌
  is‌‌  abused.‌‌   If‌‌
  the‌‌
  motion‌‌  is‌‌
  filed‌‌
  AFTER‌‌ 
the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   is‌‌
  rendered,‌‌
  it‌‌ is‌‌ called‌‌ a ‌‌‌motion‌‌ for‌‌ new‌‌ trial‌. ‌‌When‌‌ 
2.) It‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌annulled‌  ‌unless‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌vitiated‌  ‌with‌  ‌error,‌  ‌deceit,‌‌  (b) NDE.‌‌Newly‌‌discovered‌‌evidence‌,‌‌which‌‌   ‌ the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌is‌  ‌filed‌  ‌BEFORE‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgement‌  ‌is‌‌   rendered,‌‌  it‌‌
  should‌‌
  be‌‌ 
violence‌‌or‌‌forgery‌‌of‌‌documents.‌  ‌ 1. he‌  ‌could‌  ‌not,‌  ‌with‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌diligence,‌  ‌have‌  ‌discovered‌‌  called‌‌a‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌reopening‌‌of‌‌trial.‌  ‌
3.) It‌‌constitutes‌r‌ es‌‌adjudicata‌. ‌ ‌ and‌‌produced‌‌at‌‌the‌‌trial,‌A ‌ ND‌  ‌ 4. Action‌‌and‌‌resolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌motion‌  ‌
3. Entry‌‌of‌‌judgment‌  ‌ 2. which‌‌if‌‌presented‌‌would‌‌probably‌‌alter‌‌the‌‌result.‌‌   ‌ a) If‌‌
  the‌‌ ground‌‌ is‌‌ ‌FAME‌, ‌‌there‌‌ will‌‌ be‌‌ a ‌‌trial‌‌ de‌‌ novo‌‌ because‌‌ the‌‌ 
The‌‌
  ‌date‌‌
  of‌‌
  finality‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌  or‌‌
  final‌‌  order‌‌  FRAUD.‌‌ To‌‌ be‌‌ a ‌‌ground‌‌ for‌‌ new‌‌ trial‌, ‌‌must‌‌ be‌‌ ‌EXTRINSIC‌‌ ‌— ‌‌where‌‌  proceeding‌‌will‌‌be‌‌set‌‌aside;‌‌   ‌
the‌‌
  aggrieved‌‌   party‌‌  was‌‌
  misled‌‌
  by‌‌  the‌‌ adverse‌‌ party,‌‌ and‌‌ by‌‌ reason‌‌ 
shall‌‌be‌‌deemed‌‌to‌‌be‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌its‌‌entry‌. ‌ ‌ b) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌is‌  ‌NDE‌, ‌ ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌trial‌  ‌de‌‌
  novo.‌‌
  The‌‌
  evidence‌‌ 
thereof,‌  ‌he‌  ‌was‌  ‌prevented‌  ‌from‌‌  presenting‌‌   his‌‌  case‌‌
  properly.‌‌  IOW,‌‌  admitted‌‌   which‌‌   is‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ decision‌‌ will‌‌ remain.‌‌ The‌‌ 
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌final‌  ‌and‌  ‌executory,‌  ‌what‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌‌  he‌‌was‌d‌ eprived‌‌of‌‌his‌‌day‌‌in‌‌court‌. ‌ ‌ case‌‌   will‌‌  be‌‌
  opened‌‌   only‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌   purpose‌‌   of‌‌
  admitting‌‌
  the‌‌ new‌‌ 
effects?‌  ‌ evidence.‌  ‌
2. Motion‌‌for‌‌Reconsideration‌  ‌
1.) The‌  ‌prevailing‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  t‌ o‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌  c) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌reconsideration‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌also‌  ‌no‌‌ 
Within‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌period,‌  ‌the‌  ‌aggrieved‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌move‌  ‌for‌‌ 
executed‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌right‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  trial‌‌de‌‌novo.‌‌The‌‌court‌‌will‌‌simply‌‌amend‌‌its‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
reconsideration‌‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌grounds‌‌that‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 43‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

adverse‌‌  parties‌‌
  to‌‌
  answer‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  within‌‌
  ‌fifteen‌‌
  (15)‌‌
  days‌‌
  ‌from‌‌ 
An‌  ‌MNT‌  ‌MR‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌resolved‌  ‌within‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌  However,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌denial‌  ‌constitutes‌  ‌grave‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌discretion,‌  ‌then‌‌ 
the‌‌receipt‌‌thereof.‌  ‌
time‌‌it‌‌is‌‌submitted‌‌for‌‌resolution.‌‌   ‌ the‌‌remedy‌‌is‌C ‌ ertiorari‌,‌‌pursuant‌‌to‌‌AM‌‌No.‌‌07-7-12.‌  ‌
5. Preliminary‌‌injunction‌‌pending‌‌proceeding‌  ‌
If‌‌
  the‌‌
  motion‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌DENIED‌, ‌‌movant‌‌   must‌‌
  appeal‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ within‌‌ 
15‌  ‌days‌‌
  from‌‌  receipt‌‌  of‌‌
  order‌‌
  denying‌‌   his‌‌
  motion‌‌   and‌‌
  not‌‌
  just‌‌  RULE‌‌38‌‌Relief‌‌from‌‌Judgments,‌‌Orders‌‌or‌‌Other‌‌  The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌grant‌  ‌such‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
for‌‌the‌‌balance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌(N‌ eypes‌‌Rule‌).‌  ‌ Proceedings‌  ‌ necessary‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  preservation‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌   rights‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌ parties,‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ 
filing‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bond‌‌   ‌in‌‌
  favor‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  adverse‌‌   party‌‌  all‌‌ 
5. Second‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌reconsideration,‌‌Rule‌‌and‌‌  Remedies‌‌After‌‌Judgment‌‌Becomes‌‌Final‌  ‌ damages‌  ‌and‌  ‌costs‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌awarded‌  ‌to‌  ‌him‌  ‌by‌  ‌reason‌  ‌of‌‌ 
exception‌  ‌
1. Petition‌‌for‌‌Relief‌‌from‌‌Judgment‌  ‌ issuance‌  ‌of‌‌   such‌‌  injunction‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌  other‌‌   proceedings‌‌   following‌‌   the‌‌ 
A‌‌
  motion‌‌
  for‌‌
  new‌‌ trial‌‌ shall‌‌ include‌‌ all‌‌ grounds‌‌ then‌‌ available‌‌ and‌‌  petition;‌  ‌but‌  ‌such‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌operate‌  ‌to‌  ‌discharge‌  ‌or‌‌ 
those‌‌not‌‌so‌‌included‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌deemed‌‌waived.‌‌   ‌ Grounds:‌‌F.A.M.E.‌  ‌ extinguish‌  ‌any‌  ‌lien‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌have‌  ‌acquired‌‌ 
A‌‌ ‌second‌‌ motion‌‌ for‌‌ new‌‌ trial,‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌ a ‌‌‌ground‌‌ not‌‌ existing‌‌ nor‌‌  2. Petition‌‌for‌‌Relief‌‌from‌‌Denial‌‌of‌‌Appeal‌  ‌ upon‌‌the‌‌property‌‌of‌‌the‌‌petitioner.‌  ‌
available‌‌  when‌‌   the‌‌
  first‌‌ motion‌‌ was‌‌ made,‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ filed‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌  When‌‌   a ‌‌judgment‌‌   or‌‌
  final‌‌   order‌‌
  is‌‌
  rendered‌‌   by‌‌  any‌‌  court‌‌   a ‌‌case,‌‌  In‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌for‌  ‌relief‌  ‌from‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌there‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌two‌  ‌(2)‌‌ 
  in‌‌
time‌  ‌herein‌  ‌provided‌  ‌excluding‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌during‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌‌  and‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌   thereto,‌‌  by‌‌   ‌FAME‌, ‌‌has‌‌  been‌‌
  ‌prevented‌‌   ‌from‌‌   taking‌‌   an‌‌  hearings‌,‌‌to‌‌wit:‌‌   ‌
motion‌‌had‌‌been‌‌pending.‌‌   ‌ appeal‌, ‌ ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌‌  in‌‌   the‌‌
  same‌‌   case‌‌  1. a‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌to‌  ‌determine‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌order‌ 
No‌  ‌party‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌second‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌‌  praying‌‌that‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌be‌‌given‌‌due‌‌course.‌  ‌ complained‌‌of‌‌should‌‌be‌‌set‌‌aside,‌‌and‌  ‌
reconsideration‌‌of‌‌a‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌final‌‌order.‌  ‌ Where‌‌  the‌‌
  denial‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌
  appeal‌‌   is‌‌
  set‌‌
  aside,‌‌
  the‌‌
  lower‌‌  court‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌  2. if‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌thereon‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌affirmative,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌hearing‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Two‌‌Types‌‌of‌P
‌ ro‌‌forma‌‌‌Motion‌‌for‌‌New‌‌Trial‌  ‌ required‌‌ to‌‌ give‌‌ due‌‌ course‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ appeal‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌ elevate‌‌ the‌‌ record‌‌ of‌‌  merits‌‌of‌‌the‌‌principal‌‌case.‌  ‌
the‌‌appealed‌‌case‌‌as‌‌if‌‌a‌‌timely‌‌and‌‌proper‌‌appeal‌‌had‌‌been‌‌made.‌  ‌
1.) A‌‌
  motion‌‌   for‌‌
  new‌‌
  trial‌‌
  which‌‌  is‌‌  not‌‌
  supported‌‌  by‌‌
  affidavits‌‌   of‌‌ 
merits‌  ‌– ‌ ‌one‌  ‌which‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌comply‌‌   in‌‌
  substance‌‌  or‌‌
  in‌‌
  form‌  3. Time‌‌to‌‌file‌‌petition,‌‌contents‌‌and‌‌verification‌  ‌ IX.‌‌Execution,‌‌Satisfaction‌‌and‌‌Effect‌‌of‌‌Judgments‌  ‌
with‌‌Section‌‌2;‌‌and‌  ‌ a. must‌‌be‌‌verified‌,  ‌‌ ‌
EXECUTION‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌provided‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌enforcement‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
2.) A‌  ‌second‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌ground‌  ‌available‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  b. filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌sixty‌  ‌(60)‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner‌‌   learns‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌  judgment.‌  ‌
party‌‌when‌‌the‌‌first‌‌motion‌‌was‌‌filed‌‌(Section‌‌5).‌  ‌ judgment,‌  ‌final‌‌   order,‌‌  or‌‌
  other‌‌
  proceeding‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  set‌‌  aside,‌‌
  ‌and‌‌ 
6. Partial‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌reconsideration‌  ‌ not‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌six‌  ‌(6)‌  ‌months‌  ‌after‌  ‌such‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌‌  When‌‌execution‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right‌  ‌
order‌‌was‌e ‌ ntered‌,‌‌or‌‌such‌‌proceeding‌‌was‌‌taken;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 1. Where‌‌to‌‌file‌‌the‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌execution‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌under‌‌   this‌‌
  Rule‌‌  appear‌‌   to‌‌  the‌‌
  court‌‌   to‌‌ 
affect‌  ‌the‌  ‌issues‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌only‌‌
  a ‌‌part,‌‌
  or‌‌
  less‌‌
  than‌‌   all‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  matter‌‌   in‌‌  NB:‌‌‌date‌‌of‌‌entry‌‌=‌‌date‌‌of‌‌finality‌‌of‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ It‌  ‌is‌  ‌generally‌  ‌done‌  ‌by‌  ‌filing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌execution‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
controversy,‌  ‌or‌  ‌only‌  ‌one,‌  ‌or‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌  ‌all,‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌to‌  ‌it,‌  ‌the‌‌  c. must‌‌
  be‌‌
  accompanied‌‌ with‌‌ ‌affidavits‌‌ ‌showing‌‌ the‌‌ FAME‌‌ relied‌‌  prevailing‌  ‌party‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌will‌  ‌then‌  ‌issue‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌‌ 
court‌  ‌may‌  ‌order‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌or‌  ‌grant‌  ‌reconsideration‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌such‌‌  upon,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner's‌  ‌good‌  ‌and‌‌  execution‌, ‌ ‌which‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌  ‌followed‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌‌   of‌‌
  execution‌, ‌‌and‌ 
issues‌  ‌if‌  ‌severable‌  ‌without‌  ‌interfering‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌‌  substantial‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌‌or‌‌defense,‌‌as‌‌the‌‌case‌‌may‌‌be.‌‌   ‌ the‌‌sheriff‌‌will‌‌enforce‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
order‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌rest.‌  ‌
However,‌  ‌such‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌merit‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌anymore‌  ‌required‌‌  What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌conditions‌‌for‌‌compulsory‌‌execution?‌  ‌
7. Remedy‌‌for‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌reconsideration‌  ‌ when‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌order‌  ‌is‌  ‌VOID‌  ‌for‌  ‌want‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌  1.) If‌‌
  a ‌‌judgment‌‌  has‌‌
  disposed‌‌
  already‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  action‌‌
  or‌‌ proceeding‌‌ 
An‌  ‌order‌  ‌denying‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌‌
  for‌‌
  new‌‌  trial‌‌
  or‌‌
  reconsideration‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌not‌‌  (‌Republic‌‌v.‌‌De‌‌Leon‌) ‌ ‌ then‌i‌ t‌‌can‌‌be‌‌executed;‌‌AND‌  ‌
appealable‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌being‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌from‌‌   the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   or‌‌  4. Order‌‌to‌‌file‌‌answer,‌‌hearing‌‌of‌‌petition‌  ‌
2.) The‌  ‌period‌  ‌to‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌has‌  ‌expired‌  ‌and‌  ‌no‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌ 
final‌‌order.‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌in‌  ‌form‌  ‌and‌  ‌substance‌‌   to‌‌
  justify‌‌
  relief,‌‌  filed/taken‌‌from‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌filed,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌issue‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌requiring‌  ‌the‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 44‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

Are‌  ‌there‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌instances‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgement‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  a.
When‌‌   there‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌   a ‌‌‌change‌‌   in‌‌   the‌‌  situation‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ parties,‌‌  What‌‌are‌‌the‌r‌ equisites‌f‌ or‌‌discretionary‌‌execution?‌‌   ‌
executed‌‌as‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right?‌  ‌ which‌  ‌makes‌  ‌the‌  ‌execution‌  ‌inequitable;‌  ‌SUPERVENING‌  ‌FACT‌‌ 
1.) There‌‌must‌‌be‌‌a‌m ‌ otion‌‌filed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌prevailing‌‌party;‌  ‌
DOCTRINE‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌duly‌  ‌perfected‌  ‌and‌  ‌finally‌  ‌resolved,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2.) There‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌given‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌‌ 
execution‌  ‌may‌  ‌forthwith‌  ‌be‌  ‌applied‌  ‌for‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌origin,‌  ‌on‌‌  b. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌   was‌‌   ‌novated‌‌   ‌by‌‌
  subsequent‌‌   agreement‌‌   of‌‌ 
party;‌‌and‌  ‌
motion‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌  judgment‌‌   obligee,‌‌
  submitting‌‌   therewith‌‌ certified‌‌ true‌‌  the‌‌parties;‌‌   ‌
copies‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌  judgment‌‌   or‌‌ judgments‌‌ or‌‌ final‌‌ order‌‌ or‌‌ orders‌‌ sought‌‌  3.) There‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ ‌good‌‌ reasons‌‌ to‌‌ execute‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ stated‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌special‌‌ 
c. When‌‌   a‌‌
  petition‌‌   for‌‌
  relief‌‌   from‌‌
  judgment‌‌   is‌‌
  filed‌‌  and‌‌
  a ‌‌‌writ‌‌ of‌‌ 
to‌  ‌be‌  ‌enforced‌  ‌and‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌  entry‌‌
  thereof,‌‌  ‌with‌‌  notice‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌   adverse‌‌  order‌‌after‌‌due‌‌hearing.‌  ‌
preliminary‌‌injunction‌‌‌is‌‌issued;‌  ‌
party.‌‌   ‌ Where‌‌can‌‌you‌‌file‌‌your‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌execution‌‌pending‌‌appeal?‌‌   ‌
d. When‌‌   the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   has‌‌   become‌‌   ‌dormant‌, ‌‌the‌‌   five‌‌ year‌‌ period‌‌ 
The‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌may,‌  ‌on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌case,‌‌   when‌‌   the‌‌  1.) TRIAL‌‌   COURT‌‌ — ‌‌while‌‌ it‌‌ has‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ and‌‌ the‌ 
to‌‌enforce‌‌it‌‌by‌‌a‌‌mere‌‌motion‌‌having‌‌expired;‌  ‌
interest‌‌   of‌‌  justice‌‌  so‌‌ requires,‌‌ ‌direct‌‌ ‌the‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌ origin‌‌ to‌‌ issue‌‌ the‌‌  court‌‌is‌‌still‌‌in‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌records‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case.‌‌Meaning:‌‌   ‌
writ‌‌of‌‌execution.‌  ‌ e. When‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌incomplete‌. ‌ ‌
(a) the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌yet‌  ‌become‌  ‌final‌  ‌— ‌ ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌still‌‌ 
Are‌  ‌there‌  ‌other‌  ‌instances‌  ‌when‌  ‌execution‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌matter‌  ‌of‌‌  3. When‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌amend‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌despite‌‌finality‌  ‌ within‌‌the‌‌15‌‌day‌‌period‌,‌‌and‌  ‌
right?‌J‌ udgments‌‌in‌‌action‌‌for‌‌   ‌ a. To‌‌make‌‌corrections‌‌or‌c‌ lerical‌e‌ rrors;‌  ‌
(b) the‌  ‌court‌  ‌still‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌records‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a. I‌njunction‌,  ‌‌ ‌ b. To‌‌clarify‌a ‌ mbiguity‌; ‌ ‌ case.‌  ‌
b. R‌eceivership‌,  ‌‌ c. In‌‌judgment‌‌for‌s‌ upport‌b
‌ ecause‌‌it‌‌can‌‌be‌‌amended‌‌anytime.‌  ‌ 2.) APPELLATE‌  ‌COURT‌  ‌— ‌ ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌already‌  ‌lost‌‌ 
jurisdiction,‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌execution‌  ‌pending‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌may‌‌ 
c. A‌ccounting‌‌a‌ nd‌‌   ‌ 4. Grounds‌‌for‌‌Quashal‌‌of‌‌Writ‌‌of‌‌Execution‌  ‌
already‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌appellate‌‌court.‌  ‌
d. S‌upport‌,  ‌‌ ‌ a. When‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌controversy‌  ‌has‌  ‌never‌  ‌been‌‌ 
2. Grounds:‌‌Good‌‌Reasons‌‌and‌‌contained‌‌in‌‌a‌‌special‌‌order‌  ‌
submitted‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court;‌  ‌
and‌‌   such‌‌
  other‌‌
  judgments‌‌   as‌‌
  are‌‌
  now‌‌
  or‌‌  may‌‌  hereafter‌‌
  be‌‌ declared‌‌ 
1.) When‌‌there‌‌is‌‌danger‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌becoming‌‌INEFFECTUAL.‌‌   ‌
to‌  ‌be‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌executory‌, ‌ ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌enforceable‌  ‌after‌  ‌their‌‌  b. When‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌ 
rendition‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌stayed‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌taken‌  ‌therefrom,‌‌  improvidently‌‌issued‌;  ‌‌ ‌ 2.) Where‌‌the‌‌prevailing‌‌party‌‌is‌‌of‌‌ADVANCE‌‌AGE;‌  ‌
unless‌‌otherwise‌‌ordered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌court.‌  ‌ c. When‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌execution‌‌is‌d
‌ efective‌i‌ n‌‌substance;‌‌   ‌ 3.) Where‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌is‌‌for‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌DELAY;‌  ‌
The‌  ‌stay‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌upon‌  ‌such‌  ‌terms‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌BOND‌  ‌or‌‌  d. When‌‌   the‌‌
  writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  execution‌‌
  is‌‌
  issued‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌ ‌wrong‌‌ party‌; ‌‌ 4.) Where‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌for‌‌SUPPORT;‌  ‌
otherwise‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌considered‌  ‌proper‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌security‌  ‌or‌‌  and‌‌   ‌
protection‌‌of‌‌the‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party.‌  ‌ 5.) Where‌‌the‌‌article‌‌subject‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case‌‌would‌‌DETERIORATE;‌  ‌
e. When‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌debt‌‌has‌‌been‌‌paid‌‌‌or‌‌otherwise‌‌satisfied.‌  ‌
Is‌  ‌there‌  ‌another‌  ‌instance‌  ‌when‌  ‌execution‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌matter‌  ‌of‌‌  6.) Where‌‌the‌‌defendants‌‌are‌‌exhausting‌‌their‌‌income;‌  ‌
right?‌‌   ‌ f. Issued‌‌without‌‌authority;‌  ‌
7.) Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌debtor‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌imminent‌  ‌danger‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌70‌  ‌— ‌ ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌MTC‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌forcible‌  ‌entry‌  ‌or‌‌  g. Change‌‌of‌‌situation‌‌‌of‌‌parties;‌  ‌ INSOLVENCY.‌  ‌
unlawful‌‌  detainer‌‌   case‌‌ is‌‌ immediately‌‌ executory‌‌ even‌‌ if‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ yet‌‌  h. The‌‌writ‌‌varies‌t‌ he‌‌terms‌‌of‌‌judgment;‌  ‌ The‌  ‌execution‌  ‌pending‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌proper‌  ‌for‌  ‌enforcing‌  ‌the‌‌ 
final‌‌and‌‌executory.‌‌   ‌ collection‌‌
  of‌‌
  ACTUAL‌‌  DAMAGES,‌‌   but‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌not‌‌
  proper‌‌
  to‌‌ enforce‌‌ the‌‌ 
i. Enforced‌‌against‌‌property‌e‌ xempt‌f‌ rom‌‌execution.‌  ‌
2. When‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌refuse‌‌to‌‌issue‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌despite‌‌finality‌  ‌ payment‌‌of‌‌moral‌‌or‌‌exemplary‌‌damages.‌  ‌
Discretionary‌‌Execution‌  ‌
3. Stay‌‌of‌‌discretionary‌‌execution:‌‌Supersedeas‌‌Bond‌  ‌
1. Before‌‌expiration‌‌of‌‌period‌‌to‌‌appeal‌‌OR‌‌during‌‌the‌‌pendency‌‌ 
of‌‌appeal‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 45‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

GR‌:‌‌  When‌‌   a ‌‌defendant‌‌ puts‌‌ up‌‌ a ‌‌‌supersedeas‌‌ bond,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌  The‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌for‌  ‌revival‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌another‌  ‌10‌‌  (b) Judgment‌‌   obligor‌‌   — ‌‌against‌‌   his‌‌
  executor‌‌  or‌‌  administrator‌‌   or‌‌ 
recall‌  ‌the‌  ‌execution‌  ‌pending‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌because‌  ‌discretionary‌‌  years‌f‌ rom‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌the‌‌revived‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ successor‌‌
  in‌‌
  interest,‌‌
  if‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ be‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ recovery‌‌ of‌‌ real‌‌ 
execution‌‌is‌‌the‌‌exception‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌the‌‌general‌‌rule.‌‌   ‌ or‌‌
  personal‌‌
  property,‌‌  or‌‌   the‌‌
  enforcement‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌lien‌‌ thereon,‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌
Republic‌‌v.‌‌Claro‌‌Yap‌,‌G
‌ R‌‌No‌‌231116,‌‌7‌‌Feb‌‌2018‌  ‌ money‌‌claim‌;  ‌‌ ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  Notwithstanding‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌supersedeas‌  ‌bond‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
appellant,‌‌   execution‌‌
  pending‌‌
  appeal‌‌   may‌‌
  still‌‌ be‌‌ granted‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌  The‌  ‌statute‌  ‌of‌  ‌limitations‌  ‌and‌  ‌Sec‌  ‌6 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌R39‌  ‌DO‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌apply‌  ‌in‌‌
  land‌  (c) Judgment‌‌   obligor‌, ‌‌after‌‌
  execution‌‌   is‌‌
  actually‌‌   levied‌‌
  upon‌‌ any‌‌ 
court‌  ‌IF‌  ‌THERE‌  ‌ARE‌  ‌SPECIAL‌  ‌AND‌  ‌COMPELLING‌  ‌REASONS‌‌  registration‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌ of‌‌
  his‌‌
  property,‌‌   the‌‌ same‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ sold‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ satisfaction‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
justifying‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌outweighing‌  ‌the‌  ‌security‌  ‌offered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  judgment‌  ‌obligation,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌making‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
supersedeas‌‌bond.‌  ‌ This‌‌
  provision‌‌   refers‌‌
  to‌‌  civil‌‌
  actions‌‌  and‌‌  is‌‌ ‌not‌‌ applicable‌‌ to‌‌ special‌‌  account‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  corresponding‌‌   executor‌‌ or‌‌ administrator‌‌ for‌‌ any‌‌ 
proceedings‌. ‌ ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌so‌  ‌because‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌must‌‌  surplus‌‌in‌‌his‌‌hands.‌  ‌
4. Judgment‌‌not‌‌stayed‌‌by‌‌appeal‌  ‌ immediately‌‌ enforce‌‌ a ‌‌judgment‌‌ that‌‌ is‌‌ secured‌‌ as‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌ adverse‌‌ 
Judgment‌‌   for‌‌
  ‌SUPPORT‌. ‌‌The‌‌ same‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ executed‌‌ pending‌‌ appeal‌‌  party,‌  ‌and‌  ‌his‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌‌
  act‌‌
  to‌‌  enforce‌‌  the‌‌
  same‌‌   within‌‌
  a ‌‌reasonable‌‌  Execution‌‌of‌‌judgment,‌‌how‌‌enforced‌  ‌
even‌  ‌notwithstanding‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌supersedeas‌  ‌bond‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  time‌‌makes‌‌the‌‌decision‌‌unenforceable‌‌against‌‌the‌‌losing‌‌party.‌  ‌ 1. Money‌‌Judgment‌‌(Sec‌‌9)‌  ‌
appellant.‌  ‌  ‌ Immediate‌‌Payment‌‌on‌‌Demand‌  ‌
How‌‌do‌‌you‌‌execute‌‌a‌‌judgment?‌‌   ‌ Perez‌‌v.‌‌Manotok‌‌Realty‌,‌G
‌ R‌‌No‌‌216157,‌‌19‌‌Oct‌‌2019‌  ‌ 1.) The‌‌sheriff‌‌must‌‌demand‌‌payment‌‌from‌‌the‌‌obligor;‌‌   ‌
By‌  ‌filing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌execution‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌court‌  ‌which‌‌  A‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌executed‌  ‌on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌within‌  ‌five‌  ‌years‌  ‌from‌‌   the‌‌  2.) The‌‌  obligor‌‌ can‌‌ pay‌‌ in‌‌ cash,‌‌ certified‌‌ bank‌‌ check‌‌ payable‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
rendered‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌‌   ‌ date‌‌   of‌‌
  its‌‌
  entry‌‌ or‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ date‌‌ it‌‌ becomes‌‌ final‌‌ and‌‌ executory.‌‌ After‌‌  judgment‌  ‌obligee‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌‌
  payment‌‌   acceptable‌‌   to‌‌ 
Execution‌‌by‌‌motion‌‌or‌‌by‌‌independent‌‌action‌  ‌ that,‌‌  a ‌‌judgment‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌
  enforced‌‌   by‌‌
  action‌‌   before‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌ barred‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌  the‌‌latter.‌  ‌
statute‌‌   of‌‌
  limitations.‌‌   ‌However‌, ‌‌there‌‌   are‌‌
  instances‌‌   where‌‌   this‌‌
  Court‌‌ 
How‌‌is‌‌the‌‌execution‌‌enforced?‌‌   ‌ allowed‌  ‌execution‌  ‌by‌  ‌motion‌  ‌even‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌lapse‌  ‌of‌‌   five‌‌
  years‌‌  3.) The‌‌payment‌‌shall‌‌go‌‌to‌‌the‌‌obligee;‌‌   ‌
1.) Execution‌  ‌by‌  ‌motion‌  ‌– ‌ ‌within‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌  ‌years‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌  upon‌‌meritorious‌‌grounds‌. ‌ ‌ 4.) The‌‌
  lawful‌‌   fees‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  paid‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  executing‌‌ sheriff‌‌ who‌‌ shall‌‌ 
date‌‌of‌‌its‌‌entry‌‌‌or‌‌finality‌‌of‌‌judgment;‌‌and‌  ‌ In‌‌
  computing‌‌   the‌‌
  time‌‌   limited‌‌
  for‌‌ suing‌‌ out‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ execution,‌‌ although‌‌  turn‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌‌  said‌‌
  amount‌‌  within‌‌  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  day‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  clerk‌‌
  of‌‌ 
there‌‌
  is‌‌
  authority‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌  contrary,‌‌ the‌‌ general‌‌ rule‌‌ is‌‌ that‌‌ there‌‌ should‌‌  court‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌that‌‌issued‌‌the‌‌writ.‌‌   ‌
2.) Execution‌  ‌by‌  ‌independent‌  ‌action‌  ‌through‌  ‌revival‌  ‌of‌‌ 
judgment‌‌‌–‌‌within‌‌5‌‌to‌‌10‌‌years‌. ‌ ‌ not‌‌be‌‌included‌‌the‌‌time‌‌when‌‌execution‌‌is‌‌stayed‌,‌‌either‌‌   ‌ Satisfaction‌‌by‌‌levy‌  ‌
Execution‌‌   ‌BY‌‌ MOTION‌‌ means‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ prevailing‌‌ party‌‌ shall‌‌ ask‌‌ the‌‌  a) by‌‌agreement‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌for‌‌a‌‌definite‌‌time,‌‌   ‌ If‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   obligor‌‌
  cannot‌‌   pay‌‌
  all‌‌
  or‌‌
  part‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  obligation,‌‌   the‌‌ 
court‌  ‌to‌  ‌issue‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  execution‌‌
  by‌‌
  simply‌‌
  filing‌‌
  a ‌‌motion‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌  b) by‌i‌ njunction,‌‌   ‌ officer‌  ‌shall‌  ‌LEVY‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌properties‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   obligor‌‌   of‌‌ 
same‌‌case.‌‌   ‌ c) by‌‌  the‌‌
  taking‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌ appeal‌‌ or‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ error‌‌ so‌‌ as‌‌ to‌‌ operate‌‌ as‌‌  every‌  ‌kind‌  ‌and‌  ‌nature‌  ‌whatsoever‌  ‌which‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌disposed‌  ‌of‌  ‌for‌‌ 
a‌‌supersedeas,‌‌   ‌ value‌‌  and‌‌  not‌‌
  otherwise‌‌   exempt‌‌ from‌‌ execution‌‌ giving‌‌ the‌‌ latter‌‌ the‌‌ 
After‌  ‌the‌  ‌lapse‌  ‌of‌  ‌5 ‌ ‌years‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌DORMANT.‌  ‌To‌‌  d) by‌‌the‌‌death‌‌of‌‌a‌‌party‌‌or‌‌otherwise.‌‌   ‌ option‌  ‌to‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌choose‌‌   which‌‌
  property‌‌   or‌‌  part‌‌
  thereof‌‌  may‌‌ 
revive‌‌   the‌‌  dormant‌‌   judgment,‌  ‌a ‌‌civil‌‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ revival‌‌ of‌‌ judgment‌‌ 
Any‌  ‌interruption‌  ‌or‌  ‌delay‌  ‌occasioned‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌debtor‌  ‌will‌‌   extend‌‌   the‌‌  be‌‌levied‌‌upon,‌‌sufficient‌‌to‌‌satisfy‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌‌   ‌
must‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed.‌  ‌That‌  ‌is‌  ‌what‌  ‌you‌  ‌call‌  ‌EXECUTION‌  ‌BY‌‌ 
INDEPENDENT‌  ‌ACTION‌  ‌which‌  ‌must‌‌   be‌‌
  filed‌‌
  ‌before‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  barred‌‌  time‌ w
‌ ithin‌ w
‌ hich‌ t
‌ he‌ w
‌ rit‌ m
‌ ay‌ b
‌ e‌ i
‌ ssued‌ w
‌ ithout‌ s
‌ cire‌ f
‌ acias‌ . ‌
  ‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌the‌  ‌option,‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌‌ 
by‌  ‌the‌  ‌statute‌  ‌of‌  ‌limitations‌. ‌ ‌According‌  ‌to‌  ‌Article‌  ‌1144‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  shall‌  ‌first‌  ‌levy‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌personal‌  ‌properties,‌  ‌if‌  ‌any,‌  ‌and‌‌
  ‌then‌‌
  on‌‌ 
New‌‌ Civil‌‌ Code,‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ enforced‌‌ only‌‌ within‌‌ ten‌‌ (10)‌‌  Execution‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌death‌‌of‌‌a‌‌party‌  ‌ the‌‌   real‌‌  properties‌‌   if‌‌
  the‌‌
  personal‌‌
  properties‌‌
  are‌‌   not‌‌
  sufficient‌‌ to‌‌ 
years‌.  ‌‌ ‌ (a) Judgment‌  ‌obligee‌  ‌— ‌ ‌upon‌  ‌the‌‌   application‌‌   of‌‌
  his‌‌  executor‌‌   or‌‌  answer‌‌for‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌‌   ‌
The‌‌   ‌only‌‌
  ‌exception‌‌   ‌is‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   ‌for‌‌
  SUPPORT‌‌   ‌which‌‌   does‌‌ not‌‌  administrator,‌ o
‌ r‌ s
‌ uccessor‌ i
‌ n‌ i
‌ nterest;‌
  ‌ LEVY‌‌
  ‌is‌‌
  the‌‌
  act‌‌
  whereby‌‌  a ‌‌sheriff‌‌ sets‌‌ apart‌‌ or‌‌ appropriates,‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
become‌‌dormant,‌‌nor‌‌does‌‌it‌‌prescribe.‌  ‌ purpose‌‌   of‌‌
  satisfying‌‌
  the‌‌
  command‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌
  writ,‌‌  a ‌‌part‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ whole‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 46‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment-debtor’s‌  ‌property.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prerequisite‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a) to‌‌execute‌‌a‌‌conveyance‌‌of‌‌land‌‌or‌‌personal‌‌property,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ A‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌which‌  ‌requires‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌to‌  ‌perform‌  ‌an‌  ‌act‌‌
  other‌‌ 
auction‌  ‌sale‌. ‌ ‌In‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌execution‌  ‌sale‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌valid,‌  ‌there‌‌ 
than‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌money‌  ‌or‌  ‌delivery‌  ‌of‌  ‌property.‌  ‌It‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌
must‌‌   be‌‌  a ‌‌previous‌‌ valid‌‌ levy.‌‌ A ‌‌sale‌‌ not‌‌ preceded‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌valid‌‌ levy‌‌ is‌‌  b) to‌‌deliver‌‌deeds‌‌or‌‌other‌‌documents,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
specific‌  ‌act‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌person‌  ‌must‌  ‌personally‌  ‌do‌‌ 
void‌‌and‌‌the‌‌purchaser‌‌acquires‌‌no‌‌title.‌  ‌ c) to‌‌perform‌‌any‌‌other‌‌specific‌‌act‌‌in‌‌connection‌‌therewith,‌  ‌ because‌  ‌his‌  ‌personal‌  ‌qualifications‌  ‌and‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌‌ 
Garnishment‌‌of‌‌debts‌‌and‌‌credits‌  ‌ and‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌specified,‌‌   the‌‌
  court‌‌  taken‌‌into‌‌consideration.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌officer‌  ‌may‌  ‌levy‌‌
  on‌‌
  debts‌‌
  due‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌  obligor‌‌
  and‌‌
  other‌‌  may‌‌  direct‌‌   the‌‌
  act‌‌
  to‌‌ be‌‌ done‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ cost‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ disobedient‌‌ party‌by‌‌    A‌‌
  special‌‌
  judgment‌‌   may‌‌
  be‌‌
  enforced‌‌   by‌‌  ‌contempt‌‌   ‌if‌‌
  the‌‌  defendant‌‌ 
credits,‌  ‌including‌  ‌bank‌  ‌deposits,‌  ‌financial‌  ‌interests,‌  ‌royalties,‌‌  some‌‌   other‌‌   person‌‌   appointed‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌ act‌‌ when‌‌ so‌‌  refuses‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment.‌  ‌But‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌ordinary‌‌ 
commissions‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌personal‌  ‌property‌  ‌not‌‌
  capable‌‌  of‌‌
  manual‌‌  done‌‌shall‌‌have‌‌like‌‌effect‌‌as‌‌if‌‌done‌‌by‌‌the‌‌party.‌‌   ‌ judgment‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌
  defendant‌‌   refuses‌‌ to‌‌ comply,‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ a ‌‌ground‌‌ for‌‌ 
delivery‌‌‌in‌‌the‌‌possession‌‌or‌‌control‌‌of‌‌third‌‌parties‌.  ‌‌ ‌ If‌  ‌real‌  ‌or‌  ‌personal‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌situated‌‌
  within‌‌
  the‌‌
  Philippines,‌‌   the‌‌  contempt.‌  ‌
1.) Levy‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌‌  by‌‌   serving‌‌   ‌notice‌‌   ‌upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌  owing‌‌  court‌  ‌in‌  ‌lieu‌  ‌of‌  ‌directing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌conveyance‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌may‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌‌  Levy‌‌on‌‌execution,‌‌its‌‌effect‌  ‌
such‌‌   debts‌‌
  or‌‌
  having‌‌   in‌‌  his‌‌
  possession‌‌   or‌‌
  control‌‌ such‌‌ credits‌‌  divest‌‌the‌‌title‌‌of‌‌any‌‌party‌‌and‌‌vest‌‌it‌‌in‌‌others‌. ‌ ‌
The‌  ‌levy‌  ‌on‌  ‌execution‌  ‌shall‌  create‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lien‌  ‌in‌  ‌favor‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
to‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled.‌  ‌The‌  ‌garnishment‌‌  Sale‌‌of‌‌real‌‌or‌‌personal‌‌property‌  ‌ judgment‌‌   obligee‌‌   ‌over‌‌
  the‌‌  right,‌‌   title‌‌
  and‌‌ interest‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ 
shall‌‌  cover‌‌  only‌‌  such‌‌   amount‌‌   as‌‌  will‌‌
  satisfy‌‌   the‌‌
  judgment‌‌ and‌‌ 
To‌  ‌sell‌  ‌such‌  ‌property,‌  ‌describing‌  ‌it,‌  ‌and‌  ‌apply‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceeds‌  ‌in‌‌  obligor‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌property‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌levy,‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌‌
  liens‌‌ 
all‌‌lawful‌‌fees.‌‌   ‌
conformity‌‌with‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ and‌‌encumbrances‌‌then‌‌existing‌.  ‌‌ ‌
2.) The‌  ‌garnishee‌  ‌shall‌  ‌make‌  ‌a ‌ ‌written‌‌   report‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌
  within‌‌ 
five‌‌
  (5)‌‌  days‌‌  from‌‌   service‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌ notice‌‌ of‌‌ garnishment‌‌ stating‌‌  Delivery‌‌or‌‌restitution‌‌of‌‌real‌‌property‌  ‌ Property‌‌exempt‌‌from‌‌execution‌  ‌
whether‌  ‌or‌  ‌not‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌has‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌funds‌  ‌or‌‌  The‌  ‌officer‌  ‌shall‌  ‌demand‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌and‌‌   all‌‌
  persons‌‌  (a) Family‌‌home‌,‌‌or‌‌the‌‌homestead‌‌in‌‌which‌‌he‌‌resides,‌‌and‌‌land;‌  ‌
credits‌‌   to‌‌
  satisfy‌‌
  the‌‌  amount‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌
  judgment.‌‌   If‌‌
  not,‌‌ the‌‌ report‌‌  claiming‌  ‌rights‌  ‌under‌‌   him‌‌
  to‌‌
  peaceably‌‌   vacate‌‌   the‌‌
  property‌‌   within‌‌  (b) Ordinary‌‌   tools‌‌
  and‌‌
  implements‌‌ personally‌‌ used‌‌ by‌‌ him‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌state‌  ‌how‌  ‌much‌‌   funds‌‌  or‌‌  credits‌‌   the‌‌
  garnishee‌‌   holds‌‌   for‌‌  three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌working‌  ‌days‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌restore‌  ‌possession‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  trade,‌‌employment,‌‌or‌‌livelihood;‌  ‌
the‌‌judgment‌‌obligor.‌‌   ‌ judgment‌‌   obligee;‌‌   otherwise,‌‌  the‌‌  officer‌‌
  shall‌‌
  oust‌‌ all‌‌ such‌‌ persons‌‌ 
therefrom‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌assistance,‌  ‌if‌  ‌necessary,‌  ‌of‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌peace‌‌  (c) Three‌‌  horses,‌‌
  or‌‌
  three‌‌ cows,‌‌ or‌‌ three‌‌ carabaos,‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ beasts‌‌ 
3.) The‌  ‌garnished‌  ‌amount‌  ‌in‌  ‌cash,‌‌   or‌‌
  certified‌‌  bank‌‌
  check‌‌
  issued‌‌ 
officers,‌  ‌and‌  ‌employing‌  ‌such‌  ‌means‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌reasonably‌‌  of‌  ‌burden‌, ‌ ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌may‌  ‌select‌‌ 
in‌‌
  the‌‌
  name‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌ obligee,‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ delivered‌‌ directly‌‌ 
necessary‌  ‌to‌  ‌retake‌  ‌possession,‌  ‌and‌‌   place‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   obligee‌‌  in‌‌  necessarily‌‌used‌‌by‌‌him‌‌in‌‌his‌‌ordinary‌‌occupation;‌  ‌
to‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligee‌  ‌within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌working‌  ‌days‌‌   from‌‌ 
service‌  ‌of‌  ‌notice‌  ‌on‌  ‌said‌  ‌garnishee‌  ‌requiring‌  ‌such‌  ‌delivery,‌‌  possession‌‌of‌‌such‌‌property.‌‌   ‌ (d) His‌‌
  ‌necessary‌‌
  clothing‌‌ and‌‌ articles‌‌ for‌‌ ordinary‌‌ personal‌‌ use,‌‌ 
except‌‌the‌‌lawful‌‌fees‌‌which‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌paid‌‌directly‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court.‌‌   ‌ Removal‌‌of‌‌improvements‌‌on‌‌property‌‌subject‌‌of‌‌execution‌  ‌ excluding‌j‌ewelry;‌  ‌
4.) In‌‌
  the‌‌
  event‌‌  there‌‌
  are‌‌
  two‌‌  or‌‌
  more‌‌ garnishees‌‌ holding‌‌ deposits‌‌  The‌  ‌officer‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌destroy,‌  ‌demolish‌  ‌or‌  ‌remove‌  ‌said‌‌  (e) Household‌  ‌furniture‌  ‌and‌  ‌utensils‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌for‌‌ 
or‌  ‌credits‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌to‌  ‌satisfy‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌  improvements‌  ‌except‌  ‌upon‌  ‌special‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌, ‌ ‌issued‌‌  housekeeping‌‌‌of‌‌a‌‌value‌‌not‌‌exceeding‌P
‌ hp100K‌; ‌ ‌
obligor,‌  ‌if‌  ‌available,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌indicate‌  ‌the‌‌  upon‌‌
  motion‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  obligee‌‌ after‌‌ due‌‌ hearing‌‌ and‌‌ after‌‌ the‌‌  (f) Provisions‌  ‌for‌  ‌individual‌  ‌or‌  ‌family‌  ‌use‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌for‌  ‌four‌‌ 
garnishee‌  ‌or‌  ‌garnishees‌  ‌who‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌the‌‌  obligor‌  ‌has‌  ‌failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌remove‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reasonable‌  ‌time‌‌  months‌; ‌ ‌
amount‌  ‌due;‌  ‌otherwise,‌  ‌the‌  ‌choice‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  fixed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
judgment‌‌obligee.‌‌   ‌ (g) The‌‌
  ‌professional‌‌
  libraries‌‌   and‌‌
  equipment‌‌
  of‌‌
  judges,‌‌ lawyers,‌‌ 
Delivery‌‌of‌‌personal‌‌property‌  ‌ physicians,‌  ‌pharmacists,‌  ‌dentists,‌  ‌engineers,‌  ‌surveyors,‌‌ 
2. Judgment‌‌for‌‌specific‌‌acts‌‌(Sec‌‌10)‌  ‌
The‌‌   officer‌‌
  shall‌‌
  take‌‌
  possession‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌ and‌‌ forthwith‌‌ deliver‌‌  clergymen,‌  ‌teachers,‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌professionals,‌  ‌not‌  ‌exceeding‌‌ 
Conveyance,‌  ‌delivery‌  ‌of‌  ‌deeds,‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌specific‌  ‌acts;‌  ‌vesting‌‌  it‌  ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  entitled‌‌  thereto‌‌
  and‌‌
  satisfy‌‌  any‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  for‌‌
  money‌‌  Php300K‌‌in‌‌value;‌  ‌
title‌  ‌ as‌‌therein‌‌provided.‌ 
If‌‌a‌‌judgment‌‌directs‌‌a‌‌party‌‌   ‌ 3. Special‌‌judgment‌‌(Sec‌‌11)‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 47‌‌of‌‌232‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

the‌  ‌period‌  ‌within‌  ‌which‌‌


  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  enforced‌‌
  by‌‌
  motion‌‌ 
(h) One‌‌   fishing‌‌
  boat‌‌ and‌‌ accessories‌‌ not‌‌ exceeding‌‌ the‌‌ total‌‌ value‌‌  d) the‌‌officer‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌bound‌‌‌to‌‌keep‌‌the‌‌property,‌‌   ‌
(‌5‌‌years‌).‌‌   ‌
of‌  ‌Php100K‌  ‌owned‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌fisherman‌  ‌and‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌
  lawful‌‌
  use‌‌
  of‌‌ 
e) unless‌  ‌such‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligee,‌  ‌on‌  ‌demand‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer,‌‌ 
which‌‌he‌‌earns‌‌his‌‌livelihood;‌  ‌ The‌‌   officer‌‌
  shall‌‌
  make‌‌  a ‌‌report‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ court‌‌ every‌‌ ‌thirty‌‌ (30)‌‌ days‌ 
files‌  ‌a ‌ ‌BOND‌  ‌approved‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌indemnify‌  ‌the‌‌ 
on‌  ‌the‌‌  proceedings‌‌   taken‌‌   thereon‌‌  until‌‌   the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   is‌‌
  satisfied‌‌
  in‌‌ 
(i) So‌  ‌much‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌salaries‌, ‌ ‌wages,‌  ‌or‌  ‌earnings‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌  third-party‌‌   claimant‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌sum‌‌ not‌‌ less‌‌ than‌‌ the‌‌ value‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
full,‌‌or‌‌its‌‌effectivity‌‌expires.‌  ‌
obligor‌  ‌for‌  ‌his‌  ‌personal‌  ‌services‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌four‌  ‌months‌‌  property‌‌levied‌‌on.‌‌   ‌
preceding‌  ‌the‌  ‌levy‌  ‌as‌  ‌are‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌support‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌  Execution‌‌Sale‌  ‌
No‌‌  claim‌‌
  for‌‌
  damages‌‌   for‌‌ the‌‌ taking‌‌ or‌‌ keeping‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ may‌‌ 
family;‌  ‌
1. Notice‌‌of‌‌Sale‌  ‌ be‌  ‌enforced‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌bond‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌therefor‌  ‌is‌  ‌filed‌‌ 
(j) Lettered‌‌gravestones;‌  ‌ within‌1 ‌ 20‌d ‌ ays‌‌‌from‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bond.‌‌   ‌
(a) Perishable‌‌   property‌‌   — ‌‌by‌‌  posting‌‌
  written‌‌
  notice‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ 
(k) Monies,‌  ‌benefits,‌  ‌privileges,‌  ‌or‌  ‌annuities‌  ‌accruing‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌‌  and‌  ‌place‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  sale‌‌
  in‌‌
  ‌three‌‌
  (3)‌‌
  public‌‌
  places‌, ‌‌preferably‌‌  The‌‌  officer‌‌
  shall‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌
  liable‌‌ for‌‌ damages‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ taking‌‌ or‌‌ keeping‌‌ 
manner‌‌growing‌‌out‌‌of‌‌any‌l‌ ife‌‌insurance‌; ‌ ‌ in‌‌the‌‌municipality‌‌or‌‌city‌‌where‌‌the‌‌sale‌‌is‌‌to‌‌take‌‌place;‌‌   ‌ of‌‌the‌‌property,‌‌to‌‌any‌‌third-party‌‌claimant‌‌if‌‌such‌‌bond‌‌is‌‌filed.‌‌   ‌
(l) The‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌receive‌  ‌legal‌  ‌support‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌money‌  ‌or‌  ‌property‌‌  (b) Other‌‌   personal‌‌   property‌‌
  — ‌‌same‌‌
  as‌‌ above‌‌ for‌‌ ‌not‌‌ less‌‌ than‌‌  Nothing‌‌herein‌‌contained‌‌shall‌‌prevent‌‌   ‌
obtained‌  ‌as‌  ‌such‌‌   support,‌‌  or‌‌
  any‌‌
  pension‌‌   or‌‌
  gratuity‌‌
  from‌‌
  the‌‌  five‌‌(5)‌‌days‌;  ‌‌ ‌
a) such‌  ‌claimant‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌third‌  ‌person‌  ‌from‌  ‌vindicating‌  ‌his‌‌ 
Government;‌  ‌
(c) Real‌  ‌property‌  ‌— ‌ ‌same‌  ‌as‌  ‌in‌  ‌(a)‌  ‌for‌  ‌twenty‌  ‌(20)‌  ‌days‌‌  claim‌‌to‌‌the‌‌property‌‌in‌‌a‌s‌ eparate‌‌action‌,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(m) Properties‌‌specially‌‌exempted‌‌by‌‌law.‌  ‌ particularly‌  ‌describing‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌and‌  ‌stating‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ 
b) the‌‌  judgment‌‌   obligee‌‌  from‌‌ ‌claiming‌‌ damages‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ 
(i) Property‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌free‌  ‌patent‌‌  property‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌sold,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌  ‌action‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third-party‌  ‌claimant‌  ‌who‌‌ 
application,‌‌HOMESTEAD;‌  ‌ if‌‌
  the‌‌
  assessed‌‌   value‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ exceeds‌‌ Php50K‌‌ — ‌‌by‌‌  filed‌‌a‌‌frivolous‌‌or‌‌plainly‌‌spurious‌‌claim.‌‌   ‌
(ii) SSS,‌‌GSIS‌‌benefits;‌  ‌ publishing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌notice‌  ‌once‌  ‌a ‌ ‌week‌  ‌for‌  ‌two‌  ‌(2)‌‌ 
When‌‌  the‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ execution‌‌ is‌‌ issued‌‌ in‌‌ favor‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Republic,‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ 
consecutive‌  ‌weeks‌  ‌in‌  ‌one‌  ‌newspaper‌  ‌or,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌ 
(iii) Under‌‌CARP‌‌law,‌‌the‌‌property‌‌acquired‌‌by‌‌a‌‌tenant.‌  ‌ officer‌‌duly‌‌representing‌‌it,‌‌   ‌
thereof,‌‌having‌‌general‌‌circulation‌‌in‌‌the‌‌province‌‌or‌‌city;‌  ‌
a) the‌‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌such‌‌bond‌‌shall‌‌NOT‌‌be‌‌required,‌a‌ nd‌‌   ‌
(d) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌cases‌  ‌— ‌‌written‌‌  notice‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  sale‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  given‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Republic‌‌v.‌‌Daisy‌‌Yahon‌,‌‌201043,‌‌16‌‌Jun‌‌2014‌  ‌ b) in‌‌
  case‌‌
  the‌‌  sheriff‌‌ or‌‌ levying‌‌ officer‌‌ is‌‌ sued‌‌ for‌‌ damages‌‌ as‌‌ 
judgment‌‌ obligor,‌‌ at‌‌ least‌‌ ‌three‌‌ (3)‌‌ days‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌ sale,‌‌ ‌except‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌8(g)‌  ‌of‌  ‌R.A.‌  ‌No.‌  ‌9262,‌  ‌being‌  ‌a ‌ ‌later‌  ‌enactment,‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌  as‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌(a)‌  ‌where‌  ‌notice‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌‌  a‌‌result‌‌of‌‌the‌‌levy,‌‌he‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌the‌O ‌ SG‌‌and‌‌   ‌
construed‌  ‌as‌  ‌laying‌  ‌down‌  ‌an‌  ‌exception‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌general‌  ‌rule‌‌  before‌‌   the‌‌
  sale,‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌  manner‌‌   as‌‌
  provided‌‌   by‌‌  §6‌‌
  of‌‌  Rule‌‌  c) if‌‌
  held‌‌  liable‌‌
  therefore,‌‌   the‌‌ actual‌‌ damages‌‌ adjudged‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ 
above-stated‌‌   that‌‌
  retirement‌‌   benefits‌‌ are‌‌ exempt‌‌ from‌‌ execution.‌  ‌The‌‌  13.‌‌   ‌ court‌‌  shall‌‌  be‌‌  paid‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌ ‌National‌‌ Treasurer‌‌ out‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ 
law‌  ‌itself‌  ‌declares‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌withholding‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ funds‌‌as‌‌may‌‌be‌‌appropriated‌‌for‌‌the‌‌purpose.‌‌   ‌
2. Proceedings‌‌if‌‌property‌‌is‌‌claimed‌‌by‌‌third‌‌person‌  ‌
percentage‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ income‌‌ or‌‌ salary‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ respondent‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ employer,‌‌ 
which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌automatically‌  ‌remitted‌  ‌directly‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌woman‌‌  TERCERIA.‌‌‌—‌‌If‌‌the‌‌property‌‌levied‌‌on‌‌is‌‌   ‌ The‌‌   remedies‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌third‌‌  person‌‌ whose‌‌ property‌‌ was‌‌ seized‌‌ by‌‌ 
“notwithstanding‌‌other‌‌laws‌‌to‌‌the‌‌contrary.”‌  ‌ the‌‌  sheriff‌‌
  to‌‌
  answer‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  obligation‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌judgment‌‌
  obligor‌‌ 
a) claimed‌‌  by‌‌
  any‌‌  person‌‌
  other‌‌
  than‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  obligor‌‌
  or‌‌ 
are‌‌the‌‌following:‌‌   ‌
his‌‌agent,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
Return‌‌of‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌if‌‌unsatisfied‌  ‌ 1. Invoke‌  ‌the‌  ‌supervisory‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌which‌‌ 
b) such‌  ‌person‌  ‌makes‌  ‌an‌  ‌AFFIDAVIT‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌title‌  ‌thereto‌  ‌or‌‌ 
The‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌returnable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌issuing‌  ‌it‌‌  authorized‌‌such‌‌execution;‌  ‌
right‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  possession‌‌  thereof,‌‌ stating‌‌ the‌‌ grounds‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ 
immediately‌‌after‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌has‌‌been‌‌satisfied‌‌in‌‌part‌‌or‌‌in‌‌full.‌‌   ‌ right‌‌or‌‌title,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 2. Terceria‌—
‌ ‌‌third‌‌party‌‌claim‌‌(Rule‌‌39,‌‌Section‌‌16);‌‌and‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌‌
  judgment‌‌  cannot‌‌   be‌‌
  satisfied‌‌  in‌‌
  full‌‌
  within‌‌  thirty‌‌   (30)‌‌   days‌‌  c) serves‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  upon‌‌
  the‌‌ officer‌‌ making‌‌ the‌‌ levy‌‌ and‌‌  3. Any‌  ‌proper‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌  ‌vindicate‌  ‌his‌  ‌claim‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌property,‌‌ 
after‌‌   his‌‌
  receipt‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  writ,‌‌
  the‌‌
  officer‌‌   shall‌‌
  report‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ and‌‌  a‌‌copy‌‌thereof‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌obligee‌,  ‌‌ ‌ meaning‌‌a‌‌separate‌‌civil‌‌action‌‌—‌r‌ eivindicatory‌‌action‌. ‌ ‌
state‌  ‌the‌  ‌reason‌  ‌therefor.‌  ‌Such‌  ‌writ‌  ‌shall‌  ‌continue‌‌   in‌‌
  effect‌‌   during‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 48‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

does‌‌
  not‌‌  exceed‌‌
  the‌‌
  amount‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  judgment.‌‌ If‌‌ it‌‌ does,‌‌ he‌‌ shall‌‌ pay‌‌ 
3. Penalty‌‌for‌‌selling‌‌without‌‌notice‌  ‌ Meaning‌, ‌ ‌there‌  ‌were‌  ‌serious‌  ‌irregularities‌  ‌committed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
only‌‌the‌‌excess.‌  ‌
officer‌‌
  in‌‌
  conducting‌‌
  the‌‌  sale‌‌
  like‌‌
  no‌‌ publication,‌‌ no‌‌ notice,‌‌ no‌‌ 
a) Selling‌‌without‌‌notice‌‌—‌P
‌ hp5K‌‌‌+‌‌Actual‌‌Damages;‌  ‌
7. Conveyance‌‌of‌‌property‌‌sold‌‌on‌‌execution‌  ‌ prior‌‌levy,‌‌etc.;‌  ‌
b) Willfully‌‌   removing‌‌ or‌‌ defacing‌‌ the‌‌ notice‌‌ posted,‌‌ if‌‌ done‌‌ before‌‌ 
Personal‌‌property‌‌capable‌‌of‌‌manual‌‌delivery‌  ‌ 2.) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌price‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌execution‌  ‌sale‌  ‌is‌‌ 
the‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌or‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌satisfaction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌be‌‌ 
shockingly‌‌   inadequate‌‌   and‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌ shown‌‌ that‌‌ a ‌‌better‌‌ price‌‌ can‌‌ 
satisfied‌‌before‌‌the‌‌sale‌‌—‌P ‌ hp5K‌‌‌+‌‌Actual‌‌Damages.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌officer‌  ‌making‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌  ‌must‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
be‌‌obtained‌‌at‌‌a‌‌resale.‌  ‌
purchaser‌‌   and,‌‌
  ‌if‌‌ desired‌, ‌‌execute‌‌ and‌‌ deliver‌‌ to‌‌ him‌‌ a ‌‌‌certificate‌‌ of‌‌ 
4. How‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌execution‌‌sale‌  ‌
sale‌.  ‌‌ ‌ EXC‌‌to‌‌the‌‌EXC‌: ‌ ‌
At‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌‌
  before‌‌
  the‌‌  sale‌‌
  of‌‌  property‌‌
  on‌‌  execution,‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌ 
Personal‌‌property‌‌not‌‌capable‌‌of‌‌manual‌‌delivery‌  ‌ The‌‌   rule‌‌
  that‌‌ you‌‌ can‌‌ question‌‌ the‌‌ validity‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ auction‌‌ sale‌‌ if‌‌ 
obligor‌  ‌may‌‌   prevent‌‌
  the‌‌  sale‌‌
  ‌by‌‌
  paying‌‌
  the‌‌  amount‌‌  required‌‌
  by‌‌ 
the‌‌ price‌‌ obtained‌‌ is‌‌ shockingly‌‌ inadequate‌‌ applies‌‌ ‌ONLY‌‌ ‌when‌‌ 
the‌‌execution‌‌and‌‌the‌‌costs‌‌that‌‌have‌‌been‌‌incurred‌t‌ herein.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌officer‌  ‌making‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌  ‌MUST‌  ‌execute‌  ‌and‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌‌property‌‌sold‌‌is‌P ‌ ERSONAL‌p ‌ roperty.‌  ‌
purchaser‌‌a‌c‌ ertificate‌‌of‌‌sale.‌‌   ‌
5. Who‌‌will‌‌conduct‌‌and‌‌direct‌‌manner‌‌and‌‌order‌‌of‌‌execution‌  ‌
When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌property‌  ‌sold‌  ‌by‌  ‌virtue‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌ 
The‌‌
  sale‌‌
  conveys‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌ purchaser‌‌ all‌‌ the‌‌ rights‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ 
All‌  ‌sales‌  ‌of‌  ‌property‌  ‌under‌  ‌execution‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌at‌  ‌PUBLIC‌‌  claimed‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third‌  ‌person‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌certificate‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌‌ 
obligor‌  ‌had‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌property‌  ‌as‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌levy‌  ‌on‌‌ 
AUCTION‌, ‌‌to‌‌ the‌‌ highest‌‌ bidder,‌‌ to‌‌ start‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ exact‌‌ time‌‌ fixed‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌  shall‌‌make‌‌express‌‌mention‌‌of‌‌the‌‌existence‌‌of‌‌such‌‌claim.‌  ‌
execution‌‌or‌p ‌ reliminary‌‌attachment‌. ‌ ‌
notice.‌‌   ‌
Grounds‌‌to‌‌attack‌‌Validity‌‌of‌‌Sale‌  ‌
Real‌‌property‌  ‌
After‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌property‌‌   has‌‌  been‌‌
  sold‌‌
  to‌‌
  satisfy‌‌  the‌‌
  execution,‌‌   no‌‌ 
1) Irregularity‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  sale‌‌
  such‌‌
  as‌‌
  no‌‌
  publication,‌‌
  no‌‌ notice,‌‌ or‌‌ no‌‌ 
more‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  sold‌‌  and‌‌
  any‌‌  ‌excess‌‌ ‌property‌‌ or‌‌ proceeds‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ sale‌‌  The‌  ‌officer‌  ‌must‌  ‌give‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌a ‌ ‌certificate‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale‌‌ 
prior‌‌levy;‌  ‌
shall‌‌be‌‌promptly‌‌delivered‌‌to‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌obligor.‌‌   ‌ containing:‌‌   ‌
2) Gross‌‌inadequacy‌‌of‌‌the‌‌price‌‌of‌‌sale,‌‌if‌‌personal‌‌property.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌judgment‌‌   obligor,‌‌  if‌‌
  present‌‌  at‌‌
  the‌‌
  sale,‌‌
  ‌may‌‌
  direct‌‌   the‌‌
  order‌‌  (a) A‌‌particular‌‌description‌‌of‌‌the‌‌real‌‌property‌‌sold;‌‌   ‌
in‌  ‌which‌  ‌property,‌  ‌real‌  ‌or‌  ‌personal,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌sold,‌  ‌when‌  ‌such‌‌  NB:‌‌  This‌‌  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  applicable‌‌  for‌‌
  real‌‌
  property‌‌   as‌‌
  a ‌‌low‌‌ price‌‌ 
(b) The‌‌price‌‌paid‌‌‌for‌‌each‌‌distinct‌‌lot‌‌or‌‌parcel;‌‌   ‌
property‌  ‌consists‌  ‌of‌  ‌several‌  ‌known‌  ‌lots‌  ‌or‌  ‌parcels‌  ‌which‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌‌  would‌‌   actually‌‌  be‌‌
  beneficial‌‌  to‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ debtor‌‌ as‌‌ 
sold‌‌to‌‌advantage‌‌separately.‌‌   ‌ (c) The‌‌whole‌‌price‌‌paid‌‌‌by‌‌him;‌  ‌ it‌‌would‌‌be‌‌easier‌‌for‌‌him‌‌to‌‌redeem‌‌the‌‌property.‌  ‌
Neither‌‌
  ‌the‌‌
  officer‌‌
  conducting‌‌
  the‌‌
  execution‌‌
  sale,‌‌
  nor‌‌
  his‌‌
  deputies,‌‌  (d) A‌  ‌statement‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌expires‌  ‌one‌‌  Right‌‌of‌‌Redemption‌  ‌
can‌‌become‌‌a‌‌purchaser,‌‌nor‌‌be‌‌interested‌‌directly‌‌or‌‌indirectly.‌  ‌ (1)‌  ‌year‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌registration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
1. Who‌‌may‌‌redeem‌  ‌
6. Who‌‌can‌‌buy‌‌property‌‌sold‌‌on‌‌execution?‌‌Effect‌‌of‌‌  certificate‌‌of‌‌sale.‌‌   ‌
(a) The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌his‌  ‌successor‌  ‌in‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
nonpayment‌  ‌ Such‌  ‌certificate‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌registered‌  ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌
  registry‌‌
  of‌‌
  deeds‌‌
  of‌‌ 
whole‌‌or‌‌any‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property;‌  
If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌purchaser‌  ‌refuses‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌the‌‌   amount‌‌  bid‌‌  by‌‌
  him‌‌
  for‌‌  property‌‌  the‌‌place‌‌where‌‌the‌‌property‌‌is‌‌situated.‌  ‌
(b) A‌‌
  ‌creditor‌‌
  having‌‌   a ‌‌lien‌‌
  by‌‌ virtue‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ attachment,‌‌ judgment‌‌ 
struck‌  ‌off‌  ‌to‌  ‌him‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌ ‌sale‌  ‌under‌  ‌execution,‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌‌  may‌‌   again‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  The‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌auction‌  ‌sale‌  ‌can‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌attacked‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
or‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌sold,‌  ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌some‌  ‌part‌  ‌thereof,‌‌ 
sell‌‌   the‌‌
  property‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌   highest‌‌  bidder‌‌  and‌‌
  shall‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ responsible‌‌  presumption‌  ‌that‌  ‌every‌  ‌fair‌  ‌sale‌  ‌is‌  ‌final.‌  ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌
subsequent‌‌   to‌‌ the‌‌ lien‌‌ under‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ was‌‌ sold.‌‌ Such‌‌ 
for‌  ‌any‌  ‌loss‌  ‌occasioned‌  ‌thereby;‌  ‌but‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌‌  presumption‌‌of‌‌regular‌‌performance‌‌of‌‌duty‌‌by‌‌the‌‌sheriff.‌‌   ‌
redeeming‌‌creditor‌‌is‌‌termed‌‌a‌R ‌ EDEMPTIONER‌. ‌ ‌
refusing‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌‌   of‌‌
  such‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  When‌‌an‌‌execution‌‌may‌‌be‌‌set‌‌aside:‌‌   ‌
loss,‌  ‌with‌  ‌costs,‌  ‌and‌  ‌may‌  ‌punish‌  ‌him‌  ‌for‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌‌  TN‌: ‌ ‌Redemptioners‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌redeem‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌debtor‌‌ 
disobeys‌‌the‌‌order.‌‌   ‌ 1.) When‌  ‌it‌‌
  is‌‌
  shown‌‌
  from‌‌
  the‌‌
  nature‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌irregularity‌‌
  ‌or‌‌
  from‌‌  redeems.‌  ‌
intrinsic‌‌facts‌‌injury‌‌resulted‌‌therefrom.‌‌   ‌
When‌‌
  the‌‌
  purchaser‌‌   is‌‌
  the‌‌   ‌judgment‌‌   obligee‌, ‌‌and‌‌ ‌no‌‌ third-party‌‌  2. Period‌‌of‌‌redemption‌  ‌
claim‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌filed‌, ‌ ‌he‌  ‌need‌  ‌not‌‌
  pay‌‌
  the‌‌
  amount‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  bid‌‌
  if‌‌
  it‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 49‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

➔ ONE‌  ‌YEAR‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌registration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌certificate‌  ‌of‌‌  (C) to‌  ‌make‌  ‌the‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌repairs‌  ‌to‌‌
  buildings‌‌
  thereon‌‌
  while‌‌  a) He‌‌lost‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property;‌‌   ‌
sale;‌  ‌ he‌‌occupies‌‌the‌‌property.‌‌   ‌
b) He‌‌was‌‌evicted;‌‌   ‌
➔ All‌‌subsequent‌‌redemptioners‌‌are‌‌given‌6
‌ 0‌‌days‌. ‌ ‌ All‌  ‌rents,‌  ‌earnings‌  ‌and‌  ‌income‌‌
  derived‌‌
  from‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌   ‌pending‌‌ 
c) There‌‌was‌‌irregularity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌proceedings;‌‌   ‌
Judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌pays‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌‌
  his‌‌  purchase,‌‌  redemption‌‌ shall‌‌ belong‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ obligor‌‌ until‌‌ the‌‌ expiration‌‌ 
with‌‌  ‌1%‌‌
  per‌‌ month‌‌ interest‌‌ ‌thereon‌‌ in‌‌ addition,‌‌ up‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌  of‌‌his‌‌period‌‌of‌‌redemption.‌  ‌ d) The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌reversed‌  ‌or‌  ‌set‌  ‌aside‌  ‌on‌ 
redemption,‌‌   together‌‌
  with‌‌  the‌‌  amount‌‌
  of‌‌
  any‌‌ assessments‌‌ or‌‌ taxes,‌‌  appeal;‌‌   ‌
6. Deed‌‌of‌‌possession‌‌to‌‌be‌‌given‌‌upon‌‌ 
and‌‌interest‌‌on‌‌such‌‌last‌‌named‌‌amount‌‌at‌‌the‌‌same‌‌rate.‌  ‌ expiration‌‌of‌‌redemption‌‌period‌  ‌ e) The‌‌property‌‌sold‌‌was‌‌exempt‌‌from‌‌execution;‌‌or,‌‌   ‌
3. Manner‌‌and‌‌amount‌‌payable‌‌on‌‌successive‌‌redemption‌  ‌ a) If‌‌
  no‌‌
  redemption‌‌  be‌‌ made‌‌ within‌‌ ‌one‌‌ (1)‌‌ year‌from‌‌
   the‌‌ date‌‌ of‌‌  f) A‌  ‌third‌  ‌person‌  ‌has‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌claim‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Property‌  ‌so‌  ‌redeemed‌  ‌may‌  ‌again‌  ‌be‌  ‌redeemed‌  ‌within‌  ‌sixty‌  ‌(60)‌‌  the‌  ‌registration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌certificate‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌is‌‌  property.‌‌   ‌
days‌‌   after‌‌ the‌‌ last‌‌ redemption‌‌ upon‌‌ payment‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ sum‌‌ paid‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌  entitled‌‌to‌‌a‌‌conveyance‌‌and‌‌possession‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property;‌‌or,‌‌   ‌
What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌Remedies‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Judgment‌‌Creditor‌‌in‌‌Aid‌‌of‌‌Execution‌  ‌
last‌  ‌redemption,‌  ‌with‌  ‌2%‌  ‌thereon‌  ‌in‌  ‌addition,‌  ‌plus‌  ‌other‌‌  b) if‌‌
  so‌‌  redeemed‌‌   whenever‌‌   ‌sixty‌‌
  (60)‌‌  days‌‌ have‌‌ elapsed‌‌ and‌‌ no‌‌ 
1) Examination‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌obligor;‌  ‌
assessments‌‌and‌‌taxes.‌  ‌ other‌‌   redemption‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌   made,‌‌
  and‌‌ notice‌‌ thereof‌‌ given,‌‌ and‌‌ 
the‌  ‌time‌  ‌for‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌has‌  ‌expired,‌  ‌the‌‌  last‌‌
  redemptioner‌‌   is‌‌  2) Examination‌‌of‌‌obligor‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌obligor;‌  ‌
4. Proof‌‌required‌‌of‌‌redemptioner‌  ‌
entitled‌‌to‌‌the‌‌conveyance‌‌and‌‌possession;‌‌   ‌
3) Enforcement‌‌of‌‌attendance‌‌and‌‌conduct‌‌of‌‌examination;‌  ‌
A‌‌
  redemptioner‌‌   must‌‌
  produce‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  officer,‌‌
  or‌‌
  person‌‌
  from‌‌   whom‌‌ 
c) but‌  ‌in‌  ‌all‌  ‌cases‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌shall‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌entire‌‌ 
he‌‌seeks‌‌to‌‌redeem,‌‌and‌‌serve‌‌with‌‌his‌‌notice‌‌to‌‌the‌‌officer‌‌   ‌ 4) Obligor‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌obligor‌‌may‌‌pay‌‌execution‌‌to‌‌obligee;‌  ‌
period‌  ‌of‌‌   ‌one‌‌
  (1)‌‌
  year‌‌   from‌‌
  the‌‌
  date‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  registration‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(a) a‌‌
  copy‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ or‌‌ final‌‌ order‌‌ under‌‌ which‌‌ he‌‌ claims‌‌ the‌‌  sale‌‌to‌‌redeem‌‌the‌‌property.‌‌   ‌ 5) Garnishment‌  ‌of‌  ‌income‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌enough‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌support‌  ‌of‌‌ 
right‌‌to‌‌redeem,‌‌certified‌‌by‌‌the‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court;‌‌or,‌‌   ‌ d) The‌‌  ‌deed‌‌ ‌shall‌‌ be‌‌ executed‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ officer‌‌ making‌‌ the‌‌ sale‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌  his‌‌family;‌  ‌
(b) if‌‌
  he‌‌
  redeems‌‌
  upon‌‌ a ‌‌mortgage‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ lien,‌‌ a ‌‌memorandum‌‌ of‌‌  his‌‌successor.‌‌   ‌ 6) Appointment‌‌of‌‌Receiver;‌  ‌
the‌‌record‌‌thereof,‌‌certified‌‌by‌‌the‌‌registrar‌‌of‌‌deeds;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ Upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌redemption,‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌or‌‌  7) Sale‌‌of‌‌ascertainable‌‌interest‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌obligor‌‌in‌‌real‌‌estate;‌  ‌
(c) an‌  ‌original‌  ‌or‌  ‌certified‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌assignment‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌to‌  redemptioner‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌  substituted‌‌ to‌‌ and‌‌ acquire‌‌ all‌‌ the‌‌ rights,‌‌ title,‌‌ 
8) Proceedings‌‌   when‌‌
  indebtedness‌‌
  is‌‌
  denied‌‌
  or‌‌
  property‌‌
  claimed‌‌ 
establish‌‌his‌‌claim;‌A ‌ ND‌  ‌ interest‌  ‌and‌  ‌claim‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌as‌  ‌of‌‌ 
by‌‌other‌‌persons.‌  ‌
(d) an‌‌
  ‌affidavit‌‌
  ‌executed‌‌
  by‌‌
  him‌‌
  or‌‌
  his‌‌ agent,‌‌ showing‌‌ the‌‌ amount‌‌ 
the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌the‌l‌ evy‌.  ‌‌ ‌
Examination‌‌of‌‌Judgment‌‌Obligor‌‌ 
then‌‌actually‌‌due‌‌on‌‌the‌‌lien.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  given‌‌
  to‌‌  the‌‌
  purchaser‌‌   or‌‌ 
When‌‌Judgment‌‌Unsatisfied‌  ‌
5. Usage‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌pending‌‌redemption‌  ‌ last‌  ‌redemptioner‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌officer‌  ‌unless‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌‌ 
actually‌‌holding‌‌the‌‌property‌‌adversely‌‌to‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌obligor.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligee,‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌‌   time‌‌   after‌‌
  such‌‌  return‌‌   is‌‌
  made,‌‌   shall‌ 
Until‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌for‌‌
  redemption,‌‌
  the‌‌   court‌‌  be‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌requiring‌  ‌such‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌‌   to‌‌
  appear‌‌ 
may,‌‌   as‌‌
  in‌‌
  other‌‌
  proper‌‌   cases,‌‌   ‌restrain‌‌
  the‌‌  commission‌‌   of‌‌ waste‌‌  In‌‌
  an‌‌
  ‌extra-judicial‌‌   foreclosure‌, ‌‌there‌‌
  is‌‌
  no‌‌  need‌‌  for‌‌
  a ‌‌deed‌‌
  of‌‌
  sale.‌‌ 
and‌  ‌be‌  ‌examined‌  ‌concerning‌‌   his‌‌  property‌‌   and‌‌   income‌‌   before‌‌   such‌‌ 
on‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌by‌  ‌INJUNCTION‌, ‌ ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  Only‌  ‌an‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌consolidation‌  ‌is‌  ‌needed‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgage‌‌ 
court‌‌   or‌‌
  before‌‌   a ‌‌commissioner‌‌   appointed‌‌   by‌‌
  it,‌‌ at‌‌ a ‌‌specified‌‌ time‌‌ 
purchaser‌‌or‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌obligee,‌‌with‌‌or‌‌without‌‌notice.‌  ‌ law.‌‌   ‌
and‌  ‌place;‌  ‌and‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌may‌  ‌thereupon‌  ‌be‌  ‌had‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
It‌‌is‌‌not‌‌waste‌‌for‌‌a‌‌person‌‌to‌‌continue‌‌to‌‌   ‌ What‌‌  are‌‌ the‌‌ remedies‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌purchaser‌‌ if‌‌ he‌‌ is‌‌ ousted‌‌ due‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌valid‌‌  application‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌and‌  ‌income‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌‌ 
third-party‌‌claim?‌  ‌ towards‌‌the‌‌satisfaction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  
(A) use‌‌  it‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ manner‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ it‌‌ was‌‌ previously‌‌ used;‌‌ 
or‌  ‌ 1.) Recover‌‌the‌‌money‌‌from‌‌obligee;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ But‌  ‌no‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌so‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌before‌  ‌a ‌‌
2.) Have‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌revived‌  ‌in‌  ‌your‌  ‌name‌  ‌and‌  ‌you‌  ‌look‌  ‌for‌‌  court‌  ‌or‌‌  commissioner‌‌   outside‌‌   the‌‌  province‌‌   or‌‌
  city‌‌   in‌‌
  which‌‌
  such‌‌ 
(B) to‌‌use‌‌it‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ordinary‌‌course‌‌of‌‌husbandry;‌‌or‌  ‌ obligor‌‌resides‌‌or‌‌is‌‌found.‌  ‌
other‌‌properties‌‌of‌‌the‌‌obligor‌‌to‌‌execute‌‌because:‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 50‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

When‌  ‌the‌  ‌return‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ Entry‌‌of‌‌satisfaction‌‌of‌‌judgment‌  1.) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌second‌  ‌action‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌‌ 
judgment‌‌   obligor‌‌   shows‌‌   that‌‌
  the‌‌   judgment‌‌   remains‌‌   unsatisfied,‌‌ the‌‌  parties‌‌in‌‌the‌‌first‌‌action;‌‌or‌  ‌
Satisfaction‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌judgment‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  entered‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  clerk‌‌
  of‌‌
  court‌‌ 
court‌  ‌may,‌  ‌by‌‌
  an‌‌
  order,‌‌   require‌‌   an‌‌  obligor‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   obligor,‌‌ 
in‌‌the‌‌court‌‌docket,‌‌and‌‌in‌‌the‌‌execution‌‌book,‌‌   ‌ 2.) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌second‌  ‌action‌  ‌are‌‌ 
to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌commissioner‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌‌   it‌‌
  for‌‌ 
successors-in-interest‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  first‌‌  action,‌‌
  such‌‌ as‌‌ 
examination.‌‌   ‌ (a) upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌return‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌showing‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌FULL‌‌ 
heirs‌‌ or‌‌ purchasers‌‌ who‌‌ acquired‌‌ title‌‌ after‌‌ the‌‌ commencement‌‌ 
satisfaction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment,‌‌or‌  ‌
1. Sanction‌‌for‌‌not‌‌attending‌‌examination‌  ‌ of‌‌the‌‌first‌‌action.‌  ‌
(b) upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌admission‌‌   ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌   satisfaction‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
May‌‌be‌‌punished‌‌for‌c‌ ontempt‌a‌ s‌‌in‌‌other‌‌cases.‌  ‌ The‌‌
  doctrine‌‌  of‌‌
  ‌res‌‌
  adjudicata‌‌   ‌applies‌‌
  not‌‌
  only‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  decisions‌‌
  of‌‌ 
judgment‌‌   executed‌‌   and‌‌   acknowledged‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  manner‌‌ 
regular‌  ‌courts‌  ‌but‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌invoked‌  ‌even‌  ‌in‌‌
  administrative‌‌   cases.‌‌
  It‌‌ 
2. Appointment‌‌of‌‌Receiver‌  ‌ as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌conveyance‌  ‌of‌  ‌real‌  ‌property‌‌   by‌‌  the‌‌   judgment‌‌  obligee‌‌ 
also‌‌applies‌‌to‌‌decisions‌‌of‌‌administrative‌‌bodies.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌appoint‌‌  a ‌‌‌receiver‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌  or‌  ‌by‌  ‌his‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌unless‌  ‌a ‌ ‌revocation‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌authority‌‌   is‌‌ 
filed,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ TESTS‌‌
  TO‌‌ DETERMINE‌‌ WHETHER‌‌ OR‌‌ NOT‌‌ THE‌‌ CAUSES‌‌ OF‌‌ ACTION‌‌ 
obligor;‌‌  and‌‌  it‌‌
  may‌‌
  also‌‌
  forbid‌‌  a ‌‌transfer‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ disposition‌‌ of,‌‌ or‌‌ 
ARE‌‌THE‌‌SAME:‌‌   ‌
any‌  ‌interference‌  ‌with,‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌not‌‌  (c) upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  endorsement‌‌   of‌‌
  such‌‌  admission‌‌   by‌‌  the‌‌ judgment‌‌ 
exempt‌‌from‌‌execution.‌  ‌ obligee‌  ‌or‌  ‌his‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌face‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌record‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  1) SAME‌‌EVIDENCE‌‌Test;‌  ‌
If‌‌it‌‌appears‌‌that‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌obligor‌‌   ‌ judgment.‌  ‌ 2) INCONSISTENCY‌‌Test;‌  ‌
a) has‌‌an‌‌interest‌‌in‌‌real‌‌estate‌‌   ‌ SATISFACTION‌  ‌OF‌  ‌JUDGMENT‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌with‌  ‌or‌‌  3) The‌‌  causes‌‌
  of‌‌
  action‌‌
  can‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ action‌‌ 
fulfillment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌mandate‌  ‌thereof.‌  ‌It‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌compelled‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  in‌‌one‌‌case‌‌only‌‌arose‌‌after‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌in‌‌the‌‌other.‌  ‌
b) in‌‌the‌‌place‌‌in‌‌which‌‌proceedings‌‌are‌‌had,‌‌   ‌ judgment-creditor‌‌ by‌‌ means‌‌ of‌‌ execution,‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ judgment-debtor‌‌ 
by‌‌means‌‌of‌‌voluntary‌‌payment.‌  ‌ Conclusiveness‌‌of‌‌judgment‌  ‌
c) as‌‌mortgagor‌‌or‌‌mortgagee‌‌or‌‌otherwise,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
EXECUTION‌i‌ s‌‌the‌‌method‌‌of‌‌enforcement‌‌of‌‌a‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ In‌‌
  any‌‌  other‌‌  litigation‌‌   between‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ parties‌‌ or‌‌ their‌‌ successors‌‌ 
d) his‌‌interest‌‌therein‌‌can‌‌be‌‌ascertained‌w
‌ ithout‌‌controversy‌,  ‌‌ ‌
in‌  ‌interest,‌  ‌that‌  ‌only‌  ‌is‌‌
  deemed‌‌  to‌‌
  have‌‌
  been‌‌
  adjudged‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌former‌‌ 
the‌‌
  ‌receiver‌‌  ‌may‌‌
  be‌‌
  ordered‌‌
  to‌‌
  sell‌‌
  and‌‌
  convey‌‌
  such‌‌
  real‌‌ estate‌‌ or‌‌  When‌‌   a ‌‌judgment‌‌   is‌‌
  rendered‌‌   against‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌ who‌‌ stands‌‌ as‌‌ ‌surety‌‌  judgment‌‌   or‌‌
  final‌‌  order‌‌ which‌‌ appears‌‌ upon‌‌ its‌‌ face‌‌ to‌‌ have‌‌ been‌‌ so‌‌ 
the‌‌interest‌‌of‌‌the‌‌obligor‌‌therein.‌‌   ‌ for‌‌
  another,‌‌   the‌‌
  latter‌‌  is‌‌ also‌‌ bound‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ that‌‌ he‌‌ has‌‌ notice‌‌  adjudged,‌‌   or‌‌ which‌‌ was‌‌ actually‌‌ and‌‌ necessarily‌‌ included‌‌ therein‌‌ or‌‌ 
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding,‌  ‌and‌  ‌an‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌surety's‌‌  necessary‌‌thereto.‌  ‌
3. Proceedings‌‌when‌‌indebtedness‌‌is‌‌denied‌‌by‌‌third‌‌person‌  ‌ request‌‌to‌‌join‌‌in‌‌the‌‌defense.‌‌   ‌
Bar‌‌by‌‌a‌‌Former‌‌Judgment‌  ‌ Conclusiveness‌‌of‌‌Judgment‌  ‌
If‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌‌   that‌‌
  a ‌‌person‌‌   or‌‌  corporation,‌‌   alleged‌‌
  to‌‌
  have‌‌
  property‌‌ 
Effect‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌final‌‌orders‌  ‌
of‌‌  the‌‌   judgment‌‌   obligor‌‌   or‌‌  to‌‌  be‌‌ indebted‌‌ to‌‌ him,‌‌ claims‌‌ an‌‌ interest‌‌ 
absolute‌‌bar‌‌to‌‌all‌‌matters‌‌  the‌‌first‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌conclusive‌‌ 
in‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌to‌  ‌him‌  ‌or‌  ‌denies‌  ‌the‌  ‌debt,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌   may‌‌  1. By‌‌a‌‌Philippine‌‌court‌  ‌
directly‌‌adjudged‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌  only‌‌on‌‌matters‌‌actually‌‌litigated‌‌ 
authorize,‌‌by‌‌an‌‌order‌‌made‌‌to‌‌that‌‌effect,‌‌   ‌ Res‌‌judicata‌  ‌ matters‌‌that‌‌might‌‌have‌‌been‌‌  and‌‌adjudged‌‌in‌‌the‌‌first‌‌action‌  ‌
a) the‌‌   judgment‌‌   obligee‌‌   to‌‌  institute‌‌   an‌‌
  action‌‌  against‌‌ such‌‌ person‌‌  adjudged.‌  ‌
1.) The‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌order‌‌invoked‌‌as‌‌res‌‌adjudicata‌‌must‌‌be‌f‌ inal‌; ‌ ‌
or‌‌corporation‌‌for‌‌the‌‌recovery‌‌of‌‌such‌‌interest‌‌or‌‌debt,‌‌   ‌
2.) The‌‌   court‌‌
  rendering‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌  must‌‌  have‌‌
  ‌jurisdiction‌‌  ‌over‌‌ the‌‌  there‌‌must‌‌be‌‌identity‌‌of‌‌parties,‌‌  not‌‌necessary‌‌that‌‌there‌‌is‌‌ 
b) forbid‌  ‌a ‌ ‌transfer‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌disposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌   interest‌‌  or‌‌
  debt‌‌ 
subject‌‌matter‌‌and‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties;‌  ‌ subject‌‌matter,‌‌and‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌  identity‌‌of‌‌causes‌‌of‌‌action.‌  ‌
within‌  ‌one‌  ‌hundred‌‌   twenty‌‌   (120)‌‌   days‌‌  from‌‌   notice‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
order‌,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 3.) The‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌order‌‌must‌‌be‌‌upon‌‌the‌m ‌ erits‌;‌‌and‌  ‌ action‌  ‌

c) may‌‌punish‌‌disobedience‌‌of‌‌such‌‌order‌‌as‌‌for‌c‌ ontempt‌.  ‌‌ ‌ 4.) There‌  ‌must‌  ‌be,‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌  ‌two‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌identity‌  ‌of‌  ‌parties,‌‌  There‌‌   is‌‌
  "‌bar‌‌
  by‌‌
  prior‌‌   judgment‌" ‌‌when,‌‌   as‌‌
  between‌‌
  the‌‌ first‌‌ case‌‌ 
identity‌‌of‌‌subject‌‌matter,‌‌and‌‌identity‌‌of‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action.‌‌   ‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ was‌‌ rendered‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ second‌‌ case‌‌ that‌‌ is‌‌ sought‌‌ 
There‌‌is‌i‌ dentity‌‌of‌‌parties‌‌‌for‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌res‌‌judicata:‌‌   ‌ to‌‌
  be‌‌
  barred,‌‌   there‌‌  is‌‌
  identity‌‌
  of‌‌
  parties,‌‌
  subject‌‌  matter,‌‌
  and‌‌ causes‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 51‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

of‌  ‌action.‌  ‌The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌decree‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌competent‌‌  briefly‌‌  discuss‌‌  the‌‌   errors‌‌   imputed‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ lower‌‌ court,‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ of‌‌ 
RULE‌‌40‌‌Appeal‌‌from‌‌MTCs‌‌to‌‌RTCs‌  ‌
jurisdiction‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits‌  ‌concludes‌  ‌the‌  ‌litigation‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌‌  which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌furnished‌  ‌by‌  ‌him‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌
  adverse‌‌   party.‌‌   Within‌‌ 
parties,‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌their‌  ‌privies,‌  ‌and‌  ‌constitutes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bar‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌‌  1. Where‌  ‌— ‌ ‌To‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌which‌  ‌has‌  ‌territorial‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌‌  fifteen‌  ‌(15)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant's‌‌ 
action‌‌   or‌‌
  suit‌‌
  involving‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ action‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ or‌‌  place‌‌where‌‌the‌‌MTC‌‌sits.‌  ‌ memorandum,‌‌   the‌‌   appellee‌‌ may‌‌ file‌‌ his‌‌ memorandum.‌‌ ‌Failure‌‌ 
any‌‌other‌‌tribunal.‌  ‌ of‌‌
  the‌‌
  appellant‌‌   to‌‌  file‌‌
  a ‌‌memorandum‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌ground‌‌ 
2. When‌  ‌ for‌‌dismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
But‌‌   where‌‌   there‌‌   is‌‌
  identity‌‌
  of‌‌
  parties‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  first‌‌
  and‌‌
  second‌‌ cases,‌‌ 
but‌‌  no‌‌
  identity‌‌   of‌‌
  causes‌‌  of‌‌
  action,‌‌
  the‌‌
  first‌‌ judgment‌‌ is‌‌ conclusive‌‌  a. 15‌‌days‌;‌‌or‌  ‌ (c) Upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌memorandum‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellee,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌ 
only‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌those‌  ‌matters‌  ‌actually‌  ‌and‌  ‌directly‌  ‌controverted‌  ‌and‌‌  b. 30‌‌days‌‌‌if‌‌the‌‌records‌‌on‌‌appeal‌‌‌is‌‌required‌  ‌ expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌‌   to‌‌
  do‌‌
  so,‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌  considered‌‌ 
determined‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌‌
  matters‌‌  merely‌‌   involved‌‌  therein.‌‌
  This‌‌
  is‌‌  submitted‌  ‌for‌  ‌decision‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌shall‌  ‌decide‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌  ‌concept‌  ‌of‌  ‌res‌  ‌judicata‌  ‌known‌  ‌as‌  ‌"‌conclusiveness‌  ‌of‌‌  period‌‌is‌‌interrupted‌‌by‌‌MR‌‌or‌‌MNT.‌  ‌ basis‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ entire‌‌ record‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ proceedings‌‌ held‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌ 
judgment.‌"  ‌‌ ‌ 3. How‌  ‌ origin‌‌and‌‌such‌‌memoranda‌‌as‌‌are‌‌filed.‌  ‌
2. By‌‌a‌‌Foreign‌‌court‌  ‌ a. By‌N
‌ otice‌‌of‌‌Appeal‌‌‌—‌‌for‌‌ordinary‌‌civil‌‌actions;‌  ‌ 6. Appeal‌‌from‌‌orders‌‌dismissing‌‌case‌‌without‌‌trial‌  ‌
Cannot‌‌be‌‌enforced‌‌by‌‌execution‌  ‌ within‌‌  15‌‌
  days‌‌
  from‌‌
  receipt‌‌
  of‌‌
  adverse‌‌
  decision‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ ‌court‌‌ a ‌‌ a. If‌‌
  MTC‌‌   has‌‌
  no‌‌
  JD,‌‌
  RTC‌‌
  has,‌‌
  RTC‌‌ will‌‌ treat‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ as‌‌ originally‌‌ 
quo.‌  ‌ filed;‌  ‌
Recognition‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌judgment‌  ‌
MATERIAL‌‌DATA‌‌RULE:‌  ‌ b. If‌‌MTC‌‌has‌‌JD,‌‌RTC‌‌will‌‌remand‌‌case‌‌to‌‌MTC;‌  ‌
Allow‌‌the‌‌losing‌‌party‌‌an‌‌opportunity‌‌to‌‌challenge‌‌it‌  ‌
1. The‌‌date‌‌decision‌‌is‌r‌ eceived‌; ‌ ‌ c. If‌  ‌both‌  ‌MTC‌  ‌and‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌have‌  ‌no‌  ‌JD,‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌will‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌appeal‌‌ 
(a) In‌‌
  case‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌judgment‌‌  or‌‌
  final‌‌
  order‌‌
  upon‌‌ a ‌‌specific‌‌ thing‌, ‌‌the‌‌ 
without‌  ‌prejudice‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  case‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  appropriate‌‌   body,‌‌ 
judgment‌‌ or‌‌ final‌‌ order‌‌ is‌‌ ‌conclusive‌‌ ‌upon‌‌ the‌‌ title‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ thing;‌‌  2. The‌‌date‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌appeal‌‌is‌f‌ iled‌. ‌ ‌ e.g.‌‌DARAB.‌  ‌
and‌  ‌
b. By‌  ‌Records‌  ‌on‌  ‌Appeal‌  ‌— ‌ ‌for‌  ‌special‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌and‌  ‌cases‌‌ 
(b) In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌, ‌ ‌the‌‌  involving‌‌multiple‌‌appeals.‌  ‌ RULE‌‌41‌‌Appeal‌‌from‌‌the‌‌RTCs‌  ‌
judgment‌‌   or‌‌  final‌‌
  order‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌presumptive‌‌ evidence‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌right‌‌ as‌‌ 
between‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌and‌  ‌their‌  ‌successors‌  ‌in‌  ‌interest‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌‌ 4. Duty‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Clerk‌‌of‌‌Court‌‌upon‌‌perfection‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌
1. What‌‌ruling‌‌may‌‌be‌‌appealed‌  ‌
subsequent‌‌title.‌‌   ‌ Appeal‌‌   is‌‌
  deemed‌‌   perfected‌‌   as‌‌   to‌‌  the‌‌
  appellant‌‌ the‌‌ moment‌‌ he‌‌ files‌‌ 
An‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌taken‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌‌ 
In‌‌
  either‌‌
  case,‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  or‌‌
  final‌‌
  order‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  repelled‌‌
  by‌‌ evidence‌‌  the‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal.‌  ‌But‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌yet‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌perfected‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
completely‌‌   disposes‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌, ‌‌or‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌particular‌‌
  matter‌‌
  therein‌‌ 
of‌‌a‌‌JNCFM‌‌   ‌ whole‌‌   case‌‌   until‌‌
  after‌‌
  the‌‌
  lapse‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ period‌‌ of‌‌ appeal‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ other‌‌ 
when‌‌declared‌‌by‌‌these‌‌Rules‌‌to‌‌be‌‌appealable.‌  ‌
party.‌  ‌
1. want‌‌of‌j‌ urisdiction‌,  ‌‌ ‌ No‌‌appeal‌‌‌may‌‌be‌‌taken‌‌from:‌  ‌
Once‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌is‌  ‌already‌  ‌perfected‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌both‌  ‌of‌  ‌them,‌‌
  the‌‌
  MTC‌‌ 
2. want‌‌of‌n
‌ otice‌t‌ o‌‌the‌‌party,‌‌   ‌ will‌‌forward‌‌the‌‌records‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case‌‌to‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌for‌‌review.‌  ‌ (a) An‌‌
  order‌‌
  ‌denying‌‌
  a ‌‌petition‌‌
  for‌‌
  relief‌‌
  or‌‌
  any‌‌
  similar‌‌
  motion‌‌ 
3. collusion‌,  ‌‌ ‌ seeking‌‌relief‌‌from‌‌judgment;‌  ‌
The‌‌
  Clerk‌‌
  of‌‌
  Court‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  RTC‌‌
  will‌‌
  then‌‌
  notify‌‌
  both‌‌
  parties‌‌
  that‌‌ the‌‌ 
4. fraud‌,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ records‌‌are‌‌now‌‌in‌‌the‌‌RTC.‌  ‌ (b) An‌‌interlocutory‌o
‌ rder;‌  ‌

5. clear‌‌mistake‌o
‌ f‌‌law‌‌or‌‌fact.‌  ‌ 5. Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌RTC‌  ‌ (c) An‌‌order‌‌disallowing‌‌or‌d
‌ ismissing‌‌an‌‌appeal‌; ‌ ‌
(a) Upon‌‌ receipt‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ complete‌‌ record‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ record‌‌ on‌‌ appeal,‌‌ the‌‌  (d) An‌  ‌order‌  ‌denying‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌set‌  ‌aside‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌by‌‌ 
X.‌‌Modes‌‌of‌‌Appeal‌  ‌ clerk‌‌of‌‌court‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌shall‌‌notify‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌of‌‌such‌‌fact.‌  ‌ consent,‌  ‌confession‌  ‌or‌  ‌compromise‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌fraud,‌‌ 
mistake‌‌or‌‌duress,‌‌or‌‌any‌‌other‌‌ground‌‌vitiating‌‌consent;‌  ‌
 ‌ (b) Within‌‌   ‌fifteen‌‌
  (15)‌‌
  days‌‌
  from‌‌   such‌‌ notice,‌‌ it‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ the‌‌ duty‌‌ 
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌to‌  ‌submit‌  ‌a ‌ ‌memorandum‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌‌  (e) An‌‌order‌‌of‌e
‌ xecution‌; ‌ ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 52‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

(f) A‌‌
  judgment‌‌   or‌‌
  final‌‌
  order‌‌  for‌‌
  or‌‌
  against‌‌
  one‌‌
  or‌‌ more‌‌ of‌‌ several‌‌  4. Where‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌appellate‌‌court‌‌docket‌‌fees‌‌—‌I‌ n‌‌the‌‌court‌‌a‌‌quo.‌  ‌ b. approve‌c‌ ompromises‌,  ‌‌ ‌
parties‌  ‌or‌‌
  in‌‌
  separate‌‌   claims,‌‌   counterclaims,‌‌   cross-claims‌‌   and‌‌ 
5. Notice‌‌of‌‌appeal‌‌—‌s‌ hall‌‌indicate‌‌   ‌ c. permit‌‌appeals‌‌of‌‌indigent‌‌litigants,‌‌   ‌
third-party‌  ‌complaints,‌  ‌while‌  ‌the‌  ‌main‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending‌, ‌‌
unless‌‌the‌‌court‌‌allows‌‌an‌‌appeal‌‌therefrom;‌‌and‌  ‌ a. the‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌the‌‌appeal,‌‌   ‌ d. order‌‌
  ‌execution‌‌   pending‌‌
  appeal‌‌
  in‌‌
  accordance‌‌ with‌‌ 2 ‌‌of‌‌ 
Rule‌‌39,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
(g) An‌‌order‌‌dismissing‌‌an‌‌action‌‌‌without‌‌prejudice‌. ‌ ‌ b. specify‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌part‌  ‌thereof‌‌
  appealed‌‌ 
from,‌‌   ‌ e. allow‌‌withdrawal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
In‌‌
  any‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  foregoing‌‌
  circumstances,‌‌   the‌‌
  aggrieved‌‌
  party‌‌  may‌‌ file‌‌ 
an‌‌appropriate‌‌special‌‌civil‌‌action‌‌as‌‌provided‌‌in‌R‌ ule‌‌65‌. ‌ ‌ c. specify‌‌the‌‌court‌t‌ o‌‌which‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌is‌‌being‌‌taken,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 8. Dismissal‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌

2. Modes‌‌of‌‌appeal‌‌from‌‌RTC‌  ‌ d. state‌‌the‌m
‌ aterial‌‌dates‌‌‌showing‌‌the‌‌timeliness‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appeal.‌  ‌ Prior‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌transmittal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌record‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌record‌  ‌on‌‌ 
appeal‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ appellate‌‌ court,‌‌ the‌‌ ‌trial‌‌ court‌‌ may‌‌ ‌motu‌‌ propio‌‌ or‌‌ on‌‌ 
A. Ordinary‌‌Appeal‌  ‌ 6. Record‌‌on‌‌appeal,‌‌when‌‌required‌  ‌
motion‌‌dismiss‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌   ‌
Either‌‌by‌N
‌ otice‌‌of‌‌Appeal‌‌‌or‌‌Records‌‌on‌‌Appeal.‌  ‌ a. special‌‌proceedings‌‌and‌‌   ‌
a) for‌‌having‌‌been‌‌taken‌‌out‌‌of‌‌time;‌  ‌
B. Petition‌‌for‌‌Review‌‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌42‌  ‌ b. other‌‌cases‌‌of‌‌multiple‌‌or‌‌separate‌‌appeals‌  ‌
b) non-payment‌‌of‌‌docket‌‌fee.‌  ‌
Appeal‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌appellate‌‌  7. Perfection‌‌of‌‌appeal,‌‌residual‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌court‌  ‌  ‌
jurisdiction.‌  ‌ A‌‌
  party's‌‌
  appeal‌‌  by‌‌
  ‌notice‌‌
  of‌‌
  appeal‌‌
  is‌‌
  deemed‌‌   perfected‌‌
  as‌‌ to‌‌ him‌‌  RULE‌‌42‌‌Petition‌‌for‌‌Review‌‌from‌‌the‌‌RTCs‌‌to‌‌CA‌  ‌
C. Appeal‌‌by‌‌Certiorari‌u
‌ nder‌‌Rule‌‌45‌  ‌ upon‌‌the‌‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌appeal‌i‌ n‌‌due‌‌time.‌  ‌
1. How‌‌appeal‌‌taken‌‌and‌‌time‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌
Direct‌‌ appeal‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ SC‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ decision‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ in‌‌ its‌‌ ‌original‌‌  A‌‌
  party's‌‌
  appeal‌‌   by‌‌
  ‌record‌‌ on‌‌ appeal‌‌ is‌‌ deemed‌‌ perfected‌‌ as‌‌ to‌‌ him‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌‌based‌‌on‌p ‌ ure‌‌question‌‌of‌‌law.‌  ‌ with‌‌
  respect‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌  subject‌‌ matter‌‌ thereof‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ approval‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  a. File‌‌a‌‌verified‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌review‌‌‌with‌‌the‌‌CA‌,  ‌‌ ‌
record‌‌on‌‌appeal‌f‌ iled‌‌in‌‌due‌‌time.‌  ‌
3. Period‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌ b. Paying‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌time‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌said‌  ‌court‌  ‌the‌‌ 
In‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌by‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌
  loses‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌
  over‌‌  corresponding‌‌docket‌‌and‌‌other‌‌lawful‌‌fees,‌‌   ‌
a. 15‌‌or‌‌30‌‌days‌‌for‌‌Ordinary‌‌Appeal;‌  ‌
the‌‌case‌‌   ‌
c. Depositing‌‌the‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌P500.00‌‌for‌‌costs,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
b. 48‌‌hours‌‌for‌h
‌ abeas‌‌corpu‌s‌‌cases.‌  ‌
a. upon‌‌the‌‌perfection‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appeals‌‌filed‌‌in‌‌due‌‌time‌‌and‌‌   ‌
d. Furnishing‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Neypes‌‌v.‌‌CA‌,‌‌141524,14‌‌Sep‌‌2005‌  ‌ b. the‌‌expiration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌time‌‌to‌‌appeal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌other‌‌parties.‌  ‌ petition.‌‌   ‌

This‌  ‌"‌fresh‌  ‌period‌  ‌rule‌" ‌ ‌shall‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌40‌  ‌governing‌‌   appeals‌‌  In‌  ‌appeals‌‌
  by‌‌
  ‌record‌‌
  on‌‌
  appeal‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  ‌court‌‌
  loses‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌
  only‌‌  The‌  ‌petition‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌and‌  ‌served‌  ‌within‌  ‌fifteen‌  ‌(15)‌  ‌days‌‌ 
from‌‌   the‌‌
  Municipal‌‌   Trial‌‌   Courts‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌ Regional‌‌ Trial‌‌ Courts;‌‌ Rule‌‌ 42‌‌  over‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌matter‌‌thereof‌‌   ‌ from‌‌  notice‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ decision‌‌ sought‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ reviewed‌‌ ‌or‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ denial‌‌ of‌‌ 
on‌‌  petitions‌‌  for‌‌
  review‌‌   from‌‌
  the‌‌  Regional‌‌ Trial‌‌ Courts‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ Court‌‌ of‌‌  petitioner's‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌or‌  ‌reconsideration‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌due‌‌ 
a. upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌approval‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌records‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌due‌‌ 
Appeals;‌‌   Rule‌‌  43‌‌  on‌‌ appeals‌‌ from‌‌ quasi-judicial‌‌ agencies‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ Court‌  time‌‌after‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
time‌‌and‌  ‌
of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌and‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌45‌  ‌governing‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌by‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  Upon‌‌   ‌
b. the‌‌expiration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌other‌‌parties.‌  ‌
Supreme‌  ‌Court.‌  ‌The‌  ‌new‌  ‌rule‌  ‌aims‌  ‌to‌  ‌regiment‌  ‌or‌  ‌make‌‌   the‌‌
  appeal‌‌ 
a. proper‌‌motion‌‌‌and‌‌   ‌
period‌  ‌uniform,‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌   counted‌‌   from‌‌   receipt‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  order‌‌
  denying‌‌   the‌‌  In‌‌ either‌‌ case,‌‌ prior‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ transmittal‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ original‌‌ record‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ 
motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial,‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌reconsideration‌  ‌(whether‌  ‌full‌  ‌or‌‌  record‌‌on‌‌appeal,‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌   ‌ b. the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌full‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌docket‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌‌ 
partial)‌‌or‌‌any‌‌final‌‌order‌‌or‌‌resolution.‌  ‌ lawful‌‌fees‌‌and‌‌   ‌
a. issue‌  ‌orders‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌protection‌‌  and‌‌   preservation‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
NB:‌  ‌Applies‌  ‌only‌  ‌to‌  ‌final‌  ‌orders‌  ‌and‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌to‌  ‌interlocutory‌  ‌orders.‌‌  rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌which‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌involve‌  ‌any‌  ‌matter‌‌  c. the‌‌deposit‌‌for‌‌costs‌‌   ‌
(‌Rubio‌‌v.‌‌MTCC‌‌of‌‌CDO‌) ‌ ‌ litigated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌appeal,‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 53‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

before‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌‌  of‌‌


  the‌‌
  reglementary‌‌  period,‌‌
  the‌‌
  CA‌‌
  may‌‌  grant‌‌  RULE‌‌43‌‌Appeals‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Quasi-Judicial‌‌Agencies‌‌to‌‌the‌‌  RTC‌  ‌decision‌  ‌acting‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌corporate‌  ‌court,‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌delegated‌‌ 
an‌‌
  additional‌‌   period‌‌
  of‌‌
  fifteen‌‌  (15)‌‌
  days‌‌
  only‌‌
  within‌‌ which‌‌ to‌‌ file‌‌  CA‌  ‌ jurisdiction‌, ‌ ‌is‌  ‌appealable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌43‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌‌ 
the‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌review.‌‌   ‌ under‌‌Rule‌‌41.‌  ‌
1. What‌‌Quasi-Agencies‌‌are‌‌covered‌‌by‌‌this‌‌rule‌  ‌
No‌  ‌further‌  ‌extension‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌except‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌most‌‌  b. NLRC‌a‌ nd‌‌DOLE‌‌decisions;‌  ‌
compelling‌‌reason‌‌‌and‌‌in‌‌no‌‌case‌‌to‌‌exceed‌f‌ ifteen‌‌(15)‌‌days.‌  ‌ a. Civil‌‌Service‌‌Commission,‌‌   ‌
c. Appeals‌‌from‌O
‌ mbudsman‌‌(‌Fabian‌‌v.‌‌Desierto‌) ‌ ‌
2. Action‌‌of‌‌the‌‌CA‌‌on‌‌the‌‌petition‌  ‌ b. Central‌‌Board‌‌of‌‌Assessment‌‌Appeals,‌‌   ‌

a. Require‌‌respondent‌‌to‌c‌ omment‌w
‌ ithin‌‌10‌‌days‌;‌‌OR‌  ‌ Securities‌‌and‌‌Exchange‌‌Commission‌,  ‌‌ ‌ St‌‌Martin‌‌Funeral‌‌Homes‌‌v.‌‌NLRC‌,‌‌130866,‌‌16‌‌Sep‌‌1998‌  ‌

b. Dismiss‌o
‌ utright.‌  ‌ c. Office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌President,‌‌   ‌ All‌  ‌references‌  ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌
  amended‌‌   Section‌‌  9 ‌‌of‌‌
  B.P.‌‌
  No.‌‌
  129‌‌
  to‌‌
  supposed‌‌ 
d. Land‌‌Registration‌‌Authority,‌‌   ‌ appeals‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌NLRC‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌  ‌Court‌  ‌are‌  ‌interpreted‌  ‌and‌‌ 
i. Petition‌‌is‌‌patently‌‌without‌‌merit;‌  ‌
hereby‌  ‌declared‌  ‌to‌  ‌mean‌  ‌and‌  ‌refer‌  ‌to‌  ‌petitions‌  ‌for‌  ‌certiorari‌‌ 
e. Social‌‌Security‌‌Commission,‌‌   ‌
ii. Prosecuted‌‌manifestly‌‌for‌‌delay;‌  ‌ under‌‌   Rule‌‌   65‌. ‌‌Consequently,‌‌ all‌‌ such‌‌ petitions‌‌ should‌‌ henceforth‌‌ 
iii. Questions‌  ‌raised‌  ‌therein‌  ‌are‌  ‌too‌  ‌unsubstantial‌  ‌to‌‌  f. Civil‌‌Aeronautics‌‌Board,‌‌   ‌ be‌  ‌initially‌  ‌filed‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  Court‌‌
  of‌‌  Appeals‌  ‌in‌‌  strict‌‌  observance‌‌ 
require‌‌consideration.‌  ‌ g. Bureau‌‌of‌‌Patents,‌‌Trademarks‌‌and‌‌Technology‌‌Transfer,‌‌   ‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ doctrine‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ hierarchy‌‌ of‌‌ courts‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ appropriate‌‌ forum‌‌ for‌‌ 
the‌‌relief‌‌desired.‌  ‌
3. Due‌‌course‌  ‌ h. National‌‌Electrification‌‌Administration,‌‌   ‌
Remember‌:‌‌R65‌‌‌from‌‌NLRC‌‌to‌‌CA;‌‌then‌R
‌ 45‌‌‌from‌‌CA‌‌to‌‌SC.‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌‌
  Appeals‌‌
  finds‌‌  ‌prima‌‌   facie‌‌
  that‌‌  the‌‌
  lower‌‌   court‌‌
  has‌‌  i. Energy‌‌Regulatory‌‌Board,‌‌   ‌
committed‌  ‌an‌  ‌error‌  ‌of‌  ‌fact‌  ‌or‌  ‌law‌  ‌that‌  ‌will‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reversal‌  ‌or‌‌  3. Where‌‌to‌‌appeal‌‌—‌T
‌ o‌‌CA,‌‌even‌‌on‌‌‌pure‌‌question‌‌of‌‌law‌. ‌ ‌
j. National‌‌Telecommunications‌‌Commission,‌‌   ‌
modification‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appealed‌‌decision.‌  ‌
k. Department‌‌of‌‌Agrarian‌‌Reform‌‌under‌‌Republic‌‌Act‌‌No.‌‌6657,‌‌   ‌ 4. Period‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌
4. Perfection‌‌of‌‌appeal,‌‌effect‌‌thereof‌  ‌
l. Government‌‌Service‌‌Insurance‌‌System,‌‌   ‌ a. 15‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌OR‌  ‌order‌‌  denying‌‌  motion‌‌ 
GR‌:‌‌  The‌‌   RTC‌‌
  loses‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   over‌‌
  the‌‌ case‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ perfection‌‌ of‌‌  for‌‌recon‌‌or‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌(fresh‌‌period‌‌of‌‌15‌‌days‌‌applicable);‌  ‌
the‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌due‌‌
  time‌‌  and‌‌
  the‌‌
  expiration‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  time‌‌
  to‌‌  m. Employees‌‌Compensation‌‌Commission,‌‌   ‌
appeal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌other‌‌parties.‌  ‌ b. Only‌o
‌ ne‌‌MR‌‌‌is‌‌allowed;‌  ‌
n. Agricultural‌‌Invention‌‌Board,‌‌   ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  ‌Residual‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌RTC.‌  ‌ c. Motion‌‌   for‌‌
  extension‌‌ of‌‌ time‌‌ to‌‌ file‌‌ petition‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ granted‌‌ only‌‌ 
o. Insurance‌‌Commission,‌‌   ‌ for‌1
‌ 5‌‌days‌‌‌after‌‌payment‌‌of‌‌required‌‌fees.‌  ‌
Except‌  ‌in‌  ‌civil‌  ‌cases‌  ‌decided‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌on‌  ‌Summary‌‌ 
p. Philippine‌‌Atomic‌‌Energy‌‌Commission,‌‌   ‌ d. No‌  ‌further‌  ‌extension‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌except‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌most‌‌ 
Procedure‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌shall‌  ‌stay‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌‌ 
q. Board‌‌of‌‌Investments,‌‌   ‌ compelling‌‌reason‌‌and‌‌in‌‌no‌‌case‌‌to‌‌exceed‌f‌ ifteen‌‌(15)‌‌days‌.‌  
order‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals,‌  ‌the‌  ‌law,‌  ‌or‌  ‌these‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
provide‌‌otherwise.‌  ‌ r. Construction‌‌Industry‌‌Arbitration‌‌Commission,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 5. How‌‌appeal‌‌is‌‌taken‌(‌ See‌‌R42)‌  ‌
5. Submission‌‌for‌‌decision‌  ‌ s. Voluntary‌‌Arbitrators.‌  ‌ 6. Contents‌‌of‌‌petition‌(‌ See‌‌R42)‌  ‌
If‌‌
  the‌‌
  petition‌‌   is‌‌
  given‌‌   due‌‌   course,‌‌   the‌‌ Court‌‌ of‌‌ Appeals‌‌ may‌‌ set‌‌ the‌‌  2. Cases‌‌not‌‌covered‌  ‌ 7. Action‌‌on‌‌the‌‌petition‌(‌ See‌‌R42)‌  ‌
case‌‌  for‌‌  oral‌‌
  argument‌‌   or‌‌
  require‌‌   the‌‌  parties‌‌ to‌‌ submit‌‌ memoranda‌‌ 
a. RA‌‌9282‌‌(CTA)‌‌‌—‌‌direct‌‌to‌‌SC;‌  ‌ a. Require‌‌
  the‌‌
  respondent‌‌
  to‌‌
  file‌‌ a ‌‌‌comment‌‌ ‌on‌‌ the‌‌ petition‌‌ not‌‌ a ‌‌
within‌‌   a ‌‌period‌‌  of‌‌
  ‌fifteen‌‌   (15)‌‌
  days‌‌ from‌‌ notice.‌‌ The‌‌ case‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
motion‌‌to‌‌dismiss,‌‌within‌‌‌ten‌‌(10)‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌notice,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
deemed‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌for‌‌   decision‌‌   upon‌‌   the‌‌
  filing‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  last‌‌
  pleading‌‌  The‌‌following‌‌are‌‌already‌‌appealable‌‌to‌‌the‌‌CA‌‌under‌‌R43‌  ‌
or‌‌memorandum‌‌required‌‌by‌‌these‌‌Rules‌‌or‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court‌‌itself.‌  ‌ b. Dismiss‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌if‌‌it‌‌finds‌‌the‌‌same‌‌to‌‌be‌‌   ‌
a. RA‌‌8799‌‌(Commercial‌‌Courts)‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 54‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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 ‌

may‌  ‌for‌  ‌justifiable‌  ‌reasons‌  ‌grant‌‌


  an‌‌
  ‌extension‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  thirty‌‌
  (30)‌‌ 
i. patently‌‌without‌‌merit,‌‌   ‌ Including‌‌as‌‌well‌‌that‌‌of:‌  ‌
days‌‌‌only‌‌within‌‌which‌‌to‌‌file‌‌the‌‌petition.‌  ‌
ii. prosecuted‌‌manifestly‌‌for‌‌delay,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ a. Commission‌‌on‌‌Audit;‌  ‌
4. Where‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌docket‌‌fees‌‌—‌T
‌ o‌‌the‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌SC.‌  ‌
iii. that‌‌
  the‌‌
  questions‌‌
  raised‌‌
  therein‌‌
  are‌‌ too‌‌ unsubstantial‌‌  b. Commission‌‌on‌‌Elections.‌  ‌
5. Dismissal‌‌or‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌petition‌  ‌
to‌‌require‌‌consideration.‌  ‌
2. What‌‌question‌‌may‌‌be‌‌raised‌  ‌
a. Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌requirement‌  ‌regarding‌‌
  payment‌‌
  of‌‌ 
8. Due‌‌course‌(‌ See‌‌R42)‌  ‌
Only‌q
‌ uestions‌‌of‌‌law‌‌‌may‌‌be‌‌raised‌e‌ xcept‌w
‌ rits‌‌of‌‌   ‌ docket‌‌and‌‌other‌‌lawful‌‌fees,‌‌and‌‌deposit‌‌for‌‌cost;‌  ‌
The‌  ‌findings‌  ‌of‌  ‌fact‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌agency‌  ‌concerned,‌  ‌when‌‌ 
a. Amparo‌,  ‌‌ ‌ b. Failure‌‌to‌‌show‌‌proof‌‌of‌‌service;‌  ‌
supported‌  ‌by‌  ‌substantial‌  ‌evidence‌, ‌ ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌binding‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Court‌‌of‌‌Appeals.‌‌   ‌ b. Habeas‌‌Corpus‌,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ c. Failure‌‌
  to‌‌
  observe‌‌
  contents‌‌
  of‌‌
  petition‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌
  documents‌‌
  that‌‌ 
c. Kalikasan‌. ‌ ‌ must‌‌accompany‌‌it.‌  ‌
9. Effect‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌
d. Appeal‌‌is‌‌without‌‌merit;‌  ‌
The‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌stay‌  ‌the‌  ‌award,‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌‌  Exceptions:‌  ‌
resolution‌‌  sought‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  reviewed‌‌   ‌unless‌‌
  ‌the‌‌
  Court‌‌
  of‌‌ Appeals‌‌ shall‌‌  a. When‌  ‌conclusion‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌finding‌  ‌grounded‌  ‌entirely‌  ‌on‌‌  e. Prosecuted‌‌manifestly‌‌for‌‌delay;‌  ‌
direct‌‌otherwise‌‌upon‌‌such‌‌terms‌‌as‌‌it‌‌may‌‌deem‌‌just.‌  ‌ speculations,‌‌surmises‌‌or‌‌conjectures;‌  ‌ f. Question‌‌is‌‌too‌‌unsubstantial.‌  ‌
NB‌:‌‌  Petition‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌accompanied‌  ‌with‌‌
  ‌TRO‌‌
  ‌or‌‌
  ‌Preliminary‌‌  b. When‌  ‌inference‌  ‌made‌  ‌is‌  ‌manifestly‌  ‌mistaken,‌  ‌absurd,‌  ‌or‌‌  6. Review‌‌discretionary‌  ‌
Injunction‌  ‌since‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌appealed‌  ‌is‌‌  impossible;‌  ‌
immediately‌‌executory.‌  ‌ (a) When‌‌   the‌‌
  court‌‌  a ‌‌quo‌‌
  has‌‌
  decided‌‌
  a ‌‌question‌‌ of‌‌ substance,‌‌ not‌‌ 
c. When‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌grave‌‌
  abuse‌‌
  of‌‌
  discretion‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  appreciation‌‌
  of‌‌  theretofore‌‌   determined‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  Supreme‌‌ Court,‌‌ or‌‌ has‌‌ decided‌‌ it‌‌ 
10. Submission‌‌for‌‌decision‌  ‌ facts;‌  ‌ in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌way‌  ‌probably‌  ‌not‌  ‌in‌  ‌accord‌  ‌with‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
d. When‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌based‌‌on‌‌misapprehension‌‌of‌‌facts;‌  ‌ applicable‌‌decisions‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court;‌‌or‌  ‌
If‌‌
  the‌‌
  petition‌‌   is‌‌
  given‌‌
  due‌‌
  course,‌‌   the‌‌
  CA‌‌
  may‌‌
  set‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌  for‌‌ oral‌‌ 
argument‌  ‌or‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌to‌  ‌submit‌  ‌memoranda‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌‌ e. When‌‌the‌‌findings‌‌of‌‌fact‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌of‌‌appeals‌‌are‌‌conflicting;‌‌   ‌ (b) When‌‌  the‌‌ court‌‌ a ‌‌quo‌‌ has‌‌ so‌‌ far‌‌ departed‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ accepted‌‌ and‌‌ 
period‌  ‌of‌  ‌fifteen‌  ‌(15)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌‌
  notice.‌‌  The‌‌
  case‌‌  shall‌‌  be‌‌
  deemed‌‌  usual‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌proceedings‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌so‌  ‌far‌  ‌sanctioned‌‌ 
submitted‌  ‌for‌  ‌decision‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌last‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌or‌‌  f. When‌‌   the‌‌
  Court‌‌
  of‌‌
  Appeals‌‌
  went‌‌  beyond‌‌
  the‌‌
  issues‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ case‌‌  such‌‌
  departure‌‌   by‌‌   a ‌‌lower‌‌ court,‌‌ as‌‌ to‌‌ call‌‌ for‌‌ an‌‌ exercise‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
memorandum‌. ‌ ‌ and‌‌the‌‌same‌‌is‌‌contrary‌‌to‌‌the‌‌admissions‌‌of‌‌both‌‌parties;‌  ‌ power‌‌of‌‌supervision.‌  ‌
g. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌manifestly‌  ‌overlooked‌  ‌certain‌‌   relevant‌‌
  facts‌‌  not‌‌  7. Sanction‌‌for‌‌not‌‌filing‌‌pleadings‌‌required‌‌by‌‌the‌‌SC‌ 
RULE‌‌45‌‌Appeal‌‌by‌‌Certiorari‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌  ‌ disputed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌which‌  ‌if‌  ‌considered‌  ‌would‌  ‌justify‌  ‌a ‌‌
different‌‌conclusion;‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌SC‌  ‌may‌  ‌require‌  ‌or‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌pleadings,‌  ‌briefs,‌‌ 
1. What‌‌cases‌‌may‌‌be‌‌brought‌‌to‌‌the‌‌SC‌‌on‌C
‌ ertiorari‌  ‌ memoranda‌  ‌or‌  ‌documents‌  ‌as‌  ‌it‌  ‌may‌  ‌deem‌  ‌necessary‌‌   within‌‌   such‌‌ 
h. When‌  ‌findings‌  ‌of‌  ‌fact‌  ‌of‌  ‌CA‌  ‌are‌  ‌contrary‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court’s‌‌  periods‌‌   and‌‌
  under‌‌  such‌‌  conditions‌‌   as‌‌
  it‌‌
  may‌‌   consider‌‌ appropriate,‌‌ 
A‌‌judgment,‌‌final‌‌order‌‌or‌‌resolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌   ‌ findings.‌  ‌ and‌  ‌impose‌  ‌the‌  ‌corresponding‌  ‌sanctions‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌non-filing‌  ‌or‌‌ 
a. Court‌‌of‌‌Appeals,‌‌   ‌ 3. Period‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌ unauthorized‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌and‌  ‌documents‌  ‌or‌‌ 
non-compliance‌‌with‌‌the‌‌conditions‌‌therefor.‌  ‌
b. the‌‌Sandiganbayan,‌‌   ‌ a.   ‌15‌‌ days‌ ‌from‌‌ receipt‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ appealed‌‌ from‌‌ or‌‌ 
Within‌‌
from‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌reconsideration‌‌or‌‌new‌‌trial;‌  ‌ 8. Rule‌‌applicable‌‌to‌‌both‌‌civil‌‌and‌‌criminal‌‌cases‌  ‌
c. the‌‌Court‌‌of‌‌Tax‌‌Appeals,‌‌   ‌
b. On‌  ‌motion‌  ‌duly‌  ‌filed‌  ‌and‌  ‌served,‌  ‌with‌  ‌full‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  The‌  ‌mode‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌prescribed‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌‌  Rule‌‌  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  applicable‌‌  to‌ 
d. the‌‌Regional‌‌Trial‌‌Court‌‌or‌‌   ‌ both‌  ‌civil‌  ‌and‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌except‌  ‌in‌‌  criminal‌‌  cases‌‌
  where‌‌
  the‌‌ 
docket‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌fees‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌deposit‌  ‌for‌  ‌costs‌‌
  before‌‌ 
e. other‌‌courts,‌‌whenever‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌law.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌reglementary‌  ‌period,‌  ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌  ‌Court‌‌  penalty‌‌imposed‌‌is‌‌death,‌‌reclusion‌‌perpetua‌‌or‌‌life‌‌imprisonment.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 55‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

XI.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌CA‌  ‌ a. Subject‌‌Index;‌  ‌ i. Annulment‌‌of‌‌Judgment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RTC.‌  ‌

 ‌
b. Statement‌‌of‌‌Facts‌‌or‌‌Counter-Statement‌‌of‌‌facts;‌  ‌ 2. Contents‌‌of‌‌the‌‌petition,‌‌effects‌‌of‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌comply‌  ‌
RULE‌‌44‌‌Ordinary‌‌Appealed‌‌Cases‌  ‌ c. Arguments;‌  ‌ The‌‌petition‌‌shall‌‌contain‌‌the‌‌   ‌

1. When‌‌to‌‌file‌‌record‌‌on‌‌appeal‌  ‌ An‌  ‌appellee‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌appealed‌  ‌CANNOT‌  ‌make‌  ‌assignment‌  ‌of‌‌  a) full‌  ‌names‌  ‌and‌  ‌actual‌  ‌addresses‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioners‌  ‌and‌‌ 
errors‌‌in‌‌his‌‌brief.‌  ‌ respondents,‌‌   ‌
a. Within‌‌ ‌ten‌‌ (10)‌‌ days‌‌ from‌‌ receipt‌‌ of‌‌ said‌‌ notice,‌‌ the‌‌ appellant,‌‌ 
in‌‌
  appeals‌‌  by‌‌ record‌‌ on‌‌ appeal,‌‌ shall‌‌ file‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ clerk‌‌ of‌‌ court‌‌  4. Appellant’s‌‌reply‌‌brief,‌‌when‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌ b) a‌  ‌concise‌  ‌statement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌matters‌  ‌involved,‌  ‌the‌  ‌factual‌‌ 
seven‌  ‌(7)‌  ‌clearly‌  ‌legible‌  ‌copies‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌approved‌  ‌record‌  ‌on‌‌  background‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
Within‌  ‌twenty‌  ‌(20)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  appellee's‌‌   brief,‌‌
  the‌‌ 
appeal,‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌proof‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌two‌  ‌(2)‌  ‌copies‌‌  appellant‌  ‌may‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌‌reply‌‌
  brief‌‌
  answering‌‌  points‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  appellee's‌‌  c) the‌‌grounds‌‌relied‌‌upon‌‌for‌‌the‌‌relief‌‌prayed‌‌for.‌  ‌
thereof‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌appellee.‌  ‌ brief‌‌not‌‌covered‌‌in‌‌his‌‌main‌‌brief.‌  ‌
In‌‌actions‌‌filed‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌65,‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌shall‌‌further‌‌indicate‌‌   ‌
b.
Any‌  ‌unauthorized‌  ‌alteration‌, ‌ ‌omission‌  ‌or‌  ‌addition‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  5. Time‌‌to‌‌file‌‌memoranda‌‌in‌‌special‌‌cases‌  ‌
d) the‌  ‌material‌  ‌dates‌  ‌showing‌  ‌when‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌ 
approved‌‌   record‌‌
  on‌‌
  appeal‌‌  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌‌ground‌‌ for‌‌ dismissal‌‌ of‌‌ 
In‌  ‌certiorari‌, ‌ ‌prohibition,‌  ‌mandamus,‌  ‌quo‌  ‌warranto‌  ‌and‌  ‌habeas‌‌  final‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌subject‌‌
  thereof‌‌
  was‌‌   received,‌‌   when‌‌  a ‌‌
the‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
corpus‌‌   cases,‌‌
  the‌‌  parties‌‌  shall‌‌   file‌‌  in‌‌
  lieu‌‌  of‌‌
  briefs,‌‌ their‌‌ respective‌‌  motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌or‌  ‌reconsideration,‌  ‌if‌  ‌any,‌  ‌was‌  ‌filed‌‌
  and‌‌ 
2. Appellant’s‌‌brief,‌‌when‌‌to‌‌file‌‌and‌‌contents‌  ‌ memoranda‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌non-extendible‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌days‌‌  when‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌the‌‌denial‌‌thereof‌‌was‌‌received.‌  ‌
Within‌‌   forty-five‌‌   (45)‌‌
  days‌‌  from‌‌  receipt‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌
  notice‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  clerk‌‌  from‌‌   receipt‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  notice‌‌   issued‌‌   by‌‌  the‌‌  clerk‌‌   that‌‌
  all‌‌
  the‌‌ evidence,‌‌ 
Docket‌  ‌Fee‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌shall‌  ‌pay‌  ‌the‌‌  corresponding‌‌   docket‌‌ 
that‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌oral‌  ‌and‌  ‌documentary,‌  ‌are‌  ‌attached‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  oral‌ a
‌ nd‌ d
‌ ocumentary,‌ i
‌ s‌ a
‌ lready‌ a
‌ ttached‌ t
‌ o‌ t
‌ he‌ r
‌ ecord.‌  ‌
and‌‌
  other‌‌ lawful‌‌ fees‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ clerk‌‌ of‌‌ court‌‌ and‌‌ deposit‌‌ the‌‌ amount‌‌ of‌‌ 
record,‌  ‌seven‌  ‌(7)‌  ‌copies‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌brief,‌  ‌with‌‌
  proof‌‌
  of‌‌
  service‌‌
  of‌‌
  two‌‌  The‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌his‌  ‌memorandum‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌  P500.00‌‌for‌‌costs‌‌at‌‌the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌petition.‌  ‌
(2)‌‌copies‌‌thereof‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌appellee.‌  ‌ period‌‌therefor‌‌may‌‌be‌‌a‌‌ground‌‌for‌d ‌ ismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant’s‌  ‌brief‌  ‌is‌  ‌required‌‌
  only‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  ordinary‌‌  6. Questions‌‌that‌‌may‌‌be‌‌raised‌‌on‌‌appeal‌  ‌ requirements‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌ground‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌of‌ 
appeal.‌  ‌ the‌‌petition.‌  ‌
Whether‌‌   or‌‌
  not‌‌
  the‌‌
  appellant‌‌   has‌‌
  filed‌‌
  a ‌‌motion‌‌   for‌‌ new‌‌ trial‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
GR‌:‌‌  Only‌  ‌errors‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌assigned‌‌
  and‌‌
  properly‌‌
  argued‌‌
  in‌‌
  brief‌‌  court‌  ‌below‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌include‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌assignment‌  ‌of‌  ‌errors‌  ‌any‌‌  3. When‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌person‌‌of‌‌respondent‌‌is‌‌acquired‌  ‌
shall‌‌be‌‌considered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌appellate‌‌court.‌  ‌ question‌‌   of‌‌
  law‌‌ or‌‌ fact‌‌ that‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ raised‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ below‌‌ and‌‌ 
A. service‌‌on‌‌him‌‌of‌‌its‌‌order;‌‌or‌  ‌
EXC‌:‌‌   ‌ which‌‌is‌‌within‌‌the‌‌issues‌‌framed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌parties.‌  ‌
B. resolution‌‌indicating‌‌its‌‌initial‌‌action‌‌on‌‌the‌‌petition;‌‌or‌  ‌
1) Errors‌‌affecting‌j‌ urisdiction‌; ‌ ‌
RULE‌‌46‌‌Original‌‌Cases‌  ‌ C. by‌‌his‌‌voluntary‌‌submission‌‌to‌‌such‌‌jurisdiction‌  ‌
2) Plain‌‌and‌‌clerical‌‌errors;‌  ‌
1. What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌original‌‌actions‌‌in‌‌the‌‌CA‌  ‌ 4. Action‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌file‌‌comment‌  ‌
3) Unassigned‌  ‌errors‌  ‌closely‌  ‌related‌  ‌to‌  ‌or‌  ‌dependent‌  ‌upon‌  ‌an‌‌ 
a. Concurrent‌w
‌ ith‌‌RTC‌‌and‌‌SC:‌  ‌ The‌‌court‌‌may‌‌   ‌
assigned‌‌error‌‌and‌‌properly‌‌argued‌‌in‌‌the‌‌brief.‌  ‌
i. Certiorari;‌  ‌ a. dismiss‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌outright‌  ‌with‌  ‌specific‌  ‌reasons‌  ‌for‌  ‌such‌‌ 
3. Appellee’s‌‌brief,‌‌when‌‌to‌‌file‌‌and‌‌contents‌  ‌
dismissal‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Within‌  ‌forty-five‌  ‌(45)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant's‌  ‌brief,‌‌  ii. Prohibition;‌  ‌
b. require‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌‌
  to‌‌
  file‌‌
  a ‌‌‌comment‌‌
  ‌on‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  within‌‌ 
the‌  ‌appellee‌  ‌shall‌  ‌file‌  ‌with‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  seven‌‌  (7)‌‌
  copies‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  brief,‌‌  iii. Mandamus;‌  ‌ ten‌‌(10)‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌notice.‌‌   ‌
with‌‌ proof‌‌ of‌‌ service‌‌ of‌‌ two‌‌ (2)‌‌ copies‌‌ thereof‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ appellant.‌‌ It‌‌ 
shall‌‌contain‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌ iv. Quo‌‌warranto;‌  ‌ When‌‌   no‌‌
  comment‌‌   is‌‌
  filed‌‌
  by‌‌   any‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ respondents,‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ may‌‌ 
b. Exclusive‌: ‌ ‌ be‌  ‌decided‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌basis‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌record,‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudice‌‌   to‌‌
  any‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 56‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

disciplinary‌  ‌action‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌take‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌ 


petition‌  ‌that‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌avail‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌relief‌‌  d. Rule‌‌41‌‌–‌A
‌ ppeal‌‌   ‌
disobedient‌‌party.‌  ‌
through‌‌no‌‌fault‌‌of‌‌his‌‌own.‌  ‌
within‌‌15‌‌days‌‌from‌‌receipt‌‌of‌‌judgment;‌  ‌
5. Determination‌‌of‌‌factual‌‌issue‌  ‌
3. When‌‌to‌‌file‌‌annulment‌  ‌ Ground:‌  ‌Default‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌contrary‌  ‌to‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌‌ 
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌itself‌  ‌may‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌hearings‌  ‌thereon‌  ‌or‌  ‌delegate‌  ‌the‌‌ 
evidence‌; ‌ ‌
reception‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  evidence‌‌   on‌‌
  such‌‌ issue‌‌ to‌‌ any‌‌ of‌‌ its‌‌ members‌‌ or‌‌ to‌‌  Lapse‌‌of‌‌‌6‌‌months‌‌‌from‌‌finality‌‌of‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
an‌‌appropriate‌‌court,‌‌agency‌‌or‌‌office.‌  ‌ e. Rule‌‌47‌‌–‌A
‌ nnulment‌‌of‌‌Judgment;‌‌   ‌
Until‌‌barred‌‌by‌l‌ aches.‌  ‌
Ground:‌E
‌ xtrinsic‌‌Fraud‌o
‌ r‌‌Lack‌‌of‌‌Jurisdiction‌; ‌ ‌
RULE‌‌47‌‌Annulment‌‌of‌‌Judgments‌‌of‌‌Final‌‌Orders‌‌and‌‌  A‌‌
  final‌‌
  and‌‌  executory‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  set‌‌
  aside‌‌
  in‌‌
  three‌‌ (3)‌‌ ways.‌‌ 
To‌‌wit:‌‌   ‌ f. Rule‌‌65‌‌–‌C
‌ ertiorari‌;  ‌‌ ‌
Resolutions‌  ‌
a. By‌p
‌ etition‌‌for‌‌relief‌‌from‌‌judgment‌‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌38;‌‌   ‌ Ground:‌G
‌ ADALEJ‌. ‌ ‌
1. When‌‌can‌‌it‌‌be‌‌availed‌  ‌
b. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌void‌  ‌for‌  ‌want‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌by‌‌  If‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌extrinsic‌  ‌fraud‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌‌ 
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌remedies‌  ‌of‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial,‌‌
  relief‌‌
  from‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  and‌‌
  appeal‌‌
  have‌‌  direct‌  ‌attack,‌  ‌by‌  ‌certiorari,‌  ‌annulment‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌‌  four‌‌(4)‌‌years‌‌‌from‌‌its‌‌discovery‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
not‌‌or‌‌could‌‌not‌‌have‌‌been‌‌availed‌‌of.‌  ‌ collateral‌‌attack;‌‌and‌  ‌
If‌‌
  based‌‌
  on‌‌
  ‌lack‌‌
  of‌‌
  jurisdiction‌, ‌‌before‌‌
  it‌‌ is‌‌ ‌barred‌‌ by‌‌ laches‌‌ 
2. Grounds‌‌for‌‌annulment‌  ‌ c. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌was‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌by‌  ‌fraud‌  ‌and‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌38‌‌  or‌‌estoppel‌. ‌ ‌
a. Extrinsic‌‌Fraud‌,‌‌if‌‌have‌‌not‌‌been‌‌availed‌‌of‌‌in‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌new‌‌  cannot‌‌be‌‌applied‌‌anymore.‌‌   ‌
4. Action‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court‌  ‌
trial‌‌or‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌relief‌‌from‌‌judgment;‌  ‌ A‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌may‌  ‌sue‌  ‌for‌  ‌its‌‌ 
Should‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌find‌  ‌no‌  ‌substantial‌  ‌merit‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
b. Lack‌‌of‌‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌ annulment‌‌PROVIDED‌‌that‌‌he‌‌can‌‌prove‌  ‌
same‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌outright‌  ‌with‌  ‌specific‌  ‌reasons‌‌   for‌‌
  such‌‌ 
a. that‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌was‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌through‌  ‌fraud‌  ‌and‌‌  dismissal.‌‌   ‌
Ancheta‌‌v.‌‌Ancheta‌,‌‌145370,‌‌4‌‌March‌‌2004‌  ‌ collusion‌‌and‌  ‌
Should‌‌
  ‌prima‌‌
  facie‌‌
  merit‌‌
  be‌‌
  found‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  petition,‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  shall‌‌ 
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌is‌  ‌extrinsic‌  ‌fraud‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌must‌  ‌allege‌  ‌that‌  ‌he‌‌  b. that‌‌he‌‌would‌‌be‌‌adversely‌‌affected‌‌thereby.‌  ‌ be‌  ‌given‌  ‌due‌  ‌course‌  ‌and‌  ‌summons‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌avail‌  ‌of‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial,‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌or‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌relief‌‌
  through‌‌
  no‌‌  Possible‌‌remedies‌‌of‌‌defendant‌‌declared‌‌in‌‌DEFAULT:‌‌   ‌ respondent‌‌. ‌ ‌
fault‌‌of‌‌his‌‌own.‌  ‌
a. Rule‌‌9,‌‌Section‌‌3[b]‌‌–‌M
‌ otion‌‌to‌‌Lift‌‌Order‌‌of‌‌Default‌,‌   5. Procedure‌‌-‌‌same‌‌as‌‌ordinary‌‌civil‌‌action‌  ‌
However,‌‌   if‌‌
  the‌‌
  ground‌‌
  of‌‌
  lack‌‌
  of‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌
  is‌‌
  ALSO‌‌
  included,‌‌ then‌‌ 
there‌‌is‌‌still‌‌no‌‌judgment;‌‌   ‌ 6. Effect‌‌of‌‌judgment‌  ‌
there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌need‌‌to‌‌allege‌‌said‌‌condition‌‌precedent.‌  ‌
Ground:‌F
‌ AME‌; ‌ ‌ A‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌‌  annulment‌‌   shall‌‌
  ‌set‌‌
  aside‌‌  the‌‌
  questioned‌‌   judgment‌‌ 
 ‌
or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌and‌  ‌render‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌null‌  ‌and‌  ‌void,‌‌ 
Coombs‌‌v.‌‌Castañeda‌,‌‌192353,‌‌15‌‌March‌‌2017‌  ‌ b. Rule‌‌37‌‌–‌‌Motion‌‌for‌‌new‌‌trial‌,  ‌‌ ‌ without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌   original‌‌   action‌‌
  being‌‌  refiled‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌  proper‌‌ 
A‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌ordering‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reconstitution‌  ‌of‌  ‌title‌  ‌is‌  ‌null‌  ‌and‌‌   void‌‌  if‌‌
  the‌‌  judgment‌‌not‌‌yet‌‌final;‌‌   ‌ court.‌‌   ‌
title‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌really‌  ‌lost‌  ‌but‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  possession‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  rightful‌‌   owner.‌‌   If‌‌  Ground:‌F
‌ AME‌;  ‌‌ ‌ However,‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌is‌  ‌set‌‌ 
the‌‌   title‌‌  was‌‌   not‌‌
  lost,‌‌
  the‌‌  RTC‌‌   does‌‌  not‌‌
  have‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌   to‌‌ grant‌‌ the‌‌  aside‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌  ground‌‌ of‌‌ extrinsic‌‌ fraud‌, ‌‌the‌‌ court‌‌ may‌‌ ‌on‌‌ motion‌‌ 
reconstitution‌‌of‌‌title.‌  ‌ c. Rule‌‌38‌‌–‌P
‌ etition‌‌for‌‌relief‌‌from‌‌judgment‌‌   ‌
order‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌try‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌as‌‌
  if‌‌
  a ‌‌timely‌‌
  motion‌‌
  for‌‌ 
Thus,‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌ordering‌  ‌reconstitution‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌‌  within‌‌60‌‌days‌‌and‌‌6‌‌months,‌‌   ‌ new‌‌trial‌‌had‌‌been‌‌granted‌‌‌therein.‌‌   ‌
assailed‌  ‌by‌  ‌Annulment‌  ‌of‌‌   Judgment‌‌   under‌‌   Rule‌‌
  47‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌  ground‌‌   of‌‌  judgment‌‌is‌‌already‌‌final;‌‌   ‌ 7. Effect‌‌on‌‌the‌‌prescriptive‌‌period‌‌to‌‌refile‌‌action‌  ‌
lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌and‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌need‌  ‌anymore‌  ‌to‌  ‌state‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Ground:‌F
‌ AME‌;  ‌‌ ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 57‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

GR‌:‌‌  The‌‌
  prescriptive‌‌   period‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌ refiling‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ aforesaid‌‌ original‌‌  (b) ⭐Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌the‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌record‌  ‌on‌‌  Thereafter,‌  ‌the‌  ‌withdrawal‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  allowed‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  discretion‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
action‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌suspended‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌  appeal‌‌within‌‌the‌‌period‌‌‌prescribed‌‌by‌‌these‌‌Rules;‌‌   ‌ court.‌  ‌
original‌‌action‌‌until‌‌the‌‌finality‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌annulment.‌‌   ‌
(c) Failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌the‌  ‌docket‌‌  and‌‌  other‌‌   lawful‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  However,‌‌   the‌‌
  prescriptive‌‌   period‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ suspended‌‌ where‌‌  fees‌  ‌as‌‌
  provided‌‌   in‌‌
  section‌‌   5 ‌‌of‌‌
  Rule‌‌
  40‌‌
  and‌‌
  section‌‌
  4 ‌‌of‌‌
  Rule‌‌  RULE‌‌51‌‌Judgment‌  ‌
the‌  ‌extrinsic‌  ‌fraud‌  ‌is‌  ‌attributable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  41;‌  ‌
original‌‌action‌.  ‌‌ ‌ 1. When‌‌case‌‌deemed‌‌submitted‌  ‌
(d) Unauthorized‌  ‌alterations‌, ‌ ‌omissions‌  ‌or‌  ‌additions‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
8. Annulment‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌MTC‌‌decision,‌‌where‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌ approved‌‌record‌‌on‌‌appeal‌‌as‌‌provided‌‌in‌‌section‌‌4‌‌of‌‌Rule‌‌44;‌‌   ‌ A. In‌‌Ordinary‌‌appeals‌.‌‌—  ‌‌ ‌

An‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌  ‌annul‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌Municipal‌‌  Trial‌‌  (e) Failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌to‌  ‌serve‌  ‌and‌  ‌file‌  ‌the‌  ‌required‌‌  1) Where‌  ‌no‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌main‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Court‌‌   shall‌‌  be‌‌  filed‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ ‌Regional‌‌ Trial‌‌ Court‌‌ having‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌  number‌‌   of‌‌ copies‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ brief‌‌ or‌‌ memorandum‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌  held,‌‌   ‌
over‌  ‌the‌  ‌former.‌  ‌It‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌treated‌‌
  as‌‌
  an‌‌  ordinary‌‌   civil‌‌
  action‌‌
  and‌‌  provided‌‌by‌‌these‌‌Rules;‌‌   ‌ a. upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌last‌  ‌pleading,‌  ‌brief,‌  ‌or‌‌ 
sections‌‌2,‌‌3,‌‌4,‌‌7,‌‌8‌‌and‌‌9‌‌of‌‌this‌‌Rule‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌applicable‌‌thereto.‌  ‌ memorandum‌‌   required‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌ Rules‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ 
(f) Absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌specific‌  ‌assignment‌  ‌of‌  ‌errors‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant’s‌‌ 
brief,‌‌
  or‌‌
  of‌‌
  page‌‌
  references‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  record‌‌
  as‌‌
  required‌‌ in‌‌ section‌‌  court‌‌itself,‌‌or‌  ‌
RULE‌‌48‌‌Preliminary‌‌Conference‌  ‌ 13,‌‌paragraphs‌‌(a),‌‌(c),‌‌(d)‌‌and‌‌(f)‌‌of‌‌Rule‌‌44;‌‌   ‌ b. the‌‌expiration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌for‌‌its‌‌filing.‌  ‌

a. To‌‌consider‌‌the‌‌possibility‌‌of‌‌an‌‌amicable‌‌settlement;‌  ‌ (g) Failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌to‌  ‌take‌  ‌the‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌steps‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  2) Where‌‌such‌‌a‌‌hearing‌‌is‌‌held,‌‌   ‌
correction‌  ‌or‌  ‌completion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌record‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌‌ 
b. To‌‌define,‌‌simplify‌‌and‌‌clarify‌‌the‌‌issues‌‌for‌‌determination;‌  ‌ a. upon‌‌its‌‌termination‌‌or‌  ‌
limited‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court‌‌in‌‌its‌‌order;‌  ‌
c. To‌  ‌formulate‌  ‌stipulations‌  ‌of‌  ‌facts‌  ‌and‌  ‌admissions‌  ‌of‌‌  b. upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌last‌  ‌pleading‌  o
‌ r‌‌ 
(h) Failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌preliminary‌‌ 
documentary‌‌exhibits,‌‌limit‌‌the‌‌number‌‌of‌‌witnesses.‌  ‌ memorandum‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌required‌  ‌or‌‌ 
conference‌‌   under‌‌   Rule‌‌
  48‌‌
  or‌‌
  to‌‌
  comply‌‌ with‌‌ orders,‌‌ circulars,‌‌ 
permitted‌‌to‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌or‌  ‌
ordirectives‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌without‌‌justifiable‌‌cause;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌49‌‌Oral‌‌Argument‌  ‌ c. the‌‌expiration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌for‌‌its‌‌filing.‌  ‌
(i) The‌  ‌fact‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌appealed‌  ‌from‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌ 
One‌‌difference‌‌between‌‌motions‌‌filed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌and‌‌in‌‌the‌‌CA‌‌is‌‌that:‌‌   ‌ appealable.‌  ‌ B. In‌‌original‌‌actions‌‌‌and‌‌petitions‌‌for‌‌review‌.‌‌—  ‌‌ ‌

a. in‌  ‌the‌‌
  ‌RTC‌, ‌‌there‌‌
  must‌‌
  be‌‌
  notice‌‌
  of‌‌
  hearing‌‌
  (Rule‌‌
  15)‌‌
  attached‌‌  2. Dismissal‌‌of‌‌improper‌‌appeal‌  ‌ 1) Where‌‌no‌‌comment‌‌is‌‌filed,‌‌   ‌
to‌‌the‌‌motion,‌‌otherwise‌‌it‌‌will‌‌be‌‌denied;‌  ‌ An‌‌
  appeal‌‌
  under‌‌   ‌Rule‌‌
  41‌‌   taken‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ CA‌‌ raising‌‌ only‌‌  a. upon‌‌the‌‌expiration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌to‌‌comment.‌  ‌
b. in‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌, ‌ ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌need‌  ‌for‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌  questions‌‌  of‌‌ law‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ ‌dismissed‌, ‌‌issues‌‌ purely‌‌ of‌‌ law‌‌ not‌‌ being‌‌ 
2) Where‌‌no‌‌hearing‌‌is‌‌held,‌‌   ‌
attached‌‌to‌‌the‌‌motion.‌  ‌ reviewable‌‌by‌‌said‌‌court.‌‌   ‌
a. upon‌‌
  the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ last‌‌ pleading‌‌ required‌‌ or‌‌ 
Similarly,‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌by‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌instead‌  ‌of‌  ‌by‌‌
  petition‌‌
  for‌‌ 
permitted‌‌to‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌or‌  ‌
RULE‌‌50‌‌Dismissal‌‌of‌‌Appeal‌  ‌ review‌‌from‌‌the‌‌appellate‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌a‌‌RTC‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌dismissed.‌‌   ‌
b. the‌‌expiration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌for‌‌its‌‌filing.‌‌   ‌
An‌‌ appeal‌‌ erroneously‌‌ taken‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ CA‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ transferred‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
1. Grounds‌  ‌ 3) Where‌‌a‌‌hearing‌‌on‌‌the‌‌merits‌‌of‌‌the‌‌main‌‌case‌‌is‌‌held,‌‌  
appropriate‌‌court‌‌but‌‌shall‌‌be‌d ‌ ismissed‌‌outright‌. ‌ ‌
Motu‌‌proprio‌‌‌or‌‌upon‌‌motion:‌  ‌ a. upon‌‌its‌‌termination‌‌or‌  ‌
3. Withdrawal‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌
(a) Failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌record‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌show‌  ‌on‌  ‌its‌  ‌face‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌  b. upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌last‌  ‌pleading‌  o
‌ r‌‌ 
An‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌withdrawn‌  ‌as‌  ‌of‌  ‌right‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌‌ 
appeal‌‌was‌‌taken‌‌within‌‌the‌‌period‌‌‌fixed‌‌by‌‌these‌‌Rules;‌‌   ‌ memorandum‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌required‌  ‌or‌‌ 
filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appellee’s‌‌brief.‌‌   ‌
permitted‌‌to‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌or‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 58‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

final‌  ‌order‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  executed,‌‌
  with‌‌  a ‌‌directive‌‌
  for‌‌
  such‌‌
  court‌‌
  of‌‌
  origin‌‌ 
c. the‌‌expiration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌for‌‌its‌‌filing.‌  ‌ A‌  ‌majority‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌actual‌  ‌members‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  constitute‌‌
  a ‌‌
to‌‌issue‌‌the‌‌proper‌‌writ‌‌for‌‌its‌‌enforcement.‌‌   ‌
quorum‌‌for‌‌its‌‌sessions‌e‌ n‌‌banc.‌‌   ‌
2. Who‌‌will‌‌pen‌‌the‌‌decision‌  ‌
The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌rendered‌‌  by‌‌  the‌‌
  members‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  who‌‌  RULE‌‌52‌‌Motion‌‌for‌‌Reconsideration‌  ‌ The‌  ‌affirmative‌  ‌votes‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌majority‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌members‌  ‌present‌‌ 
participated‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  deliberation‌‌   on‌‌  the‌‌  merits‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌  before‌‌
  its‌‌  shall‌‌be‌‌necessary‌‌to‌‌pass‌‌a‌‌resolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌e‌ n‌‌banc‌.  ‌‌ ‌
assignment‌‌to‌‌a‌‌member‌‌for‌‌the‌‌writing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌decision.‌‌   ‌ 1. When‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌
Three‌  ‌members‌  ‌shall‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌a ‌ ‌quorum‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌sessions‌  ‌of‌‌
  a ‌‌
3. Quorum‌‌and‌‌voting‌‌in‌‌the‌‌court‌  ‌ Within‌‌fifteen‌‌(15)‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌notice‌‌thereof,‌‌with‌‌proof‌‌of‌‌ 
division‌.  ‌‌ ‌
service‌‌on‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party.‌  ‌
Unanimous‌p
‌ articipation‌‌and‌‌vote‌‌of‌‌the‌‌three‌‌Justices‌‌is‌‌required;‌  ‌
2. No‌‌second‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌reconsideration‌  The‌  ‌affirmative‌  ‌votes‌  ‌of‌  ‌three‌  ‌members‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌division‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
If‌‌
  unanimous‌‌   decision‌‌
  not‌‌
  reached,‌‌ the‌‌ Presiding‌‌ Justice‌‌ designates‌‌  necessary‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌  pronouncement‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌judgment‌‌ or‌‌ final‌‌ resolution,‌‌ 
2‌‌additional‌‌Justices‌‌via‌‌raffle‌‌to‌‌compose‌‌a‌‌special‌‌division‌‌of‌‌5;‌  ‌ 3. When‌‌to‌‌resolve‌  ‌ which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌reached‌  ‌in‌  ‌consultation‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌writing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
From‌‌  there,‌‌
  only‌‌
  a ‌‌majority‌‌
  of‌‌
  3 ‌‌votes‌‌
  is‌‌
  required‌‌
  for‌‌
  a ‌‌decision‌‌ to‌‌  Within‌‌‌ninety‌‌(90)‌‌days‌f‌ rom‌‌the‌‌date‌‌when‌‌the‌‌court‌‌declares‌‌  opinion‌‌by‌‌any‌‌member‌‌of‌‌the‌‌division.‌  ‌
be‌‌reached.‌  ‌ it‌‌submitted‌‌for‌‌resolution.‌  ‌
4. Effect‌‌on‌‌execution‌  ‌ RULE‌‌55‌‌Publications‌‌of‌‌Judgments‌‌and‌‌Final‌‌Resolutions‌  ‌
4. Errors‌‌not‌‌affecting‌‌substantial‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties‌  ‌
The‌‌  court‌‌
  at‌‌
  every‌‌
  stage‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ proceeding‌‌ must‌‌ disregard‌‌ any‌‌ error‌‌    ‌stay‌‌
Shall‌‌   the‌‌   execution‌  ‌of‌‌  the‌‌  judgment‌‌  or‌‌ final‌‌ resolution‌‌  1. Where‌  ‌to‌  ‌publish‌  ‌decision‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌judgments‌  ‌and‌  ‌final‌‌ 
or‌‌defect‌‌which‌‌does‌‌not‌‌affect‌‌the‌‌substantial‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties.‌‌   ‌ sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌reconsidered‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌‌  for‌‌  good‌‌  reasons,‌‌  resolutions‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  published‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌Official‌‌
  Gazette‌‌ 
shall‌‌otherwise‌‌direct.‌  ‌ and‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Reports‌. ‌ ‌
5. Questions‌‌that‌‌may‌‌be‌‌entertained‌‌on‌‌appeal‌  ‌  ‌

No‌  ‌error‌  ‌which‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌affect‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌‌  RULE‌‌53‌‌New‌‌Trial‌  ‌ XII.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌  ‌
matter‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌appealed‌  ‌from‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌ 
proceedings‌  ‌therein‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌  ‌considered‌  ‌unless‌  ‌stated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  1. When‌‌to‌‌file‌‌and‌‌conduct‌‌of‌‌hearing‌  ‌ A.‌‌Original‌‌Cases‌  ‌
assignment‌  ‌of‌  ‌errors,‌  ‌or‌  ‌closely‌  ‌related‌  ‌to‌  ‌or‌  ‌dependent‌  ‌on‌  ‌an‌‌ 
At‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌  1. What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌original‌‌cases‌‌in‌‌the‌‌SC‌  ‌
assigned‌  ‌error‌  ‌and‌  ‌properly‌  ‌argued‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌brief,‌  ‌save‌  ‌as‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌ 
perfected‌  ‌and‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌loses‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌ 
may‌‌pass‌‌upon‌‌plain‌‌errors‌‌and‌‌clerical‌‌errors.‌  ‌ a. petitions‌‌for‌‌certiorari,‌‌   ‌
over‌‌the‌‌case;‌  ‌
6. Promulgation‌‌and‌‌notice,‌‌entry‌‌and‌‌execution‌‌of‌‌judgment‌  ‌ b. prohibition,‌‌   ‌
Ground:‌N
‌ ewly‌‌discovered‌‌evidence‌‌ONLY‌. ‌ ‌
In‌  ‌original‌  ‌actions‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA,‌  ‌its‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  c. mandamus,‌‌   ‌
2. When‌‌to‌‌resolve‌  ‌
accompanied‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌certified‌  ‌true‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌entry‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌‌
  or‌‌ 
final‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌and‌  ‌addressed‌  ‌to‌  ‌any‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌officer‌  ‌for‌  ‌its‌‌  Within‌‌ninety‌‌(90)‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌the‌‌date‌‌when‌‌the‌‌court‌‌declares‌‌  d. quo‌‌warranto,‌  
enforcement.‌  ‌ it‌‌submitted‌‌for‌‌resolution.‌  ‌ e. habeas‌‌corpus,‌‌   ‌
In‌‌
  ‌appealed‌‌   cases‌, ‌‌where‌‌   the‌‌
  motion‌‌ for‌‌ execution‌‌ pending‌‌ appeal‌‌  3. Procedure‌‌in‌‌new‌‌trial,‌‌same‌‌as‌‌with‌‌RTC‌  ‌ f. disciplinary‌‌
  proceedings‌‌
  against‌‌
  members‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  judiciary‌‌ and‌‌ 
is‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌ ‌time‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌‌
  possession‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  original‌‌  attorneys,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
record‌‌   or‌‌  the‌‌   record‌‌   on‌‌   appeal,‌‌ the‌‌ resolution‌‌ granting‌‌ such‌‌ motion‌‌  RULE‌‌54‌‌Internal‌‌Business‌  ‌ g. cases‌  ‌affecting‌  ‌ambassadors,‌  ‌other‌  ‌public‌  ‌ministers‌  ‌and‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌transmitted‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌from‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌‌ 
consuls.‌  ‌
originated,‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌certified‌  ‌true‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌‌  1. Quorum‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 59‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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B.‌‌Appealed‌‌Cases‌  ‌ i. the‌  ‌original‌  ‌action‌  ‌commenced‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌


  court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌  2) Preliminary‌‌Injunction;‌  ‌
dismissed‌,  ‌‌ ‌
1. Modes‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌ 3) Receivership;‌  ‌
ii. in‌  ‌appealed‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌order‌  ‌appealed‌‌ 
An‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌
  Supreme‌‌
  Court‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  taken‌‌
  only‌‌   a ‌‌‌petition‌‌ 
  by‌‌ 4) Replevin;‌  ‌
from‌‌shall‌‌stand‌a‌ ffirmed‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
for‌  ‌review‌  ‌on‌  ‌certiorari‌, ‌ ‌except‌  ‌in‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌  5) Support‌‌pendente‌‌lite‌.‌‌—‌‌cognizable‌‌only‌‌by‌‌the‌R
‌ TC‌;  ‌‌ ‌
penalty‌‌imposed‌‌is‌‌death,‌‌reclusion‌‌perpetua‌‌or‌‌life‌‌imprisonment.‌  ‌ iii. on‌  ‌all‌  ‌incidental‌‌
  matters,‌‌
  the‌‌
  petition‌‌
  or‌‌
  motion‌‌
  shall‌‌ 
be‌‌denied‌. ‌ ‌ all‌  ‌others‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌
  taken‌‌
  cognizance‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  MTC‌‌
  for‌‌
  as‌‌
  long‌‌
  as‌‌ 
2. Grounds‌‌for‌‌dismissal‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌ the‌‌main‌‌action‌‌is‌‌also‌‌under‌‌said‌‌court.‌  ‌
(a) Failure‌‌to‌‌take‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌within‌‌the‌r‌ eglementary‌p
‌ eriod;‌  ‌ PROVISIONAL‌‌REMEDIES‌  ‌
Prov‌‌Rem‌  ‌ JD‌  ‌ When‌‌available?‌  ‌ Bond‌  ‌
(b) Lack‌‌of‌‌merit‌i‌ n‌‌the‌‌petition;‌  ‌
Rules‌‌57‌‌–‌‌61‌ 
Preliminary‌‌ 
(c) Failure‌‌
  to‌‌
  ‌pay‌‌
  ‌the‌‌
  requisite‌‌
  docket‌‌
  fee‌‌
  and‌‌
  other‌‌
  lawful‌‌ fees‌‌ or‌‌ 
Attachment‌  ‌ ✓‌  ‌
to‌‌make‌‌a‌‌deposit‌‌for‌‌costs;‌  ‌ RULE‌‌57‌‌Preliminary‌‌Attachment‌  ‌ At‌‌any‌‌stage‌‌but‌‌before‌‌ 
final‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
(d) Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌requirements‌  ‌regarding‌  ‌proof‌  ‌of‌‌  Preliminary‌‌ 
RULE‌‌58‌‌Preliminary‌‌Injunction‌ 
Injunction‌  ‌ ✓‌  ‌
service‌  ‌and‌  ‌contents‌  ‌of‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌documents‌  ‌which‌  ‌should‌‌ 
accompany‌‌the‌‌petition;‌  ‌ RULE‌‌59‌‌Receivership‌  ‌
MTC‌‌  At‌‌any‌‌time‌‌or‌‌stage‌‌of‌‌ 
(e) Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌any‌  ‌circular‌, ‌‌directive‌‌
  or‌‌
  order‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  RULE‌‌60‌‌Replevin‌  ‌ Receivership‌  ‌ or‌‌RTC‌  ‌ action‌‌or‌‌even‌‌after‌‌final‌‌  ✓‌  ‌
Supreme‌‌Court‌‌without‌‌justifiable‌‌cause;‌  ‌ judgment.‌  ‌
RULE‌‌61‌‌Support‌‌Pendente‌‌Lite‌  ‌
(f) Error‌‌in‌‌the‌‌choice‌‌or‌m
‌ ode‌‌of‌‌appeal;‌‌and‌  ‌ double‌‌the‌‌ 
 ‌ Before‌‌defendant‌‌files‌‌  value‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 
(g) The‌‌fact‌‌that‌‌the‌‌case‌‌is‌n
‌ ot‌‌appealable‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court.‌  ‌ Replevin‌  ‌
his‌‌answer.‌  ‌ personal‌‌ 
Provisional‌‌Remedies‌a‌ re:‌‌   ‌
3. Disposition‌‌of‌‌improper‌‌appeal‌  ‌ property‌  ‌
a. Those‌  ‌to‌  ‌which‌  ‌parties‌  ‌litigant‌  ‌may‌  ‌resort‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
An‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌by‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌taken‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌  ‌Court‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌  Support‌‌  RTC‌‌  At‌‌any‌‌stage‌‌or‌‌even‌‌for‌‌ 
preservation‌  ‌or‌  ‌protection‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌  ‌rights‌‌
  or‌‌
  interest‌, ‌‌and‌‌  ❌‌  ‌
Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌submitting‌  ‌issues‌  ‌of‌  ‌fact‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌referred‌‌
  to‌‌  pendente‌‌lite‌  ‌ only‌  ‌ the‌‌first‌‌time‌‌on‌‌appeal‌  ‌
for‌‌no‌‌other‌‌purpose‌‌during‌‌the‌‌pendency‌‌of‌‌the‌‌action.‌  ‌
the‌‌Court‌‌of‌‌Appeals‌‌for‌‌decision‌‌or‌‌appropriate‌‌action.‌  ‌
b. They‌  ‌are‌  ‌applied‌  ‌to‌‌
  a ‌‌pending‌‌  litigation‌, ‌‌for‌‌
  the‌‌   of‌‌  Lifetime‌  ‌of‌  ‌Bond‌  ‌— ‌ ‌from‌  ‌approval‌  ‌until‌  ‌the‌  ‌main‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌‌ 
  purpose‌‌
An‌‌
  appeal‌‌
  taken‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  Supreme‌‌  Court‌‌
  by‌‌ ‌notice‌‌ of‌‌ appeal‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
securing‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌preserving‌  ‌the‌  ‌status‌  ‌quo,‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌‌  decided‌,‌‌unless‌‌the‌‌court‌‌directs‌‌otherwise.‌  ‌
dismissed‌  ‌except‌  ‌regarding‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌in‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ 
some‌  ‌cases‌  ‌after‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌preserving‌  ‌or‌‌    ‌
penalty‌‌imposed‌‌is‌‌death,‌‌reclusion‌‌perpetua‌‌or‌‌life‌‌imprisonment.‌  ‌
disposing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌matter.‌  ‌
RULE‌‌57‌‌Preliminary‌‌Attachment‌  ‌
4. Procedure‌‌if‌‌opinion‌‌is‌‌equally‌‌divided‌  ‌
Also‌  ‌known‌  ‌as‌  ‌ancillary‌  ‌or‌  ‌auxiliary‌  ‌remedies,‌  ‌they‌  ‌are‌  ‌writs‌  ‌and‌‌ 
 ‌

a. Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌en‌  ‌banc‌  ‌is‌‌


  equally‌‌
  divided‌‌
  in‌‌
  opinion,‌‌
  or‌‌
  the‌‌  processes‌  ‌available‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action.‌  ‌They‌  ‌are‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌1.‌  ‌Grounds‌  ‌upon‌  ‌which‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌At‌  ‌the‌‌ 
necessary‌‌majority‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌had,‌‌   ‌ ancillary‌‌ because‌‌ they‌‌ are‌‌ mere‌‌ incidents‌‌ and‌‌ dependent‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ result‌‌ of‌‌ 
commencement‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ or‌‌ at‌‌ any‌‌ time‌‌ ‌before‌‌ entry‌‌ of‌‌ j udgment‌, ‌‌a ‌‌
the‌‌main‌‌action.‌  ‌
b. the‌‌case‌‌shall‌‌again‌‌be‌‌deliberated‌‌on,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ plaintiff‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌proper‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌h ave‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ adverse‌‌ party‌‌ 
What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌different‌‌provisional‌‌remedies?‌  ‌ attached‌  ‌as‌  ‌security‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌satisfaction‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
c. if‌‌after‌‌such‌‌deliberation‌‌no‌‌decision‌‌is‌‌reached,‌‌   ‌
recovered‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌  ‌
1) Preliminary‌‌Attachment;‌  ‌
(a) In‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌specified‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 60‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

jurisdiction,‌  ‌or‌  ‌improperly‌  ‌disposed‌  ‌of‌  ‌or‌  ‌concealed,‌  ‌or‌‌ 


money‌  ‌or‌  ‌damages‌, ‌ ‌other‌  ‌than‌  ‌moral‌  ‌and‌  ‌exemplary,‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌‌ the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌against‌  ‌whom‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌issued,‌  ‌not‌  ‌exempt‌‌ from‌‌ 
otherwise‌‌placed‌‌beyond‌‌the‌‌reach‌‌of‌‌creditors.‌  ‌ execution‌, ‌ ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌to‌  ‌satisfy‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant's‌  ‌demand,‌  ‌unless‌‌ 
cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌arising‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌law,‌  ‌contract,‌  ‌q uasi-contract,‌  ‌delict‌‌ 
or‌  ‌q uasi-delict‌  ‌against‌‌ a ‌‌party‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌ about‌‌ to‌‌ depart‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌  Another‌‌   purpose‌‌   is‌‌
  to‌‌ enable‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ acquire‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌  such‌  ‌party‌  ‌makes‌  ‌deposit‌  ‌or‌  ‌gives‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bond‌  ‌as‌  ‌h ereinafter‌  ‌provided‌‌ in‌‌ an‌‌ 
Philippines‌‌with‌‌intent‌‌to‌‌defraud‌‌his‌‌creditors‌; ‌ ‌ over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌who‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌‌  amount‌  ‌equal‌  ‌to‌  ‌that‌  ‌f ixed‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌order,‌  ‌which‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌‌ 
personally‌‌served‌‌with‌‌summons.‌  ‌ sufficient‌‌ to‌‌ satisfy‌‌ the‌‌ applicant's‌‌ demand‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ value‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ to‌‌ 
(b) In‌‌an‌‌action‌‌for‌‌money‌‌or‌‌property‌‌embezzled‌; ‌ ‌
be‌  ‌attached‌  ‌as‌  ‌stated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant,‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌of‌  ‌costs.‌  ‌Several‌  ‌w rits‌‌ 
(c) In‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌  ‌recover‌  ‌the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌property‌‌  (3) To‌  ‌sustain‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌attachment,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌incumbent,‌  ‌upon‌‌  may‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌time‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌sheriffs‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ courts‌‌ of‌‌ different‌‌ 
unjustly‌  ‌or‌  ‌fraudulently‌  ‌taken‌, ‌ ‌detained‌  ‌or‌  ‌converted,‌‌  plaintiff‌‌to‌‌establish‌‌either‌‌of‌‌these‌‌two‌‌facts,‌‌to‌‌wit:‌‌   ‌ judicial‌‌regions.‌  ‌
when‌  ‌the‌  ‌property,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌part‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌concealed,‌‌  (a) that‌  ‌the‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌had‌  ‌not‌  ‌been‌  ‌secured‌‌ 
removed,‌  ‌or‌  ‌disposed‌  ‌of‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌its‌  ‌b eing‌  ‌found‌  ‌or‌  ‌taken‌  ‌by‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
originally‌,‌‌or‌  ‌
the‌‌applicant‌‌or‌‌an‌‌authorized‌‌person;‌  ‌ (1) The‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌on‌  ‌Prior‌  ‌or‌  ‌Contemporaneous‌  ‌Jurisdiction.‌  ‌“‌A ‌‌
(b) that,‌  ‌if‌  ‌secured‌  ‌at‌  ‌its‌  ‌beginning,‌  ‌the‌  ‌security‌  ‌later‌‌ 
(d) In‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌even‌  ‌before‌‌ 
became‌‌valueless‌. ‌ ‌
fraud‌‌   in‌‌
  contracting‌‌   the‌‌  debt‌‌
  ‌(dolo‌‌ causante)‌ ‌or‌‌ incurring‌‌  summons‌  ‌is‌  ‌served‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant.‌  ‌However‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌‌ 
the‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌b rought,‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  (4) Attachment‌‌   is‌‌   intended‌‌   to‌‌  confer‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  cannot‌‌   bind‌‌  and‌‌
  affect‌‌
  the‌‌  defendant‌‌   until‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ his‌‌ 
performance‌(‌ dolo‌‌incidente)‌‌‌thereof;‌  ‌ over‌  ‌the‌‌
  res‌. ‌‌In‌‌  that‌‌
  event,‌‌
  the‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌
  over‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  of‌‌  person‌  ‌is‌  ‌eventually‌  ‌obtained.‌  ‌Therefore‌, ‌ ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌required‌  ‌that‌‌ 
said‌‌defendant‌‌is‌n ‌ ot‌‌essential‌. ‌ ‌ when‌‌ the‌‌ proper‌‌ officer‌‌ commences‌‌ implementation‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ 
(e) In‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌removed‌  ‌or‌‌ 
of‌‌
  attachment,‌‌   service‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌  writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  attachment,‌‌   service‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ 
disposed‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌
  property‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌about‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌so,‌  ‌with‌‌
  intent‌‌  (5) Under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌57,‌  ‌Section‌  ‌14,‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌
  attached‌‌
  is‌‌
  claimed‌‌  summons‌‌should‌‌be‌‌simultaneously‌‌made.”‌C ‌ uartero‌‌v.‌‌CA‌  ‌
to‌‌defraud‌‌his‌‌creditors‌;‌‌or‌  ‌ by‌  ‌any‌  ‌third‌  ‌person,‌  ‌who‌  ‌then‌  ‌makes‌  ‌an‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌title‌‌ 
thereto,‌‌   or‌‌  right‌‌
  to‌‌  the‌‌
  possession‌‌   thereof,‌‌
  the‌‌
  sheriff‌‌  shall‌‌ not‌‌  (2) Three‌‌Stages‌. ‌ ‌
(f ) In‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌‌  against‌‌  a ‌‌party‌‌
  who‌‌   does‌‌
  not‌‌
  reside‌‌
  and‌‌  is‌‌ 
not‌‌   found‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  Philippines‌, ‌ ‌or‌‌ on‌‌ whom‌‌ summons‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌  be‌  ‌bound‌  ‌to‌  ‌keep‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌under‌  ‌attachment,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌‌  (a) first‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌issues‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌granting‌  ‌the‌‌ 
served‌‌by‌‌publication.‌  ‌ attaching‌‌   party‌‌  or‌‌  his‌‌
  agent,‌‌
  on‌‌ demand‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ sheriff,‌‌ shall‌‌ file‌‌  application;‌‌   ‌
a‌‌BOND‌‌approved‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
(b) second‌, ‌ ‌the‌‌
  writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  attachment‌‌  issues‌‌
  pursuant‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌
Moreover,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌a ‌‌ order‌‌granting‌‌the‌‌writ;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
(1) Definition.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌ provisional‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌issued‌  ‌upon‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌where‌  ‌an‌‌  (c) third‌,‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌is‌‌implemented.‌  ‌
provisional‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌issued‌  ‌upon‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌where‌  ‌an‌‌  action‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending;‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌ancillary‌  ‌remedy.‌  ‌Attachment‌  ‌is‌‌ 
action‌  ‌is‌‌   pending‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  levied‌‌   upon‌‌  the‌‌
  property‌‌   or‌‌
  properties‌‌  only‌  ‌adjunct‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌main‌  ‌suit‌. ‌ ‌Therefore,‌  ‌it‌  ‌can‌  ‌have‌  ‌no‌‌ 
Section‌‌   3.‌‌
  Affidavit‌‌  and‌‌   bond‌‌  required.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌An‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌attachment‌‌ shall‌‌ 
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌therein,‌‌   the‌‌  same‌‌  to‌‌  be‌‌
  held‌‌
  thereafter‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌  independent‌‌   existence‌‌   apart‌‌   from‌‌
  a ‌‌suit‌‌
  on‌‌ a ‌‌claim‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌only‌  ‌when‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Sheriff‌  ‌as‌  ‌security‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌satisfaction‌  ‌of‌  ‌whatever‌  ‌judgment‌‌  plaintiff‌‌against‌‌the‌‌defendant‌. ‌ ‌
some‌‌other‌‌person‌‌who‌‌personally‌‌knows‌‌the‌‌facts‌,‌‌that‌‌   ‌
might‌  ‌be‌  ‌secured‌  ‌in‌  ‌said‌  ‌action‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌attaching‌  ‌creditor‌‌ 
against‌‌the‌‌defendant.‌  ‌ Any‌  ‌relief‌  ‌against‌  ‌such‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌could‌  ‌be‌  ‌disposed‌‌   of‌‌  1. a‌‌sufficient‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌‌‌exists,‌‌   ‌
only‌  ‌in‌  ‌that‌  ‌case.‌  ‌(‌Yu‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Miranda‌, ‌ ‌GR‌  ‌No‌  ‌225752,‌  ‌27‌  ‌Mar‌‌ 
(2) Purpose.‌  ‌The‌‌   chief‌‌
  purpose‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌
  remedy‌‌
  of‌‌
  attachment‌‌   is‌‌
  to‌‌  2. that‌‌the‌‌case‌‌is‌‌one‌‌of‌‌those‌‌mentioned‌‌in‌‌section‌‌1‌‌hereof,‌‌  
2019‌)‌  ‌
secure‌‌ a ‌‌‌contingent‌‌ lien‌‌ on‌‌ defendant's‌‌ property‌‌ until‌‌ plaintiff‌‌ 
can,‌  ‌by‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌obtain‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌and‌  ‌have‌‌  3. that‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌other‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌security‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌
  claim‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌2.‌  ‌Issuance‌  ‌and‌  ‌contents‌  ‌of‌  ‌order.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌An‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌attachment‌‌  sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌enforced‌‌by‌‌the‌‌action,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
such‌  ‌property‌  ‌applied‌  ‌to‌  ‌its‌  ‌satisfaction‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌make‌  ‌some‌‌ 
may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌issued‌  ‌either‌  ‌ex‌‌  parte‌  ‌or‌‌ ‌upon‌‌ motion‌‌ w ith‌‌ notice‌‌ and‌‌ hearing‌‌ 
provision‌  ‌for‌  ‌unsecured‌  ‌debts‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌‌  4. that‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌
  applicant,‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌
  value‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending,‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌or‌‌ the‌‌ ‌SC‌, ‌‌and‌‌ 
satisfaction‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌are‌  ‌liable‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌removed‌  ‌beyond‌  ‌the‌‌  property‌‌   the‌‌
  possession‌‌
  of‌‌ which‌‌ he‌‌ is‌‌ entitled‌‌ to‌‌ recover,‌‌ is‌‌ 
must‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌sheriff‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ attach‌‌ so‌‌ much‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ in‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 61‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

owed‌‌  by‌‌
  such‌‌
  stranger‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ defendant.‌‌ Such‌‌ stranger‌‌ is‌‌ called‌‌ 
as‌‌
  much‌‌  as‌‌
  the‌‌
  sum‌‌
  for‌‌
  which‌‌
  the‌‌
  order‌‌ is‌‌ granted‌‌ above‌‌ all‌‌  (c) The‌‌
  laborer's‌‌   wages‌‌  shall‌‌
  not‌‌ be‌‌ subject‌‌ to‌‌ attachment‌‌ 
the‌‌garnishee‌.  ‌‌ ‌
legal‌‌counterclaims.‌  ‌ ‌ except‌  ‌for‌  ‌debts‌  ‌incurred‌  ‌for‌  ‌food,‌  ‌shelters,‌  ‌clothing‌‌ 
and‌‌medical‌‌attendance.‌  ‌ Obligation‌  ‌of‌  ‌Garnishee‌  ‌— ‌ ‌By‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌citation‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌  ‌affidavit‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌bond‌  ‌required‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌next‌  ‌succeeding‌  ‌section,‌‌ 
must‌‌b e‌‌duly‌‌f iled‌‌with‌‌the‌‌court‌‌b efore‌‌the‌‌order‌‌issues.‌‌   ‌
stranger‌‌   becomes‌‌ a ‌‌‌forced‌‌ intervenor‌‌ required‌‌ to‌‌ pay‌‌ his‌‌ debt‌‌ 
(3) Preference‌  ‌of‌  ‌Preliminary‌  ‌Attachment‌  ‌to‌  ‌Lis‌  ‌Pendens.‌‌  not‌  ‌to‌  ‌his‌  ‌former‌  ‌creditor,‌  ‌but‌  ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌
  new‌‌
  creditor,‌‌
  who‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Preference‌  ‌is‌  ‌given‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌duly-registered‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌over‌  ‌a ‌‌ creditor‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  main‌‌  litigation.‌‌
  The‌‌ garnishee‌‌ has‌‌ no‌‌ choice‌‌ but‌‌ 
NOTE‌  ‌
subsequent‌‌   notice‌‌  of‌‌
  lis‌‌
  pendens,‌‌  even‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌ beneficiary‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  to‌‌obey‌‌the‌‌garnishment.‌  ‌
(1) Requisites‌‌for‌‌Issuance‌‌of‌‌Writ‌‌May‌‌Be‌‌Issued‌‌Ex‌‌Parte‌. ‌ ‌ notice‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌property‌  ‌before‌‌   the‌‌
  registration‌‌   of‌‌ 
the‌‌
  attachment.‌‌ Under‌‌ the‌‌ torrens‌‌ system,‌‌ the‌‌ auction‌‌ sale‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌  It‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌settled‌‌  rule‌‌
  that‌‌  upon‌‌ service‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ garnishment,‌‌ 
(a) Affidavit;‌  ‌ the‌  ‌garnishee‌‌   becomes‌‌   a‌‌
  “virtual‌‌
  party”‌‌  or‌‌
  “forced‌‌   intervenor”‌‌ 
attached‌‌realty‌‌retroacts‌‌to‌‌the‌‌date‌‌the‌‌levy‌‌was‌‌registered.‌  ‌
(b) Bond‌‌of‌‌applicant.‌  ‌ to‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌
  trial‌‌   court‌‌
  thereby‌‌  acquires‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌  to‌‌ 
(4) How‌  ‌levy‌  ‌on‌  ‌personal‌‌   property‌‌   made.‌‌   ‌To‌‌  constitute‌‌
  a ‌‌valid‌‌  bind‌  ‌the‌  ‌garnishee‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌its‌  ‌orders‌  ‌and‌  ‌processes.‌‌ 
levy‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌attachment,‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌levying‌  ‌it‌‌
  must‌‌
  take‌‌
  ‌actual‌‌ 
 ‌

(‌BPI‌‌v.‌‌Lee‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌190144,‌‌01‌‌Aug‌‌2012‌) ‌ ‌
Section‌‌5.‌‌Manner‌‌of‌‌attaching‌‌property.‌‌‌—‌‌xxxx‌  ‌ possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌attached‌‌as‌‌far‌‌as‌‌x‌‌x‌‌x‌‌practicable.‌ 
(7) Property‌  ‌levied‌  ‌and‌  ‌attached‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
The‌  ‌requirement‌  ‌of‌  ‌prior‌  ‌or‌  ‌contemporaneous‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌‌ summons‌‌ ‌shall‌‌ 
(5) Attachment‌‌—‌‌How‌‌done‌  ‌ attachment‌  ‌annotated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌books‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Register‌  ‌of‌‌ 
not‌‌apply‌‌‌where‌‌   ‌
Deeds‌‌
  is‌‌
  in‌‌   custodia‌‌   legis‌. ‌‌Consequently‌‌ a ‌‌writ‌‌ of‌‌ possession‌‌ 
1. the‌  ‌summons‌  ‌could‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌personally‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌‌  (a) Real‌‌property‌‌‌—‌‌thru‌‌the‌‌records‌‌in‌‌the‌‌RD;‌  ‌ issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌another‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌favor‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third‌  ‌party,‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌‌
substituted‌‌service‌‌despite‌‌diligent‌‌efforts,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ purchaser‌  ‌in‌  ‌foreclosure‌  ‌under‌  ‌Act‌  ‌3135‌  ‌is‌  ‌null‌  ‌and‌  ‌void‌‌ 
(b) Personal‌  ‌property‌  ‌— ‌ ‌by‌  ‌taking‌  ‌and‌  ‌keeping‌  ‌it‌  ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌  because‌  ‌it‌  ‌interferes‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌‌   a ‌‌coordinate‌‌   and‌‌ 
2. the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌is‌  ‌a‌  ‌resident‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌temporarily‌‌ 
custody‌‌of‌‌the‌‌sheriff;‌  ‌ co-equal‌‌court.‌  ‌
absent‌‌therefrom,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
3. the‌‌defendant‌‌is‌‌a‌‌non-resident‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ (c) Stocks‌  ‌or‌  ‌shares‌  ‌— ‌‌by‌‌
  leaving‌‌
  the‌‌
  writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  attachment‌‌  (8) Continuity‌‌of‌‌Attachment.‌‌‌An‌‌attachment‌‌lien‌‌continues‌‌until‌‌   ‌
with‌‌the‌‌president‌‌or‌‌managing‌‌agent‌‌thereof;‌  ‌
4. the‌‌action‌‌is‌‌one‌‌in‌‌rem‌‌or‌‌quasi‌‌in‌‌rem.‌  ‌ (a) the‌‌debt‌‌is‌‌paid,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(d) Debts‌‌  and‌‌
  credits‌‌
  ‌— ‌‌by‌‌
  leaving‌‌
  the‌‌
  writ‌‌
  to‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌  (b) sale‌‌is‌‌had‌‌under‌‌execution‌‌issued‌‌on‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌   ‌
NOTES‌  ‌ in‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌said‌  ‌credit‌  ‌with‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌‌ 
(c) judgment‌‌is‌‌satisfied,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(1) Counterbond.‌‌ A ‌‌counterbond‌‌ equal‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ value‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌  attachment.‌  ‌
is‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌the‌  ‌levy,‌  ‌it‌  ‌must‌  ‌however‌  ‌be‌  made‌‌  (d) the‌‌attachment‌‌discharged‌‌or‌‌vacated.‌  ‌
If‌‌
  property‌‌   is‌‌
  in‌‌
  ‌custodia‌‌
  legis‌, ‌‌a ‌‌copy‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ attachment‌‌ 
prior‌‌to‌‌the‌‌return‌‌‌otherwise‌‌the‌‌sheriff‌‌loses‌‌authority.‌  ‌ (9) Attachment‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proceeding‌  ‌in‌  ‌rem‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌court,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Several‌  ‌writs‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌time‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌  attachment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌also‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌custodian‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌  against‌  ‌the‌  ‌particular‌  ‌property.‌  ‌The‌  ‌attaching‌‌  creditor‌‌   thereby‌‌ 
addressed‌‌to‌‌Sheriffs‌‌of‌‌the‌‌courts‌‌of‌‌different‌‌judicial‌‌regions.‌  ‌ property.‌  ‌ acquires‌‌   specific‌‌
  lien‌‌
  upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  attached‌‌   property‌‌ which‌‌ ripens‌‌ 
into‌‌a‌‌judgment‌‌against‌‌the‌r‌ es‌w ‌ hen‌‌the‌‌order‌‌of‌‌sale‌‌is‌‌made.‌  ‌
(2) Properties‌‌which‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌attached.‌‌   ‌
Attachment‌‌   of‌‌  salary‌. ‌‌This‌‌   is‌‌
  allowed,‌‌   but‌‌
  only‌‌  at‌‌
  the‌‌
  end‌‌   of‌‌  (10) The‌  ‌lien‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌by‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌stands‌  ‌upon‌  ‌as‌  ‌high‌‌ 
(a) Those‌‌statutorily‌‌exempt‌‌from‌‌attachment;‌‌   ‌ the‌  ‌month‌  ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pay‌  ‌day,‌  ‌as‌  ‌prior‌  ‌thereto,‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  equitable‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌as‌‌   a ‌‌mortgage‌‌   lien.‌‌
  ‌The‌‌
  lien‌‌
  or‌‌
  security‌‌ 
considered‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌debtor.‌  ‌ obtained‌‌  by‌‌  an‌‌
  attachment‌‌   even‌‌  before‌‌ judgment,‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌fixed‌‌ and‌‌ 
(b) Title‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌(unless‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌ 
shown‌‌that‌‌he‌‌has‌‌beneficial‌‌interest‌‌in‌‌property);‌  ‌ positive‌  ‌security,‌  ‌a ‌‌specific‌‌   lien,‌‌
  and,‌‌
  although‌‌   whether‌‌   it‌‌
  will‌‌ 
(6) Garnishment.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌species‌  ‌of‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌by‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌‌ 
ever‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌available‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌creditor‌  ‌depends‌  ‌on‌‌ 
plaintiff‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌to‌  ‌subject‌  ‌his‌  ‌claim‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
contingencies,‌  ‌its‌  ‌existence‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌no‌  ‌way‌  ‌contingent,‌‌ 
defendant‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  hands‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌stranger‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  litigation‌‌
  or‌‌
  money‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 62‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

conditioned‌‌  or‌‌
  inchoate.‌‌
  It‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌vested‌‌
  interest‌, ‌‌an‌‌ actual‌‌ and‌‌  office‌  ‌seizes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌stranger's‌  ‌property,‌  ‌the‌  ‌rules‌‌
  do‌‌
  not‌‌
  apply‌‌
  and‌‌ 
(b) The‌‌bond‌‌is‌‌insufficient;‌  ‌
substantial‌‌security.‌  ‌ interference‌  ‌with‌  ‌his‌  ‌custody‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌interference‌  ‌with‌‌ 
(c) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌is‌  ‌excessive,‌  ‌the‌  ‌discharge‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  another‌‌court's‌‌order‌‌of‌‌attachment‌. ‌ ‌
(11) Sequestration‌  ‌is‌  ‌defined‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌process,‌  ‌which‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
limited‌‌to‌‌the‌‌excess;‌  ‌
employed‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌conservatory‌  ‌writ‌  ‌whenever‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  (2) Sale‌  ‌and‌  ‌Attachment‌  ‌of‌  ‌Properties‌  ‌of‌  ‌Third‌  ‌Person‌  Null‌‌ 
property‌  ‌is‌  ‌involved,‌  ‌to‌  ‌preserve,‌  ‌pending‌  ‌litigation,‌  ‌specific‌‌  (d) Property‌‌attached‌‌is‌‌exempt‌‌from‌‌execution;‌  ‌ and‌  ‌Void‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌sale‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌disputed‌  ‌properties‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌‌ 
property‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌conflicting‌  ‌claims‌  ‌of‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌or‌  ‌liens‌‌  (e) Attaching‌‌creditor‌‌lost‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌ auction,‌  ‌in‌  ‌satisfaction‌  ‌of‌‌   a ‌‌judgment‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌co-equal‌‌
  court‌‌   does‌‌ 
and‌‌ privileges.‌‌ Sequestration,‌‌ freezing‌‌ and‌‌ provisional‌‌ takeover‌‌  not‌‌  render‌‌   the‌‌
  case‌‌
  moot‌‌ and‌‌ academic.‌‌ The‌‌ undeviating‌‌ ruling‌‌ 
are‌  ‌akin‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌provisional‌  ‌remedy‌‌
  of‌‌
  preliminary‌‌  attachment‌‌  (3) Garnishment‌‌order‌‌may‌‌be‌‌lifted.‌I‌ f‌‌it‌‌is‌‌established:‌‌   ‌ in‌  ‌such‌  ‌cases‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌and‌  ‌sale‌  ‌of‌  ‌properties‌‌ 
or‌‌receivership.‌  ‌ (a) that‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌
  whose‌‌
  accounts‌‌  has‌‌  been‌‌
  garnished‌‌ has‌‌  belonging‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third‌  ‌person‌  ‌is‌  ‌void‌  ‌because‌  ‌such‌  ‌properties‌‌ 
posted‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterbond‌  ‌or‌  ‌has‌  ‌made‌  ‌the‌  ‌requisite‌‌  cannot‌‌   be‌‌
  attached‌‌   and‌‌  sold‌‌   at‌‌
  public‌‌ auction‌‌ judgment‌‌ against‌‌ 
(12) Effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌Attachment‌  ‌or‌‌   Garnishment.‌‌   There‌‌
  will‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌forced‌‌  the‌‌judgment‌‌debtor.‌  ‌
deposit;‌‌   ‌
novation‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌  ‌substituted‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  right‌‌  of‌‌ 
the‌  ‌debtor‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌or‌  ‌money‌  ‌being‌  ‌attached.‌  ‌The‌‌  (b) the‌‌
  ‌order‌‌   was‌‌  improperly‌‌   or‌‌
  irregularly‌‌ issued‌, ‌‌as‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌SATISFACTION‌‌OF‌‌JUDGMENT‌  ‌
garnishee‌‌   shall‌‌ hold‌‌ the‌‌ money‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ applicant‌‌ until‌‌ judgment‌‌  there‌‌  is‌‌
  no‌‌
  ground‌‌
  for‌‌
  garnishment‌‌   or‌‌
  affidavit‌‌
  and‌‌ or‌‌ 
(1) How‌‌Judgment‌‌is‌‌satisfied.‌‌‌A‌‌Judgment‌‌is‌‌satisfied‌‌by:‌‌   ‌
is‌‌rendered.‌  ‌ bond‌‌filed‌‌therefor‌‌are‌‌defective‌‌or‌‌insufficient.‌  ‌
(a) Payment‌‌of‌‌proceeds‌‌of‌‌sale‌‌of‌‌perishable‌‌property.‌‌   ‌
If‌‌
  what‌‌
  is‌‌ attached‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ interest‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ debtor‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ estate‌‌ of‌‌  (4) Burden‌  ‌of‌  ‌Proof‌. ‌ ‌Where,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌to‌  ‌dissolve‌  ‌is‌‌ 
applied‌  ‌for,‌  ‌the‌  ‌attaching‌  ‌creditor‌  ‌must‌  ‌prove‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌  (b) Sale‌‌of‌‌property‌‌if‌‌there‌‌is‌‌a‌‌balance.‌‌   ‌
his‌  ‌deceased‌  ‌predecessor,‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌or‌‌ 
executor‌‌is‌‌not‌‌impaired.‌  ‌ attachment‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌irregularly‌  ‌issued.‌  ‌He‌  ‌should‌  ‌prove‌  ‌his‌‌  (c) Collection‌  ‌of‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌garnishee‌  ‌without‌  ‌need‌  ‌of‌‌ 
allegation‌‌of‌‌fraud.‌‌There‌‌must‌‌be‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌motion‌‌to‌‌lift.‌  ‌ prior‌‌
  permission‌‌   to‌‌
  file‌‌ action,‌‌ but‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ enforced‌‌ in‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌11.‌  ‌When‌  ‌attached‌  ‌property‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌sold‌  ‌after‌  ‌levy‌  ‌on‌‌  (5) Necessity‌  ‌of‌  ‌Hearing‌  ‌of‌  ‌Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌Discharge.‌  ‌When‌  ‌the‌‌  same‌‌action.‌‌   ‌
attachment‌‌ and‌‌ before‌‌ entry‌‌ of‌‌ judgment.‌‌ —‌‌ Whenever‌‌ it‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ made‌‌  attachment‌  ‌is‌  ‌challenged‌  ‌for‌  ‌having‌  ‌been‌  ‌illegally‌  ‌or‌‌  (d) Return‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌‌ 
to‌‌appear‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court‌‌   ‌ improperly‌‌   issued,‌‌
  there‌‌
  must‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌hearing‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌
  burden‌‌ of‌‌  receipt‌‌of‌‌writ.‌  ‌
a) that‌‌the‌‌property‌‌attached‌‌is‌p
‌ erishable‌,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ proof‌‌to‌‌sustain‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌being‌‌on‌‌the‌‌attaching‌‌creditor.‌  ‌
b) that‌  ‌the‌  ‌interests‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌w ill‌  ‌be‌‌  Section‌‌  17.‌‌
  Recovery‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ counter-bond.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌When‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ h as‌‌ 
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌THIRD-PARTY‌‌CLAIM‌  ‌
subserved‌‌by‌‌the‌‌s ale‌‌‌thereof,‌‌   ‌ become‌  ‌executory,‌  ‌the‌  ‌surety‌  ‌or‌  ‌sureties‌  ‌on‌  ‌any‌  ‌counter-bond‌  ‌given‌‌ 

the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌order‌  ‌such‌  ‌property‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌sold‌  ‌at‌  ‌public‌  ‌auction,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  (1) Authority‌  ‌of‌  ‌Another‌  ‌Court‌  ‌to‌  ‌Issue‌  ‌Writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌Attachment‌‌  pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌of‌  ‌this‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌to‌  ‌secure‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Over‌  ‌Property‌‌   Attached‌. ‌‌In‌‌
  ‌Esteban‌‌   Uy‌‌   v.‌‌
  CA‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  main‌‌
  issue‌‌  judgment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b ecome‌  ‌charged‌  ‌on‌  ‌such‌‌ counter-bond‌‌ and‌‌ b ound‌‌ to‌‌ pay‌‌ 
proceeds‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌sale‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌deposited‌  ‌in‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌abide‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌in‌‌ 
is‌  ‌whether‌  ‌or‌  ‌not‌  ‌properties‌  ‌levied‌  ‌and‌  ‌seized‌  ‌by‌  ‌virtue‌  ‌of‌‌
  a ‌‌ the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligee‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌demand‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌due‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌‌action.‌  ‌
writ‌‌   of‌‌
  attachment‌‌   and‌‌
  later‌‌
  by‌‌  a ‌‌writ‌‌
  of‌‌ execution,‌‌ were‌‌ under‌‌  judgment,‌  ‌which‌  ‌amount‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌recovered‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌such‌  ‌surety‌  ‌or‌‌ sureties‌‌ 

NOTES‌‌ON‌‌DISCHARGE‌  ‌ custodia‌  ‌legis‌  ‌and‌  ‌therefore‌  ‌not‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌‌  after‌‌notice‌‌and‌‌summary‌‌hearing‌‌‌in‌‌the‌‌same‌‌action.‌  ‌
another‌  ‌co-equal‌  ‌court‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third-party‌  ‌claimant‌  ‌claimed‌‌ 
(1) Bond‌  ‌for‌  ‌issuance‌‌   of‌‌  writ‌‌
  vs.‌‌
  bond‌‌   for‌‌
  lifting‌‌
  of‌‌  writs‌. ‌‌The‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌RECOVERY‌  ‌
ownership‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same‌‌properties.‌  ‌
first‌‌
  is‌‌
  for‌‌
  ‌damages‌‌   ‌by‌‌
  reason‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ (Sec.‌‌ 
While‌‌  it‌‌
  is‌‌  true‌‌
  that‌‌
  property‌‌   in‌‌  custody‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  law‌‌ may‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌  (1) Requisites‌‌ for‌‌ recovery‌‌ upon‌‌ counter-bond‌: ‌‌To‌‌ recover‌‌ upon‌‌ 
4)‌  ‌while‌  ‌the‌  ‌second‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌secure‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
interfered‌  ‌with,‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌permission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌court,‌‌  counter-bond,‌‌the‌‌following‌‌requisites‌‌must‌‌be‌‌present:‌‌   ‌
judgment‌‌‌to‌‌be‌‌recovered‌‌(Secs.‌‌5‌‌and‌‌12).‌  ‌
this‌‌
  rule‌‌  is‌‌  confined‌‌   to‌‌ cases‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ belongs‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌  1. The‌  ‌creditor‌  ‌demands‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌surety‌  ‌for‌  ‌satisfaction‌‌
  of‌‌ 
(2) Discharge‌‌of‌‌Attachment‌‌on‌‌other‌‌grounds‌  ‌
defendant‌  ‌or‌  ‌one‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌has‌  ‌proprietary‌‌  the‌‌judgment.‌‌   ‌
(a) It‌‌was‌‌improperly‌‌or‌‌irregularly‌‌issued‌‌or‌‌enforced;‌  ‌ interests.‌‌   But‌‌  when‌‌  the‌‌ Sheriff,‌‌ acting‌‌ beyond‌‌ the‌‌ bounds‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 63‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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 ‌

2. The‌  ‌surety‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌notice‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌summary‌  ‌hearing‌‌   in‌‌  Nothing‌  ‌h erein‌  ‌contained‌  ‌shall‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌against‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌‌  3. Where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌was‌  ‌declared‌  ‌illegal‌, ‌‌
the‌  ‌same‌  ‌action‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌his‌‌
  liability‌‌
  for‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  under‌‌
  the‌‌  attachment‌  ‌was‌  ‌issued‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌recovering‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌action‌  ‌the‌  ‌damages‌‌  the‌‌
  defendant‌‌   against‌‌  whom‌‌   it‌‌ was‌‌ issued‌‌ may‌‌ file‌‌ his‌‌ 
counterbond.‌‌   ‌ awarded‌  ‌to‌  ‌h im‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌any‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌attaching‌  ‌party‌  ‌not‌  ‌exempt‌‌  claim‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  CA‌‌
  before‌‌   the‌‌
  latter‌‌
  decides‌‌ 
from‌  ‌execution‌  ‌should‌  ‌the‌  ‌b ond‌  ‌or‌  ‌deposit‌  ‌given‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌b e‌‌  the‌‌
  appeal‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌ merits.‌‌ The‌‌ CA‌‌ must‌‌ hear‌‌ the‌‌ motion‌‌ 
a. The‌  ‌Bondsmen‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌liable‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌bond‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌‌ 
insufficient‌‌or‌‌fail‌‌to‌‌f ully‌‌satisfy‌‌the‌‌award.‌  ‌ and‌  ‌not‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌for‌  ‌not‌  ‌filing‌  ‌appellants'‌‌ 
obligation‌‌ assumed‌‌ is‌‌ premised‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌
brief‌‌whose‌‌deferment‌‌was‌‌requested.‌  ‌
writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌by‌‌
  a ‌‌court‌‌
  which‌‌   was‌‌  not‌‌
  actually‌‌ 
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌CLAIM‌‌FOR‌‌DAMAGES‌  ‌
issued.‌‌   ‌ (4) The‌  ‌final‌  ‌reckoning‌  ‌is‌  ‌when‌  ‌"the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌finally‌‌  adjudge‌‌ 
(1) Remedy‌  ‌is‌  ‌Exclusive‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌foregoing‌  ‌remedy‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌
  said‌‌
  to‌‌  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  attachment‌‌
  creditor‌‌   was‌‌   not‌‌
  entitled‌‌
  to‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ of‌‌ 
b. The‌  ‌motion‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌surety‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
be‌‌ exclusive‌‌ such‌‌ that‌‌ no‌‌ claim‌‌ for‌‌ recovery‌‌ of‌‌ damages‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌  the‌‌attachment‌‌writ‌‌in‌‌the‌‌first‌‌place."‌  ‌
execution‌‌is‌‌sufficient‌‌notice.‌‌   ‌
filed‌‌after‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌has‌‌become‌‌final‌‌and‌‌executory.‌  ‌
(5) Requisites‌  ‌for‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages:‌  ‌As‌  ‌laid‌  ‌down‌  ‌in‌‌ 
c. After‌  ‌demand,‌‌   the‌‌
  amount‌‌  may‌‌  be‌‌
  recovered‌‌   from‌‌  the‌‌ 
(2) Requisites.‌‌  To‌‌
  claim‌‌
  for‌‌ damages‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ bond,‌‌ the‌‌ following‌‌  Malayan‌‌Insurance‌‌v.‌‌Salas‌: ‌ ‌
surety‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌action.‌  ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌need‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌‌
requisites‌‌must‌‌be‌‌present:‌  ‌
separate‌‌action.‌  ‌ a. That‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant-claimant‌  ‌has‌  ‌secured‌  ‌a ‌ ‌favorable‌‌ 
1. There‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌an‌  ‌application‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌‌  judgment‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌main‌  ‌action‌  ‌— ‌ ‌(‌plaintiff‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌‌ 
d. The‌  ‌rule‌  ‌of‌  ‌exclusion‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌invoked‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌‌
either‌‌
  by‌‌ motion‌‌ or‌‌ counterclaim‌‌ with‌‌ notice‌‌ to‌‌ surety‌‌  cause‌‌of‌‌action‌);‌  ‌
bondsman‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterbond‌  ‌against‌  ‌an‌  ‌attachment‌‌ 
who‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌  ‌such‌‌ 
writ‌  ‌where‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌already‌  ‌a ‌ ‌final‌  ‌and‌  ‌executory‌‌  b. That‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌showing‌‌   claimant's‌‌ 
defense‌  ‌as‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌have‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌‌ 
judgment‌‌   sentencing‌‌ the‌‌ bondsman‌‌ as‌‌ solidarity‌‌ liable‌‌  right‌  ‌thereto‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
cross-examine‌‌witnesses‌‌if‌‌he‌‌so‌‌desires.‌‌   ‌
pro‌‌indiviso.‌  ‌ same‌  ‌action‌  ‌before‌  ‌trial‌  ‌or‌‌
  before‌‌
  appeal‌‌   is‌‌   perfected‌‌ 
2. A‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌is‌  ‌tantamount‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌ or‌‌before‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌becomes‌‌executory;‌‌   ‌
e. The‌  ‌bond‌  ‌answers‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌not‌‌ 
declaration‌  ‌that‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌and,‌‌ 
expressly‌‌
  stipulated.‌‌ The‌‌ law‌‌ under‌‌ which‌‌ this‌‌ bond‌‌ is‌‌  c. That‌  ‌due‌  ‌notice‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌party‌  ‌and‌  ‌his‌‌ 
therefore‌  ‌not‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌attachment.‌  ‌The‌  ‌phrase‌  ‌"not‌‌ 
issued‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌considered‌‌as‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bond.‌  ‌ surety‌  ‌or‌  ‌sureties,‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌not‌  ‌being‌‌ 
entitled‌‌
  thereto"‌‌ means‌‌ no‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ action,‌‌ no‌‌ fraud,‌‌ or‌‌ 
sufficient;‌‌and‌  ‌
has‌‌other‌‌security.‌‌   ‌
Section‌  ‌20.‌  ‌Claim‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌on‌  ‌account‌  ‌of‌  ‌improper,‌  ‌irregular‌  ‌or‌‌  d. That‌  ‌there‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proper‌  ‌hearing‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌
  award‌‌ 
excessive‌  ‌attachment.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌An‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌on‌  ‌account‌  ‌of‌‌  3. Damages‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌awarded‌  ‌before‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  becomes‌‌ 
for‌‌damages‌‌should‌‌be‌‌included‌‌in‌‌the‌‌final‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
improper,‌  ‌irregular‌  ‌or‌  ‌excessive‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌must‌  ‌b e‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌the‌‌  final.‌‌   ‌
trial‌  ‌or‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌is‌  ‌perfected‌  ‌or‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌b ecomes‌‌  e. Exception‌  ‌Where‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌seasonably‌  ‌files‌  ‌his‌‌ 
4. Claims‌‌  for‌‌
  damages‌‌  against‌‌
  the‌‌
  bond‌‌  must‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌filed‌‌ in‌‌ 
executory,‌  ‌with‌  ‌due‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌attaching‌  ‌party‌  ‌and‌  ‌h is‌  ‌surety‌  ‌or‌‌  application‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  CA‌‌
  it‌‌
  was‌‌  not‌‌  his‌‌
  fault‌‌ 
the‌‌
  same‌‌   action‌‌ which‌‌ issued‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ attachment.‌‌ 
sureties‌  ‌setting‌  ‌forth‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌showing‌  ‌h is‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌damages‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  that‌  ‌the‌  ‌damages‌  ‌claimed‌  ‌by‌  ‌him‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌surety,‌‌ 
Otherwise,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌barred‌. ‌ ‌
amount‌  ‌thereof.‌  ‌Such‌‌   damages‌‌   may‌‌
  be‌‌
  awarded‌‌   only‌‌  after‌‌
  proper‌‌
  hearing‌‌  were‌‌   not‌‌  included‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌
  CA‌‌ affirming‌‌ 
and‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌included‌‌in‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌on‌‌the‌‌main‌‌case.‌  ‌ (3) Exceptions‌‌   ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌
  rule‌‌
  that‌‌
  claim‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ filed‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌  the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court's‌  ‌award‌  ‌of‌  ‌damages‌  ‌payable‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌b e‌  ‌favorable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌against‌‌  case‌:  ‌‌ ‌ principal‌‌in‌‌the‌‌replevin‌‌bond.‌  ‌
whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌was‌  ‌issued‌  ‌he‌  ‌must‌  ‌c laim‌  ‌damages‌  ‌s ustained‌‌  1. Where‌‌  the‌‌
  principal‌‌  case‌‌  was‌‌  dismissed‌‌   for‌‌ lack‌‌ of‌‌  (6) Favorable‌  ‌Judgment‌  ‌against‌  ‌whom‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌issued‌‌ 
during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌by‌  ‌f iling‌  ‌an‌  ‌application‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  jurisdiction‌  ‌and‌  ‌no‌  ‌claim‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌could‌  ‌have‌‌  NOT‌  ‌Required‌. ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌party‌  ‌against‌  ‌whom‌  ‌an‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌was‌‌ 
appellate‌  ‌court,‌  ‌with‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌whose‌  ‌favor‌  ‌the‌  ‌attachment‌‌ 
been‌‌presented‌‌in‌‌the‌‌said‌‌case.‌‌   ‌ issued‌  ‌may‌  ‌apply‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌ 
was‌  ‌issued‌  ‌or‌  ‌h is‌  ‌surety‌  ‌or‌  ‌sureties,‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌j udgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2. A‌  ‌separate‌  ‌case‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌  necessary‌‌that‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌favorable‌‌to‌‌him.‌  ‌
appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌executory.‌  ‌The‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌‌ 
application‌‌to‌‌b e‌‌h eard‌‌and‌‌decided‌‌by‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌court.‌  ‌ attachment‌‌may‌‌be‌‌consolidated‌‌if‌‌it‌‌is‌s‌ till‌‌pending‌. ‌ ‌ (7) To‌  ‌hold‌‌
  a ‌‌surety‌‌
  on‌‌
  a ‌‌counterbond‌‌
  liable‌‌
  what‌‌
  is‌‌
  entailed‌‌ 
is:‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 64‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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(a) the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌application‌  ‌therefor‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌‌  g. The‌  ‌damages‌  ‌— ‌‌against‌‌
  the‌‌
  bond‌‌
  includes‌‌
  exemplary‌‌  2. Prohibition‌  ‌is‌  ‌directed‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court,‌‌
  commanding‌‌   it‌‌
  to‌‌ 
having‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌action;‌  ‌ damages‌‌and‌‌attorney's‌‌fees.‌  ‌ cease‌‌  from‌‌
  exercising‌‌  a ‌‌jurisdiction‌‌   to‌‌
  which‌‌ it‌‌ has‌‌ no‌‌ 
legal‌‌claim.‌‌   ‌
(b) the‌  ‌presentation‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌  (9) When‌  ‌Damages‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌for‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
becomes‌‌ executory‌‌ (or‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌ trial‌‌ or‌‌ before‌‌ appeal‌‌  preliminary‌  ‌attachment‌. ‌ ‌Actual‌  ‌or‌  ‌compensatory‌  ‌damages‌‌  3. Mandamus‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌remedial‌  ‌writ‌  ‌to‌  ‌redress‌  ‌past‌‌ 
is‌‌perfected);‌  ‌ may‌  ‌be‌  ‌recovered‌  ‌for‌  ‌wrongful,‌  ‌though‌  ‌not‌  ‌malicious,‌  grievances.‌  ‌
attachment.‌  ‌Lazatin‌  ‌also‌  ‌held‌  ‌that‌  ‌attorney's‌  ‌fees‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
(c) the‌‌
  ‌statement‌‌ ‌in‌‌ said‌‌ application‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ facts‌‌ showing‌‌  (3) Distinguished‌  ‌from‌  ‌TRO‌. ‌ ‌Injunction‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judicial‌  ‌writ,‌‌ 
recovered‌‌under‌‌Article‌‌2208‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Civil‌‌Code.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌applicant's‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌damages‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌‌  process‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌whereby‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌ordered‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌or‌‌ 
thereof;‌‌   ‌ refrain‌  ‌from‌  ‌doing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌certain‌‌
  act.‌‌
  It‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌main‌‌
  ‌action‌‌
  or‌‌ 
RULE‌‌58‌‌Preliminary‌‌Injunction‌  ‌ merely‌‌ a ‌‌‌provisional‌‌ ‌remedy‌‌ for‌‌ and‌‌ as‌‌ an‌‌ incident‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ main‌ 
(d) the‌  ‌giving‌  ‌of‌  ‌due‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
action.‌  ‌
attaching‌‌creditor‌‌and‌‌his‌‌surety‌‌or‌‌sureties;‌‌and‌‌   ‌  ‌

Section‌  ‌1.‌  ‌Preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌defined;‌  ‌classes.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌preliminary‌‌  A‌  ‌restraining‌  ‌order‌, ‌‌on‌‌  the‌‌
  other‌‌
  hand,‌‌  is‌‌
  issued‌‌
  to‌‌
  preserve‌‌ 
(e) the‌  ‌holding‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proper‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌at‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌‌  injunction‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌granted‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌stage‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding‌‌  the‌  ‌status‌  ‌quo‌  ‌until‌  ‌the‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌‌ 
attaching‌‌ creditor‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ sureties‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ heard‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌  prior‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌order,‌  ‌requiring‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌‌court,‌‌ agency‌‌  preliminary‌‌injunction‌‌which‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌issued‌e‌ x‌‌parte‌. ‌ ‌
application.‌  ‌ or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌to‌‌ refrain‌‌ f rom‌‌ a ‌‌particular‌‌ act‌‌ or‌‌ acts.‌‌ It‌‌ may‌‌ also‌‌ require‌‌ the‌‌ 
performance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌‌ acts,‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ case‌‌ it‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ known‌‌ as‌‌  (4) Purpose.‌  ‌In‌  ‌order‌  ‌to‌  ‌preserve‌  ‌and‌  ‌protect‌  ‌certain‌  ‌rights‌  ‌and‌‌ 
Applies‌‌also‌‌in‌‌cases‌‌under‌‌Rules‌‌58,‌‌59‌‌and‌‌60‌. ‌ ‌
a‌‌preliminary‌‌mandatory‌‌injunction.‌  ‌ interests‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌action.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌issued‌  ‌to‌‌ 
(8) Measure‌‌of‌‌Damages‌‌   ‌ preserve‌  ‌the‌  ‌status‌  ‌quo‌  ‌ante‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌last‌  ‌actual,‌  ‌peaceful,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
a. It‌‌
  is‌‌ not‌‌ the‌‌ value‌‌ of‌‌ property‌‌ attached‌‌ but‌‌ the‌‌ extent‌‌ of‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌ uncontested‌‌status‌‌that‌‌preceded‌‌the‌‌actual‌‌controversy.‌  ‌
actual‌‌damages‌‌‌that‌‌is‌‌the‌‌measure‌‌of‌‌damages.‌‌   ‌ (1) Kinds.‌  ‌1.‌  ‌Prohibitory‌  ‌— ‌‌commands‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌
  to‌‌
  refrain‌‌
  from‌‌
  a ‌‌ (5) The‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌of‌  ‌non-jurisdiction‌  ‌is‌  ‌limited‌  ‌merely‌  ‌to‌‌ 
b. If‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌
  levied‌‌   upon‌‌
  remained‌‌   in‌‌ possession‌‌ of‌‌  particular‌‌act.‌‌   ‌ injunctive‌‌   or‌‌
  prohibitory‌‌   writs‌. ‌‌The‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ or‌‌ authority‌‌ 
defendant,‌  ‌depreciation,‌  ‌deterioration‌  ‌or‌  ‌damage‌  2.‌‌
  ‌Mandatory‌‌   ‌— ‌‌commands‌‌ the‌‌ performance‌‌ of‌‌ some‌‌ positive‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  regional‌‌   trial‌‌
  courts‌‌   to‌‌
  control‌‌  or‌‌
  restrain‌‌ acts‌‌ by‌‌ means‌‌ 
must‌  ‌be‌  ‌borne‌  ‌by‌  ‌him‌  ‌and‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌charged‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  act‌‌to‌‌correct‌‌a‌‌wrong‌‌in‌‌the‌‌past.‌  ‌ of‌‌
  the‌‌
  writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  injunction‌‌   is‌‌
  limited‌‌ only‌‌ to‌‌ acts‌‌ which‌‌ are‌‌ being‌‌ 
plaintiff.‌‌   ‌ committed‌‌   within‌‌   the‌‌
  territorial‌‌   boundaries‌‌   of‌‌
  their‌‌ respective‌‌ 
What‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌‌
  requisites‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  issuance‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌preliminary‌‌ 
regions‌  ‌except‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌sole‌  ‌issue‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌legality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
c. Attorney's‌  ‌fees‌  ‌for‌  ‌service‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌in‌  ‌securing‌  ‌the‌‌  MANDATORY‌‌injunction?‌  ‌
decision‌‌of‌‌the‌‌administrative‌‌officials.‌  ‌
release‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌c‌ annot‌‌be‌‌allowed‌.  ‌‌ ‌
a) The‌‌invasion‌o
‌ f‌‌the‌‌right‌‌is‌‌material‌‌and‌‌substantial;‌  ‌
(6) Where‌‌   the‌‌   sole‌‌  issue‌‌
  in‌‌
  court‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ legality‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ decision‌‌ 
d. Surety‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌answerable‌  ‌for‌  ‌all‌  ‌costs‌  ‌and‌  ‌damages‌‌ 
b) The‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complainant‌  ‌is‌  ‌clear‌  ‌and‌‌  of‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌officials‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌review‌‌ 
adjudged‌  ‌against‌  ‌its‌  ‌principal‌  ‌in‌  ‌excess‌  ‌of‌  ‌that‌‌ 
unmistakable‌; ‌ ‌ should‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌confined‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌locality‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ 
adjudged‌‌in‌‌the‌‌decision.‌‌   ‌
offices‌  ‌of‌  ‌respondents‌  ‌are‌  ‌maintained,‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌   exclusion‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
c) There‌‌  is‌‌
  an‌‌
  ‌urgent‌‌
  ‌and‌‌
  ‌paramount‌‌
  ‌necessity‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌ 
e. Even‌  ‌if‌  ‌in‌  ‌good‌  ‌faith‌  ‌liability‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌‌
  is‌‌
  there.‌‌
  If‌‌  RTCs‌  ‌in‌‌
  those‌‌   localities‌‌  where‌‌
  the‌‌   plaintiffs‌‌  reside,‌‌
  and‌‌
  where‌‌ 
writ‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌serious‌‌damage;‌  ‌
there‌‌is‌‌bad‌‌faith‌m ‌ oral‌‌damages‌‌‌may‌‌be‌‌awarded.‌‌   ‌ the‌‌questioned‌‌decisions‌‌are‌‌being‌‌enforced.‌  ‌
d) The‌  ‌effect‌  ‌would‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌to‌  ‌create‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌relation‌‌ 
f. In‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌  ‌moral‌  ‌damages‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌recovered‌  ‌in‌‌  (7) Power‌‌   Exists‌‌   Even‌‌ if‌‌ Person‌‌ Who‌‌ Issued‌‌ Order‌‌ Holds‌‌ Office‌‌ 
between‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌‌  which‌‌   was‌‌   arbitrarily‌‌   interrupted‌‌ 
connection‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌under‌‌  Outside‌‌   of‌‌  Court's‌‌
  Jurisdiction‌. ‌‌On‌‌   the‌‌
  other‌‌
  hand,‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ 
by‌‌the‌‌defendant.‌  ‌
consideration,‌  ‌malice‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌essential‌  ‌ingredient‌‌  principal‌  ‌office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌corporation‌  ‌is‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌court's‌‌ 
thereof.‌‌  However,‌‌   malice‌‌ or‌‌ lack‌‌ of‌‌ good‌‌ faith‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ an‌‌  (2) Distinguished‌‌from‌‌Prohibition‌‌and‌‌Mandamus‌‌   ‌ territorial‌‌   jurisdiction,‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ may‌‌ issue‌‌ even‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ act‌‌ sought‌‌ 
element‌‌of‌‌recovery‌‌on‌‌the‌‌bond.‌‌   ‌ to‌‌be‌‌restrained‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌carried‌‌outside‌‌of‌‌its‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
1. Injunction‌‌is‌‌directed‌‌only‌‌to‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌litigant,‌‌etc.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 65‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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(8) Injunctions‌‌ to‌‌ Restrain‌‌ Extrajudicial‌‌ Foreclosure‌‌ Involving‌‌  requiring‌  ‌the‌  ‌performance‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌  ‌acts‌  ‌either‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌limited‌‌  (4) An‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌to‌  ‌stay‌  ‌a ‌ ‌final‌  ‌and‌  ‌executory‌  ‌decision‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Several‌  ‌Parcels‌  ‌Located‌  ‌in‌  ‌Different‌  ‌Provinces.‌  ‌Separate‌‌  period‌‌or‌‌perpetually;‌  ‌ unavailing‌  ‌except‌  ‌only‌  ‌after‌  ‌a ‌ ‌showing‌  ‌that‌  ‌facts‌  ‌and‌‌ 
injunction‌‌  suits‌‌
  may‌‌   be‌‌
  filed‌‌
  without‌‌   violating‌‌
  the‌‌ rule‌‌ against‌‌  (b) That‌‌ the‌‌ commission,‌‌ continuance‌‌ or‌‌ non-performance‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ act‌‌  circumstances‌‌   exist‌‌   which‌‌ would‌‌ ‌render‌‌ execution‌‌ unjust‌‌ or‌‌ 
forum‌‌  shopping‌‌   since‌‌  injunction‌‌ is‌‌ enforceable‌‌ only‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌  or‌  ‌acts‌  ‌complained‌  ‌of‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌litigation‌  ‌would‌  ‌probably‌‌  inequitable,‌  ‌or‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌ ‌change‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌situation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌‌ 
territorial‌‌limits‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌court.‌  ‌ work‌‌injustice‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌applicant;‌‌or‌  ‌ occurred.‌‌(C
‌ OCLAI‌‌v.‌‌CA‌) ‌ ‌
(9) Authority‌‌   of‌‌
  Any‌‌
  Member‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Court‌‌
  to‌‌ Issue‌‌ a ‌‌TRO‌. ‌‌Only‌‌  (c) That‌‌ a‌‌ party,‌‌ court,‌‌ agency‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ is‌‌ doing,‌‌ threatening,‌‌ or‌‌ is‌‌  (5) Clear‌‌   Legal‌‌   Right.‌‌
  Means‌‌ one‌‌ clearly‌‌ founded‌‌ in‌‌ or‌‌ granted‌‌ by‌‌ 
in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌extreme‌‌urgency.‌  ‌ attempting‌  ‌to‌  ‌do,‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌procuring‌  ‌or‌  ‌suffering‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌done‌  ‌some‌‌  law‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌enforceable‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌law.‌  ‌In‌  ‌its‌  ‌absence,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
act‌  ‌or‌  ‌acts‌  ‌probably‌  ‌in‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌‌  issuance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌constitutes‌‌grave‌‌abuse‌‌of‌‌discretion.‌  ‌
(10) Jurisdictional‌‌Rules‌‌on‌‌Injunction‌  ‌
respecting‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding,‌  ‌and‌‌   tending‌‌ 
Petitioner's‌  ‌rights‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌MOA‌  ‌have‌  ‌already‌‌   been‌‌   declared‌‌ 
(a) SC‌‌
  can‌‌
  issue‌‌
  WPI‌‌
  on‌‌
  cases‌‌
  appealed‌‌ before‌‌ it‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ original‌‌  to‌‌render‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌ineffectual‌. ‌ ‌
inferior‌‌  or‌‌  inexistent‌‌   in‌‌
  relation‌‌  to‌‌
  respondent‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ case,‌ 
actions‌‌commenced‌‌therein;‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌ under‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌that‌  ‌has‌  ‌become‌  ‌final‌  ‌and‌‌   executory.‌‌   At‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(b) CA‌‌ can‌‌ now‌‌ issue‌‌ WPI‌‌ even‌‌ if‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ in‌‌ aid‌‌ of‌‌ its‌‌ appellate‌  very‌  ‌least,‌  ‌their‌  ‌rights‌‌
  under‌‌   the‌‌  MOA‌‌  are‌‌
  precisely‌‌   ‌disputed‌‌ 
jurisdiction;‌  ‌ (1) Essential‌‌Requisites.‌‌— ‌ ‌ by‌  ‌respondent.‌  ‌Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌complainant’s‌  ‌right‌  ‌or‌  ‌title‌  ‌is‌‌ 
(c) RTC‌‌  can‌‌
  issue‌‌  WPI‌‌
  in‌‌  cases‌‌  pending‌‌   before‌‌
  it‌‌
  and‌‌ those‌‌ in‌‌  (a) First‌: ‌‌That‌‌
  the‌‌
  petitioner‌‌
  applicant‌‌
  must‌‌   a ‌‌‌clear‌‌ 
  have‌‌ doubtful‌  ‌or‌  ‌disputed,‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌proper.‌  ‌(‌Australian‌‌ 
Professional‌  ‌Realty,‌  ‌Inc.‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Municipality‌  ‌of‌  ‌Padre‌  ‌Garcia,‌‌ 
lower‌  ‌courts‌  ‌under‌  ‌its‌  ‌territorial‌  ‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌It‌  ‌now‌  ‌has‌‌  and‌‌unmistakable‌‌right‌;‌‌right‌‌in‌‌esse‌  ‌
the‌‌power‌‌to‌‌issue‌‌WPI‌‌within‌‌the‌‌judicial‌‌region;‌  ‌ Batangas,‌‌G.R.‌‌No.‌‌183367,‌‌14‌‌March‌‌2012‌) ‌ ‌
  a ‌‌‌material‌‌
(b) Second‌: ‌ ‌That‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌‌   and‌‌
  substantial‌‌ 
(d) RTC‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌issue‌  ‌WPI‌  ‌against‌  ‌DOLE,‌  ‌SSS,‌  ‌SEC,‌  ‌Patent‌‌  (6) There‌  ‌Must‌  ‌Be‌  ‌Showing‌  ‌of‌  ‌Irreparable‌  ‌Injury‌. ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
invasion‌‌‌of‌‌such‌‌right;‌‌   ‌ injunction‌  ‌should‌  ‌never‌  ‌issue‌  ‌when‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌‌ 
Office,‌‌Comelec,‌‌as‌‌the‌‌remedy‌‌lies‌‌in‌‌either‌‌the‌‌CA‌‌or‌‌SC.‌  ‌
(c) Third‌: ‌ ‌That‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  urgent‌  ‌and‌  ‌permanent‌‌  would‌‌adequately‌‌compensate‌‌the‌‌injuries‌‌caused.‌  ‌
This‌‌  is‌‌
  an‌‌
  example‌‌
  wherein‌‌  the‌‌
  court‌‌ has‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ 
necessity‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌serious‌  ‌and‌‌  (7) Injury‌  ‌is‌  ‌irreparable‌  ‌where‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌standard‌  ‌by‌  ‌which‌‌ 
the‌‌subject‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case,‌‌but‌‌not‌‌over‌‌the‌‌remedy.‌  ‌
irreparable‌‌damage.‌  ‌ their‌  ‌amount‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌measured‌  ‌with‌  ‌reasonable‌‌   accuracy,‌‌
  that‌‌ 
(e) Formerly,‌‌   the‌‌
  municipal‌‌  courts‌‌
  could‌‌
  originally‌‌
  grant‌‌
  WPI‌‌  is,‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ ‌not‌‌ susceptible‌‌ of‌‌ mathematical‌‌ computation‌. ‌‌It‌‌ has‌‌ 
(2) Issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌   avoided‌‌
  to‌‌  dispose‌‌   of‌‌
  merits.‌‌ 
only‌  ‌in‌  ‌forcible‌‌
  entry‌‌
  cases‌‌
  but‌‌
  NOT‌‌
  in‌‌
  unlawful‌‌
  detainer‌‌  been‌  ‌held‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌injury‌  ‌is‌  ‌irreparable‌  ‌where‌‌  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  continuous‌‌ 
The‌  ‌prevailing‌  ‌rule‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌courts‌‌
  should‌‌
  ‌avoid‌‌
  ‌issuing‌‌   a ‌‌WPI‌‌ 
cases.‌  ‌ and‌  ‌repeated‌  ‌since‌  ‌from‌  ‌its‌  ‌constant‌  ‌and‌‌   frequent‌‌   recurrence,‌‌ 
which‌‌would‌‌in‌‌effect‌‌dispose‌‌of‌‌the‌‌main‌‌case‌‌without‌‌trial.‌  ‌
However,‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌may‌  ‌grant‌  ‌WPI‌  ‌in‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌detainer‌‌  no‌‌
  fair‌‌   and‌‌ reasonable‌‌ redress‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ had‌‌ therefor‌‌ by‌‌ petitioner‌‌ 
(3) Fait‌‌
  accompli.‌‌ ‌An‌‌ injunction‌‌ suit‌‌ becomes‌‌ ‌moot‌‌ and‌‌ academic‌‌  insofar‌  ‌as‌  ‌his‌  ‌goodwill‌  ‌and‌  ‌business‌  ‌reputation‌  ‌as‌  ‌sole‌ 
cases‌  ‌appealed‌  ‌before‌  ‌it‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌appears‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌ 
after‌  ‌the‌  ‌act‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌enjoined‌  ‌had‌  ‌already‌  ‌been‌‌  distributor‌‌are‌‌concerned.‌  ‌
frivolous‌‌or‌‌dilatory.‌  ‌
consummated‌. ‌ ‌
(f) No‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌courts‌  ‌except‌  ‌the‌  ‌SC,‌‌  Foreclosure‌  ‌of‌  ‌mortgaged‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌an‌  ‌irreparable‌‌ 
However‌, ‌‌even‌‌   if‌‌
  the‌‌
  act‌‌
  had‌‌
  already‌‌   been‌‌ committed,‌‌ but‌‌ such‌‌  damage‌  ‌that‌  ‌will‌  ‌merit‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌debtor-mortgagor‌  ‌the‌‌ 
that‌  ‌would‌  ‌adversely‌  ‌affect‌  ‌the‌  ‌expeditious‌‌ 
acts‌  ‌are‌  ‌continuing‌  ‌in‌  ‌nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌were‌  ‌in‌  ‌derogation‌  ‌of‌‌  extraordinary‌  ‌provisional‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction.‌‌ 
implementation‌‌of‌‌government‌‌projects.‌  ‌
plaintiff’s‌  ‌rights,‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌mandatory‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  (‌Solid‌  ‌Builders,‌‌
  Inc.‌‌
  v.‌‌
  China‌‌
  Banking,‌‌
  G.R.‌‌
  No.‌‌
  179665,‌‌  03‌‌
  Apr‌‌ 
availed‌‌   of‌‌
  to‌‌
  restore‌‌   the‌‌
  parties‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌  ‌status‌‌
  quo‌. ‌‌(‌Dayrit‌‌ v.‌‌ De‌‌  2013‌) ‌ ‌
Section‌  ‌3.‌  ‌Grounds‌  ‌for‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌‌
los‌‌Santos,‌‌18‌‌Phil‌‌275‌)‌‌Applicable‌‌in:‌  ‌
preliminary‌‌injunction‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌granted‌‌when‌‌it‌‌is‌‌established:‌  ‌ (8) Nature‌‌  of‌‌
  Evidence‌. ‌‌While‌‌   the‌‌ evidence‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ submitted‌‌ at‌‌ the‌ 
a) Forcible‌‌entry‌‌cases;‌  ‌ hearing‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌‌   need‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌ 
(a) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌relief‌  ‌demanded,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
b) Reconnection‌‌   of‌‌
  electricity‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  act‌‌
  is‌‌
  assailed‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌  conclusive‌  ‌and‌  ‌complete,‌  ‌there‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌showing,‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌‌ 
whole‌  ‌or‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌relief‌  ‌consists‌  ‌in‌  ‌restraining‌  ‌the‌‌ 
main‌‌case.‌  ‌ tentatively‌  ‌of‌‌  irreparable‌‌   injury.‌‌   While‌‌
  merely‌‌   a ‌‌s
‌ ampling‌‌   ‌of‌‌ 
commission‌  ‌or‌‌ continuance‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ act‌‌ or‌‌ acts‌‌ complained‌‌ of,‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 66‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

the‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  is‌‌
  required,‌‌
  such‌‌
  evidence‌‌  must,‌‌ however,‌‌ rest‌‌ on‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  ‌in‌‌a‌‌clear‌‌case‌‌of‌‌abuse.‌  ‌ (d) Government‌  ‌Financing‌  ‌Institutions.‌  ‌Prohibition‌‌   to‌‌ 
solid‌‌grounds‌‌and‌‌not‌‌on‌‌mere‌‌hearsay‌‌or‌‌unfounded‌‌fears.‌  ‌
issue‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌against‌  ‌any‌  ‌government‌  ‌financing‌‌ 
(12) Since‌‌
  injunction‌‌   the‌  ‌strong‌‌
  is‌‌   arm‌‌
  of‌‌
  equity‌, ‌‌he‌‌  who‌‌  must‌‌ 
The‌‌   Rules‌‌  provide‌‌   that‌‌
  a ‌‌TRO‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ issued‌‌ not‌‌ only‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌  institution‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌action‌  ‌taken‌  ‌by‌  ‌such‌  ‌institution‌‌   in‌‌ 
apply‌‌for‌‌it‌‌must‌‌come‌‌with‌‌equity‌‌or‌‌with‌‌clean‌‌hands.‌  ‌
affidavit,‌‌   but‌‌
  also‌‌   based‌‌   simply‌‌   on‌‌ the‌‌ verified‌‌ application‌‌ and‌‌  connection‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌mandatory‌  ‌foreclosure‌  ‌where‌‌ 
its‌‌
  supporting‌‌ documents,‌‌ provided‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ notice‌‌ and‌‌ hearing.‌  (13) Injunction‌  ‌Against‌  ‌Courts‌  ‌or‌  ‌Tribunals‌  ‌of‌  ‌Co-Equal‌  ‌Rank‌‌  arrears‌‌  amount‌‌   to‌‌ at‌‌ least‌‌ 20%‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ total‌‌ outstanding‌‌ 
(‌Sps‌‌  Crisologo‌‌   v.‌‌
  Judge‌‌   Omelio,‌‌   A.M.‌‌   No.‌‌  RTJ-12-232,‌‌  3 ‌‌October‌‌  Prohibited.‌‌   ‌Under‌‌
  the‌‌  doctrine‌‌  of‌‌ separation‌‌ of‌‌ powers,‌‌ courts‌‌  obligations‌  ‌including‌  ‌interest‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌charges‌  ‌as‌‌ 
2012‌) ‌ ‌ have‌  ‌no‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌restrain‌  ‌Congress‌  ‌from‌  ‌performing‌‌   its‌‌  appearing‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌book‌  ‌of‌  ‌accounts‌  ‌and/or‌  ‌related‌‌ 
constitutionally‌  ‌vested‌  ‌function‌  ‌to‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌investigations‌  ‌in‌‌  records‌‌of‌‌the‌‌financial‌‌institutions‌‌concerned.‌  ‌
(9) Mandatory‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte;‌‌ 
aid‌‌
  of‌‌
  legislation‌‌  and‌‌  from‌‌   requiring‌‌   respondent‌‌   to‌‌
  appear‌‌ and‌‌ 
exceptions.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌mandatory‌‌   injunction‌‌   does‌‌  (e) Agrarian‌  ‌Reform.‌  ‌No‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
testify‌‌before‌‌it.‌  ‌
more‌  ‌than‌  ‌to‌  ‌maintain‌  ‌the‌  ‌status‌  ‌quo‌  ‌and‌  ‌should‌  ‌not‌  ‌issue‌‌  have‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌
  to‌‌
  issue‌‌ any‌‌ restraining‌‌ order‌‌ or‌‌ writ‌‌ 
without‌‌hearing‌E ‌ XCEPT‌:  ‌‌ ‌ As‌  ‌a ‌ ‌rule,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌issue‌  ‌an‌  ‌injunctive‌  ‌writ‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌  of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌against‌  ‌PARC‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌‌ 
decision‌‌   of‌‌  a ‌‌co-equal‌‌   court.‌‌
  However,‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌third‌‌  duly‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌or‌  ‌designated‌  ‌agencies‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌case,‌‌ 
(a) in‌‌cases‌‌of‌‌extreme‌‌urgency;‌  ‌
person‌  ‌was‌  ‌erroneously‌  ‌levied‌  ‌on‌  ‌execution‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  dispute‌  ‌or‌  ‌controversy‌  ‌arising‌  ‌from,‌  ‌necessary‌‌   to,‌‌
  or‌‌ 
(b) where‌‌the‌‌right‌‌is‌‌clear;‌‌   ‌ decision‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌third‌  ‌party‌  ‌files‌  ‌an‌  ‌independent‌‌  in‌  ‌connection‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌application,‌  ‌implementation,‌‌ 
(c) where‌  ‌considerations‌  ‌of‌  ‌relative‌  ‌inconvenience‌  ‌bear‌‌  action‌‌   or‌‌
  ‌terceria‌‌   to‌‌
  recover‌‌  his‌‌
  property‌‌   in‌‌
  another‌‌   court,‌‌ the‌‌  enforcement,‌  ‌or‌  ‌interpretation‌  ‌of‌  ‌this‌  ‌Act‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌ 
strongly‌‌in‌‌complainant's‌‌favor;‌‌   ‌ said‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌‌  pertinent‌‌laws‌‌on‌‌agrarian‌‌reform.‌  ‌
which‌  ‌was‌  ‌intended‌  ‌to‌  ‌satisfy‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  first‌‌
  court.‌‌ 
(d) where‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌willful‌  ‌and‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌invasion‌  ‌of‌‌  (f) Assets‌‌Privatization‌‌Trust.‌‌   ‌
(‌Abiera‌‌v.‌‌CA,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌L-26294,‌‌31‌‌May‌‌1972‌) ‌ ‌
plaintiff's‌‌right‌‌against‌‌his‌‌protest‌‌and‌‌remonstrance;‌‌   ‌ EXC‌(‌ for‌‌a-f):‌  ‌
(14) Injunction‌I‌ MPROPER‌: ‌ ‌
(e) the‌‌injury‌‌being‌‌a‌‌continuing‌‌one;‌  ‌ (i) A‌  ‌court‌  ‌should‌  ‌issue‌  ‌a ‌ ‌WPI‌  ‌only‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(a) Labor‌  ‌Disputes‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌NLRC‌  ‌that‌  ‌issues‌  ‌an‌‌ 
(f) and‌  ‌the‌  ‌effect‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌re-establish‌  ‌and‌  ‌maintain‌  ‌a ‌‌ petitioner‌  ‌assailing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌statute‌  ‌or‌‌ 
injunction‌‌in‌‌labor‌‌disputes.‌  ‌
pre-existing‌  ‌relationship‌  ‌recently‌  ‌and‌  ‌arbitrarily‌  administrative‌  ‌order‌  ‌has‌  ‌made‌  ‌out‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌‌   of‌‌ 
interrupted‌  ‌by‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌rather‌  ‌than‌  ‌to‌  ‌establish‌  ‌a ‌‌ (b) Disposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌Natural‌  ‌Resources.‌  ‌Prohibition‌  ‌of‌‌  unconstitutionality‌. ‌ ‌
new‌‌relation.‌  ‌ Injunction‌  ‌involving‌  ‌Concessions,‌  ‌licenses‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌‌ 
(g) Collection‌‌of‌‌Taxes.‌  ‌
permits‌  ‌issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌public‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌office‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(10) GR‌:‌‌  A‌  ‌court‌  ‌should‌  ‌NOT‌, ‌ ‌by‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌preliminary‌‌  bodies‌‌for‌‌the‌‌exploitation‌‌of‌‌natural‌‌resources.‌  ‌ EXC‌: ‌ ‌
injunction,‌  ‌transfer‌  ‌property‌  ‌in‌  ‌litigation‌‌
  from‌‌
  the‌‌  possession‌‌ 
(c) Infrastructure‌  ‌and‌  ‌Public‌  ‌Utilities.‌  ‌The‌‌  (i) Where‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌special‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌that‌‌ 
of‌‌one‌‌party‌‌to‌‌another.‌  ‌
prohibitions‌‌   under‌‌
  PD‌‌   605‌‌  and‌‌  PD‌‌ 1818‌‌ pertain‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌  bear‌  ‌the‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌irreparable‌  ‌injury.‌  ‌CTA‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  When‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌clear‌  ‌finding‌  ‌of‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌and‌‌  issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌or‌  ‌restraining‌  ‌order‌  ‌by‌  ‌courts‌‌  has‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌issue‌  ‌in‌  ‌proper‌‌ 
possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌land‌‌   or‌‌
  unless‌‌   the‌‌
  subject‌‌   property‌‌  against‌  ‌administrative‌‌   acts‌‌
  in‌‌
  controversies‌‌   involving‌‌  cases,‌‌a‌‌WPI.‌  ‌
is‌  ‌covered‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌torrens‌  ‌title‌  ‌pointing‌  ‌to‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  facts‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌in‌  ‌technical‌  ‌cases.‌‌  (h) Restrain‌‌Criminal‌‌Prosecution.‌  ‌
parties‌‌  as‌‌
  the‌‌
  undisputed‌‌ owner.‌‌ (‌Cagayan‌‌ de‌‌ Oro‌‌ City‌‌  However,‌  ‌on‌  ‌issues‌  ‌definitely‌  ‌outside‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌‌ 
Landless‌‌   Residents‌‌   Assoc.‌‌
  Inc.‌‌
  v.‌‌ CA,‌‌ G.R.‌‌ No.‌‌ 106043,‌‌ 4 ‌‌ dimension‌  ‌and‌  ‌involving‌  ‌questions‌  ‌of‌  ‌law,‌  ‌like‌‌  EXC‌: ‌ ‌
March‌‌1996‌) ‌ ‌ non-compliance‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌rules‌  ‌on‌  ‌bidding,‌  ‌courts‌‌  (i) To‌  ‌afford‌  ‌adequate‌  ‌protection‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(11) GR‌:‌‌  Grant‌  ‌or‌  ‌denial‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌rests‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌sound‌‌  should‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌prevented‌  ‌by‌  ‌PD‌  ‌605‌  ‌from‌  ‌exercising‌‌  constitutional‌‌rights‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
discretion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌‌
  which‌‌   the‌‌
  SC‌‌  their‌‌power‌‌to‌‌restrain‌‌or‌‌prohibit‌‌administrative‌‌acts.‌  ‌
will‌‌not‌‌intervene‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 67‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

(ii) When‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌orderly‌‌  (16) The‌‌ complaint‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ ‌verified‌. ‌‌Absence‌‌ of‌‌ verification‌‌ makes‌‌  2. the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌resident‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌‌ 
administration‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌avoid‌‌  an‌  ‌application‌  ‌or‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌patently‌‌  temporarily‌  ‌absent‌  ‌therefrom‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌non-resident‌‌ 
oppression‌‌or‌‌multiplicity‌‌or‌‌actions;‌‌   ‌ insufficient‌‌both‌‌in‌‌form‌‌and‌‌substance.‌  ‌ thereof;‌  ‌
(iii) When‌‌there‌‌is‌‌a‌p
‌ rejudicial‌‌question‌;  ‌‌ ‌ (17) GR‌:‌‌  No‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌without‌‌  (e) Application‌  ‌for‌  ‌TRO‌  ‌shall‌  ‌thereafter‌  ‌be‌  ‌acted‌  ‌upon‌  ‌only‌‌ 
hearing‌  ‌and‌  ‌prior‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌person‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌  after‌  ‌all‌  ‌parties‌  ‌are‌  ‌heard‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌summary‌  ‌hearing‌‌
  which‌‌ 
(iv) When‌‌
  the‌‌
  acts‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ officer‌‌ are‌‌ ‌without‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ 
enjoined.‌  ‌ shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌within‌  ‌24‌  ‌hours‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌sheriff's‌‌ 
excess‌‌of‌‌authority‌; ‌ ‌
return‌‌of‌‌service‌‌and/or‌‌the‌‌records‌‌are‌‌received;‌  ‌
(v) Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌is‌  ‌under‌  ‌an‌  ‌invalid‌‌  EXC‌:‌‌  I‌ f‌‌
  it‌‌
  shall‌‌
  appear‌‌  from‌‌   facts‌‌  shown‌‌
  by‌‌   affidavits‌‌  or‌‌
  by‌‌ 
the‌  ‌verified‌  ‌application‌  ‌that‌  ‌great‌  ‌or‌  ‌irreparable‌‌  (f) Within‌  ‌the‌  ‌aforesaid‌  ‌72‌  ‌hours,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌summary‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌is‌‌ 
law,‌‌ordinance‌‌or‌‌regulation‌‌   ‌
injury‌‌   would‌‌
  result‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  applicant‌‌   before‌‌ the‌‌ matter‌‌  conducted‌‌   to‌‌ determine‌‌ whether‌‌ the‌‌ TRO‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ extended‌‌ 
(vi) When‌‌double‌‌jeopardy‌‌‌is‌‌clearly‌‌apparent;‌‌   ‌ until‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌‌ 
can‌  ‌be‌  ‌heard‌  ‌on‌  ‌notice,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌a ‌ ‌TRO‌‌ 
(vii) Where‌‌
  the‌‌   court‌‌
  has‌‌
  ‌no‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌  effective‌  ‌for‌  ‌20‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌service‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌‌  heard;‌  ‌In‌  ‌no‌  ‌case‌  ‌shall‌  ‌the‌‌
  period‌‌
  of‌‌
  effectivity‌‌
  exceed‌‌
  20‌‌ 
offense;‌‌   ‌ person‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌enjoined.‌  ‌ days;‌  ‌

(viii) Where‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌case‌‌
  of‌‌ ‌persecution‌‌ ‌rather‌‌ than‌‌  (18) Procedure‌‌in‌‌a‌‌multi-sala‌‌court‌. ‌ ‌ (g) Determination‌‌   within‌‌   20‌‌
  days‌‌
  from‌‌
  service‌‌
  of‌‌  the‌‌
  TRO‌‌ on‌‌ 
prosecution;‌‌   ‌ the‌  ‌party‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌enjoined‌  ‌whether‌  ‌a ‌ ‌preliminary‌‌ 
(a) Verified‌‌
  application‌‌ and‌‌ bond‌‌ for‌‌ preliminary‌‌ injunction‌‌ or‌‌  injunction‌‌shall‌‌issue‌‌or‌‌not;‌  ‌
(ix) Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌charges‌  ‌are‌  ‌manifestly‌  ‌false‌‌
  and‌‌  TRO;‌  ‌
motivated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌lust‌‌for‌‌vengeance;‌‌   ‌ (h) The‌‌
  effectivity‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌TRO‌‌ is‌‌ NOT‌‌ extendible‌‌ without‌‌ need‌‌ of‌‌ 
(b) Determination‌  ‌that‌  ‌great‌  ‌or‌  ‌irreparable‌  ‌injury‌  ‌would‌‌  any‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌declaration‌  ‌to‌  ‌that‌  ‌effect‌  ‌and‌  ‌no‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
(x) When‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌clearly‌  ‌no‌  ‌prima‌  ‌facie‌  ‌case‌‌  result‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌matter‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌heard‌‌
  on‌‌  have‌  ‌authority‌  ‌to‌  ‌extend‌  ‌or‌  ‌renew‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌‌ 
against‌‌  the‌‌
  accused‌‌   and‌‌  a ‌‌motion‌‌ to‌‌ quash‌‌ on‌‌  notice;‌  ‌ ground‌‌   for‌‌
  which‌‌   it‌‌
  was‌‌
  issued.‌‌   ‌Another‌‌ restraining‌‌ order‌‌ 
that‌‌ground‌‌has‌‌been‌‌denied;‌‌and‌  ‌ may,‌  ‌therefore,‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌  ‌provided‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(c) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌matter‌‌  is‌‌   ‌extreme‌‌
  of‌‌   urgency‌  ‌and‌‌  the‌‌  applicant‌‌ 
(xi) Preliminary‌‌  injunction‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ issued‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌  will‌  ‌suffer‌  ‌grave‌  ‌injustice‌  ‌and‌  ‌irreparable‌‌   injury‌, ‌‌the‌‌  same‌‌ground.‌  ‌
Supreme‌  ‌Court‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌the‌  ‌threatened‌‌  executive‌  ‌judge‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌multiple-sala‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌presiding‌‌  However,‌‌   the‌‌
  period‌‌
  of‌‌
  effectivity‌‌
  in‌‌
  CA‌‌
  is‌‌ ‌60‌‌ days‌, ‌‌while‌‌ 
unlawful‌‌arrest‌‌‌of‌‌petitioners.‌  ‌ judge‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌single-sala‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌  ‌a ‌ ‌TRO‌‌  in‌‌the‌‌SC,‌‌until‌‌further‌‌orders.‌  ‌
(i) Against‌‌   Ombudsman‌‌   to‌‌ Delay‌‌ Investigation.‌‌ Under‌‌  effective‌‌for‌‌only‌7 ‌ 2‌‌hours‌‌from‌‌issuance‌; ‌ ‌
(19) Temporary‌‌   Restraining‌‌   Orders.‌‌   Is‌‌  generally‌‌   granted‌‌ without‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌14‌  ‌of‌  ‌Republic‌  ‌Act‌  ‌No.‌  ‌6770:‌  ‌No‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌  (d) The‌  ‌case‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌raffled‌  ‌only‌  ‌after‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  notice‌‌  to‌‌  the‌‌
  opposite‌‌   party,‌‌  and‌‌  is‌‌  intended‌‌   only‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌restraint‌‌ 
injunction‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌delay‌  ‌an‌‌  presence‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  adverse‌‌   party‌‌
  or‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ enjoined.‌‌  on‌  ‌him‌  ‌until‌  ‌the‌  ‌propriety‌  ‌of‌  ‌granting‌‌   a ‌‌temporary‌‌   injunction‌‌ 
investigation‌  ‌being‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Ombudsman‌‌  Such‌  ‌notice‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌preceded,‌  ‌or‌  ‌contemporaneously‌‌  can‌  ‌be‌  ‌determined,‌‌   and‌‌   it‌‌
  goes‌‌
  no‌‌   further‌‌   than‌‌   to‌‌
  preserve‌‌   the‌‌ 
under‌  ‌this‌  ‌act,‌‌
  ‌unless‌‌
  ‌there‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌‌prima‌‌
  facie‌‌  evidence‌‌  accompanied,‌  ‌by‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌summons‌, ‌ ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌‌ status‌  ‌quo‌  ‌until‌‌  that‌‌   determination.‌‌   Its‌‌
  issuance‌‌   is‌‌
  IMPROPER‌‌ 
that‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  investigation‌‌   is‌‌  outside‌‌  copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌initiatory‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  to‌‌transfer‌‌possession.‌  ‌
the‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Ombudsman.‌  ‌ applicant's‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌and‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌‌ 
the‌  ‌Philippines.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌the‌  ‌requirement‌  ‌of‌  ‌prior‌  ‌or‌‌  (20) Lifetime‌‌   of‌‌
  Preliminary‌‌   Injunction.‌‌ ‌A ‌‌preliminary‌‌ injunction‌‌ 
(15) GR‌:‌‌  Filing‌‌of‌‌necessary‌‌bond‌‌MANDATORY.‌‌   ‌ contemporaneous‌‌service‌‌of‌‌summons‌‌shall‌N ‌ OT‌a‌ pply:‌  ‌ issued‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌  ‌enforce‌  ‌a ‌ ‌contract,‌  ‌which‌  ‌prohibits‌  ‌an‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  Unless‌‌exempted.‌  ‌ employee‌  ‌from‌  ‌working‌  ‌in‌‌   a ‌‌competing‌‌   enterprise‌‌   within‌‌
  two‌‌ 
1. where‌‌  the‌‌ summons‌‌ could‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ served‌‌ personally‌‌ or‌‌ 
years‌‌ from‌‌ resignation,‌‌ has‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ lifetime‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ prohibition‌‌ 
by‌‌substituted‌‌service‌‌despite‌‌diligent‌‌efforts,‌‌or‌  
—‌  ‌two‌  ‌years‌  ‌also.‌  ‌Therefore,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 68‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
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period,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌suit‌  ‌questioning‌  ‌the‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  continuance‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌may‌  ‌be,‌  ‌would‌  ‌cause‌‌ 
dissipated‌  ‌or‌  ‌materially‌‌ injured‌, ‌‌and‌‌ that‌‌ its‌‌ value‌‌ is‌‌ probably‌‌ 
writ‌‌becomes‌f‌ unctus‌‌officio‌‌‌and‌‌therefore‌‌moot.‌  ‌ irreparable‌  ‌damage‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌person‌  ‌enjoined‌  ‌while‌‌
  the‌‌  insufficient‌  ‌to‌  ‌discharge‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌debt,‌  ‌or‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌‌ 
applicant‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌fully‌  ‌compensated‌  ‌for‌  ‌such‌  ‌damages‌  ‌as‌  ‌he‌‌  have‌‌so‌‌stipulated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌contract‌‌of‌‌mortgage;‌  ‌
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌OBJECTING‌‌OR‌‌DISSOLVING‌‌WPI‌  ‌
may‌‌suffer.‌‌   ‌
(1) Grounds‌‌for‌‌Objection‌‌or‌‌Dissolution‌‌of‌‌Injunction‌‌or‌‌TRO‌  ‌ (c) After‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌to‌  ‌preserve‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(a) Under‌‌   the‌‌ Central‌‌ Bank‌‌ Act.‌‌ Upon‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌bond‌‌ by‌‌  pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌dispose‌  ‌of‌  ‌it‌  ‌according‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(a) Upon‌‌showing‌‌of‌‌the‌i‌ nsufficiency‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌complaint;‌  ‌ the‌  ‌BSP,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌under‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌to‌‌
  dissolve‌‌
  the‌‌  judgment,‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌aid‌  ‌execution‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌execution‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌‌ 
(b) By‌a
‌ ffidavit‌o
‌ f‌‌the‌‌party‌‌enjoined;‌  ‌ injunction‌  ‌once‌  ‌the‌  ‌counterbond‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌required‌‌  returned‌  ‌u nsatisfied‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obligor‌  ‌refuses‌  ‌to‌  ‌apply‌‌ 
amount‌‌is‌‌posted.‌  ‌
his‌  ‌property‌  ‌in‌  ‌satisfaction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌or‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌to‌‌ 
e.g.‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌bond‌  ‌posted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌is‌‌  carry‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌into‌‌effect;‌  ‌
insufficient‌‌or‌‌ineffective.‌  ‌ FINAL‌‌NOTES‌  ‌
(d) In‌  ‌other‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌appointment‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌receiver‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ ‌most‌‌ 
(c) If‌‌
  it‌‌
  appears‌‌ after‌‌ hearing‌‌ that‌‌ although‌‌ the‌‌ applicant‌‌ is‌‌  (1) Need‌  ‌For‌  ‌Application‌  ‌in‌  ‌Same‌  ‌Case‌. ‌ ‌In‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌  convenient‌  ‌and‌  ‌feasible‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌  ‌preserving,‌‌ 
entitled‌‌to‌‌the‌‌PI‌‌or‌‌TRO,‌‌the‌‌issuance‌‌thereof‌  ‌ judgment‌  ‌should‌  ‌include‌  ‌the‌  ‌damages‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌and‌‌  administering,‌  ‌or‌  ‌disposing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌in‌‌ 
sureties‌  ‌it‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌applied‌  ‌for‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌case‌  ‌before‌‌  litigation‌. ‌ ‌
(i) Would‌  ‌cause‌  ‌irreparable‌‌
  damage‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌ 
judgment‌‌becomes‌‌executory,‌‌otherwise,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌‌barred‌‌forever.‌  ‌
enjoined‌  ‌ During‌  ‌the‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌allow‌  ‌an‌‌ 
(2) Limit‌  ‌of‌  ‌Recovery‌. ‌ ‌Recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌damages‌  ‌is‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  application‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ appointment‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌receiver‌‌ to‌‌ b e‌‌ f iled‌‌ in‌‌ and‌‌ decided‌‌ by‌‌ 
(ii) While‌‌  the‌‌
  applicant‌‌
  can‌‌ be‌‌ fully‌‌ compensated‌‌ 
amount‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bond.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌origin‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ receiver‌‌ appointed‌‌ to‌‌ b e‌‌ subject‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ control‌‌ 
for‌‌such‌‌damages‌‌as‌‌he‌‌may‌‌suffer;‌‌and‌ 
of‌‌said‌‌court.‌  ‌
(iii) The‌  ‌enjoined‌  ‌party‌  ‌files‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterbond‌  ‌to‌‌  (3) Penalty‌‌ for‌‌ Refusal‌‌ to‌‌ Comply.‌‌ Under‌‌ Section‌‌ 1,‌‌ Rule‌‌ 71,‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ 
answer‌  ‌for‌  ‌whatever‌  ‌damage‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌‌  contempt‌  ‌consists‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌injunction,‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
may‌‌  suffer‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌result‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ dissolution‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  temporary‌‌   restraining‌‌ order‌‌ or‌‌ status‌‌ quo‌‌ order,‌‌ he‌‌ may‌‌ also‌‌ be‌‌ 
ordered‌‌   to‌‌
  make‌‌  ‌complete‌‌   restitution‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌   injured‌‌ by‌‌  (1) Concept‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Receiver.‌‌   A ‌‌‌receiver‌  is‌‌   a ‌‌person‌‌   appointed‌‌   by‌‌ 
injunction.‌  ‌
such‌‌  violation‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌ property‌‌ involved‌‌ or‌‌ such‌‌ amount‌‌ as‌‌ may‌‌  the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(2) Summary‌  ‌Denial‌  ‌Without‌  ‌Adequate‌  ‌Hearing‌  ‌Improper‌. ‌‌ purpose‌‌   of‌‌  preserving‌‌   and‌‌ conserving‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ in‌‌ litigation‌‌ 
be‌‌alleged‌‌and‌‌proved.‌  ‌
Courts‌  ‌should‌  ‌not‌  ‌just‌  ‌summarily‌  ‌issue‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌denial‌‌  and‌  ‌preventing‌  ‌its‌  ‌possible‌  ‌destruction‌  ‌or‌  ‌dissipation,‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌ 
without‌  ‌an‌  ‌adequate‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌and‌  ‌judicious‌  ‌evaluation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  were‌‌left‌‌in‌‌the‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌any‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties.‌  ‌
merits‌‌of‌‌the‌‌application.‌‌   ‌ RULE‌‌59‌‌Receivership‌  ‌
GR‌:‌‌  ‌ either‌  ‌party‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌litigation‌‌
N   should‌‌
  be‌‌
  appointed‌‌
  as‌‌
  a ‌‌
(3) When‌  ‌Summary‌  ‌Denial‌  ‌Allowed.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌ 
 ‌

receiver‌‌without‌‌the‌‌other's‌‌consent.‌  ‌
Section‌  ‌1.‌  ‌Appointment‌  ‌of‌  ‌receiver.‌‌   — ‌ ‌Upon‌  ‌a ‌ ‌verified‌  ‌application,‌  ‌one‌‌ 
insufficiency‌‌   ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ complaint,‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ is‌‌ apparent‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ 
or‌  ‌more‌  ‌receivers‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding‌‌  Under‌‌  ‌Article‌‌
  101‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Family‌‌ Code‌, ‌‌if‌‌ a ‌‌spouse‌‌ without‌‌ just‌‌ 
complaint‌‌itself.‌  ‌
may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌‌ is‌‌ pending‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ CA‌‌  cause‌  ‌abandons‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌or‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌his‌  ‌or‌  ‌her‌‌ 
(4) Necessity‌  ‌of‌  ‌Hearing.‌  ‌If‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prima‌  ‌facie‌  ‌showing‌  ‌that‌‌  or‌‌by‌‌the‌‌SCt,‌‌or‌‌a‌‌member‌‌thereof,‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌  ‌ obligations‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌ family,‌‌ the‌‌ aggrieved‌‌ spouse‌‌ may‌‌ petition‌‌ the‌‌ 
preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌is‌  ‌proper,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌hearing‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌  court‌‌for‌‌receivership.‌  ‌
(a) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌h as‌  ‌an‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌or‌  ‌f und‌‌ 
conducted,‌  ‌since‌  ‌under‌  ‌such‌  ‌circumstance,‌  ‌only‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌of‌‌ 
which‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding,‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌‌ ‌such‌‌  Under‌  ‌Section‌  ‌41,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌39‌  ‌on‌  ‌Execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌Judgments,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
extreme‌‌urgency‌‌will‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌issue‌‌prior‌‌to‌‌a‌‌final‌‌hearing.‌  ‌
property‌‌
  or‌‌
  fund‌‌
  is‌‌
  in‌‌ danger‌‌ of‌‌ being‌‌ lost,‌‌ removed,‌‌ or‌‌  judge‌‌
  may,‌‌
  by‌‌
  order,‌‌
  appoint‌‌  the‌‌  sheriff‌‌
  or‌‌
  other‌‌   proper‌‌
  officer‌‌ 
(5) The‌  ‌Mere‌  ‌Filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌Counterbond‌  ‌does‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌Necessarily‌‌  materially‌  ‌injured‌  ‌unless‌  ‌a ‌ ‌receiver‌  ‌b e‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌to‌‌  or‌‌persons,‌‌receiver‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌debtor.‌  ‌
Warrant‌  ‌Dissolution‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  administer‌‌and‌‌preserve‌‌it;‌  ‌
(2) Requisites.‌‌‌When‌‌the‌‌applicant‌‌has:‌‌   ‌
dissolved,‌‌  if‌‌
  it‌‌
  appears‌‌ after‌‌ hearing‌‌ that‌‌ although‌‌ the‌‌ applicant‌‌  (b) When‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌ mortgagee‌ ‌for‌‌ the‌‌ foreclosure‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌
is‌‌
  entitled‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ injunction‌‌ or‌‌ restraining‌‌ order,‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ or‌‌  mortgage‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌danger‌  ‌of‌  ‌being‌  ‌wasted‌  ‌or‌‌  1. an‌‌actual‌‌interest‌‌‌in‌‌it;‌‌and‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 69‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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2. that‌  ‌such‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌danger‌  ‌of‌‌


  being‌‌
  lost,‌‌
  removed‌‌
  or‌‌  (7) Receivership‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  commenced‌‌   by‌‌ a ‌‌verified‌‌ ‌petition‌‌ ‌if‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌ The‌  ‌counterbond‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌oppositor‌  ‌is‌  ‌conditioned‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌‌ 
materially‌‌injured;‌‌OR‌   main‌‌  action.‌‌ But‌‌ it‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ done‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌verified‌‌ ‌motion‌‌ ‌where‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌  payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌damages‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌may‌  ‌suffer‌  ‌by‌‌ 
only‌‌an‌‌incident‌‌to‌‌the‌‌main‌‌action.‌  ‌ reason‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  acts,‌‌
  omission‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ matters‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ application‌‌ 
3. whenever‌‌   it‌‌ appears‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ the‌‌ most‌‌ convenient‌‌ and‌‌ feasible‌‌ 
for‌‌receivership.‌  ‌
means‌  ‌of‌  ‌preserving‌  ‌or‌  ‌administering‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌in‌‌  (8) Grounds‌‌for‌‌Denial‌‌of‌‌application‌‌or‌‌Discharge‌‌of‌‌receiver‌  ‌
litigation.‌  ‌
(a) If‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party‌‌will‌‌put‌‌up‌‌a‌c‌ ounterbond‌; ‌ ‌ Section‌  ‌6.‌  ‌General‌  ‌powers‌  ‌of‌  ‌receiver‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌control‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(3) Receivership‌  ‌in‌  ‌Partition‌  ‌Proceedings‌. ‌ ‌While‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌partition‌‌  court‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending‌  ‌a ‌ ‌receiver‌  ‌shall‌  ‌h ave‌‌ 
proceeding‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  generally‌‌
  unnecessary‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  to‌‌ appoint‌‌  (b) The‌  ‌receiver‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌discharged‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌shown‌‌ 
the‌‌power‌‌   ‌
a‌‌receiver,‌‌however,‌‌   ‌ that‌  ‌his‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌was‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌without‌  ‌sufficient‌‌ 
cause;‌  ‌ (a) to‌  ‌bring‌  ‌and‌  ‌defend,‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌capacity,‌  ‌actions‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌own‌‌ 
(a) where‌‌the‌‌relations‌‌among‌‌the‌‌co-owners‌‌are‌‌strained,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ name‌;  ‌‌ ‌
(c) The‌‌bond‌‌is‌‌insufficient‌‌in‌‌amount.‌  ‌
(b) no‌  ‌satisfactory‌  ‌arrangement‌  ‌for‌  ‌administration‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌‌  (b) to‌‌take‌‌and‌‌keep‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌in‌‌controversy;‌‌   ‌
accomplished,‌‌   ‌ (9) Discretion‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ exercised‌‌ with‌‌ Extreme‌‌ Caution.‌‌ Among‌‌ the‌‌ 
consequences‌  ‌and‌  ‌effects‌  ‌considered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌courts‌  ‌before‌‌  (c) to‌‌receive‌‌rents;‌‌   ‌
the‌‌appointment‌‌of‌‌a‌‌receiver‌‌is‌‌not‌‌an‌‌abuse‌‌of‌‌discretion.‌  ‌ appointing‌‌a‌‌receiver‌‌are:‌‌   ‌ (d) to‌  ‌collect‌  ‌debts‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌himself‌  ‌as‌  ‌receiver‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌fund,‌‌ 
(4) Residual‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌applicable.‌  ‌While‌  ‌the‌‌   perfection‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌  (a) WON‌  ‌the‌  ‌injury‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌from‌  ‌such‌  ‌appointment‌‌  property,‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌person,‌  ‌or‌  ‌corporation‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌ 
appeal‌‌   deprives‌‌   the‌‌
  trial‌‌
  court‌‌
  of‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ case,‌‌ the‌‌  would‌  ‌probably‌  ‌be‌  ‌greater‌  ‌than‌  ‌the‌  ‌injury‌  ‌ensuing‌  ‌if‌‌  receiver;‌‌   ‌
trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌can‌  ‌appoint‌  ‌a ‌ ‌receiver‌  ‌since‌  ‌this‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌involve‌‌  the‌‌status‌‌quo‌‌is‌‌left‌‌undisturbed;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ (e) to‌‌compound‌‌for‌‌and‌‌compromise‌‌the‌‌same;‌‌   ‌
any‌‌matter‌‌litigated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
(b) WON‌  ‌the‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌will‌  ‌imperil‌  ‌the‌  ‌interest‌  ‌of‌‌  (f) to‌‌make‌‌transfers;‌‌   ‌
This‌  ‌is‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌residual‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC.‌  ‌The‌  ‌appellate‌‌  others‌  ‌whose‌  ‌rights‌‌   deserve‌‌   as‌‌
  much‌‌
  a ‌‌consideration‌‌ 
court‌  ‌may‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ from‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌as‌  ‌those‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌requesting‌  ‌for‌‌  (g) to‌‌pay‌‌outstanding‌‌debts;‌‌   ‌
receiver‌‌to‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌in‌‌and‌‌decided‌‌by‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌court.‌  ‌ receivership.‌  ‌ (h) to‌  ‌divide‌  ‌the‌  ‌money‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌property‌  ‌that‌  ‌shall‌  ‌remain‌‌ 
(5) Unlike‌‌
  other‌‌ provisional‌‌ remedies‌‌ which‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ availed‌‌ of‌‌ only‌‌  (c) Clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌Appointed‌  ‌as‌  ‌Receiver‌. ‌‌ among‌‌the‌‌persons‌‌legally‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌receive‌‌the‌‌same;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
before‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌receivership‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌resorted‌  ‌to‌  ‌even‌  ‌after‌‌  The‌  ‌practice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appointing‌  ‌as‌  ‌receiver‌  ‌the‌  ‌Clerk‌  ‌of‌‌  (i) generally‌‌ to‌‌ do‌‌ such‌‌ acts‌‌ respecting‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ 
judgment‌‌has‌‌become‌‌final‌‌and‌‌executory‌. ‌ ‌ Court‌‌is‌‌frowned‌‌upon.‌  ‌ may‌‌authorize.‌  ‌ ‌
(6) When‌‌appointment‌‌of‌‌receiver‌i‌ mproper‌? ‌ ‌
However,‌  ‌f unds‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ h ands‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌receiver‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ invested‌‌ only‌‌ by‌‌ ‌order‌‌ 
Section‌‌   4.‌‌
  Oath‌‌  and‌‌   bond‌‌ of‌‌ receiver.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌Before‌‌ entering‌‌ u pon‌‌ h is‌‌ duties,‌‌ 
(a) When‌‌   the‌‌
  action‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌‌simple‌‌
  collection‌‌
  of‌‌
  sum‌‌ of‌‌ money‌‌  of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌written‌‌consent‌‌of‌‌all‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌the‌‌action.‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌receiver‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌sworn‌  ‌to‌  ‌perform‌  ‌them‌  ‌faithfully,‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌a ‌‌
case‌‌‌and‌n ‌ ot‌‌to‌‌enforce‌‌a‌‌lien‌‌‌upon‌s‌ pecific‌‌property‌; ‌ ‌
bond,‌  ‌executed‌  ‌to‌  ‌such‌  ‌person‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌sum‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌‌ direct,‌‌  No‌  ‌action‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌or‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌receiver‌  ‌w ithout‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) In‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌or‌  ‌title‌  ‌to‌  ‌real‌  ‌property,‌‌
  if‌‌  to‌  ‌the‌  ‌effect‌  ‌that‌  ‌h e‌  ‌will‌  ‌faithfully‌  ‌discharge‌  ‌h is‌  ‌duties‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌‌  court‌‌which‌‌appointed‌‌him‌. ‌ ‌
there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌clear‌  ‌showing‌  ‌of‌  ‌necessity‌  ‌to‌  ‌protect‌  ‌the‌‌  proceeding‌‌and‌‌obey‌‌the‌‌orders‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
applicant‌‌from‌‌grave‌‌or‌‌irreparable‌‌damage;‌  ‌ NOTE‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌
(c) In‌‌
  an‌‌
  action‌‌  where‌‌ the‌‌ rights‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ parties,‌‌ one‌‌ of‌‌ whom‌‌ is‌‌  (1) Custodia‌‌   Legis‌. ‌‌Property‌‌   under‌‌ receivership‌‌ is‌‌ property‌‌ under‌‌ 
in‌‌
  possession‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property,‌‌ depend‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ determination‌‌  (1) Distinction‌  ‌Between‌  ‌Bond‌  ‌and‌  ‌Counterbond.‌  ‌The‌‌  custodia‌  ‌legis‌  ‌and‌  ‌is‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌administration‌  ‌and‌  ‌control‌‌
  of‌‌ 
of‌  ‌their‌  ‌respective‌‌
  claim‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌   title,‌‌
  unless‌‌  such‌‌
  property‌‌  applicant's‌  ‌bond‌  ‌answers‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌
  adverse‌‌
  party‌‌  the‌‌court.‌  ‌
is‌‌in‌‌danger‌‌of‌‌being‌‌materially‌‌lost‌‌or‌‌injured.‌  may‌‌suffer‌‌by‌‌reason‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appointment‌‌of‌‌a‌‌receiver.‌‌   ‌
Section‌‌
  7.‌‌
  Liability‌‌ for‌‌ refusal‌‌ or‌‌ neglect‌‌ to‌‌ deliver‌‌ property‌‌ to‌‌ receiver.‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 70‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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—‌  ‌May‌  ‌b e‌  ‌punished‌  ‌for‌  ‌contempt‌‌   ‌and‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ liable‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ receiver‌‌ for‌  May‌‌be‌‌caused‌‌before‌‌the‌‌   ‌ Can‌‌be‌‌asked‌‌only‌‌if‌‌the‌‌  Even‌‌if‌‌the‌‌personal‌‌property‌‌is‌‌in‌‌ 
the‌  ‌money‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌ value‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ and‌‌ other‌‌ things‌‌ s o‌‌ refused‌‌ or‌‌  receiver‌‌qualifies‌‌or‌‌takes‌‌  defendant‌‌is‌‌in‌‌actual‌‌  the‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌a‌‌third‌‌person‌ 
neglected‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌surrendered,‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌all‌  ‌damages‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌h ave‌‌  possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌  ‌ possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌ 
been‌  ‌sustained‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌parties‌‌ entitled‌‌ thereto‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌consequence‌‌  property‌  ‌
of‌‌such‌‌refusal‌‌or‌‌neglect.‌  ‌ liability‌‌rests‌‌on‌‌statute‌  ‌ rests‌‌on‌‌the‌‌negligence‌‌or‌‌ 
misconduct‌‌of‌‌the‌‌receiver‌  ‌ Extends‌‌only‌‌to‌‌personal‌‌  Applies‌‌to‌‌ANY‌‌property,‌‌whether‌‌ 
 ‌
property‌‌capable‌‌of‌‌manual‌‌  real,‌‌personal‌‌or‌‌incorporeal‌  ‌
Section‌  ‌8.‌  ‌Termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌receivership;‌  ‌compensation‌  ‌of‌  ‌receiver.‌  ‌— ‌‌ the‌‌person‌‌obtaining‌‌the‌‌  person‌‌obtaining‌‌the‌‌  delivery‌  ‌
Whenever‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌either‌  ‌party‌, ‌ ‌shall‌‌  appointment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌receiver‌‌is‌‌  appointment‌‌is‌‌not‌‌responsible‌‌ 
determine‌‌that‌‌the‌‌necessity‌‌for‌‌a‌‌receiver‌‌no‌‌longer‌‌exists,‌‌it‌‌shall,‌‌   ‌ responsible‌‌for‌‌the‌‌damages‌  ‌ in‌‌any‌‌event‌  ‌ Can‌‌be‌‌availed‌‌of‌‌even‌‌if‌‌the‌‌  Presupposes‌‌that‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌ 
(a) after‌d
‌ ue‌‌notice‌‌‌to‌‌all‌‌interested‌‌parties‌‌and‌h
‌ earing‌,  ‌‌ ‌ property‌‌is‌‌not‌‌being‌‌concealed,‌‌  property‌‌is‌‌concealed‌‌or‌‌disposed‌‌ 
 ‌ removed‌‌or‌‌disposed‌‌of‌  ‌ of‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌its‌‌being‌‌found‌  ‌
(b) settle‌‌the‌‌account‌s‌‌of‌‌the‌‌receiver,‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌60‌‌Replevin‌  ‌
(c) direct‌  ‌the‌  ‌delivery‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌funds‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌property‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌‌  (2) Who‌‌May‌‌Avail‌‌of‌‌Remedy‌.  ‌‌ ‌
 ‌

possession‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌adjudged‌  ‌to‌‌   be‌‌


  entitled‌‌
  to‌‌
  receive‌‌  1. plaintiff‌  ‌— ‌ ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌prays‌  ‌for‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Section‌‌   1.‌‌
  Application.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌party‌  ‌praying‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ recovery‌‌ of‌‌ possession‌‌ 
them‌‌and‌‌   ‌ possession‌‌of‌‌personal‌‌property.‌‌   ‌
of‌  ‌personal‌  ‌property‌  ‌may,‌  ‌at‌‌   the‌‌  commencement‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ or‌‌ at‌‌ any‌‌ 
(d) order‌  ‌the‌  ‌discharge‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌receiver‌  ‌from‌  ‌further‌  ‌duty‌  ‌as‌‌  time‌‌   before‌‌   answer‌, ‌ ‌apply‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌for‌‌ the‌‌ delivery‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ property‌‌  2. defendant‌  ‌— ‌ ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterclaim‌  ‌was‌  ‌set‌  ‌out‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
such.‌‌   ‌ to‌‌h im,‌‌in‌‌the‌‌manner‌‌h ereinafter‌‌provided.‌  ‌ answer‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌personal‌  ‌property.‌  ‌Reason:‌‌ 
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌receiver‌  ‌such‌  ‌reasonable‌‌   compensation‌  ‌as‌‌  Counterclaim‌‌is‌‌rather‌‌in‌‌the‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌cross-claim.‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌
the‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌warrant,‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌taxed‌  ‌as‌  ‌costs‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌  (3) Subject‌  ‌Matter.‌  ‌Replevin‌  ‌is‌  ‌applicable‌  ‌only‌  ‌to‌  ‌personal‌‌ 
defeated‌‌party,‌‌or‌‌apportioned,‌‌as‌‌justice‌‌requires.‌  ‌ (1) Concept‌‌   and‌‌  Definition.‌‌   ‌Replevin‌‌   ‌is‌‌  a ‌‌proceeding‌‌  by‌‌  which‌‌  property‌. ‌ ‌
the‌  ‌owner‌‌   or‌‌
  one‌‌
  who‌‌
  has‌‌   a ‌‌general‌‌   or‌‌  special‌‌   property‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ thing‌  ‌taken‌  ‌or‌‌
  detained‌‌
  seeks‌‌   to‌‌
  recover‌‌   possession‌‌  in‌‌
  specie,‌‌  (4) Nature‌‌   of‌‌
  Action‌. ‌‌The‌‌   provisional‌‌ remedy‌‌ of‌‌ replevin‌‌ is‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
the‌‌recovery‌‌of‌‌damages‌‌being‌‌only‌‌incidental.‌  ‌ nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌possessory‌  ‌action‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌who‌  ‌seeks‌‌ 
(1) Recovery‌‌ of‌‌ damages‌‌ in‌‌ same‌‌ action.‌‌ Damages‌‌ on‌‌ account‌‌ of‌‌ 
immediate‌‌   possession‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ property‌‌ involved‌‌ need‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ the‌‌ 
the‌‌  appointment‌‌   without‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌receiver,‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ recovered‌‌  It‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  return‌‌
  to‌‌
  or‌‌
  recovery‌‌  by‌‌  a ‌‌person‌‌  of‌‌
  goods‌‌  or‌‌
  chattels‌‌  holder‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌legal‌  ‌title‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌property.‌  ‌It‌  ‌suffices,‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌‌ 
in‌‌
  the‌‌  same‌‌ action‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ receiver‌‌ was‌‌ appointed,‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌  claimed‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌wrongfully‌  ‌taken‌  ‌or‌  ‌detained‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌‌  entitled‌‌to‌‌the‌‌possession‌‌thereof.‌  ‌
question‌‌   should‌‌  be‌‌
  determined‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  final‌‌
  judgment.‌‌ ‌It‌‌ cannot‌‌  person's‌‌ giving‌‌ security‌‌ to‌‌ try‌‌ the‌‌ matter‌‌ in‌‌ court‌‌ and‌‌ return‌‌ the‌‌ 
be‌‌litigated‌‌in‌‌a‌‌separate‌‌action.‌  ‌ goods‌‌if‌‌defeated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌action.‌  ‌ (5) Jurisdiction‌. ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌replevin‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌and‌  ‌enforced‌‌ 
Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌damages‌  ‌were‌  ‌not‌  ‌for‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
anywhere‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines.‌‌  Moreover,‌‌  the‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌  of‌‌  a ‌‌
"‌To‌  ‌replevy‌" ‌ ‌means‌  ‌"to‌  ‌redeliver‌  ‌goods‌  ‌which‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌‌ 
receiver,‌‌
  but‌‌  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  receiver's‌‌
  ‌mismanagement‌, ‌‌the‌‌   liability‌‌ of‌‌  court‌‌
  is‌‌
  determined‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌  ‌amount‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ claim‌‌ alleged‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
distrained‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌possessor‌  ‌of‌  ‌them,‌  ‌on‌  ‌his‌  ‌giving‌‌ 
the‌‌
  sureties‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌
  bond‌‌  could‌‌  only‌‌
  be‌‌ enforced‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌‌separate‌‌  complaint,‌  ‌not‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌chattel‌  ‌seized‌  ‌in‌  ‌ancillary‌‌ 
pledges‌‌in‌‌an‌‌action‌‌of‌‌replevin."‌  ‌
action‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌mere‌  ‌motion‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌receivership‌‌  proceedings.‌  ‌
Replevin‌  ‌ Attachment‌  ‌
proceedings.‌  ‌
Section‌  ‌2.‌  ‌Affidavit‌  ‌and‌  ‌bond.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌must‌  ‌show‌  ‌by‌  ‌h is‌  ‌own‌‌ 
Damages‌‌resulting‌‌from‌‌  Damages‌‌arising‌‌after‌‌  Can‌‌be‌‌availed‌‌of‌‌only‌‌when‌‌the‌‌  Can‌‌be‌‌availed‌‌of‌‌even‌‌if‌‌the‌‌  affidavit‌o‌ r‌‌that‌‌of‌‌some‌‌other‌‌person‌‌who‌‌personally‌‌knows‌‌the‌‌facts:‌  ‌
appointment‌‌of‌‌receiver‌  ‌ appointment‌  ‌ principal‌‌action‌‌is‌‌for‌‌recovery‌‌  recovery‌‌of‌‌personal‌‌property‌‌is‌‌ 
of‌‌personal‌‌property‌  ‌ only‌i‌ ncidental‌‌to‌‌the‌‌main‌‌action‌  ‌   the‌‌ ‌applicant‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ owner‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ claimed,‌‌ 
(a) That‌‌
Statutory‌  ‌ Under‌‌general‌‌principles‌‌of‌‌law‌  ‌ particularly‌‌
  describing‌‌
  it,‌‌
  ‌or‌‌
  is‌‌
  entitled‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  possession‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 71‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

effort‌‌
  at‌‌
  vindication‌‌   may‌‌
  take‌‌
  the‌‌
  form‌‌
  of‌‌  a ‌‌separate‌‌
  action‌‌ for‌‌ 
thereof‌; ‌ ‌ (5) Rule‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌written‌  ‌into‌  ‌bond.‌  ‌The‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   replevin‌‌ 
recovery‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  property,‌‌
  or‌‌
  intervention‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌
  replevin‌‌ action‌‌ 
bond‌  ‌to‌  ‌state‌  ‌expressly‌‌
  that‌‌
  it‌‌
  was‌‌
  "conditioned‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  return‌‌ 
(b) That‌‌
  the‌‌   is‌‌ ‌wrongfully‌‌ detained‌ ‌by‌‌ the‌‌ adverse‌‌ 
  property‌‌ itself.‌  ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌return‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌be‌‌ 
party,‌‌
  alleging‌‌ the‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ detention‌‌ thereof‌‌ according‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
adjudged."‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌fatal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌replevin‌‌  (11) Requisites‌‌   for‌‌ Recovery‌‌ on‌‌ replevin‌‌ bond‌. ‌‌To‌‌ allow‌‌ recovery‌‌ 
best‌‌of‌‌his‌‌knowledge,‌‌information,‌‌and‌‌belief;‌  ‌
bond.‌NOTES‌  ‌ against‌  ‌the‌  ‌replevin‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌  ‌requisites‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌‌ 
(c) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌been‌  ‌distrained‌  ‌or‌  ‌taken‌‌
  present:‌  ‌
(6) Remedy‌  ‌for‌  ‌Return‌  ‌of‌  ‌Seized‌  ‌Property.‌  ‌If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defendant‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌
for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌tax‌  ‌assessment‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌fine‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌law,‌  ‌or‌‌ 
replevin‌  ‌case‌  ‌wants‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌returned‌  ‌to‌  ‌him,‌‌
  he‌‌  1. Application‌  ‌showing‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌damage.‌  ‌Must‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌‌ 
seized‌‌   under‌‌
  a ‌‌writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  execution‌‌
  or‌‌
  preliminary‌‌   attachment,‌‌ 
must‌  ‌within‌  ‌five‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌the‌  ‌Sheriff‌  ‌took‌‌  before‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌executory;‌  ‌if‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
or‌‌  otherwise‌‌ placed‌‌ under‌‌ custodia‌‌ legis‌, ‌‌or‌‌ if‌‌ so‌‌ seized,‌‌ that‌‌ 
possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property:‌‌   ‌ application‌  ‌may‌‌
  be‌‌
  made‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  appellate‌‌   court‌‌   before‌‌
  the‌‌ 
it‌‌is‌‌exempt‌‌from‌‌such‌‌seizure‌‌or‌‌custody;‌‌and‌  ‌
judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌final‌  ‌and‌‌ 
(a) put‌‌up‌‌a‌‌bond‌‌in‌‌double‌‌the‌‌value‌‌of‌‌the‌‌chattel;‌‌and‌  ‌
(d) The‌‌actual‌‌market‌‌value‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property.‌  ‌ executory.‌  ‌
(b) furnish‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌‌with‌‌a‌‌copy‌‌of‌‌the‌‌undertaking.‌‌OR‌  ‌
The‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌must‌  ‌also‌  ‌give‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bond‌, ‌ ‌executed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌  2. Notice‌g‌ iven‌‌to‌‌plaintiff‌‌and‌‌his‌‌surety.‌‌   ‌
double‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌as‌  ‌stated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌affidavit‌‌  (c) object‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌sufficiency‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  bond,‌‌
  without‌‌
  need‌‌
  of‌‌ 
3. There‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌hearing‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌is‌  ‌opposed.‌  ‌
aforementioned,‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌return‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌if‌‌  filing‌‌a‌‌counterbond.‌  ‌
EXC‌: ‌ ‌Where‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌contract,‌  ‌the‌  ‌surety‌  ‌has‌‌ 
such‌  ‌return‌  ‌b e‌  ‌adjudged,‌  ‌and‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(7) Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dissolve‌  ‌or‌‌   discharge‌‌   writ‌‌   not‌‌
  allowed‌. ‌‌The‌‌   law‌‌  promised‌‌to‌‌abide‌‌by‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌against‌‌the‌‌principal.‌  ‌
such‌‌sum‌‌as‌‌h e‌‌may‌‌recover‌‌f rom‌‌the‌‌applicant‌‌in‌‌the‌‌action.‌  ‌
does‌  ‌not‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dissolve‌  ‌or‌‌ 
4. Award‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌must‌‌
  be‌‌
  included‌‌
  in‌‌
  ‌judgment‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
discharge‌‌   the‌‌
  writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  seizure‌‌
  (or‌‌
  delivery)‌‌   — ‌‌on‌‌
  the‌‌  ground‌‌ of‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ court.‌‌   ‌
insufficiency‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌relied‌  ‌upon‌‌ 
(1) Statement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌actual‌  ‌value‌‌
  is‌‌
  REQUIRED‌‌
  because‌‌
  the‌‌
  actual‌‌  therefor,‌  ‌as‌  ‌in‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌on‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌attachment‌  ‌or‌‌  It‌  ‌was‌  ‌pointed‌  ‌out‌  ‌in‌  ‌Maningo‌  ‌v.‌  ‌CA‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌‌ 
value‌‌will‌‌be‌‌the‌‌basis‌‌of‌‌the‌‌replevin‌‌bond.‌  ‌ injunction,‌  ‌and‌  ‌thereby‌  ‌put‌  ‌at‌  ‌issue‌  ‌the‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌title‌  ‌or‌‌  damages‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌   person‌‌  obtaining‌‌   the‌‌
  writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  replevin‌‌ 
(2) The‌  ‌defense‌  ‌of‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌proper‌  ‌affidavit‌‌  of‌‌
  merit‌‌
  is‌‌
  no‌‌
  longer‌‌  right‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌specific‌  ‌chattel‌  ‌being‌  ‌replevied,‌‌  and‌‌ the‌‌ sheriff‌‌ who‌‌ enforced‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ replevin,‌‌ assuming‌‌ 
available‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌raise‌  ‌it‌  ‌either‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌ the‌  ‌policy‌  ‌apparently‌  ‌being‌  ‌that‌  ‌said‌  ‌matter‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  that‌  ‌the‌  ‌seizure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌was‌  ‌unlawful,‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌ 
motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌answer‌  ‌as‌‌
  required‌‌
  by‌‌  Section‌‌
  1,‌‌  ventilated‌‌and‌‌determined‌‌only‌‌at‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌on‌‌the‌‌merits.‌  ‌ litigated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌replevin‌  ‌suit‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌by‌  ‌independent‌‌ 
Rule‌‌9.‌  ‌ action.‌  ‌
(8) Five-day‌‌   period‌‌
  from‌‌   actual‌‌  seizur‌e.‌‌   Begins‌‌  from‌‌   the‌‌
  taking‌‌ 
(3) Replevin‌  ‌against‌  ‌DENR‌  ‌for‌  ‌seized‌  ‌lumber‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌likewise‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Sheriff‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌‌  5. Redelivery‌‌  may‌‌
  be‌‌  refused‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
available.‌‌ There‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ exhaustion‌‌ of‌‌ administrative‌‌ remedies‌‌  summons.‌  ‌ same‌  ‌condition‌  ‌as‌  ‌taken‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌go‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌ 
before‌  ‌the‌  ‌DENR.‌  ‌The‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌was‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌for‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌‌  redelivery‌‌bond.‌  ‌
(9) Substantial‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌on‌  ‌furnishing‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌with‌‌   copy.‌‌ 
cause‌‌of‌‌action.‌  ‌ Justice‌‌Narvasa‌‌in‌T
‌ illson‌‌v.‌‌Court‌‌of‌‌Appeals‌,‌‌stressed:‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌61‌‌Support‌P
‌ endente‌‌Lite‌  ‌
(4) Property‌‌   Seized‌‌ by‌‌ Virtue‌‌ of‌‌ Search‌‌ Warrant‌‌ not‌‌ Subject‌‌ to‌‌ 
There‌‌
  is‌‌
  no‌‌ provision‌‌ in‌‌ Rule‌‌ 60‌‌ imposing‌‌ the‌‌ requirement‌‌ that‌‌ 
Replevin‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌remedy‌‌   for‌‌
  questioning‌‌   the‌‌
  validity‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌search‌   ‌

service‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌counterbond‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌‌ 
warrant‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ sought‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ that‌‌ issued‌‌ it,‌‌ not‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ sala‌‌  Section‌‌
  1.‌‌
  Application.‌‌   — ‌ ‌At‌‌ the‌‌ ‌commencement‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ proper‌‌ action‌‌ or‌‌ 
within‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌taking‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
of‌‌another‌‌Judge,‌‌and‌‌not‌‌through‌‌replevin.‌  ‌ proceeding,‌  ‌or‌‌ at‌‌ any‌‌ time‌‌ ‌prior‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ j udgment‌‌ or‌‌ f inal‌‌ order,‌‌ a ‌‌verified‌‌ 
officer.‌  ‌
application‌  ‌for‌  ‌support‌‌ ‌pendente‌‌ lite‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ f iled‌‌ by‌‌ any‌‌ party‌‌ stating‌‌ the‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  if‌‌
  the‌‌ seizure‌‌ is‌‌ illegal‌‌ even‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ article‌‌ is‌‌ delivered‌‌ to‌‌ 
grounds‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌f inancial‌  ‌conditions‌  ‌of‌  ‌b oth‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
the‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Court.‌  ‌ (10) Intervention‌‌   Allowed‌. ‌‌In‌‌   lieu‌‌
  of,‌‌
  or‌‌
  in‌‌
  addition‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ 
accompanied‌  ‌by‌  ‌affidavits,‌  ‌depositions‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌authentic‌  ‌documents‌  ‌in‌‌ 
a‌  ‌terceria‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌third‌  ‌party‌  ‌may,‌  ‌as‌  ‌Section‌  ‌7 ‌ ‌points‌  ‌out,‌‌ 
support‌‌thereof.‌  ‌
vindicate‌‌   "his‌‌   claim‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ by‌‌ any‌‌ proper‌‌ action."‌‌ This‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 72‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

deem‌  ‌just‌  ‌and‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌their‌  ‌standard‌  ‌of‌‌ 


NOTES‌  ‌ (2) Adultery‌‌   as‌‌
  Valid‌‌
  Defense.‌‌  ‌Adultery‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  part‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ wife‌‌ is‌‌ 
living‌‌during‌‌the‌‌marriage.‌‌   ‌
a‌‌valid‌‌defense‌‌against‌‌an‌‌action‌‌for‌‌support.‌‌   ‌
(1) Support‌  ‌pendente‌  ‌lite‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌amount‌  ‌adjudicated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌
  trial‌‌ 
(d)‌  ‌The‌  ‌Family‌  ‌Court‌  ‌may‌  ‌direct‌  ‌the‌  ‌deduction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
court‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌support‌  ‌upon‌‌  (3) If‌‌
  denied,‌‌  ‌remedy‌‌ is‌‌ Certiorari.‌‌ ‌The‌‌ dismissal‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ 
provisional‌‌support‌‌from‌‌the‌‌salary‌‌of‌‌the‌‌spouse.‌  
application‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  at‌‌
  the‌‌ commencement‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ proper‌‌  support‌  ‌without‌  ‌any‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌ground‌  ‌or‌  ‌reason‌  ‌for‌  ‌so‌  ‌doing‌‌ 
action‌‌or‌‌at‌‌anytime‌‌afterwards.‌  ‌ amounts‌‌   to‌‌  an‌‌
  excess‌‌ of‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ and‌‌ abuse‌‌ of‌‌ discretion‌‌ on‌‌  (2) Child‌  ‌Support.‌  ‌— ‌‌The‌‌  common‌‌
  children‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  spouses‌‌
  shall‌‌ 
the‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌respondent‌‌court.‌  ‌ be‌‌
  supported‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ properties‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ absolute‌‌ community‌‌ or‌‌ 
(2) The‌‌   ‌amount‌‌  ‌of‌‌
  support‌‌   pendente‌‌ lite‌‌ is‌‌ ‌NOT‌‌ final‌‌ in‌‌ character‌‌ 
the‌‌conjugal‌‌partnership.‌‌   ‌
in‌  ‌the‌  ‌sense‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌modification,‌‌  (4) Affidavits‌  ‌to‌  ‌Prove‌  ‌Amount‌  ‌Sufficient‌. ‌ ‌In‌  ‌determining‌  ‌the‌‌ 
depending‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌changing‌  ‌conditions‌  ‌affecting‌  ‌the‌  ‌ability‌  ‌of‌‌  amount‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  awarded‌‌   as‌‌ support‌‌ pendente‌‌ lite,‌‌ mere‌‌ affidavits‌‌  It‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌ ‌in‌‌ ‌proportion‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ resources‌‌ or‌‌ means‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ giver‌‌ 
the‌‌obligor‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌the‌‌amount‌‌fixed‌‌for‌‌support.‌  ‌ may‌‌satisfy‌‌the‌‌court‌‌to‌‌pass‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌application.‌  ‌ and‌‌to‌‌the‌‌necessities‌‌of‌‌the‌‌recipient.‌‌   ‌
(3) If‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌is‌‌
  already‌‌
  perfected,‌‌  the‌‌   trial‌‌
  court‌‌   loses‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌  In‌  ‌determining‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌provisional‌  ‌support,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
to‌  ‌issue‌  ‌execution‌‌   of‌‌
  judgment‌‌   for‌‌  support.‌‌   An‌‌  appellate‌‌   court‌‌  Section‌  ‌4.‌  ‌Order.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌determine‌  ‌provisionally‌  ‌the‌‌  may‌‌likewise‌‌consider‌‌the‌‌following‌‌factors:‌‌   ‌
may‌‌   grant‌‌
  alimony‌‌   pendente‌‌  lite‌‌   even‌‌  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial‌‌  court‌‌  refused‌‌  pertinent‌  ‌facts,‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌render‌  ‌such‌  ‌orders‌  ‌as‌  ‌justice‌  ‌and‌  ‌equity‌  ‌may‌‌ 
(a) the‌  ‌financial‌  ‌resources‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌custodial‌  ‌and‌‌ 
to‌‌grant‌‌the‌‌same.‌  ‌ require,‌  ‌h aving‌  ‌the‌  ‌regard‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌probable‌  ‌outcome‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ and‌‌ such‌‌ 
non-custodial‌‌parent‌‌and‌‌those‌‌of‌‌the‌‌child;‌‌   ‌
other‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌aid‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌q uestion‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌2.‌  ‌Comment.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌and‌  ‌all‌  ‌supporting‌‌  involved.‌‌   ‌ (b) the‌‌
  physical‌‌
  and‌‌
  emotional‌‌  health‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  child‌‌ and‌‌ his‌‌ 
If‌‌ the‌‌ application‌‌ is‌‌ ‌granted‌, ‌‌the‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌ f ix‌‌ the‌‌ amount‌‌ of‌‌ money‌‌ to‌‌ b e‌‌  or‌‌her‌‌special‌‌needs‌‌and‌‌aptitudes;‌  ‌
documents‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌served‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party,‌  ‌who‌  ‌shall‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌five‌‌ 
provisionally‌  ‌paid‌  ‌or‌  ‌such‌  ‌other‌  ‌forms‌  ‌of‌  ‌support‌  ‌as‌  ‌should‌‌ b e‌‌ provided,‌‌ 
(5)‌  ‌days‌  ‌to‌  ‌comment‌  ‌thereon‌  ‌unless‌  ‌a ‌ ‌different‌  ‌period‌  ‌is‌  ‌fixed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  (c) the‌  ‌standard‌  ‌of‌  ‌living‌  ‌the‌  ‌child‌‌
  has‌‌
  been‌‌
  accustomed‌‌ 
taking‌‌into‌‌account‌‌   ‌
court‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌h is‌  ‌motion.‌  ‌The‌  ‌comment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌verified‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌  to;‌‌   ‌
accompanied‌  ‌by‌  ‌affidavits,‌  ‌depositions‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌authentic‌  ‌documents‌  ‌in‌‌  (a) the‌‌necessities‌‌of‌‌the‌‌applicant‌‌‌and‌‌   ‌
support‌‌thereof.‌  ‌ (d) the‌  ‌non-monetary‌  ‌contributions‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌parents‌  ‌will‌‌ 
(b) the‌‌resources‌‌or‌‌means‌‌of‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party‌,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ make‌‌toward‌‌the‌‌care‌‌and‌‌well-being‌‌of‌‌the‌‌child.‌  ‌
 ‌
(c) the‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌  ‌payment‌  ‌or‌  ‌mode‌  ‌for‌  ‌providing‌  ‌the‌‌  (3) Who‌‌are‌‌Obliged‌‌to‌‌Support‌‌Each‌‌Other.‌  ‌
Section‌‌   3.‌‌
  Hearing.‌‌   — ‌ ‌After‌  ‌the‌  ‌comment‌  ‌is‌  ‌f iled,‌  ‌or‌  ‌after‌‌ the‌‌ expiration‌‌ 
support‌.  ‌‌ ‌ (a) Spouses;‌  ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌  ‌for‌  ‌its‌  ‌f iling,‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌set‌  ‌for‌  ‌h earing‌  ‌not‌‌ 
more‌‌
  than‌‌ three‌‌ (3)‌‌ days‌ ‌thereafter.‌‌ The‌‌ facts‌‌ in‌‌ issue‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ proved‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌is‌  ‌denied‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌case‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌ tried‌‌ and‌‌ decided‌‌  (b) Legitimate‌‌ascendants‌‌and‌‌descendants;‌  ‌
in‌‌the‌‌same‌‌manner‌‌as‌‌is‌‌provided‌‌for‌‌evidence‌‌on‌‌motions.‌  ‌ as‌‌early‌‌as‌‌possible.‌  ‌
(c) Parents‌‌ and‌‌ their‌‌ legitimate‌‌ children‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ legitimate‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ NOTES‌  ‌ and‌‌illegitimate‌‌children‌‌of‌‌the‌‌latter;‌  ‌

(1) Defendant‌‌   Allowed‌‌ To‌‌ Prove‌‌ Defense‌. ‌‌The‌‌ defendant‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌  (1) Spousal‌  ‌Support.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌In‌  ‌determining‌‌


  support‌‌
  for‌‌   the‌‌
  spouses,‌‌  (d) Parents‌  ‌and‌  ‌their‌  ‌illegitimate‌  ‌children‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
granted‌  ‌an‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌his‌  ‌valid‌  ‌defense‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌‌  the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌be‌‌guided‌‌by‌‌the‌‌following‌‌rules:‌‌   ‌ legitimate‌‌and‌‌illegitimate‌‌children‌‌of‌‌the‌‌latter;‌  ‌
adultery‌. ‌ ‌ (e) Legitimate‌‌
  brothers‌‌  and‌‌
  sisters,‌‌
  whether‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  full‌‌
  or‌ 
(a) In‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌adequate‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌written‌‌ 
Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌status‌  ‌or‌  ‌juridical‌  ‌relation‌‌   alleged‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌  applicant‌‌  agreement‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌  ‌spouses,‌  ‌the‌  ‌spouses‌  ‌may‌‌   be‌‌  half-blood.‌‌(Art‌‌195)‌  ‌
as‌  ‌ground‌  ‌for‌  ‌his‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌support‌  ‌is‌  ‌denied‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌‌  supported‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌properties‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌absolute‌‌  (4) Order‌‌of‌‌Support‌(‌ SDAB)‌  ‌
party,‌‌  the‌‌  evidence‌‌ therein‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ clear‌‌ and‌‌ satisfactory‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌  community‌‌or‌‌the‌‌conjugal‌‌partnership.‌‌   ‌
lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌proof‌  ‌thereon‌  ‌would‌  ‌render‌  ‌an‌‌   order‌‌
  granting‌‌   support‌‌  (a) S‌pouses;‌  ‌
(b) The‌‌
  court‌‌
  may‌‌   award‌‌  support‌‌ to‌‌ either‌‌ spouse‌‌ in‌‌ such‌‌ 
pendente‌‌lite‌‌as‌‌having‌‌been‌‌issued‌‌in‌‌excess‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌ (b) D‌escendants‌‌in‌‌the‌‌nearest‌‌degree;‌  ‌
amount‌  ‌and‌  ‌for‌  ‌such‌‌
  period‌‌
  of‌‌
  time‌‌  as‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  may‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 73‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

reimbursement‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌  ‌action‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌  Direct‌‌Contempt‌  ‌


(c) A‌scendants‌‌in‌‌the‌‌nearest‌‌degree;‌‌AND‌  ‌
person‌‌legally‌‌obliged‌‌to‌‌give‌‌such‌‌support.‌  ‌
(d) B‌rothers‌‌and‌‌sisters.‌(‌ Art‌‌199)‌  ‌  ‌
Indirect‌‌Contempt‌  ‌

SPECIAL‌‌CIVIL‌‌ACTIONS‌  ‌  ‌
Section‌  ‌5.‌  ‌Enforcement‌‌  of‌‌  order.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌‌ 
What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌Special‌‌Civil‌‌Actions?‌  ‌
with‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌granting‌  ‌support‌  ‌pendente‌  ‌lite,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall,‌  ‌motu‌‌  Rules‌‌62‌‌–‌‌71‌ 
proprio‌  ‌or‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌motion;‌  ‌issue‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌against‌  ‌h im,‌‌  a) Interpleader;‌  ‌
without‌‌prejudice‌‌to‌‌h is‌‌liability‌‌for‌c‌ ontempt‌. ‌ ‌ RULE‌‌62‌‌Interpleader‌  b) Declaratory‌‌Relief;‌ 
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌ordered‌‌ to‌‌ give‌‌ support‌‌ pendente‌‌ lite‌‌ refuses‌‌ or‌‌ fails‌‌ to‌‌ 
RULE‌‌63‌‌Declaratory‌‌Relief‌‌and‌‌Similar‌‌Remedies‌  ‌ c) Review‌‌of‌‌Judgment‌‌of‌‌Comelec‌‌and‌‌COA;‌  ‌
do‌  ‌so,‌  ‌any‌  ‌third‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌f urnished‌  ‌that‌  ‌support‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌‌ 
may,‌  ‌after‌  ‌due‌  ‌notice‌  ‌and‌  ‌h earing‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌case‌  ‌obtain‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌  RULE‌‌64‌‌Review‌‌of‌‌Judgments‌‌and‌‌Final‌‌Orders‌‌or‌‌  d) Certiorari,‌‌Prohibition,‌‌and‌‌Mandamus;‌  ‌
execution‌  ‌to‌  ‌enforce‌  ‌his‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌reimbursement‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Resolutions‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Comelec‌‌and‌‌COA‌  ‌ e) Quo‌‌Warranto;‌  ‌
person‌‌ordered‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌such‌‌support.‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌65‌‌Certiorari,‌‌Prohibition‌‌and‌‌Mandamus‌  ‌ f) Expropriation;‌  ‌
 ‌
Certiorari‌  ‌ g) Foreclosure‌‌of‌‌Real‌‌Estate‌‌Mortgage;‌  ‌
Section‌‌   7.‌‌
  Restitution.‌‌   — ‌ ‌When‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌order‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌ 
finds‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌providing‌  ‌support‌  ‌pendente‌  ‌lite‌  ‌is‌‌  Prohibition‌  ‌ h) Partition;‌  ‌
not‌  ‌liable‌  ‌therefor,‌  ‌it‌  ‌shall‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌recipient‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌to‌  ‌return‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
i) Forcible‌‌Entry‌‌and‌‌Unlawful‌‌Detainer;‌‌and‌  ‌
former‌  ‌the‌  ‌amounts‌  ‌already‌  ‌paid‌  ‌with‌  ‌legal‌  ‌interest‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌dates‌  ‌of‌‌  Mandamus‌  ‌
actual‌  ‌payment,‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌recipient‌  ‌to‌  ‌obtain‌‌  j) Contempt.‌  ‌
reimbursement‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌  ‌action‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌legally‌  ‌obliged‌  ‌to‌‌  Common‌‌Provisions‌  ‌
give‌  ‌the‌  ‌support.‌  ‌Should‌  ‌the‌  ‌recipient‌  ‌fail‌‌   to‌‌
  reimburse‌‌   said‌‌
  amounts,‌‌   the‌‌  Writ‌‌of‌‌Continuing‌‌Mandamus‌  ‌ RULE‌‌62‌‌Interpleader‌  ‌
person‌‌   who‌‌ provided‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ may‌‌ likewise‌‌ seek‌‌ reimbursement‌‌ thereof‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌
separate‌‌action‌f‌ rom‌‌the‌‌person‌‌legally‌‌obliged‌‌to‌‌give‌‌such‌‌support.‌  ‌ Writ‌‌of‌‌Kalikasan‌  ‌  ‌

Section‌  ‌1.‌  ‌When‌  ‌interpleader‌  ‌proper.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Whenever‌  ‌conflicting‌  ‌claims‌‌ 


RULE‌‌66‌‌Quo‌‌Warranto‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌ upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌are‌  ‌or‌  ‌may‌‌ b e‌‌ made‌‌ against‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ who‌‌ 
RULE‌‌67‌‌Expropriation‌  claims‌  ‌no‌  ‌interest‌  ‌whatever‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter,‌  ‌or‌‌ an‌‌ interest‌‌ which‌‌ in‌‌ 
(1) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌finds‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
whole‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌part‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌disputed‌  ‌by‌‌ the‌‌ claimants,‌‌ h e‌‌ may‌‌ b ring‌‌ an‌‌ action‌‌ 
person‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌providing‌  ‌support‌  ‌pendente‌  ‌lite‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  RA‌‌8974‌  ‌ against‌  ‌the‌  ‌conflicting‌  ‌claimants‌‌ to‌‌ compel‌‌ them‌‌ to‌‌ interplead‌‌ and‌‌ litigate‌‌ 
liable‌‌therefor.‌‌The‌‌Court:‌‌   ‌
their‌‌several‌‌claims‌‌among‌‌themselves.‌  ‌
RA‌‌10752‌‌or‌‌the‌‌Right-of-Way‌‌Act‌  ‌
a. Shall‌‌   order‌‌
  the‌‌ recipient‌‌ thereof‌‌ to‌‌ return‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ former‌‌ 
the‌  ‌amounts‌  ‌already‌  ‌paid‌‌   with‌‌
  legal‌‌  interest‌‌   from‌‌  the‌‌  Exercise‌‌of‌‌Eminent‌‌Domain‌‌by‌‌LGUs‌  ‌ (1) Concept.‌I‌ t‌‌is‌‌a‌‌remedy‌‌whereby‌‌a‌‌person‌‌   ‌
dates‌‌of‌‌actual‌‌payment.‌‌   ‌ (a) who‌  ‌has‌  ‌property‌  ‌whether‌  ‌personal‌  ‌or‌  ‌real,‌‌
  in‌‌
  his‌‌ 
RULE‌‌68‌‌Foreclosure‌‌of‌‌Real‌‌Estate‌‌Mortgage‌  ‌
b. This‌‌ is‌‌ without‌‌ prejudice‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ recipient‌‌ to‌‌  possession,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Extrajudicial‌‌foreclosure‌‌of‌‌mortgage‌  ‌
obtain‌  ‌reimbursement‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌  ‌action‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌  (b) an‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌to‌  ‌render‌  ‌wholly‌  ‌or‌  ‌partially,‌  ‌without‌‌ 
person‌‌legally‌‌obliged‌‌to‌‌give‌‌the‌‌support.‌‌   ‌ RULE‌‌69‌‌Partition‌  ‌ claiming‌‌any‌‌right‌‌in‌‌both,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
c. Should‌  ‌the‌  ‌recipient‌  ‌fail‌  ‌to‌  ‌reimburse‌  ‌said‌  ‌amounts,‌‌  RULE‌‌70‌‌Forcible‌‌Entry‌‌and‌‌Unlawful‌‌Detainer‌  ‌ (c) claims‌  ‌an‌  ‌interest‌  ‌which‌  ‌in‌  ‌whole‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌part‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌ 
the‌‌ person‌‌ who‌‌ provided‌‌ thru‌‌ same‌‌ may‌‌ likewise‌‌ seek‌‌  disputed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌conflicting‌‌claimants,‌‌   ‌
RULE‌‌71‌‌Contempt‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 74‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

comes‌  ‌to‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌  ‌asks‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌persons‌‌


  who‌‌
  claim‌‌  the‌‌
  said‌‌  (5) Cases‌‌where‌‌interpleader‌I‌ MPROPER‌. ‌ ‌ judgment‌‌barring‌‌him‌‌from‌‌any‌‌c laim‌‌‌in‌‌respect‌‌to‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌matter.‌  ‌
property‌  ‌or‌  ‌who‌  ‌consider‌  ‌themselves‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌demand‌‌  The‌  ‌parties‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌interpleader‌‌ action‌‌ may‌‌ f ile‌‌ counterclaims,‌‌ cross-claims,‌‌ 
(a) Breach‌  ‌of‌  ‌contract‌  ‌between‌  ‌two‌  ‌corporations‌  ‌with‌‌ 
compliance‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌obligation,‌  ‌be‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌‌  litigate‌‌  among‌‌  third-party‌  ‌complaints‌  ‌and‌  ‌responsive‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌thereto,‌  ‌as‌  ‌provided‌  ‌by‌‌ 
regard‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌management,‌  ‌administration‌  ‌and‌‌ 
themselves,‌‌   in‌‌
  order‌‌  to‌‌ determine‌‌ finally‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌ entitled‌‌ to‌‌ one‌‌  these‌‌Rules.‌  ‌
ownership‌  ‌of‌  ‌Project‌  ‌4 ‌ ‌which‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌affect‌  ‌the‌ 
or‌‌the‌‌other‌‌thing.‌‌   ‌
plaintiffs‌‌as‌‌residents‌‌of‌‌Project‌‌4.‌  ‌  ‌
The‌‌
  remedy‌‌   is‌‌
  afforded‌‌ not‌‌ to‌‌ protect‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ against‌‌ a ‌‌double‌‌ 
(b) No‌  ‌longer‌  ‌available‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌become‌‌  Section‌  ‌6.‌  ‌Determination.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌After‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌conflicting‌‌ 
liability‌  ‌but‌  ‌to‌  ‌protect‌  ‌him‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌double‌  ‌vexation‌  ‌in‌‌ 
independently‌‌   liable‌‌
  to‌‌
  any‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  claimants‌‌
  by‌‌ virtue‌‌  claimants‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌b een‌  ‌f iled,‌  ‌and‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌in‌‌ 
respect‌‌of‌‌one‌‌liability.‌  ‌
of‌‌a‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ accordance‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rules,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌to‌  ‌determine‌  ‌their‌‌ 
(2) An‌  ‌Interpleader‌  ‌to‌  ‌Determine‌  ‌the‌  ‌Ownership‌  ‌of‌  ‌Real‌‌  respective‌‌rights‌‌and‌‌adjudicate‌‌their‌‌several‌‌claims.‌‌   ‌
(6) Proper‌‌ Remedy‌‌ in‌‌ Search‌‌ Warrant‌‌ Cases‌. ‌‌Where‌‌ personality‌‌ 
Property‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Real‌  ‌Action.‌  ‌If‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌
  a ‌‌real‌‌
  action,‌‌
  ‌jurisdiction‌‌ 
has‌  ‌been‌  ‌seized‌  ‌under‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌warrant,‌  ‌and‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌‌    ‌
would‌‌depend‌‌on‌‌the‌‌value‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌. ‌ ‌
reasonably‌  ‌definite‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌seizure‌  ‌will‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌‌   followed‌‌ 
Section‌‌   7.‌‌ Docket‌‌ and‌‌ other‌‌ lawful‌‌ fees,‌‌ costs‌‌ and‌‌ litigation‌‌ expenses‌‌ as‌‌ 
(3) Requisites.‌  ‌For‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌  ‌interpleader‌  ‌to‌  ‌prosper,‌  ‌the‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌ any‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ prosecution‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  liens.‌  ‌— ‌ T
‌ he‌  ‌docket‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌fees‌  ‌paid‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌who‌  ‌f iled‌‌ a ‌‌
following‌‌requirements‌‌must‌‌be‌‌present:‌‌   ‌ offenses‌‌in‌‌connection‌‌with‌‌which‌‌the‌‌warrant‌‌was‌‌issued.‌  ‌ complaint‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌this‌  ‌Rule,‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌costs‌  ‌and‌  ‌litigation‌  ‌expenses,‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lien‌  o
‌ r‌  ‌charge‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action,‌‌ 
1.   plaintiff‌‌ claims‌‌ ‌no‌‌ interest‌‌ ‌in‌‌ the‌‌ subject‌‌ matter‌‌ 
The‌‌
Section‌‌ 4.‌‌ Motion‌‌ to‌‌ dismiss.‌‌ — ‌‌Within‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ for‌‌ f iling‌‌ an‌‌ answer,‌‌ each‌‌  unless‌‌the‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌order‌‌otherwise.‌‌   ‌
OR‌‌his‌‌claim‌‌thereto‌‌is‌‌not‌‌disputed.‌‌   ‌
claimant‌  ‌may‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌impropriety‌  ‌of‌‌ 
There‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌  ‌two‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌conflicting‌‌ 
 ‌

2. the‌  ‌interpleader‌‌ action‌‌ or‌‌ on‌‌ other‌‌ appropriate‌‌ grounds‌‌ specified‌‌ in‌‌ Rule‌‌ 
16‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌period‌  ‌to‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌the‌  ‌answer‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌tolled‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌is‌‌  RULE‌‌63‌‌Declaratory‌‌Relief‌‌and‌‌Similar‌‌Remedies‌  ‌
claimants.‌‌   ‌
denied,‌  ‌the‌‌ movant‌‌ may‌‌ f ile‌‌ h is‌‌ answer‌‌ ‌within‌‌ the‌‌ remaining‌‌ period‌, ‌‌b ut‌‌ 
  ‌effective‌‌ 
 ‌

3. The‌  ‌parties‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌interpleaded‌  ‌must‌  ‌make‌‌ which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌b e‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌  ‌days‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌event,‌  ‌reckoned‌  ‌f rom‌‌ 
Section‌‌1.‌‌Who‌‌may‌‌file‌‌petition.‌‌‌—‌‌Any‌‌person‌‌   ‌
claims‌.  ‌‌ ‌ notice‌‌of‌‌denial.‌  ‌
(a) interested‌  ‌under‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deed,‌  ‌will,‌  ‌contract‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌written‌‌ 
4. The‌‌subject‌‌matter‌‌must‌‌be‌o
‌ ne‌‌and‌‌the‌‌same‌. ‌ ‌ NB‌: ‌‌‌Since‌‌
  R16‌‌
  has‌‌
  already‌‌
  been‌‌
  removed‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ 2019‌‌ Amendments,‌‌ the‌‌  instrument‌,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(4) Cases‌‌where‌‌interpleader‌P
‌ ROPER‌. ‌ ‌ defendant‌  ‌should‌  ‌incorporate‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌or‌  ‌her‌  ‌answer‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌‌ 
(b) whose‌  ‌rights‌  ‌are‌  ‌affected‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌statute,‌  ‌executive‌  ‌order‌‌
  or‌‌ 
grounds‌‌as‌‌special‌‌affirmative‌‌defense:‌  ‌
(a) An‌‌   action‌‌
  by‌‌  the‌‌ lessee‌‌ who‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ know‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌  regulation,‌  ‌ordinance,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌governmental‌‌ 
to‌  ‌whom‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌rentals‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌conflicting‌  ‌claims‌  ‌on‌‌  a) Lack‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌matter;‌  ‌ regulation‌  ‌ ‌
the‌‌property.‌‌   ‌ b) Res‌‌judicata‌; ‌ ‌ may,‌  ‌before‌  ‌breach‌  ‌or‌  ‌violation‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌b ring‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) Conflicting‌‌claims‌‌to‌‌property‌‌seized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Sheriff.‌  ‌ appropriate‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌to‌  ‌determine‌  ‌any‌  ‌q uestion‌  ‌of‌‌ 
c) Litis‌‌pendentia‌;‌‌or‌  ‌
construction‌  ‌or‌  ‌validity‌  ‌arising,‌  ‌and‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌declaration‌  ‌of‌  ‌h is‌  ‌rights‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(c) Interpleader‌‌  is‌‌
  an‌‌ issuing‌‌ bank's‌‌ proper‌‌ remedy‌‌ where‌‌  d) Prescription.‌  ‌ duties,‌‌thereunder.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌cashier's‌  ‌check‌  ‌claims‌  ‌it‌‌
  was‌‌
  lost‌‌ 
An‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌reformation‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌instrument,‌  ‌to‌  ‌quiet‌  ‌title‌  ‌to‌  ‌real‌‌ 
and‌‌another‌‌has‌‌presented‌‌it‌‌for‌‌payment.‌‌   ‌
Section‌  ‌5.‌  ‌Answer‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌pleadings.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Each‌  ‌claimant‌  ‌shall‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌h is‌‌  property‌  ‌or‌  ‌remove‌  ‌c louds‌  ‌therefrom,‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌consolidate‌  ‌ownership‌‌ 
(d) Where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌principal‌  ‌created‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lien‌  ‌in‌  ‌favor‌  ‌of‌  ‌another‌‌  answer‌  ‌setting‌‌ forth‌‌ h is‌‌ claim‌‌ within‌‌ fifteen‌‌ (15)‌‌ days‌‌ f rom‌‌ service‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  under‌‌Article‌‌1607‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Civil‌‌Code,‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌b rought‌‌u nder‌‌this‌‌Rule.‌‌   ‌
person‌‌   on‌‌
  funds‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  hands‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ agent,‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ of‌‌  summons‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌h im,‌  ‌serving‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌each‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌‌ 
the‌‌  agent‌‌
  against‌‌
  his‌‌  principal‌‌  and‌‌ the‌‌ other‌‌ claimants‌‌  conflicting‌  ‌claimants‌  ‌who‌  ‌may‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌their‌  ‌reply‌  ‌thereto‌  ‌as‌  ‌provided‌  ‌by‌‌  (1) Original‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ declaratory‌‌ relief‌‌ is‌‌ with‌‌ 
is‌‌a‌‌complaint‌‌of‌‌interpleader.‌  ‌ these‌  ‌Rules.‌  ‌If‌  ‌any‌‌ claimant‌‌ fails‌‌ to‌‌ plead‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ h erein‌‌ f ixed,‌‌ the‌‌  the‌  ‌RTC.‌  ‌Thus,‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌a ‌ ‌declaration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
court‌  ‌may,‌  ‌on‌  ‌motion,‌  ‌declare‌  ‌h im‌  ‌in‌  ‌default‌  ‌and‌  ‌thereafter‌  ‌render‌‌  unconstitutionality‌‌ and/or‌‌ nullity‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌law,‌‌ it‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ treated‌‌ as‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 75‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

one‌‌
  seeking‌‌
  declaratory‌‌   relief‌‌ and‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ brought‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌  concerning‌‌   a ‌‌real,‌‌
  and‌‌
  not‌‌
  a ‌‌mere‌‌
  theoretical‌‌ question‌‌ or‌‌ 
(7) Other‌‌instances‌‌where‌‌petition‌‌IMPROPER‌  ‌
RTC‌‌and‌‌not‌‌the‌‌SC‌‌even‌‌if‌‌only‌‌questions‌‌of‌‌law‌‌are‌‌involved.‌  ‌ issue‌."‌  ‌
(a) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌happening‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
(a) An‌  ‌exception‌  ‌lies‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌has‌  ‌far-reaching‌‌  Courts‌  ‌have‌  ‌no‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌power‌  ‌to‌  ‌review‌  ‌cases‌  ‌involving‌‌ 
contingent‌‌event.‌  ‌
implications‌  ‌and‌  ‌raises‌  ‌questions‌  ‌that‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌  political‌  ‌questions‌  ‌and‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌rule,‌  ‌will‌  ‌desist‌  ‌from‌  ‌taking‌‌ 
resolved.‌  ‌Such‌  ‌petition‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌treated‌  ‌as‌  ‌one‌  ‌for‌‌  cognizance‌  ‌of‌  ‌speculative‌  ‌or‌  ‌hypothetical‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌advisory‌‌  (b) When‌‌petitioner‌‌is‌‌not‌‌the‌‌real‌‌party-in-interest.‌  ‌
mandamus‌. ‌ ‌ opinions‌‌‌and‌‌in‌‌cases‌‌that‌‌have‌‌become‌m ‌ oot‌. ‌ ‌ (c) Where‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌remedies‌  ‌have‌  ‌not‌  ‌yet‌  ‌been‌‌ 
(2) Requisites‌. ‌ ‌ (4) Instances‌‌when‌‌Declaratory‌‌Relief‌I‌ MPROPER‌. ‌ ‌ exhausted.‌  ‌

(a) The‌‌
  subject‌‌
  matter‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  controversy‌‌
  must‌‌
  be‌‌ a ‌‌deed,‌‌  (a) To‌‌Obtain‌‌Judicial‌‌Declaration‌‌of‌‌Citizenship;‌  ‌ (8) Other‌‌similar‌‌remedies.‌  ‌
will,‌‌contract,‌‌or‌‌statute;‌  ‌ (b) To‌‌Resolve‌‌a‌‌Political‌‌Issue‌‌or‌‌Question;‌  ‌ (a) Reformation‌‌of‌‌Instrument;‌‌   ‌
(b) The‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌‌
  said‌‌
  documents‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌
  validity‌‌
  thereof‌‌  (c) To‌‌Seek‌‌Relief‌‌on‌‌Moot‌‌Questions;‌  ‌ Articles‌‌1359‌‌-‌‌1369‌  ‌
is‌‌doubtful‌a‌ nd‌‌require‌‌judicial‌‌interpretation;‌  ‌
(d) Where‌‌
  a ‌‌Decision‌‌
  would‌‌
  not‌‌ Terminate‌‌ Uncertainty‌‌ or‌‌  (b) Actions‌‌to‌‌Quiet‌‌Title;‌‌   ‌
(c) The‌‌  petition‌‌
  must‌‌
  be‌‌   ‌before‌‌
  filed‌‌   ‌there‌‌  is‌‌  a ‌‌‌breach‌‌  Controversy;‌  ‌ Articles‌‌476‌‌-481‌  ‌
or‌‌violation;‌  ‌
(e) Petition‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌Filed‌  ‌before‌  ‌Breach‌  ‌of‌  ‌Contract‌  ‌or‌‌  (c) Petition‌‌for‌‌Consolidation‌‌of‌‌Ownership.‌  ‌
(d) There‌‌must‌‌be‌‌a‌j‌ usticiable‌‌controversy‌;‌  Statute;‌  ‌
Article‌‌1607‌  ‌
there‌‌must‌‌be:‌‌   ‌ (5) Subject‌‌Matter‌‌of‌‌Petition‌  ‌
(9) Purpose‌‌   of‌‌
  joinder‌‌   of‌‌
  all‌‌
  necessary‌‌   parties.‌‌   Failure‌‌ to‌‌ do‌‌ so‌‌ 
(i) real‌‌parties‌‌in‌‌interest;‌‌   ‌ (a) deed,‌‌   ‌
would‌  ‌deprive‌  ‌the‌  ‌declaration‌  ‌of‌  ‌that‌  ‌final‌  ‌and‌  ‌pacifying‌‌ 
(ii) asserting‌‌adverse‌‌claims;‌‌and‌  ‌ (b) will,‌  ‌ function‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌declaratory‌  ‌relief‌  ‌is‌  ‌calculated‌  ‌to‌‌ 
(iii) presenting‌‌a‌‌ripe‌‌issue.‌  ‌ subserve‌  ‌as‌  ‌they‌  ‌would‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌bound‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌declaration‌‌   and‌‌ 
Determination‌‌of‌‌Hereditary‌‌Rights‌‌IMPROPER‌  ‌
may‌‌raise‌‌the‌‌identical‌‌issue.‌E ‌ .g.‌‌‌trustee‌‌in‌‌Will.‌  ‌
(e) The‌  ‌controversy‌  ‌must‌  b
‌ e‌  ‌between‌  ‌persons‌  ‌whose‌‌  (c) contract,‌‌or‌  ‌
interests‌‌are‌‌adverse‌; ‌ ‌ Section‌  ‌6.‌  ‌Conversion‌  ‌into‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌action.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌If‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌the‌  ‌f inal‌‌ 
Alien‌‌Certificate‌‌of‌‌Registration‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌a‌‌Contract.‌  ‌
termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌b reach‌  ‌or‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌instrument‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌‌
(f) The‌  ‌parties‌  ‌must‌  ‌have‌  ‌legal‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  statute,‌  ‌executive‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌regulation,‌  ‌ordinance,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌‌ 
(d) other‌‌written‌‌instrument,‌‌   ‌
controversy;‌  ‌ governmental‌  ‌regulation‌  ‌should‌  ‌take‌  ‌place,‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌may‌‌ thereupon‌‌ b e‌‌ 
(e) statute,‌‌   ‌ converted‌  ‌into‌  ‌an‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌action,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌shall‌‌ b e‌‌ allowed‌‌ to‌‌ f ile‌‌ 
(g) The‌  ‌controversy‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌ripe‌  ‌for‌  ‌judicial‌‌ 
(f) executive‌‌order‌‌or‌‌   ‌ such‌‌pleadings‌‌as‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌necessary‌‌or‌‌proper.‌ 
determination‌  ‌
(h) Adequate‌‌ relief‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ available‌‌ through‌‌ other‌‌ means‌‌ or‌‌  (g) regulation‌‌or‌‌   ‌  ‌

other‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌action‌‌or‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌
RULE‌‌64‌‌Review‌‌of‌‌Judgments‌‌and‌‌Final‌‌Orders‌‌or‌‌ 
(h) ordinance‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Resolutions‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Comelec‌‌and‌‌COA‌  ‌
(3) Actual‌  ‌Case‌  ‌or‌  ‌Controversy‌  ‌means‌  ‌an‌  ‌existing‌  ‌case‌  ‌or‌‌  (i) any‌‌other‌‌government‌‌regulation.‌  ‌
controversy‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌or‌  ‌ripe‌  ‌for‌  ‌determination,‌‌
  not‌‌   ‌
Court‌‌Decisions‌‌are‌‌NOT‌‌Included.‌  ‌
conjectural‌‌or‌‌anticipatory.‌  ‌ Section‌‌   1.‌‌
  Scope.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌This‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌shall‌  ‌govern‌  ‌the‌  ‌review‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgments‌‌ and‌‌ 
(6) A‌‌
  counterclaim‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌
  filed‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ declaratory‌‌ relief.‌‌  final‌  ‌orders‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolutions‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Commission‌‌   on‌‌
  Elections‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌ 
The‌‌  petition‌‌
  must‌‌   show‌‌  "‌an‌‌
  active‌‌  antagonistic‌‌ assertion‌‌ of‌‌ 
But‌‌
  a ‌‌‌third-party‌‌ complaint‌‌ is‌‌ inconceivable‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ main‌‌  Commission‌‌on‌‌Audit‌. ‌ ‌
a‌‌
  legal‌‌
  right‌‌
  on‌‌
  one‌‌  side‌‌ and‌‌ a ‌‌denial‌‌ thereof‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ other‌‌ 
case‌‌is‌‌a‌‌special‌‌civil‌‌action‌‌for‌‌declaratory‌‌relief.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 76‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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 ‌

(1) Discretion‌  ‌of‌  ‌SC‌  ‌to‌  ‌Review‌  ‌Cases.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌‌   Court's‌‌  (c) when‌  ‌the‌  ‌need‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌relief‌  ‌is‌  ‌extremely‌  ‌urgent‌  ‌and‌‌  Extends‌‌to‌‌  Discretionary‌‌and‌‌ 
Ministerial‌‌acts‌  ‌
prerogative‌  ‌under‌‌   the‌‌   law‌‌
  to‌‌
  determine‌‌   whether‌‌   or‌‌
  not‌‌
  it‌‌
  shall‌‌  certiorari‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌only‌  ‌adequate‌  ‌and‌  ‌speedy‌  ‌remedy‌‌  discretionary‌‌acts‌  ‌ ministerial‌‌acts‌  ‌
consent‌‌  to‌‌
  exercise‌‌   its‌‌  appellate‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ to‌‌ accept‌‌ or‌‌ refuse‌‌  available.‌  ‌
invocations‌  ‌of‌  ‌that‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌jurisdiction;‌  ‌it‌  ‌will‌  ‌refuse‌  ‌to‌‌  Against‌‌judicial‌‌or‌‌ 
accept‌‌appeals‌‌which‌‌are:‌‌   ‌ Section‌  ‌3.‌  ‌Time‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌petition.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌petition‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌within‌‌  quasi-judicial‌‌  Both‌‌judicial‌‌and‌‌non-judicial‌‌acts.‌  ‌
thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌
  or‌‌
  final‌‌
  order‌‌
  or‌‌  functions‌  ‌
(a) "without‌‌merit,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
resolution‌‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌b e‌‌reviewed.‌‌   ‌  ‌

(b) prosecuted‌‌manifestly‌‌for‌‌delay,"‌‌or‌  ‌
The‌  ‌f iling‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌motion‌‌ for‌‌ new‌‌ trial‌‌ or‌‌ reconsideration‌‌ of‌‌ said‌‌ judgment‌‌ or‌‌  Certiorari‌  ‌
(c) which‌  ‌raise‌  ‌questions‌  ‌too‌  ‌unsubstantial‌  ‌to‌  ‌require‌‌  final‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution,‌  ‌if‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌the‌  ‌procedural‌  ‌rules‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   ‌

consideration";‌‌   ‌ Commission‌  ‌concerned,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌interrupt‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌  ‌h erein‌  ‌f ixed.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Section‌‌
  1.‌‌
  Petition‌‌
  for‌‌
  certiorari.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌When‌  ‌any‌‌ tribunal,‌‌ b oard‌‌ or‌‌ officer‌‌ 
motion‌  ‌is‌  ‌denied,‌  ‌the‌  ‌aggrieved‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  within‌  ‌the‌‌ 
and‌  ‌will‌  ‌grant‌  ‌review‌  ‌"only‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌special‌  ‌and‌‌  exercising‌‌judicial‌‌or‌‌q uasi-judicial‌‌f unctions‌‌h as‌‌acted‌‌   ‌
remaining‌  ‌period‌, ‌ ‌b ut‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌b e‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌  ‌f ive‌  ‌( 5)‌  ‌days‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌‌ 
important‌‌reasons‌‌therefor."‌  ‌ event,‌‌reckoned‌‌f rom‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌denial.‌  ‌ a) without‌‌or‌‌in‌‌excess‌‌its‌‌or‌‌h is‌‌jurisdiction,‌‌OR‌‌   ‌

b) with‌  ‌grave‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌amounting‌  ‌to‌  ‌lack‌  ‌or‌  ‌excess‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Section‌‌  2.‌‌
  Mode‌‌   of‌‌
  review.‌‌
  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌‌  (1) The‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌motion‌‌
  for‌‌
  new‌‌  trial‌‌
  or‌‌
  reconsideration‌‌   of‌‌
  said‌‌  jurisdiction,‌‌AND‌  ‌
the‌  ‌Commission‌  ‌on‌  ‌Elections‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌Commission‌  ‌on‌  ‌Audit‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌‌  judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution,‌  ‌if‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌ 
brought‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌aggrieved‌‌ party‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ Supreme‌‌ Court‌‌ on‌‌ certiorari‌‌ u nder‌‌  c) there‌  ‌is‌‌ no‌‌ appeal,‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ plain,‌‌ speedy,‌‌ and‌‌ adequate‌‌ remedy‌‌ in‌‌ 
procedural‌  ‌rules‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌commission‌  ‌concerned,‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
Rule‌‌65‌,‌‌except‌‌as‌‌h ereinafter‌‌provided.‌  ‌ the‌‌ordinary‌‌course‌‌of‌‌law,‌‌   ‌
interrupt‌‌the‌‌period‌‌herein‌‌fixed.‌  ‌
a‌  ‌person‌  ‌aggrieved‌  ‌thereby‌  ‌may‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌a ‌ ‌verified‌  ‌petition‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌‌ 
(1) REMEDY‌  ‌AGAINST‌  ‌COA‌  ‌AND‌  ‌COMELEC‌  ‌IS‌  ‌RULE‌  ‌65‌. ‌ ‌Article‌‌  (2) NB:‌  ‌The‌  ‌Neypes‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌will‌  ‌not‌  ‌apply‌‌   herein‌‌   since‌‌
  said‌‌
  rule‌‌
  is‌‌  court,‌  ‌alleging‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌with‌  ‌certainty‌  ‌and‌  ‌praying‌  ‌that‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
IX-A,‌  ‌Section‌  ‌7 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Constitution‌  ‌provides‌  ‌that‌  ‌decisions,‌‌  meant‌  ‌to‌  ‌reconcile‌  ‌the‌  ‌different‌  ‌periods‌  ‌to‌  ‌appeal‌. ‌‌Take‌‌   note‌‌  rendered‌  ‌annulling‌  ‌or‌  ‌modifying‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ tribunal,‌‌ b oard‌‌ 
orders‌  ‌or‌  ‌rulings‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌COA‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌brought‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌SC‌  ‌on‌‌  that‌‌
  R64‌‌
  in‌‌
  relation‌‌ to‌‌ R65‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ a ‌‌mode‌‌ of‌‌ appeal‌‌ governed‌‌ by‌‌  or‌  ‌officer,‌  ‌and‌  ‌granting‌  ‌such‌  ‌incidental‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌as‌  ‌law‌  ‌and‌  ‌justice‌  ‌may‌‌ 
certiorari‌‌by‌‌the‌‌aggrieved‌‌party.‌‌   ‌ the‌‌rules‌‌on‌‌ordinary‌‌civil‌‌action,‌‌but‌‌is‌‌a‌‌special‌‌civil‌‌action.‌  ‌ require.‌  ‌
(2) GR‌:‌‌  ‌The‌  ‌decision‌  ‌must‌‌   be‌‌
  a ‌‌‌FINAL‌‌
  ‌decision‌‌
  or‌‌
  resolution‌‌ 
Section‌‌ 8.‌‌ Effect‌‌ of‌‌ filing‌. ‌‌— ‌‌The‌‌ f iling‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ certiorari‌‌ ‌s hall‌‌ not‌‌  (1) Purpose‌  ‌and‌  ‌Function.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌prerogative‌  ‌writ,‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌‌ 
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌COMELEC‌‌   en‌‌
  banc.‌‌
  The‌‌   Supreme‌‌   Court‌‌
  has‌‌
  no‌‌  power‌‌  to‌‌  stay‌  ‌the‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution‌‌ sought‌‌ to‌‌ 
review‌  ‌via‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌an‌  ‌interlocutory‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌even‌  ‌a ‌ ‌final‌‌  which‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌secure‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌“annulling‌  ‌or‌  ‌modifying‌  ‌the‌‌ 
be‌  ‌reviewed,‌  ‌unless‌‌   ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌  ‌Court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌direct‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌such‌‌ 
resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Division‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌COMELEC.‌  ‌Failure‌  ‌to‌‌   abide‌‌
  by‌‌  proceedings‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌tribunal,‌  ‌board‌  ‌or‌  ‌officer,‌  ‌and‌  ‌granting‌  ‌such‌‌ 
terms‌‌as‌‌it‌‌may‌‌deem‌‌just.‌‌   ‌
this‌  ‌procedural‌  ‌requirement‌  ‌constitutes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌ground‌  ‌for‌‌  incidental‌‌reliefs‌‌as‌‌law‌‌and‌‌justice‌‌may‌‌require.‌  ‌
DISMISSAL‌o ‌ f‌‌the‌‌petition.‌  ‌  ‌
Its‌‌
  sole‌‌
  office‌‌   the‌‌ ‌correction‌‌ of‌‌ errors‌‌ of‌‌ jurisdiction‌, ‌‌
  is‌‌
EXC‌:‌‌  To‌‌prevent‌‌a‌‌miscarriage‌‌of‌‌justice,‌  ‌ RULE‌‌65‌C
‌ ertiorari‌,‌‌Prohibition‌‌and‌M
‌ andamus‌  ‌ including‌  ‌the‌  ‌commission‌  ‌of‌  ‌grave‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌discretion‌‌ 
amounting‌‌to‌‌lack‌‌or‌‌excess‌‌in‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
(a) when‌‌   the‌‌
  issue‌‌   involves‌‌  the‌‌
  principle‌‌
  of‌‌  social‌‌ justice‌‌  Brief‌‌Distinctions‌  ‌
or‌‌the‌‌protection‌‌of‌‌labor,‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌grave‌  ‌which‌  ‌means‌  ‌either‌  ‌the‌‌
  judicial‌‌
  or‌‌ 
CERTIORARI‌  ‌ PROHIBITION‌  ‌ MANDAMUS‌  ‌ quasi-judicial‌‌power‌‌was‌‌   ‌
(b) when‌‌   the‌‌
  decision‌‌   or‌‌
  resolution‌‌  sought‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ set‌‌ aside‌‌ 
is‌‌a‌‌nullity,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ To‌c‌ ompel‌t‌ he‌‌  (a) exercised‌‌
  in‌‌ an‌‌ arbitrary‌‌ or‌‌ despotic‌‌ manner‌‌ by‌‌ reason‌‌ 
Intended‌‌to‌c‌ orrect‌‌  To‌p
‌ revent‌t‌ he‌‌  of‌‌passion‌‌or‌‌personal‌‌hostility,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
performance‌‌of‌‌an‌‌ 
an‌‌act‌  ‌ commission‌‌of‌‌an‌‌act‌ 
act‌  ‌ (b) that‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌judge,‌  ‌tribunal‌‌
  or‌‌
  board‌‌
  evaded‌‌
  a ‌‌
positive‌‌duty,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 77‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

(c) virtually‌‌
  refused‌‌ to‌‌ perform‌‌ the‌‌ duty‌‌ enjoined‌‌ or‌‌ to‌‌ act‌‌  May‌‌be‌‌directed‌‌against‌‌an‌‌  Directed‌‌to‌‌judgments‌‌and‌‌final‌‌  (b) When‌‌the‌‌broader‌‌interests‌‌of‌‌justice‌‌so‌‌require;‌  ‌
in‌  ‌contemplation‌  ‌of‌  ‌law,‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌when‌  ‌such‌‌  interlocutory‌‌order‌  ‌ orders‌  ‌
(c) When‌‌the‌‌writs‌‌issued‌‌are‌‌null‌‌and‌‌void;‌  ‌
respondent‌‌acted‌‌in‌‌a‌‌capricious‌‌or‌‌whimsical‌‌manner.‌  ‌
Filed‌‌not‌‌more‌‌than‌S ‌ IXTY‌‌(60)‌‌  (d) When‌  ‌the‌‌
  questioned‌‌   order‌‌
  amounts‌‌
  to‌‌
  an‌‌
  oppressive‌‌ 
(2) Conditions‌  ‌ Filed‌‌within‌‌15‌‌DAYS‌‌‌from‌‌ 
DAYS‌‌‌from‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌judgment,‌‌  exercise‌‌of‌‌judicial‌‌authority.‌  ‌
notice‌‌if‌‌through‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌ 
(a) There‌‌
  is‌‌
  no‌‌
  appeal,‌‌
  or‌‌
  any‌‌
  plain,‌‌ speedy,‌‌ and‌‌ adequate‌‌  order‌‌or‌‌resolution‌  ‌
appeal,‌‌30‌‌DAYS‌‌‌if‌‌record‌‌on‌‌  (6) Essential‌‌REQUISITES‌  ‌
remedy‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ordinary‌‌course‌‌of‌‌law;‌  ‌ If‌‌MNT‌‌or‌‌MR‌‌filed,‌‌period‌‌shall‌‌ 
appeal.‌  ‌
start‌‌from‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌the‌‌motion‌  ‌ (a) Directed‌‌
  against‌‌
  a ‌‌tribunal,‌‌
  board‌‌
  or‌‌
  officer‌‌ exercising‌‌ 
(b) Aggrieved‌  ‌party‌  ‌shall‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌verified‌  ‌petition‌‌
  seeking‌‌ 
JUDICIAL‌‌or‌‌QUASI-JUDICIAL‌‌functions;‌  ‌
the‌‌annulment‌‌of‌‌subject‌‌order;‌  ‌ Generally‌‌requires‌‌an‌‌MR‌  ‌ Does‌‌not‌‌require‌‌an‌‌MR‌  ‌
(b) Respondent‌  ‌has‌  ‌acted‌  ‌without‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  e‌ xcess‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(c) Petition‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  accompanied‌‌
  by‌‌
  CTC‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ judgment‌‌ or‌‌ 
RULE‌‌65‌  ‌ RULE‌‌45‌  ‌ jurisdiction‌  ‌or‌  ‌with‌  ‌grave‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌discretion‌‌ 
order;‌  ‌
amounting‌‌to‌‌lack‌‌or‌‌excess‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
(d) Certification‌‌   of‌‌
  non-forum‌‌  shopping‌‌ — ‌‌remember‌‌ that‌‌  Special‌‌Civil‌‌Action‌  ‌ Mode‌‌of‌‌Appeal‌  ‌
(c) There‌  ‌is‌  ‌neither‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌nor‌  ‌any‌  ‌plain,‌  ‌speedy‌  ‌and‌‌ 
certiorari‌‌is‌‌an‌‌original‌‌action;‌  ‌
adequate‌‌   remedy‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  ordinary‌‌   course‌‌  of‌‌
  law‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
Original‌  ‌ Continuation‌  ‌
(e) Proper‌‌to‌‌correct‌‌error‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction,‌‌not‌‌of‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ purpose‌‌of‌‌annulling‌‌or‌‌modifying‌‌the‌‌proceeding.‌  ‌
(3) It‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌ORIGINAL‌  ‌and‌  ‌INDEPENDENT‌  ‌action‌  ‌and‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌a ‌‌ Usually‌‌directed‌‌at‌‌interlocutory‌‌  Reviews‌‌final‌‌judgments‌‌or‌‌  There‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌capricious,‌  ‌arbitrary‌  ‌and‌  ‌whimsical‌‌ 
mode‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal.‌  ‌The‌  ‌remedies‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌and‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌are‌‌  orders‌  ‌ orders‌  ‌ exercise‌‌of‌‌power.‌  ‌
mutually‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌alternative‌  ‌or‌  ‌successive.‌‌ 
Raises‌‌questions‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌  ‌ Raises‌‌only‌‌questions‌‌of‌‌law‌  ‌ (7) Judicial‌  ‌function‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌to‌  ‌determine‌  ‌what‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Certiorari‌‌‌CANNOT‌‌be‌‌a‌‌substitute‌‌for‌‌a‌‌lost‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
and‌‌  what‌‌
  the‌‌
  legal‌‌ rights‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ are,‌‌ and‌‌ then‌‌ undertakes‌‌ 
Being‌‌   an‌‌
  ‌original‌‌
  action,‌‌
  the‌‌
  decision‌‌
  rendered‌‌  on‌‌ such‌‌ action‌‌  60‌‌DAYS‌  ‌ 15‌‌DAYS‌  ‌ to‌‌
  determine‌‌   these‌‌   questions‌‌   and‌‌
  adjudicate‌‌   upon‌‌  the‌‌
  rights‌‌ of‌‌ 
is‌  ‌appealable,‌  ‌and‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌reviewable‌  ‌by‌  ‌another‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌‌  the‌‌parties.‌  ‌
certiorari.‌  ‌ MR‌‌required‌  ‌ MR‌‌not‌‌required‌  ‌
(8) Quasi-judicial‌  ‌function‌  ‌applies‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌action,‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(4) Certiorari‌‌vs‌‌Appeal‌‌in‌‌general‌  ‌ public‌‌
  administrative‌‌   officers‌‌
  or‌‌
  bodies,‌‌
  which‌‌  are‌‌
  required‌‌ to‌‌ 
Does‌‌not‌‌stay‌‌judgment‌u ‌ nless‌‌  Generally‌‌stays‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌ 
CERTIORARI‌  ‌ APPEAL‌  ‌ enjoined‌‌or‌‌restrained‌  ‌ appealed‌‌from‌  ‌ investigate‌  ‌facts‌  ‌or‌  ‌ascertain‌  ‌the‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌facts,‌  ‌hold‌‌ 
hearings,‌  ‌and‌  ‌draw‌  ‌conclusions‌  ‌from‌  ‌them‌  ‌as‌  ‌basis‌  ‌for‌  ‌their‌‌ 
Corrects‌e ‌ rrors‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌  The‌‌tribunal,‌‌board,‌‌or‌‌officer‌‌is‌‌  Parties‌‌are‌‌original‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌the‌‌  official‌‌action‌‌and‌‌to‌‌exercise‌‌discretion‌‌of‌‌a‌‌judicial‌‌nature.‌  ‌
Corrects‌e
‌ rrors‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌  ‌
(fact‌‌or‌‌law)‌  ‌ impleaded‌‌as‌‌respondent‌  ‌ action‌  ‌ Thus,‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌function‌  ‌is‌  ‌merely‌  ‌investigative‌  ‌or‌‌ 
recommendatory‌‌   without‌‌
  passing‌‌  judgment,‌‌
  ‌Rule‌‌
  65‌‌ will‌‌ not‌‌ 
Original‌‌and‌‌Independent‌‌action‌  ‌ Continuation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌original‌‌suit‌  ‌ Filed‌‌with‌‌the‌‌RTC,‌‌CA,‌‌ 
Filed‌‌ONLY‌‌with‌‌the‌‌SC‌  ‌ lie.‌  ‌
Sandiganbayan‌‌or‌‌SC‌  ‌
Higher‌‌court‌‌exercises‌o ‌ riginal‌‌  It‌‌
  will‌‌
  also‌‌  not‌‌
  lie‌‌ against‌‌ officers‌‌ exercising‌‌ ‌quasi-legislative‌‌ 
Exercise‌‌of‌a
‌ ppellate‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌‌via‌‌its‌‌power‌‌of‌‌  (5) When‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌available‌  ‌despite‌  ‌loss‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal.‌  ‌When‌‌  functions‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌those‌  ‌promulgating‌  ‌IRRs‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌‌and‌‌power‌‌of‌r‌ eview‌  ‌
control‌‌and‌‌supervision‌  ‌ appeal‌  ‌is‌  ‌lost‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant’s‌  ‌negligence.‌  ‌Other‌‌  delegated‌‌   powers.‌‌   It‌‌
  is‌‌
  also‌‌
  improper‌‌ in‌‌ assailing‌‌ an‌‌ EO‌‌ issued‌‌ 
exceptions‌i‌ nclude:‌  ‌ pursuant‌‌to‌‌the‌‌executive‌‌functions‌‌of‌‌a‌‌city‌‌mayor.‌  ‌
Parties‌‌include‌‌the‌‌lower‌‌court‌‌ 
(a) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌welfare‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌advancement‌  ‌of‌‌  However,‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ EO‌‌ is‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌ findings‌‌ that‌‌ require‌‌ the‌‌ exercise‌‌ 
or‌‌quasi-judicial‌‌agency‌‌issuing‌‌  Original‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌the‌‌action‌  ‌
public‌‌policy‌‌dictate;‌  ‌ of‌  ‌quasi-judicial‌  ‌functions‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌determining‌  ‌whether‌  ‌a ‌‌
assailed‌‌order‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 78‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

construction‌  ‌is‌‌
  illegal‌‌
  and‌‌
  should‌‌
  be‌‌
  demolished,‌‌
  Certiorari‌‌
  is‌‌ 
Republic‌‌v.‌‌Quiñonez‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌237412,‌‌6‌‌January‌‌2020‌  ‌ (b) When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌or‌  ‌reconsideration‌  ‌was‌‌ 
PROPER.‌  ‌
filed,‌‌if‌‌any;‌‌AND‌  ‌
As‌  ‌a ‌ ‌general‌  ‌rule,‌  ‌an‌  ‌MR‌  ‌must‌  ‌first‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌‌ 
(9) EXPANDED‌  ‌Scope‌  ‌of‌  ‌Certiorari.‌  ‌Now,‌  ‌it‌  ‌includes‌  ‌raising‌‌ 
before‌‌   the‌‌
  extraordinary‌‌   remedy‌‌   of‌‌
  certiorari‌‌   is‌‌
  resorted‌‌   to,‌‌
  since‌‌
  an‌‌  (c) When‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌the‌‌MNT‌‌or‌‌MR‌‌was‌‌received.‌  ‌
constitutional‌  ‌issues‌  ‌and‌  ‌reviewing‌‌   and/or‌‌   nullifying‌‌   the‌‌
  acts‌‌ 
MR‌  ‌is‌  ‌considered‌  ‌a ‌ ‌plain,‌  ‌speedy‌  ‌and‌  ‌adequate‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
of‌‌
  legislative‌‌
  and‌‌
  executive‌‌   officials.‌‌ The‌‌ basis‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ definition‌‌  (13) GR‌:‌‌  The‌‌60-day‌‌‌period‌‌is‌‌NON-EXTENDIBLE.‌  ‌
ordinary‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌  ‌law.‌  ‌Nevertheless,‌  ‌this‌  ‌general‌  ‌rule‌  ‌admits‌  ‌of‌‌ 
of‌‌judicial‌‌power‌‌‌under‌‌Sec‌‌1‌‌Art‌‌VIII‌‌of‌‌the‌‌1987‌‌Constitution.‌  ‌
well-established‌‌   exceptions,‌‌   ‌one‌‌
  of‌‌
  which‌‌ is‌‌ when‌‌ the‌‌ issue‌‌ raised‌‌  EXC‌: ‌ ‌
(10) Exceptions‌t‌ o‌‌the‌‌MR‌‌Requirement.‌  ‌ is‌‌a‌‌pure‌‌question‌‌of‌‌law‌. ‌ ‌
(a) Most‌‌persuasive‌‌and‌‌weighty‌‌reasons;‌  ‌
(a) The‌‌ order‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌patent‌‌ ‌nullity‌, ‌‌as‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ ‌a ‌‌quo‌‌  There‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌given‌  ‌case‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌doubt‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(b) To‌  ‌relieve‌  ‌a ‌ ‌litigant‌  ‌from‌  ‌an‌  ‌injustice‌  ‌not‌‌ 
has‌‌no‌‌jurisdiction;‌  ‌ difference‌‌   arises‌‌ as‌‌ to‌‌ what‌‌ law‌‌ is‌‌ on‌‌ a ‌‌certain‌‌ state‌‌ of‌‌ facts,‌‌ and‌‌ there‌‌ 
commensurate‌‌with‌‌his‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌comply;‌  ‌
is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌fact‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌doubt‌  ‌or‌  ‌difference‌  ‌arises‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) The‌  ‌questions‌  ‌raised‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌proceedings‌‌  (c) Good‌  ‌faith‌  ‌by‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌paying‌  ‌within‌  ‌reasonable‌‌ 
truth‌‌or‌‌the‌‌falsehood‌‌of‌‌alleged‌‌facts.‌  ‌
have‌  ‌been‌  ‌duly‌  ‌raised‌  ‌and‌  ‌passed‌  ‌upon‌  ‌by‌‌   the‌‌  time‌‌from‌‌time‌‌of‌‌default;‌  ‌
lower‌‌court;‌  ‌ Here,‌  ‌the‌  ‌Republic‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌dispute‌  ‌the‌  ‌truthfulness‌  ‌of‌  ‌Remar’s‌‌ 
allegations,‌  ‌particularly,‌  ‌the‌  ‌specific‌  ‌acts‌  ‌he‌  ‌claims‌‌
  to‌‌
  have‌‌
  done‌‌
  to‌‌  (d) Existence‌‌of‌‌special‌‌or‌‌compelling‌‌circumstances;‌  ‌
(c) There‌‌
  is‌‌  an‌‌ ‌urgent‌‌ necessity‌ ‌to‌‌ resolve‌‌ the‌‌ issue‌‌ as‌‌  locate‌‌
  Lovelyn,‌‌   What‌‌  the‌‌
  Republic‌‌ does‌‌ question‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ sufficiency‌‌ of‌‌  (e) Merits‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case;‌  ‌
further‌‌  delay‌‌   would‌‌
  prejudice‌‌
  the‌‌ interest‌‌ of‌‌ either‌‌ the‌‌  these‌‌acts‌‌to‌‌merit‌‌a‌‌legal‌‌declaration‌‌of‌‌Lovelyn’s‌‌presumptive‌‌death.‌ 
government‌‌or‌‌petitioner;‌  ‌ (f) Cause‌  ‌not‌  ‌entirely‌  ‌attributable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌fault‌  ‌or‌‌ 
Clearly,‌  ‌the‌  ‌Republic’s‌  ‌Petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌Certiorari‌  ‌raised‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pure‌  ‌legal‌‌  negligence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌party;‌  ‌
(d) Subject‌‌matter‌‌is‌p
‌ erishable‌; ‌ ‌ question.‌  ‌Hence,‌  ‌direct‌  ‌resort‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌via‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌65,‌  ‌without‌  ‌filing‌‌ 
with‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌a‌‌prior‌‌MR,‌‌was‌‌proper.‌  ‌ (g) Lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌showing‌  ‌that‌  ‌review‌  ‌sought‌  ‌is‌  ‌merely‌‌ 
(e) MR‌‌would‌‌be‌u
‌ seless‌‌‌under‌‌the‌‌circumstances;‌  ‌
frivolous‌‌or‌‌dilatory.‌  ‌
(f) Petitioner‌  ‌deprived‌  ‌of‌  ‌due‌  ‌process‌  ‌and‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌‌  (11) Filing‌‌of‌‌Petition‌‌for‌‌Certiorari.‌‌‌The‌‌VERIFIED‌‌petition‌‌must‌  ‌ (h) Other‌‌party‌‌will‌‌not‌‌be‌‌unjustly‌‌prejudiced;‌  ‌
extreme‌‌urgency‌‌for‌‌relief.‌  ‌ (a) Allege‌‌the‌‌facts‌‌with‌‌certainty;‌  ‌ (i) Fraud,‌  ‌accident,‌  ‌mistake‌  ‌or‌  ‌excusable‌  ‌negligence‌‌ 
(g) In‌  ‌a ‌‌criminal‌‌   ‌relief‌‌
  case,‌‌   from‌‌
  order‌‌   of‌‌
  arrest‌  ‌is‌‌  (b) Pray‌‌ that‌‌ judgment‌‌ be‌‌ rendered‌‌ annulling‌‌ or‌‌ modifying‌‌  (FAME)‌‌without‌‌appellant’s‌‌fault;‌  ‌
urgent‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌granting‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌‌  the‌‌proceedings‌‌of‌‌respondent;‌‌and‌  ‌ (j) Peculiar‌  ‌legal‌  ‌and‌  ‌equitable‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌attendant‌‌ 
improbable;‌  ‌
(c) Grant‌  ‌such‌  ‌incidental‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌as‌  ‌law‌  ‌and‌  ‌justice‌  ‌may‌‌  to‌‌the‌‌case;‌  ‌
(h) Proceedings‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌are‌‌
  a ‌‌nullity‌‌   ‌lack‌‌ 
  for‌‌ require.‌  ‌ (k) For‌‌substantial‌‌justice‌‌and‌‌fair‌‌play;‌  ‌
of‌‌due‌‌process‌; ‌ ‌
The‌‌petition‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌accompanied‌‌by‌  ‌ (l) Importance‌‌of‌‌issues‌‌involved;‌‌AND‌  ‌
(i) Proceedings‌‌
  were‌‌
  done‌‌
  ‌ex‌‌ parte‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ petitioner‌‌ 
(a) A‌‌CTC‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment,‌‌order‌‌or‌‌resolution‌‌assailed;‌  ‌ (m) Exercise‌‌of‌‌sound‌‌discretion‌‌by‌‌judge.‌  ‌
had‌n
‌ o‌‌opportunity‌‌to‌‌object‌; ‌ ‌
(b) Copies‌‌of‌‌all‌‌pertinent‌‌pleadings‌‌and‌‌documents;‌‌and‌  ‌ RULE‌‌65‌  ‌ RULE‌‌64‌  ‌
(j) Issue‌‌raised‌‌is‌‌one‌p
‌ urely‌‌of‌‌law;‌‌‌OR‌  ‌
(c) A‌‌sworn‌‌certification‌‌of‌‌non-forum‌‌shopping.‌  ‌
(k) Where‌p
‌ ublic‌‌interest‌‌‌is‌‌involved;‌  ‌ Directed‌‌against‌‌other‌‌entities‌‌or‌‌  Directed‌‌specifically‌‌against‌‌ 
(12) Material‌  ‌Data‌  ‌Rule.‌  ‌The‌  ‌following‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌stated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  offices‌  ‌ COMELEC‌a‌ nd‌‌COA‌  ‌
petition:‌  ‌
(a) When‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌final‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution‌‌  Filed‌‌within‌‌60‌‌DAYS‌  ‌ Filed‌‌within‌‌30‌‌DAYS‌  ‌
was‌‌received;‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 79‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

executive‌  ‌officials‌  ‌that‌  ‌amount‌  ‌to‌  ‌usurpation‌  ‌of‌  ‌legislative‌‌ 


Fresh‌‌period‌‌‌of‌‌60‌‌days‌‌from‌‌  Filing‌‌of‌‌MNT‌‌or‌‌MR,‌‌if‌‌allowed,‌‌  (a) Res‌‌judicata;‌  ‌
authority.‌  ‌
notice‌‌of‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌MNT‌‌or‌‌MR.‌  ‌ interrupts‌‌the‌‌period.‌‌If‌‌motion‌‌ 
(b) Prescription;‌  ‌
denied,‌‌petition‌‌may‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌  A‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌declaratory‌  ‌relief‌  ‌was‌  ‌treated‌  ‌as‌  ‌one‌  ‌for‌‌ 
within‌‌the‌r‌ emaining‌‌period‌‌  (c) Extinguishment‌‌of‌‌obligation;‌‌or‌  ‌ prohibition‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌has‌  ‌far-reaching‌  ‌implications‌  ‌and‌‌ 
but‌‌not‌‌less‌‌than‌‌5‌‌days‌‌from‌‌  (d) Unenforceability‌‌under‌‌statute‌‌of‌‌frauds‌  ‌ raises‌‌questions‌‌that‌‌need‌‌to‌‌be‌‌resolved‌‌for‌‌the‌‌public‌‌good.‌  ‌
notice‌‌of‌‌denial.‌  ‌
(3) Interlocutory‌‌orders‌‌in‌‌certain‌‌cases‌‌like:‌  ‌ (2) Requisites‌  ‌ ‌
Examples‌‌where‌‌Certiorari‌P
‌ ROPER‌  ‌ (a) The‌  ‌impugned‌  ‌act‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌that‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌tribunal,‌‌ 
(a) Petition‌‌for‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌amparo;‌  ‌
(1) An‌‌order‌‌denying‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌relief;‌  ‌ corporation,‌  ‌board‌  ‌or‌  ‌person‌  ‌exercising‌  ‌judicial,‌‌ 
(b) Petition‌‌for‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌habeas‌‌data;‌  ‌ quasi-judicial,‌‌or‌‌ministerial‌‌‌functions;‌  ‌
(2) An‌  ‌order‌  ‌dismissing‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudice.‌  ‌If‌  ‌with‌‌ 
(c) Small‌‌claims‌‌cases;‌  ‌ (b) Respondent‌  ‌must‌  ‌have‌  ‌acted‌  ‌without‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌excess‌  ‌of‌‌ 
prejudice,‌‌it‌‌should‌‌be‌‌appealed.‌  ‌
(d) Those‌  ‌governed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rules‌‌
  on‌‌
  Summary‌‌
  Procedure‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌or‌‌with‌‌GADALEJ‌; ‌ ‌
(3) A‌‌
  denial‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌motion‌‌ to‌‌ dismiss‌‌ for‌‌ lack‌‌ of‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ 
and‌‌in‌‌Forcible‌‌entry‌‌and‌‌detainer‌‌cases.‌  ‌ (c) There‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌plain,‌  ‌speedy,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
subject‌  ‌matter,‌  ‌where‌  ‌denial‌  ‌is‌  ‌obviously‌‌   in‌‌  error‌‌
  tantamount‌‌ 
to‌‌grave‌‌abuse‌‌of‌‌discretion.‌  ‌ (4) Purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌question‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌arbitral‌‌  adequate‌‌remedy‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ordinary‌‌course‌‌of‌‌law;‌‌AND‌  ‌
award.‌  ‌ (d) Shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌accompanied‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌CTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(4) A‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌SOJ‌  ‌affirming,‌  ‌modifying,‌‌   or‌‌
  reversing‌‌   the‌‌ 
resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   Investigating‌‌   Prosecutor‌‌   is‌‌
  final,‌‌  and‌‌
  there‌‌  is‌‌  (5) Decisions‌  ‌and‌  ‌final‌  ‌orders‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Sandiganbayan,‌  ‌CA,‌  ‌CTA‌  ‌En‌‌  order‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌petition,‌  ‌copies‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌and‌‌ 
no‌  ‌more‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌or‌  ‌remedy.‌  ‌File‌‌   Rule‌‌   65‌‌
  petition‌‌  with‌‌  Banc.‌  ‌ documents‌‌   relevant‌‌  and‌‌ pertinent‌‌ thereto,‌‌ and‌‌ a ‌‌sworn‌‌ 
the‌‌   CA.‌‌
  Judgment‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  CA‌‌ therein‌‌ is‌‌ then‌‌ reviewable‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ SC‌‌  certification‌‌of‌‌non-forum‌‌shopping.‌  ‌
(6) A‌  ‌court‌  ‌order‌  ‌denying‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
via‌‌Rule‌‌45.‌  ‌ possession‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌final‌  ‌order.‌  ‌Proper‌‌  (3) It‌‌is‌‌an‌‌ORIGINAL‌a‌ ction.‌  ‌
(5) To‌  ‌nullify‌  ‌the‌  ‌preventive‌  ‌suspension‌  ‌order‌  ‌issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  remedy‌‌is‌‌to‌‌APPEAL.‌  ‌ (4) Certiorari‌  ‌and‌  ‌Prohibition‌  ‌Broader‌  ‌in‌  ‌Scope‌  ‌and‌  ‌Reach‌‌ 
Ombudsman;‌  ‌ with‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌SC‌. ‌ ‌A ‌‌petition‌‌
  for‌‌
  prohibition‌‌   is‌‌
  also‌‌
  not‌‌ 
Prohibition‌  ‌ the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌to‌  ‌assail‌‌   an‌‌
  IRR‌‌
  issued‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  exercise‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌
(6) Adverse‌‌resolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Ombudsman;‌  ‌
quasi-legislative‌  ‌function.‌  ‌Prohibition‌  ‌lies‌  ‌against‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(7) Denial‌‌of‌‌MR‌‌of‌‌decision‌‌of‌‌NLRC;‌  ‌ (1) Purpose‌  ‌and‌  ‌function.‌  ‌An‌  ‌extraordinary‌  ‌writ‌‌   commanding‌‌   a ‌‌ ministerial‌  ‌functions,‌  ‌but‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌against‌  ‌legislative‌  ‌or‌‌ 
tribunal,‌  ‌corporation,‌  ‌board,‌  ‌officer‌  ‌or‌  ‌person,‌  ‌whether‌‌  quasi-legislative‌‌functions.‌‌   ‌
In‌  ‌labor‌  ‌disputes,‌  ‌grave‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
exercising‌  ‌judicial,‌  ‌quasi-judicial‌  ‌or‌  ‌ministerial‌  ‌functions,‌  ‌to‌‌ 
ascribed‌  ‌when‌  ‌findings‌  ‌and‌  ‌conclusions‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌‌  With‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court,‌  ‌however,‌‌   the‌‌  remedies‌‌   of‌‌
  certiorari‌‌ 
desist‌  ‌from‌  ‌further‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌when‌  ‌such‌  ‌are‌  ‌conducted‌‌ 
supported‌‌by‌‌substantial‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ and‌‌  prohibition‌‌ are‌‌ necessarily‌‌ broader‌‌ in‌‌ scope‌‌ and‌‌ reach,‌‌ and‌‌ 
without‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌excess‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌or‌  ‌with‌  ‌grave‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(8) Judgment,‌‌resolution,‌‌or‌‌final‌‌order‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Comelec;‌  ‌ discretion,‌‌  there‌‌ being‌‌ no‌‌ appeal‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ other‌‌ plain,‌‌ speedy‌‌ and‌‌  the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌or‌  ‌prohibition‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌‌   to‌‌
  correct‌‌ 
adequate‌‌remedy‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ordinary‌‌course‌‌of‌‌law.‌  ‌ errors‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌committed‌  ‌not‌  ‌only‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌tribunal,‌‌ 
(9) Judgment,‌‌resolution,‌‌or‌‌final‌‌order‌‌of‌‌COA;‌  ‌
corporation,‌  ‌board‌  ‌or‌  ‌officer‌‌   exercising‌‌   judicial,‌‌
  quasi-judicial‌‌ 
It‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌process‌  ‌by‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌superior‌  ‌court‌  ‌prevents‌  ‌inferior‌‌  or‌‌
  ministerial‌‌   functions‌‌   but‌‌
  also‌‌  to‌‌
  set‌‌ right,‌‌ undo‌‌ and‌‌ restrain‌ 
(10) Interlocutory‌‌order‌‌of‌‌a‌‌court.‌  ‌
courts,‌  ‌tribunals,‌  ‌officers,‌  ‌or‌  ‌persons‌  ‌from‌  ‌usurping‌  ‌or‌‌  any‌‌ act‌‌ of‌‌ grave‌‌ abuse‌‌ of‌‌ discretion‌‌ amounting‌‌ to‌‌ lack‌‌ or‌‌ excess‌‌ 
Examples‌‌where‌‌Certiorari‌I‌ MPROPER‌  ‌ exercising‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ with‌‌ which‌‌ they‌‌ have‌‌ not‌‌ been‌‌ vested‌‌ by‌‌  of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌branch‌  ‌or‌  ‌instrumentality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(1) If‌‌appeal‌‌available;‌  ‌ law.‌  ‌ Government,‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌judicial,‌‌ 
It‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌preventive‌  ‌remedy‌, ‌ ‌as‌  ‌opposed‌  ‌to‌  ‌certiorari‌‌  which‌‌  is‌‌  quasi-judicial‌  ‌or‌  ‌ministerial‌  ‌functions‌. ‌ ‌This‌  ‌application‌  ‌is‌‌ 
(2) If‌‌complaint‌‌dismissed‌‌on‌‌the‌‌grounds‌‌of‌  ‌
corrective.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌‌  a ‌‌proper‌‌
  remedy‌‌   to‌‌
  prohibit‌‌   or‌‌
  nullify‌‌
  acts‌‌
  of‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 80‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

expressly‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌text‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌second‌  ‌paragraph‌  ‌of‌‌ 
For‌  ‌mandamus‌  ‌to‌  ‌lie,‌  ‌the‌  ‌act‌‌   sought‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  enjoined‌‌  must‌‌   be‌‌
  a ‌‌ (d) Act‌‌is‌m
‌ inisterial;‌‌‌AND‌  ‌
Section‌‌1,‌‌Art‌‌VIII‌‌of‌‌the‌‌1987‌‌Constitution.‌  ‌
ministerial‌‌   ‌act‌‌  or‌‌  duty.‌‌  An‌‌  act‌‌ is‌‌ ministerial‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ act‌‌ should‌‌ 
(e) There‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌plain,‌  ‌speedy‌  ‌and‌‌ 
Thus,‌  ‌petitions‌‌
  for‌‌
  certiorari‌‌
  and‌‌   prohibition‌‌   are‌‌
  appropriate‌‌  be‌  ‌performed‌  ‌"under‌  ‌a ‌ ‌given‌  ‌state‌  ‌of‌  ‌facts,‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prescribed‌‌ 
adequate‌‌remedy‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ordinary‌‌course‌‌of‌‌law.‌  ‌
remedies‌  ‌to‌  ‌raise‌  ‌constitutional‌  ‌issues‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌review‌‌  manner,‌  ‌in‌  ‌obedience‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌mandate‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌legal‌  ‌authority,‌‌ 
and/or‌  ‌prohibit‌  ‌or‌  ‌nullify‌  ‌the‌  ‌acts‌  ‌of‌  ‌legislative‌  ‌and‌‌  without‌  ‌regard‌  ‌to‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌tribunal‌  ‌or‌‌  (4) When‌  ‌mandamus‌  ‌may‌  ‌lie‌  ‌to‌  ‌compel‌  ‌discretionary‌  ‌acts.‌‌ 
executive‌  ‌officials‌. ‌ ‌(‌Araullo‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Aquino‌  ‌III‌, ‌ ‌GR‌  ‌No‌‌
  209287,‌‌
  1 ‌‌ corporation's‌‌   own‌‌   judgment‌‌   upon‌‌   the‌‌ propriety‌‌ or‌‌ impropriety‌‌  Where‌‌
  there‌‌
  is‌‌
  gross‌‌
  abuse‌‌
  of‌‌  discretion,‌‌ manifest‌‌ injustice,‌‌ or‌‌ 
July‌‌2014‌) ‌ ‌ of‌  ‌the‌  ‌act‌  ‌done."‌  ‌The‌  ‌tribunal,‌  ‌corporation,‌  ‌board,‌  ‌officer,‌  ‌or‌‌  palpable‌‌excess‌‌of‌‌authority.‌  ‌
person‌  ‌must‌  ‌have‌  ‌no‌  ‌choice‌  ‌but‌  ‌to‌  ‌perform‌  ‌the‌  ‌act‌‌ 
Certiorari‌  ‌ Prohibition‌  ‌ specifically‌  ‌enjoined‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌. ‌ ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌opposed‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌ Common‌‌Provisions‌  ‌
discretionary‌  ‌act‌  ‌whereby‌  ‌the‌‌   officer‌‌  has‌‌
  the‌‌
  choice‌‌   to‌‌
  decide‌‌ 
Directed‌‌only‌‌against‌‌those‌‌  Also‌‌those‌‌performing‌‌  how‌‌or‌‌when‌‌to‌‌perform‌‌the‌‌duty.‌  (1) Instead‌‌
  of‌‌
  summons,‌‌   the‌‌
  court‌‌
  shall‌‌  issue‌‌ an‌‌ ORDER‌‌ requiring‌‌ 
performing‌‌judicial‌‌or‌‌  ministerial‌‌functions‌  ‌ respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌comment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌‌
  within‌‌   ‌10‌‌
  DAYS‌‌
  from‌‌ 
quasi-judicial‌‌functions‌  ‌ Municipality‌‌of‌‌Makati‌‌v.‌‌CA‌,‌‌GR‌‌Nos‌‌89898-99,‌‌01‌‌Oct‌‌1990‌  receipt‌‌of‌‌a‌‌copy‌‌thereof.‌ 

In‌  ‌a ‌ ‌money‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌municipality‌  ‌where‌  ‌its‌  ‌officials‌  (2) The‌‌
  petition‌‌
  may‌‌ be‌‌ outrightly‌‌ dismissed‌‌ if‌‌ insufficient‌‌ in‌‌ both‌‌ 
Directed‌‌against‌‌the‌‌action‌  ‌ Directed‌‌against‌‌the‌‌tribunal‌‌ 
unjustifiably‌  ‌refuse‌  ‌to‌‌  pay‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment,‌‌  the‌‌
  remedy‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  claimant‌‌  form‌‌and‌‌substance.‌  ‌
itself‌  ‌
is‌‌to‌‌sue‌‌the‌‌officials‌‌for‌‌MANDAMUS.‌  ‌
Purpose‌‌is‌‌to‌‌annul‌‌or‌‌modify‌‌  Purpose‌‌is‌‌to‌‌command‌‌  Section‌  ‌7.‌  ‌Expediting‌  ‌proceedings;‌  ‌injunctive‌  ‌relief.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌‌ 
This‌  ‌is‌  ‌because‌  ‌the‌  ‌Sheriff‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌attach‌  ‌or‌  ‌levy‌  ‌on‌  ‌execution‌  ‌the‌  which‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌orders‌  ‌expediting‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings,‌‌ 
the‌‌judgment,‌‌order,‌‌or‌‌  respondent‌‌to‌‌desist‌‌from‌‌further‌‌ 
public‌‌   funds.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ ministerial‌‌ duty‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ public‌‌ officials‌‌ to‌‌ obey‌‌ a ‌‌ and‌  ‌it‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌grant‌  ‌a ‌ ‌temporary‌  ‌restraining‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
resolution‌‌or‌‌proceedings‌  ‌ proceedings‌  ‌
final‌‌
  judgment,‌‌   thus,‌‌   mandamus‌‌ will‌‌ lie,‌‌ otherwise,‌‌ the‌‌ claimant‌‌ will‌‌  preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌preservation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌‌ 
 ‌ be‌‌stuck‌‌with‌‌an‌‌empty‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ pending‌‌such‌‌proceedings.‌‌   ‌

Mandamus‌  ‌ (2) Prayer‌‌in‌‌Mandamus‌‌Petition.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌petition‌  ‌shall‌‌   not‌‌   interrupt‌‌   the‌‌


  course‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌  principal‌‌   case‌, ‌‌
unless‌  ‌a ‌ ‌TRO‌  ‌or‌  ‌W PI‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌issued,‌  ‌enjoining‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌respondent‌‌ 
(1) Nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌purpose.‌  ‌An‌  ‌extraordinary‌  ‌writ‌  ‌commanding‌  ‌a ‌‌ (a) That‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌be‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌commanding‌  ‌the‌‌  from‌‌f urther‌‌proceeding‌‌with‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌
tribunal,‌  ‌corporation,‌  ‌board,‌  ‌officer‌  ‌or‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌an‌  ‌act‌‌  respondent‌‌   to‌‌
  do‌‌
  the‌‌
  act‌‌ required‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ done‌‌ to‌‌ protect‌‌ 
The‌  ‌public‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌shall‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌case‌  ‌within‌  ‌ten‌‌ 
required‌‌to‌‌be‌‌done.‌  ‌ the‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌petitioner;‌‌AND‌  ‌
(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌f iling‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ certiorari‌‌ with‌‌ a ‌‌h igher‌‌ court‌‌ or‌‌ 
(a) When‌  ‌it‌  ‌or‌  ‌he‌  ‌unlawfully‌  ‌neglects‌‌   ‌the‌‌  performance‌‌  (b) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌pay‌  ‌the‌  ‌damages‌‌   ‌sustained‌‌  by‌‌  tribunal,‌  ‌absent‌  ‌a ‌ ‌TRO‌  ‌or‌  ‌WPI,‌  ‌or‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌its‌  ‌expiration.‌  ‌Failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌by‌  ‌reason‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌wrongful‌  ‌acts‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  public‌‌ respondent‌‌ to‌‌ proceed‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ principal‌‌ case‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ a ‌‌ground‌‌ for‌‌ 
of‌  ‌an‌  ‌act‌  ‌which‌‌   the‌‌
  law‌‌  specifically‌‌
  enjoins‌‌   as‌‌
  a ‌‌duty‌‌ 
respondent.‌  ‌ an‌‌administrative‌‌charge.‌  ‌
which‌‌results‌‌from‌‌an‌o ‌ ffice,‌‌trust‌‌or‌‌station‌;‌‌OR.‌  ‌

(b) When‌‌   one‌‌


  unlawfully‌‌   ‌excludes‌‌   ‌another‌‌  from‌‌ the‌‌ use‌‌  (3) Requisites.‌‌   ‌ (1) The‌‌   principle‌‌   of‌‌
  ‌judicial‌‌   courtesy‌, ‌‌to‌‌ justify‌‌ the‌‌ suspension‌‌ of‌‌ 
and‌‌  enjoyment‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌right‌‌  or‌‌
  office‌‌  to‌‌ which‌‌ such‌‌ other‌‌  proceedings‌  ‌before‌‌   the‌‌  lower‌‌  court‌‌
  even‌‌   without‌‌   an‌‌
  injunctive‌‌ 
(a) Plaintiff‌‌has‌‌clear‌‌legal‌‌right‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌act‌‌demanded;‌  ‌
is‌‌entitled‌  ‌ writ‌‌   or‌‌
  order‌‌
  from‌‌   the‌‌ higher‌‌ court‌‌ may‌‌ still‌‌ apply‌‌ “if‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌
(b) It‌‌
  must‌‌  be‌‌   ‌duty‌  ‌of‌‌ defendant‌‌ to‌‌ perform‌‌ the‌‌ act‌‌ as‌‌ 
  the‌‌ strong‌‌   probability‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ issues‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌ higher‌‌ court‌‌ would‌‌ 
AND‌‌
  there‌‌ is‌‌ no‌‌ other‌‌ plain,‌‌ speedy‌‌ and‌‌ adequate‌‌ remedy‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
it‌‌is‌‌mandated‌‌by‌‌law;‌  ‌ be‌‌
  rendered‌‌   moot‌‌   and‌‌  moribund‌‌   as‌‌ a ‌‌result‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ continuation‌ 
ordinary‌‌course‌‌of‌‌law.‌  ‌
of‌‌the‌‌proceedings‌‌in‌‌the‌‌lower‌‌court.”‌  ‌
(c) Defendant‌‌   ‌unlawfully‌‌   neglects‌  ‌the‌‌  performance‌‌  of‌‌ 
It‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌available‌‌against‌‌discretionary‌‌acts.‌  ‌
the‌‌duty‌‌enjoined‌‌by‌‌law;‌  ‌ (2) By‌‌
  virtue‌‌
  of‌‌ AM‌‌ No‌‌ 07-7-12-SC,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ that‌‌ issued‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ 
preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lower‌  ‌court,‌  ‌tribunal,‌  ‌board,‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 81‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

officer,‌‌ or‌‌ quasi-judicial‌‌ agency‌‌ ‌shall‌‌ decide‌‌ the‌‌ main‌‌ case‌‌ or‌‌ 
PROCEDURAL‌  ‌OUTLINE‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌procedure‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌foregoing‌  ‌special‌‌  (b) unlawfully‌  ‌excludes‌  ‌another‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌use‌  ‌or‌‌ 
petition‌‌within‌‌6‌‌MONTHS‌‌from‌‌the‌‌issuance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌writ.‌  ‌
civil‌‌actions‌‌may‌‌be‌‌outlined‌‌as‌‌follows:‌‌   ‌ enjoyment‌‌of‌‌such‌‌right‌‌   ‌
(3) The‌‌court‌‌has‌‌the‌‌option‌‌to‌  ‌ 1. Filing‌‌of‌‌Petition‌‌(Secs.‌‌1,‌‌2,‌‌3);‌‌   ‌ and‌‌
  there‌‌
  is‌‌
  no‌‌
  other‌‌
  plain,‌‌
  speedy‌‌
  and‌‌ adequate‌‌ remedy‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
(a) Hear‌‌the‌‌case;‌‌or‌  ‌ ordinary‌‌course‌‌of‌‌law.‌  ‌
2. Outright‌  ‌Dismissal‌  ‌(if‌  ‌not‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌in‌  ‌form‌  ‌and‌  ‌substance)‌‌ 
(b) Require‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌submit‌‌memoranda.‌  ‌ (Sec.‌‌6);‌‌   ‌ (3) Where‌‌to‌‌file.‌The‌‌petition‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌with‌‌the‌‌   ‌

(4) After‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌or‌  ‌submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌memoranda,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌‌  3. Order‌  ‌to‌  ‌Comment‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌in‌  ‌form‌  ‌and‌‌  (a) RTC‌  ‌exercising‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌territory‌  ‌where‌‌ 
render‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ substance‌‌(to‌‌acquire‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌respondent)‌‌(Sec.‌‌6).‌‌   ‌ the‌‌actionable‌‌neglect‌‌or‌‌omission‌‌occurred‌‌or‌‌   ‌

(5) Grounds‌‌for‌‌DISMISSAL‌  ‌ The‌  ‌Court,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌may‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌finds‌  ‌the‌‌  (b) with‌‌the‌‌CA‌‌‌or‌‌   ‌
same‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌patently‌  ‌without‌  ‌merit,‌  ‌prosecuted‌  ‌manifestly‌  ‌for‌‌  (c) the‌‌SC‌. ‌ ‌
(a) Petition‌‌patently‌‌without‌‌merit;‌  ‌ delay,‌‌  or‌‌
  that‌‌   the‌‌
  questions‌‌ raised‌‌ therein‌‌ are‌‌ too‌‌ unsubstantial‌‌ 
(b) It‌‌is‌‌prosecuted‌‌manifestly‌F
‌ OR‌‌DELAY;‌  ‌ to‌‌require‌‌consideration‌‌(Sec.‌‌8);‌‌   ‌ (4) NO‌‌Docket‌‌Fees.‌  ‌

(c) The‌  ‌questions‌  ‌raised‌  ‌are‌  ‌too‌‌


  unsubstantial‌‌
  to‌‌
  require‌‌  4. The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reply‌  ‌and‌  ‌such‌  ‌other‌‌  (5) Action‌‌of‌‌court.‌T
‌ he‌‌court‌‌in‌‌which‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌is‌‌filed‌‌may‌‌   ‌
consideration.‌  ‌ responsive‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌as‌  ‌it‌  ‌may‌  ‌deem‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌and‌‌  (a) issue‌‌such‌‌orders‌‌to‌‌expedite‌‌the‌‌proceedings,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
proper‌‌(Sec.‌‌8);‌‌   ‌
(6) When‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌45‌  ‌petition‌  ‌treated‌  ‌as‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌65‌  ‌and‌‌  (b) it‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌grant‌  ‌a ‌‌‌TEPO‌‌
  ‌for‌‌  the‌‌  preservation‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌ 
vice-versa‌. ‌‌If‌‌  the‌‌   subject‌‌   of‌‌
  recourse‌‌   is‌‌ one‌‌ of‌‌ jurisdiction,‌‌ but‌‌  5. Determination‌‌of‌‌Due‌‌Course‌‌(Sec.‌‌6);‌  ‌ rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌pending‌‌such‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌
when‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌‌   denominated‌‌   as‌‌
  one‌‌   under‌‌  Rule‌‌   45,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  6. The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌hear‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌or‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌‌
  to‌‌
  submit‌‌ 
may‌  ‌relax‌  ‌its‌  ‌procedures‌  ‌and‌  ‌treat‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌as‌  ‌one‌  ‌under‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌matter‌  ‌is‌  ‌of‌  ‌extreme‌  ‌urgency‌  ‌and‌‌
  the‌‌
  applicant‌‌ 
memoranda‌‌(Sec.‌‌8);‌‌   ‌ will‌‌suffer‌‌grave‌‌injustice‌‌and‌‌irreparable‌‌injury.‌  ‌
Rule‌  ‌65.‌  ‌Otherwise,‌‌   if‌‌
  no‌‌
  issue‌‌   on‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌   is‌‌
  alleged,‌‌  then‌‌ 
same‌‌must‌‌be‌‌outrightly‌‌dismissed.‌  ‌ 7. Judgment;‌‌   ‌ (6) Order‌  ‌to‌  ‌comment.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌in‌  ‌form‌  ‌and‌‌ 
The‌‌Court‌‌has‌‌also‌‌treated‌‌a‌‌Rule‌‌65‌‌petition‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌45:‌  ‌ 8. Execution.‌  ‌ substance,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌issue‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌and‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌‌ 
respondent‌‌   to‌‌
  comment‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌  petition‌‌ within‌‌ t‌ en‌‌ (10)‌‌ days‌ ‌
(a) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌was‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌  from‌‌receipt‌‌of‌‌a‌‌copy‌‌thereof.‌  ‌
Writ‌‌of‌‌Continuing‌‌Mandamus‌  ‌
reglementary‌  ‌period‌  ‌within‌‌   which‌‌   to‌‌
  file‌‌
  a ‌‌Rule‌‌
  45‌‌ 
petition;‌  ‌ (7) Proceedings‌‌after‌‌comment‌‌filed.‌‌‌The‌‌court‌‌may‌‌   ‌
(1) Definition.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌ ‌
(b) When‌‌errors‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌are‌‌averred;‌‌and‌  ‌ environmental‌  ‌case‌  ‌ irecting‌  ‌any‌  ‌agency‌  ‌or‌‌ 
d (a) hear‌‌the‌‌case‌‌which‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌summary‌‌in‌‌nature‌‌or‌‌   ‌

(c) When‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ sufficient‌‌ reason‌‌ to‌‌ justify‌‌ the‌‌ relaxation‌‌  instrumentality‌‌   of‌‌


  the‌‌ government‌‌ or‌‌ officer‌‌ thereof‌‌ to‌‌ perform‌‌  (b) require‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌submit‌‌memoranda.‌‌   ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rules‌  ‌as‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌significant‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌‌  an‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌  ‌series‌  ‌of‌‌
  acts‌‌
  decreed‌‌
  by‌‌
  final‌‌
  judgment‌‌  which‌‌   shall‌‌ 
The‌‌ petition‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ resolved‌‌ without‌‌ delay‌‌ within‌‌ ‌sixty‌‌ (60)‌‌ 
jurisdiction.‌  ‌ remain‌‌effective‌‌until‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌fully‌‌satisfied.‌  ‌
days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌‌ 
(2) When‌  ‌available.‌  ‌When‌  ‌any‌  ‌agency‌  ‌or‌  ‌instrumentality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  resolution.‌  ‌
(7) Review‌‌
  of‌‌
  judgment‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌certiorari‌‌
  petition.‌‌
  Reviewable‌‌
  by‌‌  government‌‌or‌‌officer‌‌thereof‌‌   ‌
APPEAL‌‌since‌‌it‌‌is‌‌an‌‌original‌‌action.‌  ‌ (8) Judgment;‌‌periodic‌‌reports.‌‌‌If‌‌warranted,‌‌the‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌   ‌
(a) unlawfully‌  ‌neglects‌  ‌the‌‌   performance‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌
  act‌‌
  which‌‌ 
(8) Thus,‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌of‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌is‌  ‌appealable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌by‌  ‌way‌  ‌of‌‌  the‌‌
  law‌‌ specifically‌‌ enjoins‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌duty‌‌ resulting‌‌ from‌‌ an‌‌  (a) grant‌  ‌the‌  ‌privilege‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌continuing‌‌ 
notice‌‌   of‌‌
  appeal‌‌   under‌‌
  Rule‌‌   41,‌‌
  not‌‌
  a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ review‌‌ under‌‌  office,‌  ‌trust‌  ‌or‌  ‌station‌  ‌in‌  ‌connection‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌  mandamus‌‌   requiring‌‌  respondent‌‌ to‌‌ perform‌‌ an‌‌ act‌‌ or‌‌ 
Rule‌  ‌42,‌  ‌since‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC,‌  ‌in‌  ‌deciding‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition,‌  ‌exercises‌  ‌its‌‌  enforcement‌‌   or‌‌
  violation‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ environmental‌‌ law‌‌ rule‌‌  series‌‌of‌‌acts‌‌until‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌fully‌‌satisfied‌‌and‌‌   ‌
original‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌ or‌‌regulation‌‌or‌‌a‌‌right‌‌therein,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 82‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

(b) to‌  ‌grant‌  ‌such‌  o


‌ ther‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌warranted‌‌  involving‌  ‌environmental‌  ‌damage‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌magnitude‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌‌  (8) Hearing.‌  ‌Upon‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌return‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent,‌  ‌the‌ 
resulting‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌wrongful‌  ‌or‌  ‌illegal‌  ‌acts‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  prejudice‌‌  the‌‌
  life,‌‌
  health‌‌
  or‌‌
  property‌‌  ‌of‌‌   ‌in‌‌ two‌‌ 
  inhabitants‌‌ court‌‌may‌‌call‌‌a‌p
‌ reliminary‌‌conference‌‌‌to‌‌   ‌
respondent.‌‌   ‌ or‌‌more‌‌cities‌‌or‌‌provinces‌. ‌ ‌ (a) simplify‌‌the‌‌issues,‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌submit‌  ‌periodic‌‌  (2) VERIFIED‌‌Petition.‌‌‌Shall‌‌contain‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌ (b) determine‌  ‌the‌  ‌possibility‌  ‌of‌‌
  obtaining‌‌
  stipulations‌‌
  or‌‌ 
reports‌‌‌detailing‌‌the‌‌progress‌‌and‌‌execution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment..‌‌   ‌ admissions‌‌from‌‌the‌‌parties,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
(a) The‌‌personal‌‌circumstances‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties;‌  ‌
The‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌may‌  ‌submit‌  ‌its‌  ‌comments‌  ‌or‌  ‌observations‌  ‌on‌‌  (c) set‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌hearing.‌  ‌
(b) The‌  ‌environmental‌  ‌law,‌‌
  rule‌‌  or‌‌
  regulation‌‌
  violated‌‌
  or‌‌ 
the‌‌execution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
threatened‌‌to‌‌be‌‌violated,‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌conference‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌‌ 
(9) Return‌‌
  of‌‌
  writ.‌‌
  ‌Upon‌‌
  full‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ judgment,‌‌ a ‌‌final‌‌ 
  satisfaction‌‌ extend‌  ‌beyond‌  ‌sixty‌  ‌(60)‌  ‌days‌  ‌and‌‌   shall‌‌  be‌‌
  given‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌ 
(c) The‌‌act‌‌or‌‌omission‌‌complained‌‌of,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
return‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  priority‌  ‌as‌  ‌petitions‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌writs‌‌  of‌‌  habeas‌‌  corpus,‌‌  amparo‌‌ 
respondent.‌‌   ‌ (d) The‌‌environmental‌‌damage.‌  ‌
and‌‌habeas‌‌data.‌  ‌
(e) A‌‌certificate‌‌of‌‌non-forum‌‌shopping,‌‌AND‌  ‌
If‌‌
  the‌‌ court‌‌ finds‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ fully‌‌ implemented,‌‌  (9) Submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌case‌  ‌for‌  ‌decision;‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌memoranda.‌  ‌— ‌‌
the‌  ‌satisfaction‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌entered‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌  (f) The‌‌  reliefs‌‌
  prayed‌‌
  for‌‌
  which‌‌
  may‌‌
  include‌‌
  a ‌‌prayer‌‌
  for‌‌  After‌‌
  hearing,‌‌  the‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌ issue‌‌ an‌‌ order‌‌ submitting‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ 
docket.‌  ‌ the‌‌issuance‌‌of‌‌a‌‌TEPO.‌  ‌ for‌‌decision.‌‌   ‌
(3) Where‌‌to‌‌file.‌‌‌With‌‌any‌‌station‌‌of‌‌CA‌‌or‌‌SC.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌memoranda‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌‌ 
Writ‌‌of‌‌Kalikasan‌  ‌ possible,‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌form,‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌non-extendible‌‌ 
(4) NO‌‌Docket‌‌fee.‌  ‌
(1) Requisites.‌‌‌The‌‌writ‌‌is‌‌a‌‌remedy‌‌available‌‌to‌‌a  ‌‌ ‌
period‌  ‌of‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌‌ 
(5) Issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌writ.‌  ‌Within‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌‌ 
submitted‌‌for‌‌decision.‌  ‌
(a) natural‌‌or‌‌   ‌ filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition,‌  ‌if‌‌
  the‌‌
  petition‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌sufficient‌‌
  in‌‌
  form‌‌
  and‌‌ 
substance‌,‌‌the‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌give‌‌an‌‌order:‌‌   ‌ (10) Judgment‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Within‌  ‌sixty‌  ‌(60)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) juridical‌‌person,‌‌   ‌ petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌for‌  ‌decision,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌render‌‌ 
(a) issuing‌‌the‌‌writ;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
(c) entity‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌law,‌‌   ‌ judgment‌  ‌granting‌  ‌or‌  ‌denying‌  ‌the‌  ‌privilege‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(b) requiring‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌verified‌  ‌return‌  ‌as‌‌  kalikasan.‌‌   ‌
(d) people’s‌‌organization,‌‌   ‌ provided‌‌in‌‌Section‌‌8‌‌of‌‌this‌‌Rule.‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(e) NGO,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ The‌‌   ‌clerk‌‌
  of‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌ forthwith‌‌ issue‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ under‌‌ the‌‌ seal‌‌  following:‌  ‌
(f) any‌  ‌public‌  ‌interest‌  ‌group‌  ‌accredited‌  ‌by‌  ‌or‌  ‌registered‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌cease‌  ‌and‌  ‌desist‌‌ 
order‌a‌ nd‌‌other‌‌temporary‌‌reliefs‌‌effective‌‌until‌‌further‌‌order.‌  ‌ (a) Directing‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌permanently‌  ‌cease‌  ‌and‌‌ 
with‌‌any‌‌government‌‌agency,‌‌   ‌
desist‌  ‌from‌  ‌committing‌  ‌acts‌  ‌or‌  ‌neglecting‌  ‌the‌‌ 
on‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌persons‌  ‌whose‌  ‌constitutional‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌ (6) Return‌  ‌of‌  ‌respondent.‌  ‌Within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌non-extendible‌  ‌period‌‌  performance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌duty‌  ‌in‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌environmental‌‌ 
balanced‌‌and‌‌healthful‌‌ecology‌‌‌is‌‌   ‌ of‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ,‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌‌  laws‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌in‌  ‌environmental‌  ‌destruction‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(a) violated,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ shall‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌VERIFIED‌  ‌return‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌contain‌  ‌ALL‌‌  damage;‌  ‌
DEFENSES‌. ‌ ‌
(b) threatened‌‌   ‌ (b) Directing‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌protect,‌  ‌preserve,‌‌ 
All‌‌defenses‌‌not‌‌raised‌‌in‌‌the‌‌return‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌deemed‌‌waived.‌  ‌ rehabilitate‌‌or‌‌restore‌‌the‌‌environment‌; ‌ ‌
with‌‌violation‌‌by‌‌an‌‌unlawful‌‌act‌‌or‌‌omission‌‌of‌‌a  ‌‌ ‌
(7) Effect‌‌   of‌‌
  failure‌‌  to‌‌
  file‌‌
  return‌. ‌‌In‌‌
  case‌‌
  the‌‌  respondent‌‌ fails‌‌ to‌‌  (c) Directing‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌monitor‌  ‌strict‌‌ 
(a) public‌‌official‌‌or‌‌employee,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌return,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌to‌  ‌hear‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌ex‌‌  compliance‌‌‌with‌‌the‌‌decision‌‌and‌‌orders‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court;‌  ‌
(b) private‌‌individual‌‌or‌‌entity,‌‌   ‌ parte.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 83‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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(d) Directing‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌make‌  ‌periodic‌  ‌reports‌‌  It‌‌


  is‌‌ a ‌‌proceeding‌‌ to‌‌ determine‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ use‌‌ or‌‌ exercise‌‌ of‌‌  (d) A‌  ‌person‌  ‌claiming‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌office‌  ‌or‌‌ 
on‌‌the‌‌execution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌final‌‌judgment;‌‌and‌  ‌ a‌‌
  franchise‌‌   or‌‌
  office‌‌
  and‌‌
  to‌‌
  oust‌‌ the‌‌ holder‌‌ from‌‌ its‌‌ enjoyment,‌‌  position‌  ‌usurped‌  ‌or‌  ‌unlawfully‌  ‌held‌  ‌or‌  ‌exercised‌  ‌by‌‌ 
if‌‌
  his‌‌   claim‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  well-founded,‌‌   or‌‌  if‌‌
  he‌‌
  has‌‌
  forfeited‌‌   his‌‌ right‌‌  another.‌  ‌
(e) Such‌  ‌other‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌which‌  ‌relate‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
to‌‌enjoy‌‌the‌‌privilege.‌ 
people‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌balanced‌  ‌and‌  ‌healthful‌  ‌ecology‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
protection,‌  ‌preservation,‌  ‌rehabilitation‌  ‌or‌  ‌restoration‌‌  (2) Subject‌‌Matter.‌T
‌ he‌‌subject‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌quo‌‌warranto‌‌may‌‌be‌‌a  ‌‌ ‌ Section‌‌   6.‌‌
  Parties‌‌ and‌‌ contents‌‌ of‌‌ petition‌‌ against‌‌ usurpation.‌‌ — ‌‌When‌‌ 
the‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌for‌  ‌u surping‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌  ‌office,‌  ‌position‌  ‌or‌‌ 
of‌‌
  the‌‌ environment,‌‌ ‌except‌‌ the‌‌ award‌‌ of‌‌ damages‌‌ to‌‌ 
(a) Public‌‌office;‌‌   ‌ franchise,‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌shall‌‌set‌‌forth‌‌   ‌
individual‌‌petitioners‌. ‌ ‌
(b) Franchise,‌‌   ‌ (a) the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌claim‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌entitled‌‌ 
(11) Appeal‌. ‌‌Within‌  ‌fifteen‌‌   (15)‌‌   days‌  ‌from‌‌  the‌‌  date‌‌  of‌‌  notice‌‌ of‌‌ 
(c) Corporate‌‌office,‌‌act‌‌or‌‌right.‌‌   ‌ thereto,‌‌if‌‌any,‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌denial‌‌  of‌‌
  motion‌‌   for‌‌
  reconsideration,‌‌ 
any‌‌  party‌‌
  may‌‌   appeal‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌Supreme‌‌   Court‌‌  under‌‌   Rule‌‌   45‌‌ of‌‌  (b) with‌‌an‌‌averment‌‌of‌‌his‌‌right‌‌to‌‌the‌‌same‌‌and‌‌   ‌
(3) Commencement‌  ‌of‌  ‌action.‌  ‌So,‌  ‌usually,‌  ‌the‌  ‌quo‌  ‌warranto‌‌ 
the‌‌Rules‌‌of‌‌Court.‌T ‌ he‌‌appeal‌‌may‌‌raise‌‌questions‌‌of‌‌fact‌. ‌ ‌
action‌‌
  is‌‌
  commenced‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  Solicitor-General‌‌   or‌‌  a ‌‌fiscal‌‌
  when‌‌  (c) that‌‌the‌‌respondent‌‌is‌‌unlawfully‌‌in‌‌possession‌‌thereof.‌‌  
(12) Institution‌‌   of‌‌
  separate‌‌ actions.‌‌ The‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌  directed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌President‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines,‌  ‌or‌  ‌when‌  ‌upon‌‌  All‌  ‌persons‌  ‌who‌  ‌claim‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌office,‌  ‌position‌  ‌or‌‌ 
issuance‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ kalikasan‌‌ shall‌‌ ‌not‌‌ preclude‌ ‌the‌‌ filing‌‌  complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌  ‌good‌  ‌reason‌  ‌to‌  ‌believe‌  ‌that‌‌  franchise‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌made‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌and‌  ‌their‌‌ respective‌‌ rights‌‌ to‌‌ such‌‌ public‌‌ 
of‌‌separate‌‌civil,‌‌criminal‌‌or‌‌administrative‌‌actions.‌  ‌ proper‌‌ action‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ State‌‌ against‌‌ an‌‌ individual‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌corporation‌‌  office,‌‌position‌‌or‌‌f ranchise‌‌determined,‌‌in‌‌the‌‌same‌‌action.‌  ‌
would‌‌lie.‌  ‌
 ‌
RULE‌‌66‌Q
‌ uo‌‌Warranto‌  ‌
It‌‌
  has‌‌
  been‌‌  expanded‌‌   to‌‌
  include‌‌
  an‌‌ action‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ claiming‌‌  Section‌  ‌7.‌  ‌Venue.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌An‌  ‌action‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌the‌  ‌preceding‌  ‌six‌  ‌sections‌  ‌can‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
 ‌
to‌  ‌be‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌  ‌office‌  ‌or‌  ‌position‌  ‌usurped‌  ‌or‌‌  brought‌‌only‌‌in‌‌   ‌
Section‌  ‌1.‌  ‌Action‌  ‌by‌  ‌Government‌  ‌against‌  ‌individuals‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌An‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌‌  unlawfully‌‌held‌‌or‌‌exercised‌‌by‌‌another.‌ 
the‌‌ u surpation‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌public‌‌ office,‌‌ position‌‌ or‌‌ f ranchise‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ commenced‌‌  (a) the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court,‌‌   ‌
by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌V ERIFIED‌  ‌petition‌  ‌b rought‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Republic‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  (4) Who‌‌may‌‌commence‌‌action?‌  ‌ (b) the‌‌Court‌‌of‌‌Appeals,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Philippines‌‌against:‌  ‌
(a) Solicitor‌‌ General‌‌ or‌‌ Public‌‌ Prosecutor‌‌ when‌‌ directed‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌  (c) in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌exercising‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(a) A‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌usurps‌, ‌ ‌intrudes‌  i‌nto,‌  ‌or‌  ‌unlawfully‌‌
  President;‌  ‌ territorial‌  ‌area‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ respondent‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ respondents‌‌ 
holds‌‌‌or‌‌exercises‌a‌ ‌‌public‌‌office,‌‌position‌‌or‌‌franchise;‌  ‌ resides,‌‌   ‌
(b) Solicitor‌  ‌General,‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌  ‌good‌  ‌reason‌  ‌to‌  ‌believe‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌‌
(b) A‌  ‌public‌  ‌officer‌  ‌who‌  ‌does‌  ‌or‌  ‌suffers‌  ‌an‌  ‌act‌  ‌which,‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  case‌‌can‌‌be‌‌established;‌  ‌ But‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌Solicitor‌  ‌General‌  ‌commences‌  ‌the‌  ‌action,‌  ‌it‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
provision‌  ‌of‌  ‌law,‌  ‌constitutes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌ground‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌forfeiture‌  ‌of‌  ‌h is‌‌  brought‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌City‌  ‌of‌  ‌Manila,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌‌ 
office;‌‌or‌  ‌ (c) Solicitor‌  ‌General‌  ‌or‌  ‌Public‌  ‌Prosecutor‌  ‌may,‌  ‌with‌  ‌leave‌‌
  of‌‌  Appeals,‌‌or‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court.‌‌   ‌
court,‌‌at‌‌the‌‌request‌‌of‌‌a‌‌third‌‌party.‌  ‌
(c) An‌  ‌association‌‌ which‌‌ acts‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌corporation‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ Philippines‌‌ 
In‌‌
  such‌‌   case,‌‌ the‌‌ third‌‌ party,‌‌ or‌‌ ‌relator‌, ‌‌may‌‌ be‌‌ required‌‌ to‌‌  (1) In‌‌
  Sandiganbayan.‌‌
  The‌‌
  Sandiganbayan‌‌
  shall‌‌   ‌exclusive‌‌ 
  have‌‌
without‌  ‌b eing‌  ‌legally‌  ‌incorporated‌  ‌or‌  ‌without‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌authority‌‌ 
so‌‌to‌‌act.‌‌   ‌ put‌  ‌up‌  ‌an‌  ‌indemnity‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌expenses‌  ‌and‌  ‌cost‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌‌  petitions‌‌  for‌‌  the‌‌  issuance‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌ 
action.‌  ‌ writs‌‌   of‌‌ ‌mandamus‌, ‌‌‌prohibition‌, ‌‌‌certiorari‌, ‌‌‌habeas‌‌ corpus‌, ‌‌
(1) Nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌Purpose.‌  ‌Is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prerogative‌  ‌writ‌  ‌by‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌‌  injunctions‌, ‌ ‌and‌‌   other‌‌  ancillary‌‌
  writs‌‌
  and‌‌
  processes‌‌  in‌‌  aid‌‌   of‌‌ 
Here,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌direct‌  ‌that‌  ‌notice‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌to‌‌ 
government‌  ‌can‌  ‌call‌  ‌upon‌  ‌any‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌show‌  ‌by‌  ‌what‌‌  its‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌and‌  ‌over‌  ‌petitions‌  ‌of‌‌
  similar‌‌   nature,‌‌ 
respondent‌‌so‌‌that‌‌he‌‌may‌‌be‌‌heard‌‌in‌‌opposition‌‌thereto.‌  ‌
warrant‌  ‌he‌  ‌holds‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌  ‌office‌  ‌or‌  ‌exercises‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌‌  including‌‌   quo‌‌
  warranto‌, ‌‌arising‌‌ or‌‌ that‌‌ may‌‌ arise‌‌ in‌‌ cases‌‌ 
franchise.‌  ‌ filed‌‌   or‌‌
  which‌‌   may‌‌  be‌‌
  filed‌‌ under‌‌ Executive‌‌ Order‌‌ Nos.‌‌ 1,‌‌ 2,‌‌ 14‌‌ 
and‌‌14-A,‌‌issued‌‌in‌‌1986.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 84‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

 ‌
(2) Under‌  ‌the‌  ‌OEC.‌  ‌The‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌of‌  ‌quo‌  ‌warranto‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌  (2) Quo‌  ‌warranto‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌to‌  ‌nullify‌  ‌the‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌of‌‌
  an‌‌ 
extended‌‌   to‌‌  cover‌‌ a ‌‌voter's‌‌ action‌‌ contesting‌‌ the‌‌ election‌‌ of‌‌ any‌‌  Section‌‌   9.‌‌  Judgment‌‌   where‌‌
  usurpation‌‌   found‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌When‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌‌  employee,‌  ‌not‌  ‌certiorari.‌  ‌The‌  ‌prescriptive‌  ‌period‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌year.‌‌ 
  i‌ neligibility‌‌
officer‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌‌   ‌or‌‌  d
‌ isloyalty‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌  is‌  ‌found‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌of‌  ‌u surping‌  ‌into,‌  ‌intruding‌  ‌into,‌  ‌or‌  ‌u nlawfully‌  ‌h olding‌  ‌or‌‌  And‌  ‌resort‌  ‌to‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌abate‌  ‌judicial‌‌ 
exercising‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌  ‌office,‌  ‌position‌  ‌or‌  ‌f ranchise,‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌  action.‌  ‌
State‌  ‌and‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌such‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌vested‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
rendered‌‌   ‌
COMELEC.‌  ‌ Exceptions‌  ‌
(a) that‌  ‌such‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌b e‌  ‌ousted‌  ‌and‌  ‌altogether‌  ‌excluded‌‌ 
Where‌‌ the‌‌ issue‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ qualification‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ elected‌‌ member‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  1. Laches‌‌  does‌‌
  not‌‌
  attach‌‌  and‌‌ failure‌‌ to‌‌ file‌‌ quo‌‌ warranto‌‌ 
therefrom,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
House‌‌
  of‌‌
  Representatives,‌‌   ‌quo‌‌
  warranto‌‌   is‌‌
  properly‌‌
  filed‌‌ with‌‌  proceedings‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌operate‌  ‌adversely‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌‌
the‌H
‌ RET‌. ‌ ‌ (b) that‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌or‌  ‌relator‌, ‌ ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e,‌  ‌recover‌  ‌h is‌‌  dismissed‌  ‌employee,‌  ‌where‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌the‌  ‌act‌  ‌of‌‌ 
costs.‌‌   ‌ responsible‌‌   government‌‌ officials‌‌ which‌‌ contributed‌‌ in‌‌ 
(3) Quo‌‌warranto‌‌in‌‌elective‌‌office‌‌vs‌‌in‌‌appointive‌‌office.‌  ‌
(c) Such‌  ‌f urther‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌determining‌  ‌the‌‌  the‌  ‌delay‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌for‌‌ 
ELECTIVE‌  ‌ APPOINTIVE‌  ‌ respective‌  ‌rights‌  ‌in‌  ‌and‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ public‌‌ office,‌‌ position‌‌ or‌‌ f ranchise‌‌  reinstatement.‌‌   ‌
of‌‌all‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌the‌‌action‌‌as‌‌justice‌‌requires.‌  ‌
Governing‌‌law‌‌is‌‌OEC‌  ‌ Rules‌‌of‌‌Court‌  ‌ 2. Under‌‌ the‌‌ principle‌‌ of‌‌ equity,‌‌ Courts‌‌ will‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ guided‌‌ 
or‌  ‌bound‌  ‌strictly‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Statute‌  ‌of‌‌
  Limitations‌‌
  or‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌person‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌the‌‌office‌  ‌
Issue‌‌is‌‌ineligibility‌‌or‌‌  Illegality‌‌of‌‌the‌‌occupancy‌‌of‌‌  dictum‌  ‌of‌  ‌laches‌  ‌when‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌so,‌‌  manifest‌‌  wrong‌‌
  and‌‌ 
disloyalty‌  ‌ office‌  ‌ 1) To‌  ‌assume‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌after‌  ‌taking‌  ‌the‌  ‌oath‌  ‌of‌  ‌office‌  ‌and‌‌  injustice‌‌would‌‌result.‌  ‌
executing‌‌an‌‌official‌‌bond‌‌as‌‌may‌‌be‌‌required‌‌by‌‌law;‌  ‌  ‌
Filed‌‌within‌‌1‌‌year‌‌from‌‌the‌‌time‌‌ 
Filed‌‌within‌‌10‌‌days‌‌after‌‌  2) Demand‌  ‌from‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌‌
  books,‌‌
  papers‌‌
  or‌‌
  documents‌‌  RULE‌‌67‌‌Expropriation‌  ‌
of‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌ouster,‌‌or‌‌right‌‌to‌‌ 
proclamation‌‌of‌‌election‌‌results‌  ‌ in‌‌his‌‌possession;‌  ‌
hold‌‌office‌‌arose.‌  ‌  ‌

3) To‌‌
  ask‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  to‌‌
  cite‌‌
  the‌‌
  respondents‌‌ in‌‌ contempt‌‌ of‌‌ court‌‌ if‌‌  Section‌  ‌1.‌  ‌The‌  ‌complaint.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌eminent‌  ‌domain‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
Brought‌‌in‌‌Comelec,‌‌RTC‌‌or‌‌MTC‌  ‌ SC,‌‌CA,‌‌RTC‌  ‌ he‌‌refuses‌‌to‌‌obey;‌  ‌ exercised‌‌by‌‌the‌‌f iling‌‌of‌‌a‌v
‌ erified‌‌complaint‌‌‌which‌‌shall‌  ‌

Must‌‌claim‌‌to‌‌be‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌the‌‌  4) To‌‌recover‌‌damages‌‌from‌‌respondent.‌  ‌ (1) state‌‌with‌‌certainty‌‌the‌r‌ ight‌a‌ nd‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌expropriation,‌‌   ‌


Petitioner‌‌may‌‌be‌‌any‌‌voter‌  ‌
office‌  ‌ (2) describe‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌or‌  ‌personal‌  ‌property‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌ 
Prescription‌  ‌
expropriated,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
Cannot‌‌declare‌‌second‌‌place‌‌as‌‌  Court‌‌determines‌‌who‌‌should‌‌  1) One‌‌year‌‌‌after‌‌the‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌such‌‌ouster‌‌arose;‌  ‌
winner‌  ‌ occupy‌‌office‌  ‌ (3) join‌‌
  as‌‌
  ‌defendants‌‌
  ‌all‌‌
  persons‌‌
  owning‌‌
  or‌‌
  claiming‌‌
  to‌‌
  own,‌‌ 
2) One‌‌
  year‌‌
  after‌‌
  the‌‌
  right‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  petitioner‌‌ to‌‌ hold‌‌ such‌‌ office‌‌ or‌‌ 
or‌  ‌occupying,‌  ‌any‌  ‌part‌  ‌thereof‌‌
  or‌‌
  interest‌‌
  therein,‌‌
  showing,‌‌ 
(4) Quo‌‌warranto‌‌vs‌‌Election‌‌Protest‌  ‌ position‌‌arose;‌  ‌
so‌‌far‌‌as‌‌practicable,‌‌the‌‌separate‌‌interest‌‌of‌‌each‌‌defendant.‌  ‌ ‌
QUO‌‌WARRANTO‌  ‌ ELECTION‌‌PROTEST‌  ‌ 3) An‌‌
  action‌‌  for‌‌ damages‌‌ will‌‌ also‌‌ prescribe‌‌ in‌‌ one‌‌ year‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌title‌  ‌to‌‌ any‌‌ property‌‌ sought‌‌ to‌‌ b e‌‌ expropriated‌‌ appears‌‌ to‌‌ b e‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
entry‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌establishing‌‌petitioner’s‌‌right‌‌to‌‌hold‌‌office.‌  ‌ Republic‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ Philippines,‌‌ although‌‌ occupied‌‌ by‌‌ private‌‌ individuals,‌‌ or‌‌ if‌‌ 
Cause‌‌of‌‌action‌‌is‌‌the‌‌  the‌  ‌title‌  ‌is‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌obscure‌  ‌or‌‌ doubtful‌‌ so‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ plaintiff‌‌ cannot‌‌ with‌‌ 
Irregularity‌‌in‌‌the‌‌conduct‌‌of‌‌  FINAL‌‌NOTES‌  ‌
ineligibility‌‌of‌‌the‌‌candidate‌‌or‌‌  accuracy‌  ‌or‌  ‌certainty‌  ‌specify‌  ‌who‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌owners,‌  ‌averment‌  ‌to‌  ‌that‌‌ 
election‌  ‌
his‌‌disloyalty‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Republic.‌  ‌ effect‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌made‌‌in‌‌the‌‌complaint.‌  ‌
(1) Period‌  ‌not‌  ‌suspended‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌administrative‌‌ 
remedy‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌suspend‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌  ‌within‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌‌ 
If‌‌granted,‌‌respondent‌‌is‌‌ousted‌‌  The‌‌successful‌‌protestant‌‌will‌‌  (1) The‌  ‌Power‌  o ‌ f‌  ‌Eminent‌  ‌Domain,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌‌ 
for‌‌quo‌‌warranto‌‌should‌‌be‌‌filed.‌  ‌
but‌‌petitioner‌‌will‌‌not‌‌assume‌‌  assume‌‌office‌‌if‌‌he‌‌had‌‌obtained‌‌  expropriation,‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌  ‌and‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌state,‌  ‌as‌‌ 
office‌  ‌ a‌‌plurality‌‌of‌‌the‌‌valid‌‌votes.‌  ‌ sovereign,‌  ‌to‌  ‌take‌  ‌private‌  ‌property‌  ‌for‌  ‌public‌  ‌use‌  ‌upon‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 85‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

observance‌  ‌of‌  ‌due‌  ‌process‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌and‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌just‌‌  made‌‌   a‌‌
  party,‌‌
  he‌‌
  is‌‌
  given‌‌
  the‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ intervene‌‌ and‌‌ lay‌‌ claim‌‌ to‌‌ 
(d) the‌  ‌property‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌devoted‌  ‌to‌  p
‌ ublic‌  ‌use‌  ‌or‌‌ 
compensation.‌  ‌ the‌‌compensation‌‌without‌‌the‌‌need‌‌of‌‌a‌‌hearing.‌  ‌
otherwise,‌  ‌informally‌  ‌appropriated‌  ‌or‌  ‌injuriously‌‌ 
Expropriation‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌adversarial‌  ‌in‌  t‌ he‌‌  (6) Allegations‌‌   in‌‌
  complaint.‌The‌‌   provision‌‌   that‌‌
  the‌‌ complaint‌‌ in‌‌  affected;‌‌and‌  ‌
conventional‌  ‌sense‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌condemning‌  ‌authority‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  condemnation‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌shall‌  ‌state‌  ‌with‌  ‌certainty‌‌   the‌‌
  right‌‌ 
(e) the‌  ‌utilization‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌‌   for‌‌
  public‌‌
  use‌‌
  must‌‌
  be‌‌ 
required‌‌to‌‌assert‌‌any‌‌conflicting‌‌interest‌‌in‌‌the‌‌property.‌  ‌ of‌  ‌condemnation‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌of‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌application‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌‌ 
in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌way‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌oust‌  ‌the‌‌
  owner‌‌
  and‌‌
  deprive‌‌
  him‌‌
  of‌‌
  all‌‌ 
where‌‌   the‌‌
  power‌‌   of‌‌
  eminent‌‌  domain‌‌  is‌‌ specially‌‌ and‌‌ expressly‌‌ 
Thus,‌  ‌by‌  ‌filing‌  ‌the‌  ‌action,‌  ‌the‌  ‌condemnor‌  ‌in‌  ‌effect‌  ‌merely‌‌  beneficial‌‌enjoyment‌‌of‌‌his‌‌property.‌  ‌
conferred‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌‌by‌‌statute.‌  ‌
serves‌  ‌notice‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌taking‌  ‌title‌  ‌and‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  (3) The‌  ‌only‌  ‌requisites‌  ‌for‌  ‌authorizing‌  ‌immediate‌  ‌entry‌  ‌in‌‌ 
property,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌asserts‌  ‌title‌  ‌or‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌ENTRY‌‌AND‌‌DEPOSIT‌  ‌ expropriation‌‌proceedings‌‌are:‌‌   ‌
property,‌‌  not‌‌  to‌‌
  prove‌‌ a ‌‌right‌‌ to‌‌ possession,‌‌ but‌‌ to‌‌ prove‌‌ a ‌‌right‌‌ 
to‌‌compensation‌‌for‌‌the‌‌taking.‌  ‌ (1) Duty‌  ‌of‌  ‌court.‌  ‌to‌  ‌promptly‌  ‌and‌  ‌provisionally‌  ‌ascertain‌  ‌the‌‌  (a) the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌complaint‌‌ for‌‌ expropriation‌‌ sufficient‌‌ in‌‌ 
value‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  land‌‌  involved‌‌   and‌‌  when‌‌
  satisfied‌‌  in‌‌
  this‌‌
  regard‌‌   to‌‌  form‌‌and‌‌substance;‌‌and‌  ‌
(2) Requisites‌  ‌
enter‌‌  the‌‌ order‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ prescribed‌‌ deposit‌‌ even‌‌ though‌‌ upon‌‌ full‌‌  (b) the‌  ‌making‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deposit‌  ‌equivalent‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌assessed‌‌ 
(a) the‌‌taking‌‌must‌‌be‌‌for‌‌‌public‌‌use‌,  ‌‌ ‌ inquiry‌  ‌its‌  ‌estimate‌  ‌may‌  ‌prove‌  ‌less‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌excess‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌true‌‌  value‌o ‌ f‌‌the‌‌property‌‌subject‌‌to‌‌expropriation.‌‌   ‌
value‌  ‌and‌  ‌even‌  ‌though‌  ‌claimants‌  ‌and‌  ‌owners‌  ‌have‌  ‌not‌  ‌been‌‌ 
two‌‌approaches‌‌are‌‌utilized‌‌—  ‌‌ ‌ Upon‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌requirements‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
heard.‌  ‌
(i) public‌  ‌employment‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌actual‌  ‌use‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  writ‌‌of‌‌possession‌‌‌becomes‌‌"‌ministerial‌."‌  ‌
(2) When‌  ‌is‌  ‌there‌  ‌‘taking’?‌  ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌"taking"‌  ‌of‌  ‌property‌  ‌under‌‌ 
public,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ (4) Purpose‌‌of‌‌Deposit.‌‌‌Serve‌‌the‌‌double‌‌purpose‌‌for‌‌   ‌
the‌‌power‌‌of‌‌eminent‌‌domain:‌‌   ‌
(ii) public‌‌advantage‌‌or‌‌benefit.‌  ‌
(a) when‌  ‌the‌  ‌owner‌‌   is‌‌  actually‌‌
  deprived‌‌   or‌‌
  dispossessed‌‌  (a) pre-payment‌  ‌if‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌
  is‌‌ finally‌‌ expropriated,‌‌ 
(b) that‌  ‌just‌  ‌compensation‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  of‌‌his‌‌property,‌‌or‌  ‌ and‌‌   ‌
private‌‌owner‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property,‌‌and‌  ‌
(b) when‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌practical‌  ‌destruction‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌material‌‌  (b) an‌  ‌indemnity‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌are‌‌ 
(c) Due‌‌process‌‌‌must‌‌be‌‌observed.‌  ‌ impairment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌value‌o ‌ f‌‌his‌‌property,‌‌or‌  ‌ dismissed.‌  ‌

(3) Basis.‌‌ Expropriation‌‌ lies‌‌ only‌‌ when‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ made‌‌ necessary‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌  (c) when‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌deprived‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌use‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌  RA‌‌10752‌‌or‌‌the‌‌Right-of-Way‌‌Act‌  ‌
opposition‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  owner‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ sale‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌ lack‌‌ of‌‌ any‌‌ agreement‌‌  property,‌‌or‌  ‌
as‌‌to‌‌the‌‌price‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌subject‌‌to‌‌expropriation.‌  ‌ RA‌  ‌8974‌  ‌was‌  ‌repealed‌  ‌by‌  ‌RA‌  ‌10752‌  ‌on‌  ‌March‌  ‌7,‌  ‌2016‌  ‌which‌‌ 
(d) when‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌deprived‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌supervision‌‌  provides‌‌  that‌‌
  real‌‌
  property‌‌
  needed‌‌
  for‌‌
  right‌‌
  of‌‌
  way‌‌   site‌‌ or‌‌ locations‌‌ for‌‌ 
Under‌  ‌the‌  ‌LGC,‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌  ‌eminent‌  ‌domain‌  ‌may‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌‌  and‌‌control‌‌of‌‌his‌‌property.‌  ‌ national‌  ‌government‌  ‌projects‌  ‌may‌‌
  be‌‌
  acquired‌‌   by‌‌
  donation,‌‌   negotiated‌‌ 
exercised‌  ‌unless‌  ‌a ‌ ‌valid‌  ‌and‌  ‌definite‌  ‌offer‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌  A‌  ‌number‌  ‌of‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌present‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌taking‌  ‌of‌‌  sale,‌‌expropriation,‌‌or‌‌any‌‌other‌‌modes‌‌of‌‌acquisition.‌  ‌
previously‌‌made‌‌to‌‌the‌‌owner,‌‌and‌‌such‌‌offer‌‌was‌‌not‌‌accepted.‌  ‌ property‌‌for‌‌purposes‌‌of‌‌eminent‌‌domain:‌‌   ‌ In‌  ‌negotiated‌  ‌sale‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌government‌  ‌will‌  ‌offer,‌  ‌as‌  ‌compensation,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(4) Who‌  ‌may‌  ‌exercise?‌  ‌either‌  ‌directly‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌legislature‌  ‌or‌‌  (a) the‌‌expropriator‌‌must‌‌enter‌‌private‌‌property;‌‌   ‌ following:‌  ‌
through‌  ‌the‌  ‌medium‌  ‌of‌  ‌corporate‌  ‌bodies‌  ‌or‌  ‌individual‌‌ 
enterprises,‌‌   by‌‌
  virtue‌‌
  of‌‌
  delegation‌‌
  of‌‌
  power.‌‌  It‌‌
  may‌‌ be‌‌ validly‌‌  (b) the‌  ‌entrance‌  ‌into‌  ‌private‌  ‌property‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌for‌  ‌more‌‌  1) Current‌‌market‌‌value‌‌of‌‌the‌‌land;‌  ‌
delegated‌‌ to‌‌ local‌‌ governments,‌‌ other‌‌ public‌‌ entities‌‌ and‌‌ public‌‌  than‌‌a‌‌momentary‌‌period;‌‌   ‌ 2) Replacement‌‌cost‌‌of‌‌structures‌‌and‌‌improvements;‌  ‌
utilities.‌  ‌ (c) the‌  ‌entry‌  ‌into‌  ‌property‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌under‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌or‌‌  3) Current‌‌market‌‌value‌‌of‌‌crops‌‌and‌‌trees.‌  ‌
(5) Real‌  ‌Parties-in-Interest.‌  ‌They‌  ‌include‌  ‌all‌  ‌other‌  ‌persons‌‌  color‌‌of‌‌legal‌‌authority;‌  ‌
In‌  ‌negotiated‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌the‌  ‌government‌  ‌will‌  ‌pay‌  ‌ALL‌  ‌the‌  ‌taxes‌  ‌except‌  ‌real‌‌ 
owning,‌‌  occupying‌‌   or‌‌
  claiming‌‌   to‌‌ own‌‌ the‌‌ property.‌‌ If‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ 
property‌‌taxes.‌  ‌
claiming‌‌   an‌‌
  interest‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  land‌‌
  sought‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌ condemned‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 86‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

(1) Order‌  ‌of‌  ‌condemnation‌  ‌is‌‌   final‌‌


  and‌‌  appealable‌. ‌‌The‌‌   order‌‌  (b) the‌‌
  price‌‌  and‌‌
  value‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ article‌‌ established‌‌ or‌‌ shown‌‌ 
In‌‌
  case‌‌
  of‌‌
  expropriation,‌‌  the‌‌
  government‌‌   shall‌‌
  ‌DEPOSIT‌‌  ‌with‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ 
of‌‌
  condemnation‌‌   is‌‌ by‌‌ its‌‌ nature‌‌ not‌‌ interlocutory‌‌ but‌‌ final‌‌ and‌‌  by‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌public‌  ‌or‌  ‌private,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌way‌  ‌of‌ 
an‌‌
  amount‌‌   equivalent‌‌
  to‌‌
  ‌100%‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  current‌‌ zonal‌‌ value‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ land‌‌ 
appealable.‌  ‌ business;‌‌   ‌
as‌‌determined‌‌by‌‌the‌‌BIR.‌  ‌
(2) Two‌‌  Stages‌‌  in‌‌ Expropriation‌‌ Proceedings‌. ‌‌There‌‌ are‌‌ two‌‌ (2)‌‌  (c) the‌  ‌fair‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌as‌  ‌between‌  ‌one‌  ‌who‌‌ 
After‌‌   deposit‌, ‌‌the‌‌   court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  immediately‌‌   issue‌‌   a ‌‌‌writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  possession‌‌ 
stages‌‌in‌‌every‌‌action‌‌of‌‌expropriation.‌‌   ‌ desires‌‌to‌‌purchase‌‌and‌‌one‌‌who‌‌desires‌‌to‌‌sell;‌‌   ‌
in‌  ‌favor‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌government‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌can‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌start‌  ‌the‌‌ 
implementation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌project.‌  ‌ (a) The‌  ‌first‌  ‌is‌  ‌concerned‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  (d) the‌‌current‌‌price;‌‌   ‌
authority‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌to‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(e) the‌  ‌general‌  ‌or‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌price‌  ‌for‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌‌ 
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌DEFENSES‌‌AND‌‌OBJECTIONS‌  ‌ eminent‌‌domain‌‌and‌‌the‌‌propriety‌‌of‌‌its‌‌exercise.‌  ‌
may‌‌be‌‌bought‌‌in‌‌the‌‌locality.‌  ‌
(1) Power‌‌  of‌‌
  Court‌‌   to‌‌
  Inquire‌‌
  into‌‌   Legality‌‌ of‌‌ Right.‌‌ Where,‌‌ for‌‌  (b) The‌  ‌second‌  ‌phase‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌eminent‌  ‌domain‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌‌ 
The‌‌   rule‌‌
  under‌‌   PDs‌‌ 1533,‌‌ 76,‌‌ 464,‌‌ 794,‌‌ 1224,‌‌ etc.‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ basis‌‌ 
instance,‌  ‌the‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌public‌  ‌use‌  ‌specified‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌is‌‌  concerned‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  determination‌‌   by‌‌   the‌‌
  Court‌‌ of‌‌ "the‌‌ 
of‌‌
  just‌‌  compensation‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌  the‌‌ fair‌‌ market‌‌ value‌‌ declared‌‌ by‌‌ 
not‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌purposes‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌law.‌  ‌ just‌‌compensation‌‌for‌‌the‌‌property‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌taken."‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌owner‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌market‌‌   value‌‌
  determined‌‌   by‌‌ 
(2) Public‌  ‌Good‌  ‌and‌  ‌Genuine‌  ‌Necessity.‌  ‌If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defendant‌  ‌files‌  ‌a ‌‌ The‌‌payment‌‌of‌‌just‌‌compensation‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌determined‌‌   ‌ the‌‌ assessor,‌‌ whichever‌‌ is‌‌ lower,‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ declared‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ SC‌‌ as‌‌ 
motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌(under‌  ‌the‌  ‌former‌  ‌Rule)‌  ‌challenging‌  ‌the‌‌  unconstitutional‌. ‌ ‌(‌EPZA‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Dulay,‌  ‌GR‌  ‌No‌  ‌59603,‌  ‌29‌  ‌April‌‌ 
(a) as‌‌of‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌the‌‌taking‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌or‌‌   ‌
existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌genuine‌  ‌necessity,‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌introduce‌‌  1987‌) ‌ ‌
evidence‌‌in‌‌support‌‌of‌‌his‌‌challenge.‌  ‌ (b) the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌complaint,‌‌   ‌
J C  =  F M V   + C onsequential Damages  −  Consequential Benef its  
(3) Exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌eminent‌  ‌domain‌  ‌POLITICAL‌  ‌in‌‌  whichever‌‌came‌‌first‌. ‌ ‌
character‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌wisdom‌  ‌of‌  ‌converting‌  ‌ricelands‌  ‌into‌  ‌an‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌COMMISSIONERS’‌‌REPORT‌  ‌
industrial‌  ‌site‌  ‌is‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌Presidential‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌JUST‌‌COMPENSATION‌  ‌
(1) Commissioners'‌  ‌Report‌  ‌not‌  ‌Final‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌report‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
prerogatives‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Court‌‌may‌‌not‌‌inquire‌‌into‌‌it.‌  ‌
(1) Right‌  ‌to‌  ‌Just‌  ‌Compensation.‌  ‌Just‌  ‌compensation‌  ‌means‌  ‌not‌‌  commissioners‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ value‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ condemned‌‌ land‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ final.‌‌ 
(4) Public‌‌  Use.‌‌   It‌‌ means‌‌ public‌‌ usefulness,‌‌ utility,‌‌ or‌‌ advantage,‌‌ or‌‌  only‌‌  the‌‌
  correct‌‌   determination‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  amount‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  paid‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌  The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌to‌  ‌give‌  ‌effect‌  ‌to‌‌
  their‌‌ 
what‌  ‌is‌  ‌productive‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌general‌  ‌benefit,‌  ‌so‌  ‌that‌  ‌any‌‌  owner‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌land‌  ‌but‌  ‌also‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌land‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌‌ estimated‌  ‌valuation.‌  ‌Nor‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌report‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌commissioners‌‌ 
appropriation‌‌   of‌‌
  private‌‌
  property‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌  State‌‌ under‌‌ its‌‌ right‌‌ of‌‌  reasonable‌‌time‌‌from‌‌its‌‌taking.‌  ‌ conclusive,‌  ‌under‌  ‌any‌  ‌circumstances,‌  ‌so‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌   judgment‌‌   of‌‌ 
eminent‌  ‌domain,‌  ‌for‌  ‌purposes‌  ‌of‌  ‌great‌  ‌advantage‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  the‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌mere‌  ‌detail‌  ‌or‌  ‌formality‌  ‌requisite‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(2) No‌  ‌Need‌  ‌to‌  ‌File‌  ‌Counterclaim‌  ‌for‌  ‌Just‌  ‌Compensation‌. ‌ ‌In‌‌ 
community,‌‌is‌‌a‌‌taking‌‌for‌‌public‌‌use.‌  ‌ proceedings.‌  ‌
condemnation‌‌ proceedings,‌‌ the‌‌ owner‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ sought‌‌ to‌‌ 
(5) Number‌‌   of‌‌
  Beneficiaries‌. ‌‌The‌‌   test‌‌  for‌‌ a ‌‌valid‌‌ expropriation‌‌ of‌‌  be‌  ‌condemned‌  ‌may‌  ‌introduce‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌just‌‌  (2) Action‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌on‌‌the‌‌report.‌  ‌
private‌  ‌land‌  ‌for‌  ‌resale‌  ‌to‌  ‌its‌  ‌occupants,‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌number‌  ‌of‌‌  compensation‌  ‌including‌  ‌damages‌  ‌to‌  ‌which‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled,‌‌ 
families‌‌to‌‌be‌‌benefited‌‌thereby‌‌and‌‌not‌‌the‌‌area.‌  ‌ without‌‌the‌‌necessity‌‌of‌‌filing‌‌a‌‌counterclaim‌‌to‌‌that‌‌effect.‌‌   ‌ (a) Accept‌  ‌the‌  ‌report‌‌
  and‌‌
  render‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  in‌‌
  accordance‌‌ 
therewith;‌  ‌
(6) Other‌‌
  public‌‌   purposes‌. ‌‌Among‌‌ the‌‌ recognized‌‌ public‌‌ uses‌‌ are‌‌  (3) Market‌  ‌value‌  ‌as‌  ‌measure‌  ‌of‌  ‌compensation‌. ‌‌The‌‌   value‌‌  that‌‌ 
taking‌‌
  of‌‌  property‌‌  for‌‌
  military‌‌
  posts,‌‌
  roads,‌‌ streets,‌‌ sidewalks,‌‌  ought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌shown‌  ‌in‌  ‌eminent‌  ‌domain‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌  (b) Recommit‌‌   ‌the‌‌
  same‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ commissioners‌‌ for‌‌ further‌‌ 
bridges,‌  ‌ferries,‌  ‌levees,‌  ‌wharves,‌  ‌piers,‌  ‌public‌  ‌buildings‌‌  market‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌land‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌locality.‌  ‌By‌  ‌market‌  ‌value‌  ‌we‌‌  report‌‌of‌‌facts;‌  ‌
including‌  ‌schoolhouses,‌  ‌parks,‌  ‌playgrounds,‌  ‌plazas,‌  ‌market‌‌  mean‌‌   ‌ (c) Set‌‌aside‌t‌ he‌‌report‌‌and‌‌appoint‌‌new‌‌commissioners;‌  ‌
places,‌  ‌artesian‌  ‌wells,‌  ‌water‌  ‌supply‌  ‌and‌  ‌sewerage‌  ‌systems,‌‌  (a) the‌  ‌price‌  ‌fixed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌buyer‌  ‌and‌  ‌seller‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌open‌‌  (d) Accept‌t‌ he‌‌report‌‌in‌‌part‌‌and‌r‌ eject‌i‌ n‌‌part;‌  ‌
cemeteries,‌‌crematories‌‌and‌‌railroads.‌  ‌ market‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  usual‌‌   and‌‌   ordinary‌‌
  course‌‌   of‌‌ legal‌‌ trade‌‌ 
and‌‌competition;‌‌   ‌ (e) Make‌  ‌such‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌fair‌  ‌and‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌ORDER‌‌OF‌‌EXPROPRIATION‌  ‌ parties.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 87‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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(3) Conflicting‌  ‌claims‌.‌‌   The‌‌


  trial‌‌
  court‌‌   handling‌‌  the‌‌
  expropriation‌‌ 
(b) The‌‌   makes‌‌ a ‌‌‌deposit‌ ‌with‌‌ the‌‌ proper‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌ ‌at‌‌ 
  LGU‌‌ There‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌except‌  ‌mortgages‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
proceeding‌‌   has‌‌
  the‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌   to‌‌ determine‌‌ conflicting‌‌ claims‌‌ 
least‌‌
  15%‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ FMV‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌  bank‌, ‌‌but‌‌
  the‌‌  mortgagor‌‌   has‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌equity‌‌
  of‌‌ redemption‌‌ before‌‌ 
of‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌‌   involved‌‌  in‌‌
  expropriation‌‌  and‌‌ 
current‌‌tax‌‌declaration‌A
‌ T‌‌THE‌‌TIME‌‌OF‌‌TAKING.‌  ‌ the‌‌confirmation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌foreclosure‌‌sale.‌  ‌
to‌  ‌declare‌  ‌the‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌owner‌  ‌thereof.‌  ‌(‌Republic‌  ‌v.‌  ‌CFI‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Pampanga,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌L-27006,‌‌30‌‌June‌‌1970‌) ‌ ‌ (5) Choice‌‌   of‌‌ Remedies‌‌ by‌‌ Mortgagee‌. ‌‌The‌‌ remedies‌‌ available‌‌ tO‌‌ 
LBP‌‌v.‌‌Manzano‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌188243,‌‌24‌‌January‌‌2018‌  ‌ a‌‌creditor‌‌secured‌‌by‌‌a‌‌mortgage‌‌are:‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌deposit‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌sum‌‌ 
awarded‌  ‌as‌  ‌just‌  ‌compensation‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌benefit‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌‌  Just‌‌ compensation‌‌ of‌‌ agrarian‌‌ lands‌‌ expropriated‌‌ under‌‌ RA‌‌ 6657‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌  1. Foreclosure‌o‌ f‌‌the‌‌mortgage.‌  ‌
adjudged‌‌as‌‌the‌‌rightful‌‌owner.‌  ‌ be‌  ‌determined‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌acting‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Special‌  ‌Agrarian‌  ‌Court.‌  ‌The‌‌ 
In‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pacto‌  ‌de‌  ‌retro‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌considered‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌equitable‌‌ 
determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌just‌  ‌compensation‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌DARAB‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌RA‌‌ 
(4) Effect‌‌ of‌‌ judgment‌‌ as‌‌ to‌‌ person‌‌ not‌‌ a ‌‌party‌. ‌‌A ‌‌person‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌  mortgage,‌  ‌the‌  ‌creditor‌  ‌may‌  ‌avail‌  ‌himself‌  ‌of‌‌ 
6657‌‌is‌‌‌only‌‌recommendatory‌‌and‌‌not‌‌binding‌.‌ 
not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌condemnation‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌bound‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌‌ foreclosure‌‌proceedings‌‌to‌‌collect‌‌his‌‌credit.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌final‌  ‌decision‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌‌
  of‌‌
  just‌‌
  compensation‌‌
  lies‌‌
  solely‌‌
  on‌‌ 
judgment‌  ‌therein‌  ‌ordering‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌indemnity‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  2. Simple‌‌
  action‌‌
  for‌‌
  collection‌. ‌‌He‌‌  may‌‌ also‌‌ obtain‌ 
the‌‌RTC‌a‌ cting‌‌as‌‌a‌‌Special‌‌Agrarian‌‌Court.‌  ‌
taking‌‌of‌‌the‌‌land‌‌in‌‌question‌‌to‌‌some‌‌other‌‌person.‌  ‌ attachment‌  ‌upon‌  ‌proper‌‌   showing‌‌  by‌‌
  affidavit‌‌   that‌‌
  the‌‌ 
 ‌ value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgaged‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌insufficient‌  ‌to‌‌ 
(5) Title;‌‌   When‌‌  Passing‌. ‌‌In‌‌ condemnation‌‌ proceedings‌‌ the‌‌ title‌‌ to‌‌ 
the‌  ‌land‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌pass‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌until‌  ‌the‌  ‌indemnity‌  ‌is‌‌  RULE‌‌68‌‌Foreclosure‌‌of‌‌Real‌‌Estate‌‌Mortgage‌  ‌ cover‌‌   the‌‌
  debt‌‌
  and‌‌  that‌‌
  the‌‌ properties‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ defendant‌‌ 
paid.‌  ‌ are‌‌ in‌‌ danger‌‌ of‌‌ being‌‌ lost‌‌ or‌‌ disposed‌‌ of‌‌ with‌‌ intent‌‌ to‌‌ 
defraud‌‌creditors.‌  ‌
 ‌

Exercise‌‌of‌‌Eminent‌‌Domain‌‌by‌‌LGUs‌  ‌ (1) Prohibition‌  ‌Against‌  ‌Pactum‌  ‌Commissorium‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌creditor‌‌ 


cannot‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌the‌  ‌things‌  ‌given‌  ‌by‌  ‌way‌  ‌of‌  ‌pledge‌  ‌or‌‌  3. Receivership‌. ‌ ‌
(1) Requisites‌. ‌ ‌ mortgage,‌‌   or‌‌ dispose‌‌ of‌‌ them.‌‌ Any‌‌ stipulation‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ contrary‌‌ is‌‌  (6) Mortgage‌  ‌on‌  ‌decedent's‌  ‌estate.‌  ‌Choice‌  ‌of‌  ‌Remedies‌. ‌ ‌A ‌‌
(a) An‌  ‌ordinance‌  ‌is‌  ‌enacted‌  ‌to‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌‌  null‌‌and‌‌void.‌‌   ‌ creditor‌‌
  holding‌‌
  a ‌‌claim‌‌
  against‌‌ the‌‌ estate‌‌ secured‌‌ by‌‌ mortgage‌‌ 
eminent‌  ‌domain,‌  ‌OR‌  ‌pursue‌  ‌expropriation‌‌  Foreclosure‌  ‌of‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌available‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  or‌‌other‌‌collateral‌‌security‌‌may:‌‌   ‌
proceedings‌‌   over‌‌
  a ‌‌particular‌‌ private‌‌ property‌‌ through‌‌  mortgagee‌‌  by‌‌
  which‌‌  he‌‌
  subjects‌‌
  the‌‌
  mortgaged‌‌  property‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌  1. Abandon‌‌
  ‌his‌‌  security‌‌  and‌‌  prosecute‌‌ his‌‌ claim‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
its‌‌chief‌‌executive.‌  ‌ stipulation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌obligation‌‌for‌‌which‌‌the‌‌mortgage‌‌was‌‌given.‌  ‌ probate‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌  ‌share‌‌
  in‌‌  the‌‌
  general‌‌
  distribution‌‌
  of‌‌ 
(b) For‌‌
  public‌‌ use,‌‌ purpose‌‌ or‌‌ welfare,‌‌ or‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ benefit‌‌ of‌‌  (2) Who‌‌  must‌‌   be‌‌  joined‌‌
  as‌‌
  defendant.‌‌ Debtor,‌‌ mortgagor‌‌ and‌‌ all‌‌  the‌‌assets‌‌of‌‌the‌‌estate;‌‌or‌‌   ‌
the‌‌poor‌‌and‌‌landless;‌  ‌ persons‌  ‌claiming‌  ‌an‌  ‌interest‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌subordinate‌  ‌in‌‌ 
2. Foreclose‌  ‌his‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌and‌  ‌rely‌  ‌on‌‌   his‌‌
  security‌‌  by‌‌ 
(c) May‌  ‌be‌‌
  exercised‌‌
  through‌‌
  its‌‌
  chief‌‌
  executive‌‌
  pursuant‌‌  right‌‌to‌‌that‌‌of‌‌the‌‌holder‌‌of‌‌the‌‌mortgage.‌  ‌
action‌‌
  in‌‌ court,‌‌ making‌‌ the‌‌ executor‌‌ or‌‌ administrator‌‌ a ‌‌
to‌‌the‌‌enacted‌‌ordinance;‌  ‌ (3) Right‌  ‌of‌  ‌Junior‌  ‌Encumbrancer‌  ‌if‌  ‌not‌  ‌pleaded.‌  ‌His‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌‌  party‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌for‌‌ 
(d) Payment‌‌of‌‌Just‌‌Compensation;‌‌AND‌  ‌ redeem‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌foreclosed‌  ‌and‌  ‌he‌  ‌can‌  ‌therefore‌  ‌redeem‌  ‌the‌‌  deficiency‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale,‌‌
  file‌‌
  a ‌‌claim‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌
  for‌‌ 
property‌‌from‌‌the‌‌purchaser.‌  ‌ such‌‌deficiency‌‌under‌‌Section‌‌5,‌‌Rule‌‌86;‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(e) A‌‌
  ‌valid‌‌
  and‌‌
  definite‌‌  offer‌‌
  has‌‌
  been‌‌
  previously‌‌ made‌‌ 
to‌‌the‌‌owner,‌‌but‌‌said‌‌offer‌‌was‌‌not‌‌accepted.‌  ‌ (4) Three‌‌(3)‌‌Stages‌‌of‌‌Judicial‌‌Foreclosure‌‌subject‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌ 3. Rely‌‌
  ‌upon‌‌  his‌‌  mortgage‌‌  alone‌‌  and‌‌ foreclose‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ 
(a) Judgment‌‌of‌‌foreclosure;‌  ‌ at‌‌any‌‌time‌‌within‌‌the‌‌statute‌‌of‌‌limitations;‌‌   ‌
(2) How‌‌LGU‌‌may‌‌IMMEDIATELY‌‌take‌‌possession.‌  ‌
(b) Order‌‌confirming‌‌foreclosure‌‌sale;‌  ‌ The‌‌choice‌‌of‌‌one‌‌remedy‌‌is‌‌an‌‌abandonment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌other.‌  ‌
(a) Expropriation‌‌proceedings‌‌are‌‌filed;‌‌AND‌ 
(c) Deficiency‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ (7) Parties‌‌  in‌‌
  Foreclosure‌‌
  suit.‌  ‌The‌‌  following‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ joined‌‌ 
as‌‌defendants:‌‌   ‌
1. The‌‌persons‌‌obligated‌‌to‌‌pay‌‌the‌‌mortgage‌‌debt.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 88‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

obligee‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌not‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌  ‌ninety‌‌


  (90)‌‌
  days‌‌
  nor‌‌  date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌‌
  ‌with‌‌
  interest‌‌
  ‌on‌‌
  the‌‌
  total‌‌
  indebtedness‌‌
  at‌‌
  the‌‌ 
2. The‌  ‌persons‌  ‌who‌  ‌own,‌  ‌occupy‌  ‌or‌  ‌control‌  ‌the‌‌ 
more‌  ‌than‌  ‌one‌  ‌hundred‌  ‌twenty‌  ‌(120)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌entry‌  ‌of‌‌  rate‌‌agreed‌‌upon‌‌in‌‌its‌‌obligation.‌  ‌
mortgaged‌‌premises‌‌or‌‌any‌‌part‌‌thereof.‌‌   ‌
judgment,‌  ‌
The‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌legal‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌exercised‌  ‌within‌‌ 
3. The‌‌transferee‌‌or‌‌grantee‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property.‌‌   ‌
(c) and‌‌  that‌‌
  ‌in‌‌
  default‌‌
  of‌‌
  such‌‌
  payment‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ sold‌‌  specified‌  ‌time‌  ‌limits.‌  ‌There‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌tender‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌full‌‌ 
4. The‌‌
  second‌‌   mortgagee‌‌   or‌‌
  junior‌‌   encumbrancer‌‌   or‌‌
  any‌‌  payment‌‌in‌‌good‌‌faith‌‌‌of:‌‌   ‌
at‌p
‌ ublic‌‌auction‌‌‌to‌‌satisfy‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
persons‌  ‌claiming‌  ‌a ‌ ‌right‌  ‌or‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌‌ 
(a) the‌‌purchase‌‌price;‌‌   ‌
subordinate‌‌to‌‌the‌‌mortgage‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌foreclosed.‌  ‌ NOTES‌‌ON‌‌REDEMPTION‌  ‌
(b) interest‌  ‌of‌  ‌1%‌  ‌per‌‌
  month‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌  purchase‌‌
  price‌‌
  from‌‌ 
5. The‌‌
  mortgagor‌‌
  even‌‌   if‌‌
  not‌‌
  the‌‌
  owner‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ mortgaged‌‌ 
(1) Equity‌‌   of‌‌
  redemption.‌‌   What‌‌
  Sections‌‌   2 ‌‌and‌‌ 3 ‌‌Rule‌‌ 68‌‌ provide‌‌  date‌‌of‌‌registration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌sale;‌‌   ‌
property‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌included‌  ‌to‌‌
  satisfy‌‌
  the‌‌
  deficiency‌‌ 
judgment.‌  ‌ for‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgagor's‌  ‌equity‌  ‌(not‌  ‌right)‌‌  of‌‌
  redemption‌‌   which‌‌  (c) amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌taxes‌  ‌and‌  ‌assessments‌  ‌paid‌  ‌by‌‌
  purchaser;‌‌ 
may‌‌   be‌‌   exercised‌‌
  by‌‌
  him‌‌  even‌‌ beyond‌‌ the‌‌ period‌‌ to‌‌ pay‌‌ the‌‌  and‌  ‌
(8) Effect‌‌
  of‌‌  failure‌‌ to‌‌ implead‌‌ second‌‌ mortgagee‌. ‌‌If‌‌ the‌‌ second‌‌  judgment‌‌obligation‌"‌‌and‌‌even‌‌after‌‌the‌‌foreclosure‌‌sale‌,  ‌‌ ‌
mortgagee‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌impleaded‌  ‌— ‌ ‌the‌  ‌foreclosure‌  ‌is‌  ‌ineffective‌‌  (d) interest‌‌of‌‌1%‌‌per‌‌month‌‌on‌‌the‌‌assessments.‌  ‌
against‌  ‌such‌  ‌subordinate‌‌   lien‌‌
  holder‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌
  result‌‌   that‌‌
  there‌‌  provided‌  ‌it‌  ‌be‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌  confirmation‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
sale‌. ‌ ‌After‌  ‌such‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌confirmation‌  ‌no‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌‌  NB:‌‌  Section‌  ‌47‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌General‌  ‌Banking‌  ‌Act‌  ‌reduced‌  ‌the‌‌ 
remains‌‌in‌‌time‌‌an‌u ‌ nforeclosed‌‌equity‌‌of‌‌redemption‌.  ‌‌ ‌
effected‌‌any‌‌longer.‌  ‌ period‌  ‌of‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌of‌  ‌extrajudicially‌  ‌foreclosed‌‌ 
The‌  ‌remedy‌‌   is‌‌
  an‌‌
  independent‌‌   foreclosure‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌proceeding‌‌  properties‌‌   of‌‌
  juridical‌‌   persons‌‌
  from‌‌  one‌‌
  year‌‌ to‌‌ "until‌‌ 
in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌should‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌second‌  ‌mortgagee‌  ‌to‌‌  It‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  a ‌‌procedural‌‌   merely;‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌‌substantive‌‌ 
  requirement‌‌ but‌  ‌not‌  ‌after,‌  ‌the‌  ‌registration‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  foreclosure‌‌   sale...‌‌ 
redeem‌‌   the‌‌  first‌‌  mortgage‌‌
  within‌‌  ‌three‌‌ months‌‌ under‌‌ penalty‌‌  right‌  ‌granted‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌debtor‌‌  as‌‌  a ‌‌last‌‌  opportunity‌‌  to‌‌  which‌  ‌in‌  ‌no‌  ‌case‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌‌ 
of‌‌being‌‌debarred‌‌from‌‌the‌‌exercise‌‌of‌‌his‌‌right‌‌to‌‌redeem.‌  ‌ pay‌  ‌the‌  ‌debt‌  ‌and‌  ‌save‌  ‌his‌  ‌mortgaged‌  ‌property‌  ‌from‌  ‌final‌‌  months‌‌‌after‌‌foreclosure,‌‌whichever‌‌is‌‌earlier.‌  ‌
disposition‌‌at‌‌the‌‌foreclosure‌‌sale.‌  ‌
(6) Redemption‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌implied‌  ‌admission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌regularity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
EXTRA-JUDICIAL‌  ‌ JUDICIAL‌  ‌ (2) GR‌:‌‌  NO‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌exists‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌judicial‌‌  sale‌  ‌and‌  e
‌ stops‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌from‌  ‌later‌  ‌impugning‌  ‌its‌‌ 
foreclosure‌‌of‌‌a‌‌mortgage;‌‌   ‌ validity‌‌on‌‌that‌‌ground.‌  ‌
Proper‌‌only‌‌when‌‌provided‌‌in‌‌  When‌‌there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌agreement‌‌in‌‌ 
the‌‌contract‌  ‌ the‌‌contract‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgagee‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bank‌  ‌or‌  ‌banking‌  ‌institution,‌  ‌as‌‌  (7) The‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ annulment‌‌ of‌‌ mortgage‌‌ ‌does‌‌ not‌‌ toll‌‌ 
provided‌‌for‌‌by‌‌the‌G ‌ eneral‌‌Banking‌‌Act.‌  ‌ the‌‌period‌‌‌of‌‌redemption.‌  ‌
Governed‌‌by‌‌Act‌‌3135‌‌aab‌‌Act‌‌  (3) Judicial‌  ‌foreclosure‌‌   of‌‌  mortgages‌‌   by‌‌
  banks‌. ‌‌The‌‌  mortgagor‌‌  (8) Who‌  ‌May‌  ‌Exercise‌  ‌Right‌  ‌of‌  ‌Redemption?‌  ‌If‌  ‌one‌  ‌has‌  ‌a ‌‌
4115‌‌(‌see‌‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌99-10-05-0‌‌for‌‌  Governed‌‌by‌R
‌ ule‌‌68‌  ‌ has‌  ‌ONE‌  ‌YEAR‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌registration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌deed‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale‌  ‌to‌‌ 
present‌‌procedure)‌  privity‌  ‌in‌  ‌title‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgagor,‌  ‌and‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌  ‌such‌  ‌an‌‌ 
redeem.‌‌  But,‌‌ the‌‌ party‌‌ redeeming‌‌ must‌‌ pay‌‌ the‌‌ amount‌‌ fixed‌‌ by‌‌ 
interest‌  ‌that‌  ‌he‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌loser‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌foreclosure,‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌‌ 
the‌‌
  court‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  order‌‌  of‌‌  execution,‌‌
  NOT‌‌   the‌‌
  amount‌‌   for‌‌  which‌‌ 
There‌‌is‌‌a‌‌right‌‌of‌‌redemption‌  ‌ There‌‌is‌N
‌ O‌‌right‌‌of‌‌redemption‌  ‌ redeem.‌  ‌
the‌‌property‌‌was‌‌purchased‌‌at‌‌the‌‌public‌‌auction.‌  ‌
It‌‌is‌‌proper‌‌where‌‌made‌‌by‌‌   ‌
If‌‌
  upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial‌‌
  in‌‌
  such‌‌
  action‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  find‌‌
  the‌‌
  facts‌‌
  set‌‌ forth‌‌ in‌‌  (4) Effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌Interpose‌  ‌Right‌  ‌to‌  ‌Redeem‌  ‌as‌‌ 
the‌‌complaint‌‌to‌‌be‌‌true:‌‌   ‌ Compulsory‌  ‌Counterclaim‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌redeem‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌‌  (a) debtors,‌‌   ‌
seasonably‌‌invoked‌‌as‌‌a‌‌counterclaim.‌  ‌
(a) it‌‌   ‌ascertain‌‌
  shall‌‌   the‌‌   amount‌‌   due‌‌  to‌‌ the‌‌ plaintiff‌ ‌upon‌‌  (b) grantee,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌debt‌  ‌or‌  ‌obligation,‌  ‌including‌  ‌interest‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌‌  (5) Amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌Redemption‌  ‌in‌  ‌Extrajudicial‌  ‌Foreclosure.‌  ‌NOT‌‌  (c) assignee‌‌for‌‌the‌‌benefit‌‌of‌‌creditors,‌‌   ‌
charges‌‌as‌‌approved‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌and‌‌costs,‌‌and‌  ‌ the‌  ‌purchase‌  ‌price‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌  ‌but‌  ‌the‌  ‌entire‌‌ 
(d) assignee‌‌or‌‌trustee‌‌in‌‌insolvency‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌
amount‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  indebtedness‌‌
  ‌he‌‌  owed‌‌  the‌‌  creditor‌‌  on‌‌ the‌‌ 
(b) shall‌  ‌render‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌sum‌  ‌so‌  ‌found‌  ‌due‌  ‌and‌‌ 
order‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌be‌  ‌paid‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 89‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

(9) Effects‌  ‌of‌  ‌confirmation‌. ‌ ‌As‌  ‌the‌  ‌title‌  ‌to‌  ‌mortgaged‌  ‌real‌‌  (14) When‌‌  may‌‌  writ‌‌  of‌‌  possession‌‌   issue‌. ‌‌Until‌‌
  the‌‌
  sale‌‌
  is‌‌
  validly‌‌  mortgagor‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌cancelled,‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌one‌  ‌issued‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
property‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌vest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌until‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌  confirmed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court,‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser‌‌   is‌‌
  nothing‌‌  more‌‌   than‌‌
  a ‌‌ purchaser.‌  ‌
confirmation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  sale,‌‌
  he‌‌
  has,‌‌
  prior‌‌
  to‌‌
  that‌‌
  time,‌‌
  no‌‌
  right‌‌
  to‌‌  preferred‌‌bidder.‌‌   ‌ Where‌  ‌a ‌‌‌r ight‌‌ of‌‌ redemption‌‌ exists‌, ‌‌the‌‌ certificate‌‌ of‌‌ title‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ name‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌property,‌  ‌and‌  ‌no‌  ‌legal‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌‌  the‌  ‌mortgagor‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌b e‌  ‌cancelled,‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌the‌  ‌certificate‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
In‌  ‌contrast,‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌at‌‌  an‌‌  extra-judicial‌‌   foreclosure‌‌  sale‌‌ 
complaint‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendants,‌  ‌who‌  ‌remain‌  ‌in‌  ‌possession‌‌  order‌  ‌confirming‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌registered‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌b rief‌  ‌memorandum‌‌ 
has‌  ‌a ‌ ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌even‌‌
  during‌‌
  the‌‌ 
exercising‌‌the‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌ownership.‌‌   ‌ thereof‌  ‌made‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌registrar‌  ‌of‌‌ deeds‌‌ u pon‌‌ the‌‌ certificate‌‌ of‌‌ title.‌‌ In‌‌ the‌‌ 
one‌  ‌year‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌period‌  ‌provided‌  ‌he‌  ‌files‌  ‌an‌  ‌indemnity‌‌ 
event‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌redeemed,‌  ‌the‌  ‌deed‌  ‌of‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
On‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌hand,‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgagors‌  ‌have‌  ‌no‌‌
  means,‌‌   until‌‌
  after‌‌  bond‌. ‌ ‌
registered‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌registry‌  ‌of‌  ‌deeds,‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌b rief‌  ‌memorandum‌  ‌thereof‌‌ 
the‌  ‌confirmation,‌  ‌of‌‌   compelling‌‌  the‌‌
  purchaser‌‌   to‌‌
  comply‌‌   with‌‌ 
shall‌‌b e‌‌made‌‌by‌‌the‌‌registrar‌‌of‌‌deeds‌‌on‌‌said‌‌certificate‌‌of‌‌title.‌  ‌
the‌‌terms‌‌of‌‌the‌‌sale.‌  ‌ Section‌‌   4.‌‌
  Disposition‌‌   of‌‌
  proceeds‌‌   of‌‌
  sale.‌‌
  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌amount‌  ‌realized‌  ‌f rom‌‌ 
the‌  ‌foreclosure‌  ‌sale‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgaged‌  ‌property‌  ‌shall,‌  ‌after‌‌ deducting‌‌ the‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌redeemed‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌deed‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale‌  ‌executed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌  ‌confirmation‌  ‌operates‌  ‌to‌  ‌divest‌  ‌the‌  ‌title‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
costs‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌b e‌  ‌paid‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌foreclosing‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgage,‌  ‌and‌‌  sheriff‌  ‌in‌‌ favor‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ purchaser‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ foreclosure‌‌ sale‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ registered‌‌ 
former‌  ‌owner‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌vest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌at‌  ‌this‌  ‌time‌‌  with‌  ‌the‌  ‌registry‌  ‌of‌  ‌deeds;‌  ‌whereupon‌  ‌the‌  ‌certificate‌  ‌of‌‌ title‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ name‌ 
when‌  ‌there‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌any‌  b ‌ alance‌  ‌or‌  ‌residue‌, ‌ ‌after‌  ‌paying‌  ‌off‌  ‌the‌‌ 
when‌‌the‌‌rights‌‌or‌‌title‌‌passes,‌‌and‌‌not‌‌before.‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgagor‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌cancelled‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌‌ one‌‌ issued‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ name‌‌ of‌‌ 
mortgage‌‌debt‌‌due,‌‌the‌‌same‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌paid‌‌to‌  ‌
(10) Valid‌‌   confirmation‌‌   is‌‌  a ‌‌FINAL‌‌
  order‌. ‌‌Confirmation‌‌   of‌‌ sale‌‌ of‌‌  the‌‌purchaser.‌  ‌
(a) junior‌  ‌encumbrancers‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌  ‌priority,‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
real‌  ‌estate‌  ‌in‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌cuts‌  ‌off‌‌
  and‌‌  all‌‌
  interests‌‌   of‌‌   ‌
ascertained‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌mortgagor‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌property‌‌  sold‌‌  and‌‌  vests‌‌  them‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(b) if‌  ‌there‌  ‌b e‌  ‌no‌  ‌such‌  ‌encumbrancers‌  ‌or‌  ‌there‌  ‌b e‌  ‌a ‌ ‌b alance‌  ‌or‌  Extrajudicial‌‌foreclosure‌‌of‌‌mortgage‌  ‌
purchaser.‌  ‌Confirmation‌  ‌retroacts‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale.‌  ‌An‌‌ 
order‌  ‌of‌  ‌confirmation‌  ‌in‌  ‌court‌  ‌foreclosure‌‌  residue‌  ‌after‌  ‌payment‌  ‌to‌  ‌them,‌  ‌then‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgagor‌‌
  ‌or‌  ‌his‌‌  (1) Presumption‌  ‌of‌‌   Regularity‌. ‌‌Foreclosure‌‌  proceedings‌‌   have‌‌
  in‌‌ 
duly‌‌authorized‌‌agent,‌‌or‌‌to‌‌the‌‌person‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌it.‌  ‌ their‌  ‌favor‌  ‌the‌  ‌presumption‌  ‌of‌  ‌regularity‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌burden‌  ‌of‌‌ 
proceedings‌‌is‌‌a‌‌final‌‌order‌,‌‌not‌‌merely‌‌interlocutory.‌  ‌
evidence‌‌to‌‌rebut‌‌the‌‌same‌‌is‌‌on‌‌the‌‌petitioner.‌  ‌
(11) Right‌  ‌of‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌to‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession.‌‌   The‌‌  (1) When‌‌may‌‌there‌‌be‌‌deficiency‌‌judgment‌‌   ‌
general‌‌   rule‌‌  is‌‌
  that‌‌
  after‌‌
  a ‌‌sale‌‌
  had‌‌  been‌‌ made‌‌ under‌‌ a ‌‌decree‌‌  (2) Personal‌  ‌notice‌‌   not‌‌  required‌. ‌‌It‌‌
  requires‌‌
  only‌‌  the‌‌
  posting‌‌   of‌‌ 
1. A‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌deficiency‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌may‌‌   be‌‌
  made‌‌
  only‌‌ 
in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌foreclosure‌  ‌suit,‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌to‌  ‌give‌‌  notices‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale‌  ‌in‌  ‌three‌  ‌public‌  ‌places‌  ‌and‌  ‌publication‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
after‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌  ‌and‌  ‌after‌  ‌it‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌known‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌‌
possession‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  purchaser,‌‌   and‌‌ the‌‌ latter‌‌ will‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ driven‌‌ to‌‌  same‌  ‌in‌‌
  a ‌‌newspaper‌‌   of‌‌
  general‌‌
  circulation.‌‌   Personal‌‌   notice‌‌   is‌‌ 
deficiency‌‌exists.‌  ‌
an‌‌action‌‌at‌‌law‌‌to‌‌obtain‌‌such‌‌possession.‌‌   ‌ not‌‌required.‌  ‌
2. Deficiency‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌‌
(12) Issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌not‌  ‌an‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌‌  EXC‌:‌‌Should‌‌the‌‌mortgage‌‌contract‌‌so‌‌stipulate.‌  ‌
nonresident‌‌defendant.‌  ‌
judgment‌  ‌but‌  ‌is‌  ‌merely‌  ‌a ‌ ‌ministerial‌  ‌and‌  ‌complementary‌‌  (3) Notice‌  ‌and‌  ‌posting‌  ‌of‌  ‌Extrajudicial‌  ‌Foreclosure‌‌ 
duty‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌
  to‌‌
  put‌‌
  an‌‌
  end‌‌   to‌‌ the‌‌ litigation‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌  3. No‌  ‌deficiency‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Indispensable‌. ‌ ‌Thus,‌  ‌where‌  ‌personal‌  ‌notice‌‌
  of‌‌
  foreclosure‌‌
  is‌‌ 
can‌  ‌undertake‌  ‌even‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌lapse‌  ‌of‌  ‌five‌‌   years,‌‌
  provided‌‌   the‌‌  owner‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌mortgagor‌  ‌and‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌assumed‌‌ 
stipulated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌agreement‌‌a‌‌sale‌‌without‌‌such‌‌notice‌‌is‌‌VOID.‌  ‌
statute‌  ‌of‌  ‌limitations‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌rights‌‌   of‌‌  third‌‌
  persons‌‌
  have‌‌  not‌‌  personal‌  ‌liability‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌debt.‌  ‌The‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌‌ 
ordinary‌‌action‌‌against‌‌the‌‌debtor.‌‌   ‌ (4) Effect‌‌   of‌‌
  Redemption‌. ‌‌Redemption‌‌ is‌‌ an‌‌ implied‌‌ admission‌‌ of‌‌ 
intervened‌‌in‌‌the‌‌meantime.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌regularity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌sale‌  ‌and‌  ‌estops‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgagor‌  ‌from‌‌ 
(13) The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreclosure‌  ‌loses‌  ‌its‌  ‌executory‌  ‌force‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  4. Death‌‌   of‌‌
  debtor.‌‌
  If‌‌
  the‌‌
  debtor‌‌
  dies,‌‌
  the‌‌
  deficiency‌‌ may‌‌ 
impugning‌‌its‌‌validity‌‌and‌‌the‌‌venue‌‌of‌‌the‌‌public‌‌auction.‌  ‌
lapse‌‌   f‌ ive‌‌
  of‌‌   years‌  ‌which‌‌  must‌‌ have‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ enforced‌‌ by‌‌ action.‌  ‌ be‌‌filed‌‌as‌‌a‌‌claim‌‌against‌‌his‌‌estate.‌  ‌
(5) Right‌‌   of‌‌
  purchaser‌‌   to‌‌
  writ‌‌   of‌‌
  possession.‌‌   Under‌‌ Section‌‌ 7 ‌‌of‌ 
After‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌sold‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌and‌‌ 
Section‌‌
  7.‌‌
  Registration.‌‌  — ‌‌‌A ‌ ‌certified‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ f inal‌‌ order‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ 
Act‌  ‌3135‌  ‌the‌  ‌Purchaser‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
confirmed‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  court,‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌purchaser‌‌ is‌‌ entitled‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌writ‌‌ of‌‌ 
confirming‌‌the‌‌sale‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌registered‌‌in‌‌the‌‌registry‌‌of‌‌deeds.‌‌   ‌ property‌‌during‌‌the‌‌redemption‌‌period,‌‌provided‌‌that‌‌   ‌
possession.‌  ‌
If‌  ‌no‌  ‌r ight‌  ‌of‌‌ redemption‌‌ exists,‌‌ the‌‌ certificate‌‌ of‌‌ title‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ name‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  (a) a‌‌proper‌‌motion‌‌has‌‌been‌‌filed,‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 90‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

the‌  ‌determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌whether‌  ‌or‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌co-ownership‌  ‌in‌  ‌fact‌‌ 
(b) a‌‌bond‌‌approved‌‌and‌‌   ‌ (1) Basic‌  ‌principle‌  ‌of‌  ‌partition‌  ‌in‌  ‌Civil‌  ‌Law.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌basic‌‌ 
exists,‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌partition‌  ‌is‌  ‌proper‌  ‌(i.e.,‌  ‌not‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌legally‌‌ 
principle‌‌   in‌‌
  civil‌‌
  law‌‌   that‌‌  before‌‌   a ‌‌property‌‌ owned‌‌ in‌‌ common‌‌ 
(c) no‌‌third‌‌person‌‌is‌‌involved.‌  ‌ proscribed)‌‌   and‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ made‌‌ by‌‌ voluntary‌‌ agreement‌‌ of‌‌ all‌‌ the‌‌ 
is‌  ‌actually‌  ‌partitioned,‌‌   all‌‌
  that‌‌   the‌‌   co-owner‌‌   has‌‌  is‌‌
  an‌‌
  ideal‌‌
  or‌‌ 
(6) Issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌Writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌Possession‌. ‌ ‌May‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌  parties‌‌interested‌‌in‌‌the‌‌property.‌  ‌
abstract‌  ‌quota‌  ‌or‌  ‌proportionate‌‌   share‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌  entire‌‌   property.‌‌   A ‌‌
expiration‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  period‌‌   to‌‌
  redeem‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ nature‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ petition,‌‌  co-owner‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌demand‌  ‌a ‌ ‌concrete,‌  ‌specific‌  ‌or‌‌  The‌  ‌second‌  ‌phase‌  ‌commences‌  ‌when‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌that‌  ‌"the‌‌ 
no‌  ‌notice‌  ‌needed‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌served‌  ‌upon‌‌
  persons‌‌   interested‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌  determinate‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌  thing‌‌   owned‌‌   in‌‌   common‌‌   because‌‌   until‌‌  parties‌  ‌are‌  ‌unable‌  ‌to‌  ‌agree‌‌
  upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  partition"‌‌
  directed‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌ 
subject‌‌property.‌  ‌ division‌‌   is‌‌
  effected‌‌   his‌‌  right‌‌   over‌‌   the‌‌  thing‌‌   is‌‌ represented‌‌ only‌‌  Court.‌  ‌
(7) Intervention‌  ‌not‌  ‌proper‌  ‌under‌  ‌Act‌  ‌3135‌  ‌whereby‌  ‌under‌‌  by‌‌an‌‌ideal‌‌portion.‌  ‌
(6) An‌‌
  action‌‌   for‌‌
  partition‌‌
  and‌‌  accounting‌‌   under‌‌   Rule‌‌
  69,‌‌  is‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌ 
settled‌  ‌jurisprudence,‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌has‌  ‌to‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌immediate‌‌  (2) Complaint‌  ‌in‌  ‌Action‌  ‌for‌‌   Partition‌‌
  of‌‌
  Real‌‌   Estate.‌‌   An‌‌
  action‌‌  nature‌‌  of‌‌ an‌‌ action‌‌ q
‌ uasi‌‌ in‌‌ rem‌. ‌‌Such‌‌ an‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ essentially‌‌ 
issuance‌‌of‌‌a‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌possession‌‌   ‌ for‌‌  partition‌‌ — ‌‌which‌‌ is‌‌ typically‌‌ brought‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ claiming‌‌  for‌‌
  the‌‌ purpose‌‌ of‌‌ affecting‌‌ the‌‌ defendant's‌‌ interest‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌specific‌‌ 
(a) upon‌‌the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌proper‌‌motion‌‌and‌  ‌ to‌  ‌be‌  ‌co-owner‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌specified‌  ‌property‌  ‌against‌‌   a ‌‌defendant‌‌  or‌‌  property‌‌and‌‌not‌‌to‌‌render‌‌a‌‌judgment‌‌against‌‌him.‌  ‌
defendants‌‌   whom‌‌   the‌‌   plaintiff‌‌
  recognizes‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ co-owners‌‌ may‌‌ 
(b) ‌the‌‌approval‌‌of‌‌the‌‌corresponding‌‌bond.‌  ‌ be‌‌seen‌‌to‌‌present‌‌simultaneously‌‌two‌‌principal‌‌issues.‌‌   ‌ (7) When‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌made‌  ‌to‌‌
  appear‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  commissioners‌‌  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  real‌‌ 
The‌  ‌intervener's‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate,‌  ‌distinct,‌  ‌and‌‌  estate,‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌portion‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌divided‌  ‌without‌‌ 
First‌, ‌ ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌is‌  ‌indeed‌  ‌a ‌‌
independent‌‌suit‌,‌‌provided‌‌for‌‌in‌‌Section‌‌8‌‌of‌‌Act‌‌No.‌‌3135.‌  ‌ co-owner‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌partitioned.‌‌   ‌
great‌‌
  prejudice‌  ‌to‌‌  the‌‌  interests‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌ parties,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ may‌‌ 
order‌  ‌it‌  ‌assigned‌  ‌to‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌willing‌  ‌to‌  ‌take‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(8) Pending‌  ‌Case‌  ‌For‌  ‌Annulment‌  ‌Not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Prejudicial‌  ‌Question‌. ‌‌ Second‌, ‌ ‌assuming‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌successfully‌  ‌hurdles‌  ‌the‌‌  same,‌‌   provided‌‌   he‌‌
  pays‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  other‌‌   parties‌‌
  such‌‌ sum‌‌ or‌‌ sums‌‌ 
Until‌‌   the‌‌
  foreclosure‌‌   sale‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ is‌‌ annulled‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌court‌‌  first‌‌  issue,‌‌
  there‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  secondary‌‌
  issue‌‌   of‌‌
  how‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌ is‌‌  of‌  ‌money‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌‌
  commissioners‌‌   deem‌‌   suitable,‌‌  ‌unless‌‌
  ‌one‌‌
  of‌‌ 
of‌  ‌competent‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌the‌‌   mortgagor‌‌   is‌‌
  bereft‌‌
  of‌‌
  any‌‌
  valid‌‌  to‌  ‌be‌  ‌divided‌  ‌between‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌and‌  ‌defendants,‌  ‌i.e.,‌  ‌what‌‌  the‌  ‌parties‌‌   interested‌‌   asks‌‌  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌property‌‌   be‌‌
  sold‌‌
  instead‌‌ 
title‌  ‌and‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌‌
  prevent‌‌   the‌‌  issuance‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌writ‌‌  of‌‌
  possession.‌‌  portion‌‌should‌‌go‌‌to‌‌which‌‌co-owner.‌  ‌ of‌  ‌being‌  ‌assigned,‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌case‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Until‌‌   then,‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌ ministerial‌‌ function‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ grant‌‌ the‌‌ 
(3) Prescription‌  ‌of‌  ‌Action.‌  ‌The‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌partition‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌thing‌‌  commissioners‌  ‌to‌  ‌sell‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌estate‌  ‌at‌  ‌public‌  ‌sale‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
possessory‌‌writ.‌  ‌
owned‌‌  in‌‌
  common‌‌   (‌actio‌‌
  communi‌‌   dividendo‌‌ or‌‌ actio‌‌ familias‌‌  commissioners‌‌shall‌‌sell‌‌the‌‌same‌‌accordingly.‌  ‌
(9) Order‌  ‌for‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌Writ‌  ‌is‌  ‌appealable‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌wisdom‌  ‌or‌‌  erciscundae‌)‌d‌ oes‌‌not‌‌prescribe‌. ‌ ‌
soundness‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌granting‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌ (8) The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌  ‌action‌‌
  for‌‌
  partition‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌res‌‌
  judicata‌‌
  only‌‌ 
matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌in‌  ‌connection‌  ‌with‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌is‌‌  on‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌thereto‌‌and‌‌their‌‌successors-in-interest.‌  ‌
(4) Procedure‌  ‌after‌  ‌judgment.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌  ‌can‌  ‌agree‌  ‌among‌‌ 
ordinary‌‌appeal.‌  ‌ themselves‌‌   then‌‌   the‌‌ partition‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ made‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌   ‌

Certiorari‌  ‌may,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌particularly‌  ‌when‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌  proper‌‌ instruments‌‌ of‌‌ conveyance‌‌ which‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ submitted‌‌ for‌‌  RULE‌‌70‌‌Forcible‌‌Entry‌‌and‌‌Unlawful‌‌Detainer‌  ‌
filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌  ‌to‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌any‌  ‌possible‌‌  approval‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌  ‌such‌  ‌partition‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌
  court‌‌  order‌‌   ‌

irreparable‌  ‌damage‌  ‌to‌  ‌private‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌as‌  ‌against‌  ‌an‌‌  confirming‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌recorded‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌1.‌‌
  Who‌‌   may‌‌  institute‌‌
  proceedings,‌‌  and‌‌   when.‌‌
  ‌— ‌ ‌Subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
ordinary‌‌appeal‌‌which‌‌may‌‌prove‌‌to‌‌be‌‌tedious‌‌and‌‌inadequate.‌  Register‌‌of‌‌Deeds‌‌of‌‌the‌‌province.‌‌   ‌
provisions‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌next‌  ‌succeeding‌  ‌section,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌deprived‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(10) Not‌  ‌Applicable‌  ‌to‌  ‌Chattel‌  ‌Mortgage.‌  ‌Act‌  ‌No.‌  ‌3135‌  ‌only‌‌  But‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties‌‌   ‌unable‌‌
  are‌‌   to‌‌ agree‌ ‌upon‌‌ the‌‌ partition,‌‌ the‌‌  possession‌‌of‌‌any‌‌land‌‌or‌‌b uilding‌‌   ‌
covers‌‌   real‌‌
  estate‌‌
  mortgages‌‌   and‌‌ is‌‌ intended‌‌ merely‌‌ to‌‌ regulate‌‌  court‌‌   shall‌‌  by‌‌
  order‌‌ appoint‌‌ not‌‌ more‌‌ than‌‌ three‌‌ (3)‌‌ competent‌‌  a) Forcible‌  ‌Entry‌  ‌— ‌ ‌by‌  ‌force,‌  ‌intimidation,‌  ‌threat,‌  ‌s trategy,‌  ‌or‌‌ 
the‌‌
  extrajudicial‌‌  sale‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ mortgaged‌‌ property‌‌ if‌‌ and‌‌ when‌‌ the‌‌  disinterested‌‌persons‌‌as‌c‌ ommissioners‌t‌ o‌‌make‌‌the‌‌partition.‌  ‌ stealth‌,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
mortgagee‌  ‌is‌  ‌given‌  ‌a ‌‌special‌‌   power‌‌   or‌‌
  express‌‌
  authority‌‌   to‌‌
  do‌‌  (5) Two‌‌Phases‌‌of‌‌Partition‌‌and‌‌Accounting‌‌Suit‌.  ‌‌ ‌ b) Unlawful‌  ‌Detainer‌‌   — ‌‌‌a ‌ ‌lessor,‌  ‌vendor,‌  ‌vendee,‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌person‌ 
so‌‌in‌‌the‌‌deed‌‌itself‌‌or‌‌in‌‌a‌‌document‌‌annexed‌‌thereto.‌  ‌
against‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌land‌  ‌or‌  ‌b uilding‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Finality‌  ‌of‌  ‌Order‌  ‌of‌  ‌Partition:‌  ‌Order‌  ‌Appealable‌  ‌The‌  ‌first‌‌ 
unlawfully‌  ‌withheld‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌or‌  ‌termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
RULE‌‌69‌‌Partition‌  ‌ phase‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌partition‌  ‌and/or‌  ‌accounting‌  ‌suit‌  ‌is‌‌  taken‌‌  up‌‌  with‌‌  right‌  ‌to‌  ‌h old‌  ‌possession,‌  ‌by‌  ‌virtue‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌contract,‌  ‌express‌  ‌or‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 91‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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implied,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌legal‌  ‌representatives‌  ‌or‌  ‌assigns‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌such‌‌  (5) Tacita‌  ‌Reconduccion.‌  ‌An‌  ‌implied‌  ‌new‌  ‌lease‌  ‌or‌  ‌tacita‌‌  beginning‌‌as‌‌he‌‌acquires‌‌  becomes‌‌illegal‌‌by‌‌reason‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 
lessor,‌‌vendor,‌‌vendee,‌‌or‌‌other‌‌person,‌‌   ‌ reconduccion‌  ‌will‌  ‌set‌  ‌in‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌  ‌requisites‌  ‌are‌‌  possession‌‌thereof‌‌by‌‌force,‌‌  termination‌‌of‌‌his‌‌right‌‌to‌‌the‌‌ 
may,‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌within‌  ‌one‌  ‌(1)‌  ‌year‌  ‌after‌  ‌such‌  ‌u nlawful‌  ‌deprivation‌  ‌or‌  found‌‌to‌‌exist:‌‌   ‌ intimidation,‌‌threat,‌‌strategy‌‌or‌‌  possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌under‌‌ 
withholding‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession,‌  ‌b ring‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌‌ the‌‌ proper‌‌ ‌MTC‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌  stealth‌  ‌ the‌‌contract‌‌with‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌  ‌
a) the‌‌term‌‌of‌‌the‌‌original‌‌contract‌‌of‌‌lease‌‌has‌‌expired;‌‌   ‌
person‌  ‌or‌  ‌persons‌  ‌u nlawfully‌  ‌withholding‌  ‌or‌  ‌depriving‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession,‌  ‌or‌‌ 
any‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌persons‌  ‌claiming‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌them,‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌restitution‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌  b) the‌  ‌lessor‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌given‌‌
  the‌‌
  lessee‌‌
  a ‌‌notice‌‌
  to‌‌
  vacate;‌‌  the‌‌law‌‌does‌‌not‌‌require‌‌a ‌‌ plaintiff‌‌must‌‌first‌‌make‌‌such‌‌ 
possession,‌‌together‌‌with‌‌damages‌‌and‌‌costs.‌  ‌ and‌  ‌ previous‌‌demand‌‌for‌‌the‌‌  demand,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌jurisdictional‌  ‌
defendant‌‌to‌‌vacate‌  ‌
c) the‌  ‌lessee‌  ‌continued‌  ‌enjoying‌  ‌the‌  ‌thing‌  ‌leased‌  ‌for‌‌ 
(1) Any‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌co-owner‌  ‌may‌‌
  bring‌‌
  an‌‌
  action‌‌
  for‌‌
  forcible‌‌
  entry‌‌
  or‌‌ 
fifteen‌‌days‌‌with‌‌the‌‌acquiescence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌lessor.‌  ‌
unlawful‌‌detainer.‌  ‌ plaintiff‌‌must‌‌prove‌‌that‌‌he‌‌was‌‌  plaintiff‌‌need‌‌not‌‌have‌  ‌
This‌‌constitutes‌‌a‌‌valid‌‌defense‌‌in‌‌an‌‌unlawful‌‌detainer‌‌case.‌  ‌ in‌‌prior‌‌physical‌‌possession‌  ‌ been‌‌in‌‌prior‌‌physical‌‌ 
(2) There‌  ‌are‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌kinds‌  ‌of‌  ‌possessory‌  ‌actions‌  ‌involving‌‌  possession‌  ‌
real‌‌property‌,‌‌viz.:‌‌   ‌ (6) Who‌‌may‌‌file‌‌action‌‌   ‌

(a) Accion‌  ‌interdictal‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌summary‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌‌  A. In‌‌


  Forcible‌‌
  Entry‌. ‌‌The‌‌
  person‌‌ deprived‌‌ of‌‌ possession‌‌ by‌‌  the‌‌one-year‌‌period‌‌is‌‌generally‌‌  from‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌last‌‌demand‌‌or‌‌ 
force,‌‌intimidation,‌‌threat,‌‌strategy‌‌or‌‌stealth.‌‌   ‌ counted‌‌from‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌actual‌‌  last‌‌letter‌‌of‌‌demand‌  ‌
Forcible‌  ‌entry‌  ‌and‌  ‌detainer‌‌
  which‌‌   seeks‌‌
  the‌‌
  recovery‌‌ 
entry‌  ‌
of‌‌
  physical‌‌   possession‌‌   only‌‌ and‌‌ is‌‌ brought‌‌ within‌‌ one‌‌  B. In‌‌Unlawful‌‌Detainer‌‌   ‌
(1)‌‌year‌‌in‌‌the‌‌MTC;‌‌   ‌
1. The‌  ‌landlord,‌  ‌vendor‌  ‌or‌  ‌vendee‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌person‌‌  (10) Jurisdiction‌  ‌in‌  ‌Accion‌  ‌Interdictal.‌  ‌MeTC,‌  ‌MTC,‌  ‌MTCC‌  ‌have‌‌ 
(b) Accion‌  ‌Publiciana‌  ‌is‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌‌  against‌  ‌whom‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌land‌  ‌or‌  ‌building‌  ‌is‌‌  exclusive‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌  over‌‌  cases‌‌ of‌‌ forcible‌‌ entry‌‌ and‌‌ unlawful‌‌ 
possess‌  ‌and‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌plenary‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌civil‌‌  unlawfully‌  ‌withheld.‌  ‌Under‌  ‌Art.‌  ‌487,‌  ‌New‌  ‌Civil‌‌   Code‌‌  detainer,‌ ‌regardless‌‌of‌‌the‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌rentals‌‌and‌‌damages.‌  ‌
proceeding‌‌in‌‌a‌‌RTC;‌‌and‌  ‌ —‌  ‌any‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌co-owners,‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌or‌‌  (11) Issue‌‌of‌‌Ownership.‌  ‌
termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌hold‌  ‌possession‌  ‌by‌  ‌virtue‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(c) Accion‌  ‌de‌  ‌Reivindicacion‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌the‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  NOT‌  ‌ESSENTIAL.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌POSSESSION‌‌ 
contract.‌  ‌
ownership‌  ‌(which‌  ‌of‌  ‌course‌  ‌includes‌  ‌jus‌  ‌utendi‌  ‌and‌‌  which‌‌is‌‌primordial.‌  ‌
jus‌‌fruendi‌)‌‌also‌‌brought‌‌in‌‌the‌‌RTC.‌  ‌ 2. The‌  ‌legal‌  ‌representative‌  ‌or‌  ‌assignee‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌landlord,‌‌ 
vendor,‌‌vendee‌‌or‌‌other‌‌person.‌  ‌ The‌‌relevant‌‌precedents‌‌are‌‌hereunder‌‌outlined.‌  ‌
(3) Accion‌  ‌Publiciana‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌brought‌  ‌within‌  ‌one‌  ‌year.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌‌ 
defendant‌  ‌refuses‌‌   to‌‌
  vacate‌‌  on‌‌   the‌‌
  ground‌‌  that‌‌
  he‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  lessee‌‌  (7) Against‌  ‌whom‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌action‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌against‌  ‌persons‌‌  (a) Injunction‌‌   ‌suits‌‌  instituted‌‌  in‌‌  the‌‌  RTC‌‌ by‌‌ defendants‌‌ 
of‌‌
  the‌‌
  plaintiff’s‌‌
  predecessor‌‌   in‌‌
  interest,‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌
  will‌‌
  have‌‌ to‌‌  unlawfully‌‌  withholding‌‌   or‌‌
  depriving‌‌
  possession‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ person‌‌  in‌  ‌ejectment‌  ‌actions‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌MTCs‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌abate‌  ‌the‌‌ 
determine‌‌   who‌‌
  has‌‌   a ‌‌better‌‌ right‌‌ of‌‌ possession‌‌ and/or‌‌ whether‌‌  claiming‌‌under‌‌them.‌  ‌ latter;‌  ‌and‌  ‌neither‌  ‌do‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌on‌‌   consignation‌‌  of‌‌ 
the‌‌antecedent‌‌lease‌‌contract‌‌is‌‌binding‌‌on‌‌the‌‌plaintiff.‌  ‌ rentals.‌  ‌
(8) Nature‌‌ of‌‌ Proceedings‌‌ in‌‌ Accion‌‌ Interdictal‌. ‌‌Ejectment‌‌ cases‌‌ 
Hence,‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌accion‌  ‌publiciana‌  ‌and‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌  are‌  ‌summary‌‌   ‌proceedings‌‌   intended‌‌
  to‌‌
  provide‌‌   an‌‌
  expeditious‌‌  (b) An‌  ‌"‌accion‌  ‌publiciana‌” ‌ ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌suspend‌  ‌an‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌was‌  ‌brought‌‌
  within‌‌  means‌‌   of‌‌
  protecting‌‌ actual‌‌ possession‌‌ or‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ possession‌‌ of‌‌  ejectment‌‌suit‌‌against‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌‌in‌‌the‌‌former.‌‌   ‌
one‌  ‌year‌  ‌from‌  ‌demand‌  ‌to‌  ‌vacate‌  ‌the‌  ‌premises.‌  ‌(‌Bernabe‌  ‌v.‌‌  property.‌‌Title‌‌is‌‌not‌‌involved.‌  ‌
(c) A‌  ‌"‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌case"‌  ‌where‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Dayrit,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌58399,‌‌27‌‌October‌‌1983‌) ‌ ‌
(9) Forcible‌‌Entry‌‌vs.‌‌Unlawful‌‌Detainer‌  ‌ concededly‌‌ the‌‌ principal‌‌ issue‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ 
(4) Jurisdiction.‌  ‌The‌‌   first‌‌
  level‌‌  courts‌‌  now‌‌  has‌‌
  exclusive‌‌  original‌‌  FORCIBLE‌‌ENTRY‌  ‌ UNLAWFUL‌‌DETAINER‌  ‌ preclude‌  ‌nor‌  ‌bar‌  ‌the‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌  in‌‌
  an‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌  ‌in‌  ‌accion‌  ‌publiciana‌  ‌and‌  ‌accion‌  ‌reivindicatoria‌, ‌‌ unlawful‌  ‌detainer‌  ‌suit‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌only‌‌   issue‌‌
  involved‌‌ 
where‌  ‌the‌  ‌assessed‌‌   value‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  real‌‌
  property‌‌  does‌‌
  not‌‌
  exceed‌‌  possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌land‌‌by‌‌the‌‌  possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌is‌‌  is‌  ‌the‌  ‌material‌  ‌possession‌  ‌or‌  ‌possession‌  ‌de‌  ‌facto‌  ‌of‌‌ 
P20K‌‌if‌‌outside‌‌MM‌‌and‌‌P50K‌‌if‌‌within‌‌MM.‌  ‌ defendant‌‌is‌‌unlawful‌‌from‌‌the‌‌  inceptively‌‌lawful‌‌but‌‌it‌‌  the‌‌premises.‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 92‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

right‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌start‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌recovered‌  ‌to‌‌ 
(d) An‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌quieting‌  ‌of‌  ‌title‌‌
  ‌to‌‌  property‌‌  is‌‌  not‌‌  a ‌‌ (a) the‌‌parties‌‌are‌‌the‌‌landowner‌‌and‌‌the‌‌tenant;‌‌   ‌
categorize‌‌a‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌‌as‌‌one‌‌of‌‌unlawful‌‌detainer.‌  ‌
bar‌‌to‌‌an‌‌ejectment‌‌suit‌‌involving‌‌the‌‌same‌‌property.‌‌   ‌ (b) the‌‌subject‌‌matter‌‌is‌‌agricultural‌‌land;‌  ‌
(20) Unlawful‌‌   detainer‌‌   ‌is‌‌  the‌‌  act‌‌  of‌‌  withholding‌‌ the‌‌ possession‌‌ 
(e) Suits‌  ‌for‌  ‌specific‌  ‌performance‌  ‌with‌  ‌damages‌  ‌do‌‌  (c) there‌‌is‌‌consent;‌‌   ‌ of‌  ‌land‌  ‌or‌‌
  building‌‌
  from‌‌   another‌‌   who‌‌   is‌‌
  entitled‌‌   to‌‌  it‌‌
  after‌‌
  the‌ 
not‌‌  affect‌‌
  ejectment‌‌  actions‌‌ (e.g.,‌‌ to‌‌ compel‌‌ renewal‌‌ of‌‌ 
(d) the‌‌purpose‌‌is‌‌agricultural‌‌production;‌  ‌ expiration‌  ‌or‌  ‌termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   right‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  illegal‌‌   detainer‌‌   to‌‌ 
a‌‌lease‌‌contract).‌‌   ‌
hold‌  ‌possession‌  ‌by‌  ‌virtue‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌contract,‌  ‌express‌  ‌or‌  ‌implied,‌‌ 
(e) there‌‌
  is‌‌
  personal‌‌
  cultivation‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ tenant;‌‌ and‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ 
(f) An‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌reformation‌  ‌of‌  ‌instrument‌  ‌(e.g.,‌‌  when‌  ‌one‌  ‌year‌  ‌had‌  ‌not‌  ‌yet‌‌  elapsed‌‌   from‌‌   the‌‌
  time‌‌  the‌‌   original‌‌ 
a‌‌sharing‌‌of‌‌harvests‌‌between‌‌the‌‌parties.‌  ‌ possession‌‌had‌‌become‌‌illegal.‌  ‌
from‌‌   deed‌‌
  of‌‌ absolute‌‌ sale‌‌ to‌‌ one‌‌ of‌‌ sale‌‌ with‌‌ ‌pacto‌‌ de‌‌ 
retro‌) ‌‌does‌‌  not‌‌  suspend‌‌
  an‌‌ ejectment‌‌ suit‌‌ between‌‌ the‌‌  (15) Cases‌  ‌under‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌HLURB‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌MTC‌  ‌is,‌  ‌without‌‌  (21) Breach‌  ‌of‌  ‌compromise‌  ‌agreement‌  ‌as‌  ‌basis‌‌   for‌‌
  ejectment‌. ‌‌
same‌‌parties.‌‌   ‌ jurisdiction‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌for‌  ‌ejectment‌  ‌would‌  ‌involve‌  ‌a ‌‌ Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌lessee‌  ‌entered‌  ‌into‌  ‌a ‌ ‌compromise‌  ‌agreement‌  ‌with‌‌ 
consideration‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rights‌  ‌and‌  ‌obligations‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌ the‌  ‌lessors‌  ‌after‌  ‌he‌  ‌refused‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌the‌  ‌increase‌  ‌in‌  ‌rent‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(g) An‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌reconveyance‌  ‌of‌  ‌property‌  ‌or‌  ‌"‌accion‌‌ 
sale‌  ‌of‌  ‌real‌  ‌estate‌  ‌under‌  ‌PD‌  ‌957‌  ‌which‌  ‌falls‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌  lease‌‌   premises‌‌   to‌‌
  vacate‌‌ at‌‌ a ‌‌fixed‌‌ period‌‌ without‌‌ the‌‌ necessity‌‌ 
reivindicatoria‌" ‌ ‌also‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌effect‌  ‌on‌  ‌ejectment‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌HLURB.‌  ‌
suits‌‌regarding‌‌the‌‌same‌‌property.‌  ‌ of‌  ‌further‌  ‌demand‌  ‌no‌  ‌further‌  ‌demand‌  ‌is‌‌   necessary‌‌   for‌‌
  him‌‌   to‌‌ 
(16) Stealth‌. ‌ ‌In‌  ‌cases‌  ‌of‌  ‌"stealth"‌  ‌the‌  ‌one‌  ‌year‌  ‌period‌  ‌is‌  ‌counted‌  vacate‌  ‌the‌  ‌premises.‌‌   An‌‌
  unlawful‌‌   detainer‌‌   case‌‌
  can‌‌
  spring‌‌   not‌‌ 
(h) Neither‌  ‌do‌  ‌suits‌  ‌for‌  ‌annulment‌  ‌of‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌or‌  ‌title,‌  ‌or‌‌  only‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌ ‌contract‌  ‌of‌  ‌lease‌  ‌but‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌spring‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌‌
from‌‌   the‌‌
  time‌‌  the‌‌   plaintiff‌‌
  learned‌‌  thereof.‌‌ Stealth‌‌ is‌‌ defined‌‌ as‌‌ 
document‌  ‌affecting‌  ‌property‌  ‌operate‌  ‌to‌  ‌abate‌‌  compromise‌‌agreement‌‌which‌‌is‌‌also‌‌a‌‌contract.‌  ‌
any‌‌
  secret,‌‌   sly‌‌ or‌‌ clandestine‌‌ act‌‌ to‌‌ avoid‌‌ discovery‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌ gain‌‌ 
ejectment‌‌actions‌‌respecting‌‌the‌‌same‌‌property.‌  ‌
entrance‌  ‌into‌  ‌or‌  ‌remain‌  ‌within‌  ‌residence‌  ‌of‌  ‌another‌  ‌without‌‌  (22) Appeal‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌where‌  ‌contract‌  ‌of‌  ‌lease‌  ‌had‌‌ 
(12) Jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌MTC‌  ‌to‌  ‌Resolve‌  ‌Issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌Ownership.‌‌   As‌‌  the‌‌  permission.‌‌   ‌ expired‌. ‌ ‌Upon‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌contract‌  ‌of‌  ‌lease‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌‌ 
law‌  ‌now‌  ‌stands,‌  ‌inferior‌  ‌courts‌  ‌retain‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌‌  pendency‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  appeal,‌‌
  the‌‌
  appeal‌‌   may‌‌ be‌‌ dismissed‌‌ for‌‌ being‌‌ 
(17) When‌‌  Complaint‌‌   one‌‌
  for‌‌ Forcible‌‌ Entry‌. ‌‌The‌‌ questions‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ 
ejectment‌  ‌cases‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌cannot‌‌   be‌‌  moot‌  ‌and‌  ‌academic‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌subleases‌  ‌is‌  ‌without‌‌  any‌‌
  right‌‌  to‌‌ 
resolved‌‌in‌‌an‌‌action‌‌for‌‌forcible‌‌entry‌‌are:‌‌   ‌
resolved‌‌   without‌‌   passing‌‌   upon‌‌ the‌‌ issue‌‌ of‌‌ ownership;‌‌ but‌‌ this‌‌  remain‌‌in‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌beyond‌‌the‌‌lease‌‌period.‌  ‌
is‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌caveat‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌posed‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌‌  (a) First‌, ‌‌who‌‌ had‌‌ actual‌‌ possession‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ piece‌‌ of‌‌ real‌‌ 
property?‌‌   ‌ (23) An‌  ‌ejectment‌  ‌case‌  ‌survives‌  ‌the‌  ‌death‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌. ‌ ‌The‌‌ 
ownership‌  ‌could‌  ‌be‌  ‌resolved‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌sole‌ 
lessor's‌‌   demise‌‌
  did‌‌ not‌‌ extinguish‌‌ the‌‌ desahucio‌‌ suit‌‌ instituted‌‌ 
purpose‌‌of‌‌determining‌‌the‌‌issue‌‌of‌‌possession‌.‌  (b) Second‌, ‌ ‌was‌  ‌the‌  ‌possessor‌  ‌ousted‌  ‌therefrom‌  ‌within‌‌  by‌  ‌her‌  ‌through‌  ‌her‌  ‌guardian.‌  ‌That‌  ‌action,‌  ‌not‌  ‌being‌  ‌a ‌ ‌purely‌‌ 
(13) When‌‌   Ownership‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌Valid‌‌ Defense‌. ‌‌Ownership‌‌ is,‌‌ however,‌‌  one‌  ‌year‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌by‌  ‌force,‌‌  personal‌‌ one,‌‌ survived‌‌ her‌‌ death,‌‌ her‌‌ heirs‌‌ have‌‌ taken‌‌ her‌‌ place‌‌ 
a‌‌
  valid‌‌
  defense‌‌   in‌‌ unlawful‌‌ detainer‌‌ cases.‌‌ While‌‌ possession‌‌ is‌‌  threat,‌‌strategy‌‌or‌‌stealth?‌‌And‌‌   ‌ and‌‌now‌‌represent‌‌her‌‌interests‌‌in‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌at‌‌bar.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌main‌  ‌issue‌  ‌in‌  ‌ejectment,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌also‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌essential‌‌  (c) Lastly‌, ‌‌does‌‌
  the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  ask‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  restoration‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌  (24) Incidents‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌main‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌de‌  ‌facto.‌  ‌The‌‌ 
attributes‌  ‌of‌  ‌ownership.‌  ‌It‌  ‌follows‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌owner‌  ‌of‌  ‌real‌‌  possession?‌  ‌ following‌‌ are‌‌ incidents‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ main‌‌ issue‌‌ of‌‌ possession‌‌ de‌‌ facto‌‌ 
property‌‌is‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same.‌  ‌
(18) Where‌  ‌Possession‌  ‌is‌  ‌by‌  ‌Tolerance.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌occupies‌‌  which‌‌falls‌‌under‌‌the‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌Municipal‌‌Court:‌  ‌
(14) Agricultural‌  ‌Tenants‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌rule‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌   applicable‌  ‌to‌‌  cases‌‌  that‌  ‌land‌  ‌of‌  ‌another‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter's‌  ‌tolerance‌  ‌or‌  ‌permission,‌‌  (a) Whether‌‌   or‌‌
  not‌‌
  the‌‌
  relationship‌‌
  between‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ is‌‌ 
covered‌‌   by‌‌ the‌‌ Agricultural‌‌ Tenancy‌‌ Act.‌‌ Municipal‌‌ courts‌‌ have‌‌  without‌‌   any‌‌
  contract‌‌
  between‌‌ them,‌‌ is‌‌ necessarily‌‌ bound‌‌ by‌‌ an‌‌  one‌‌of‌‌landlord‌‌and‌‌tenant.‌  ‌
no‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ a ‌‌forcible‌‌ entry‌‌ and‌‌ detainer‌‌ case‌‌ involving‌‌  implied‌‌promise‌‌that‌‌he‌‌will‌‌vacate‌‌upon‌‌demand.‌  ‌
agricultural‌  ‌tenants.‌  ‌But‌  ‌there‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌of‌  ‌tenancy‌‌  (b) Whether‌‌ or‌‌ not‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌lease‌‌ contract‌‌ and‌‌ whether‌‌ or‌‌ 
(19) Tolerance‌  ‌Cannot‌  ‌Convert‌  ‌Forcible‌  ‌Entry‌  ‌Into‌  ‌Unlawful‌‌  not‌‌the‌‌lease‌‌contract‌‌had‌‌already‌‌expired.‌‌   ‌
relationship.‌‌Mere‌‌allegation‌‌is‌‌not‌‌enough.‌ 
Detainer.‌  ‌Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌possession‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  defendants‌‌
  was‌‌   illegal‌‌ 
The‌  ‌following‌  ‌essential‌  ‌requisites‌  ‌must‌  ‌concur‌  ‌in‌  ‌order‌  ‌to‌‌  at‌  ‌the‌  ‌inception‌  ‌as‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌there‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌no‌‌  (c) The‌  ‌just‌  ‌and‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rent‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
establish‌‌a‌‌tenancy‌‌relationship:‌‌   ‌ tolerance.‌  ‌Elsewise‌  ‌stated,‌  ‌the‌  ‌tolerance‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌presented‌‌  date‌‌when‌‌it‌‌will‌‌take‌‌effect.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 93‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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because‌  ‌the‌  ‌lessors‌  ‌were‌  ‌expecting‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌lessee‌  ‌would‌‌ 


(d) The‌‌
  right‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ tenant‌‌ to‌‌ keep‌‌ the‌‌ premises‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌  (10) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌lessee‌  ‌pays‌‌
  as‌‌
  demanded‌‌   there‌‌  is‌‌
  no‌‌
  cause‌‌  of‌‌
  action‌‌
  for‌‌ 
voluntarily‌  ‌give‌  ‌possession,‌  ‌the‌‌
  ‌one‌‌
  year‌‌
  period‌‌   is‌‌
  counted‌‌ 
will‌‌of‌‌the‌‌landlord.‌  ‌ unlawful‌  ‌detainer.‌  ‌If‌  ‌he‌‌  refuses,‌‌
  the‌‌
  cause‌‌   of‌‌
  action‌‌
  accrues‌‌  in‌‌ 
from‌‌the‌‌‌first‌‌demand‌. ‌ ‌
which‌  ‌case‌  ‌a ‌ ‌demand‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌vacate‌  ‌must‌  ‌again‌  ‌be‌‌ 
(e) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌has‌  ‌built‌  ‌on‌‌  the‌‌
  land‌‌
  substantial‌‌
  and‌‌ 
valuable‌‌   building‌‌
  and‌‌  there‌‌   is‌‌
  no‌‌
  dispute‌‌
  between‌‌
  the‌‌  (5) Effect‌‌   of‌‌
  Non-recourse‌‌   to‌‌ Barangay‌‌ Conciliation‌. ‌‌Referral‌‌ to‌‌  made‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌jurisdictional‌  ‌requirement‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌ 
parties‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌land‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  the‌‌
  Lupon‌‌   Chairman‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ Pangkat‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ made‌‌ prior‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌  unlawful‌‌detainer‌‌case.‌  ‌
building,‌‌their‌‌rights,‌‌according‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Civil‌‌Code.‌‌   ‌ filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  ejectment‌‌
  case.‌‌ Legal‌‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ ejectment‌‌ is‌‌ barred‌‌ 
(11) Acceptance‌  ‌of‌  ‌Arrears‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌waiver.‌  ‌By‌  ‌the‌  ‌lessor‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
when‌‌there‌‌is‌‌non-recourse‌‌to‌‌barangay‌‌court.‌  ‌
(f) The‌‌power‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌to‌‌fix‌‌the‌‌period‌‌of‌‌lease.‌  ‌ payment‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌lessee‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rentals‌  ‌in‌  ‌arrears‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌‌ 
(6) A‌‌complaint‌‌of‌‌unlawful‌‌detainer‌‌must‌‌allege:‌‌   ‌ constitute‌‌
  a ‌‌waiver‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  default‌‌  in‌‌ the‌‌ payment‌‌ of‌‌ rentals‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌
SPECIFIC‌‌NOTES‌‌ON‌‌UNLAWFUL‌‌DETAINER‌  ‌ a. That‌‌  the‌‌
  tenant‌‌ is‌‌ ‌withholding‌‌ the‌‌ possession‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  valid‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌action‌‌for‌‌ejectment.‌  ‌
(1) Unless‌‌
  otherwise‌‌
  stipulated,‌‌
  such‌‌
  action‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  lessor‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌  property‌‌   illegally‌‌   because‌‌
  his‌‌
  right‌‌ to‌‌ possess‌‌ under‌‌  (12) There‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌no‌‌
  need‌‌
  to‌‌
  allege‌‌  prior‌‌
  demand‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ 
commenced‌‌only‌‌after‌: ‌ ‌ his‌‌contract‌‌with‌‌the‌‌landlord‌‌had‌‌expired‌‌(Section‌‌2).‌  ‌ action‌‌
  is‌‌
  cessation‌‌   ‌tolerance‌‌
  of‌‌   ‌and‌‌  not‌‌  to‌‌ pay‌‌ rentals‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ 
b. That‌  ‌the‌  ‌landlord‌  ‌has‌  ‌made‌  ‌a ‌ ‌demand‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌‌  property.‌  ‌
(a) demand‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌or‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌conditions‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
lease‌‌and‌‌to‌‌vacate‌‌is‌‌made‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌lessee,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ tenant‌‌  to‌‌
  comply‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌  terms‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ contract‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌  (13) The‌‌   lessor‌‌   has‌‌
  the‌‌  right‌‌
  to‌‌  increase‌‌  rentals‌‌   after‌‌
  the‌‌
  expiration‌‌ 
return‌  ‌the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property,‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌lease‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌evict‌  ‌the‌  ‌lessee‌  ‌who‌  ‌refuses‌‌   to‌‌
  accept‌‌   the‌‌ 
(b) by‌  ‌serving‌  ‌written‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌demand‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌‌  tenant‌  ‌failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌satisfy‌  ‌the‌  ‌demand‌  ‌within‌  ‌15‌  ‌or‌  ‌5 ‌‌ new‌‌   rate‌‌
  without‌‌   necessity‌‌   of‌‌
  demand,‌‌   provided‌‌   that‌‌  the‌‌ same‌‌ 
person‌‌found‌‌on‌‌the‌‌premises,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ days,‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌buildings.‌  ‌ is‌‌not‌‌exorbitant.‌  ‌
(c) by‌‌
  posting‌‌ such‌‌ notice‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ premises‌‌ if‌‌ no‌‌ person‌‌ be‌‌  c. The‌‌
  complaint‌‌   must‌‌
  be‌‌
  filed‌‌
  within‌‌
  one‌‌
  year‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌  (14) Purchaser‌  ‌at‌  ‌Public‌  ‌Auction‌  ‌May‌  ‌File‌  ‌Unlawful‌  ‌Detainer‌. ‌‌
found‌‌ thereon,‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ lessee‌‌ fails‌‌ to‌‌ comply‌‌ therewith‌‌  date‌‌of‌‌the‌‌demand.‌  ‌ Under‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rules,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgaged‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌redeemed‌‌ 
after‌  ‌fifteen‌  ‌(15)‌  ‌days‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌land‌  ‌or‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌‌ 
(7) The‌  ‌only‌  ‌issue‌  ‌in‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌detainer‌  ‌is‌  ‌who‌  ‌between‌‌  within‌  ‌one‌  ‌year‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌foreclosure‌  ‌sale,‌  ‌the‌  ‌purchaser‌  ‌at‌‌ 
days‌‌in‌‌the‌‌case‌‌of‌‌buildings.‌  ‌
litigants‌‌has‌‌a‌‌better‌‌right‌‌to‌‌physical‌‌possession.‌  ‌ public‌  ‌auction‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property.‌  ‌To‌‌ 
(2) Demand‌‌how‌‌made:‌‌   ‌ obtain‌‌   possession,‌‌   the‌‌  vendee‌‌
  or‌‌
  purchaser‌‌  may‌‌   either‌‌   ask‌‌ for‌‌ 
(8) When‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌‌   violation‌‌
  of‌‌
  lease.‌‌
  Mere‌‌
  failure‌‌
  to‌‌  a‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌or‌  ‌bring‌  ‌an‌  ‌appropriate‌  ‌independent‌‌ 
(a) Personally‌‌upon‌‌tenant‌‌(may‌‌be‌‌oral).‌  ‌
pay‌  ‌rent‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌ipso‌  ‌facto‌  ‌make‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌the‌  ‌tenant's‌‌  action,‌‌such‌‌as‌‌a‌‌suit‌‌for‌‌ejectment.‌  ‌
(b) Service‌  ‌of‌  ‌written‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌demand‌  ‌upon‌‌  possession.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  d
‌ emand‌  ‌to‌  ‌vacate‌  ‌and‌  ‌refusal‌  ‌to‌‌ 
persons‌‌found‌‌in‌‌premises.‌‌   ‌ vacate‌w
‌ hich‌‌makes‌‌unlawful‌‌the‌‌withholding‌‌of‌‌possession.‌  ‌ Section‌  ‌13.‌  ‌Prohibited‌  ‌pleadings‌  ‌and‌  ‌motions.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌following‌‌ 
(c) Posting‌‌in‌‌premises‌‌if‌‌no‌‌persons‌‌be‌‌found‌‌thereon.‌  ‌ (9) Thus,‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌bringing‌  ‌an‌  ‌ejectment‌  ‌suit,‌  ‌two‌‌  petitions,‌‌motions,‌‌or‌‌pleadings‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌b e‌‌allowed:‌  ‌

(3) Time‌  ‌to‌  ‌commence‌  ‌action‌. ‌ ‌Within‌  ‌one‌  ‌year‌  ‌after‌  ‌unlawful‌‌  requisites‌‌must‌‌concur,‌‌namely:‌  ‌ 1. Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌except‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ ground‌‌ of‌‌ lack‌‌ of‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter,‌  ‌or‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌‌ 
deprivation‌‌or‌‌withholding‌‌of‌‌possession.‌  ‌ (a) there‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌rent‌  ‌or‌  ‌comply‌‌  section‌‌12;‌  ‌
(4) Period‌‌   to‌‌
  File‌‌
  Unlawful‌‌
  Detainer.‌‌   Unlawful‌‌
  detainer‌‌
  must‌‌ be‌‌  with‌‌the‌‌conditions‌‌of‌‌the‌‌lease‌‌‌and‌  ‌ 2. Motion‌‌for‌‌a‌‌b ill‌‌of‌‌particulars;‌  ‌
filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌one‌  ‌year‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌last‌  ‌demand‌ ‌
(b) there‌‌   be‌‌ ‌demand‌‌ both‌‌ to‌‌ pay‌‌ or‌‌ to‌‌ comply‌‌ 
  must‌‌ 3. Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial,‌  ‌or‌‌ for‌‌ reconsideration‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌judgment,‌‌ or‌‌ for‌‌ 
with‌‌  the‌‌  MTC,‌‌  otherwise,‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  an‌‌
  ‌accion‌‌
  publiciana‌‌ cognizable‌‌ 
and‌‌
  vacate‌  ‌within‌‌ the‌‌ periods‌‌ specified‌‌ in‌‌ Section‌‌ 2,‌‌  reopening‌‌of‌‌trial;‌  ‌
by‌‌the‌‌RTC.‌  ‌
Rule‌‌
  70,‌‌  namely‌‌
  15‌‌ days‌‌ in‌‌ case‌‌ of‌‌ lands‌‌ and‌‌ 5 ‌‌days‌‌ in‌‌  4. Petition‌‌for‌‌relief‌‌f rom‌‌judgment;‌  ‌
Exception‌. ‌ ‌But‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌subsequent‌  ‌demands‌  ‌were‌  ‌mere‌‌  case‌‌of‌‌buildings.‌  ‌ 5. Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌extension‌  ‌of‌  ‌time‌  ‌to‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌pleadings,‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌‌ 
reminders‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌an‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌previous‌  ‌agreement‌  ‌to‌‌  other‌‌paper;‌  ‌
voluntarily‌‌
  vacate‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌
  reason‌‌ why‌‌ no‌‌ action‌‌ was‌‌ taken‌‌ was‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 94‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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6. Memoranda;‌  ‌ b. Preliminary‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌58‌  ‌in‌  ‌both‌‌  (2) Attorney's‌  ‌Fees‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌Awarded‌  ‌in‌  ‌Ejectment‌  ‌Cases.‌  ‌The‌‌ 
forcible‌  ‌entry‌  ‌and‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌detainer‌  ‌also‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌‌  award‌  ‌of‌  ‌attorney's‌  ‌fees‌  ‌in‌  ‌ejectment‌  ‌cases‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌upheld‌‌ 
7. Petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌certiorari,‌  ‌mandamus,‌  ‌or‌  ‌prohibition‌  ‌against‌  ‌any‌‌ 
mentioned‌‌in‌‌the‌‌preceding‌‌paragraph.‌  ‌ where‌‌the‌‌provisions‌‌of‌‌Article‌‌2208‌‌are‌‌applicable.‌  ‌
interlocutory‌‌order‌‌issued‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court;‌  ‌
8. Motion‌‌to‌‌declare‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌in‌‌default;‌  ‌ (4) Resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌Issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌Ownership.‌  ‌Under‌  ‌the‌  ‌Judiciary‌‌  (3) Limited‌‌   Rule‌‌
  on‌‌
  Conclusiveness‌‌   of‌‌
  Judgment.‌‌   The‌‌ judgment‌‌ 
9. Dilatory‌‌motions‌‌for‌‌postponement‌  ‌ Reorganization‌  ‌Act,‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌resolved‌‌  is‌‌
  still‌‌  conclusive‌‌   only‌‌
  with‌‌  respect‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  issue‌‌ of‌‌ possession‌‌ 
10. Reply;‌  ‌ only‌‌to‌‌determine‌‌the‌‌issue‌‌of‌‌possession:‌P ‌ rovided‌,  ‌‌ ‌ of‌  ‌the‌  ‌premises‌  ‌but‌  ‌not‌  ‌with‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌‌ 
facts.‌‌   ‌
11. Third-party‌‌complaints;‌  ‌ (a) The‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌raises‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
12. Interventions.‌  ‌ pleadings‌‌and‌  ‌ (4) Against‌‌ whom‌‌ is‌‌ Judgment‌‌ Binding.‌‌ The‌‌ judgment‌‌ is‌‌ binding‌‌ 
against‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌and‌‌all‌‌persons‌‌claiming‌‌under‌‌them,‌v‌ iz‌.:‌  ‌
(b) The‌  ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌possession‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌resolved‌‌ 
(1) Certiorari‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  without‌‌deciding‌‌the‌‌issue‌‌of‌‌ownership.‌  ‌ (a) Trespassers,‌  ‌squatters,‌  ‌or‌  ‌agents‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌‌ 
permissible‌.  ‌‌ fraudulently‌  ‌occupying‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌to‌  ‌frustrate‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Gatchalian‌‌v.‌‌Flores‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌225176,‌‌19‌‌January‌‌2018‌  ‌ judgment;‌  ‌
EXCEPTION‌  ‌unless‌  ‌some‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌  ‌relief‌  ‌is‌  ‌made‌  ‌available‌  ‌to‌‌ 
defendant‌‌   the‌‌  grave‌‌  injustice‌‌
  and‌‌   irreparable‌‌ injury‌‌ that‌‌ visited‌‌  (b) Guests‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌occupant‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌premises‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌‌
  owners‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌parcel‌‌ of‌‌ land‌‌ which‌‌ have‌‌ been‌‌ used‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌road‌‌ lot‌‌ for‌‌ 
him‌  ‌through‌  ‌no‌  ‌fault‌  ‌or‌  ‌negligence‌  ‌on‌  ‌his‌  ‌part‌  ‌will‌  ‌only‌  ‌be‌‌  permission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌defendant;‌  ‌
years‌‌ has‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ file‌‌ an‌‌ ejectment‌‌ suit‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌ people‌‌ residing‌‌ 
perpetuated,‌‌   the‌‌ Court‌‌ treated‌‌ ‌pro‌‌ hac‌‌ vice‌‌ the‌‌ petition‌‌ for‌‌ relief‌‌ 
therein‌‌  by‌‌
  tolerance‌‌   if‌‌
  the‌‌  road‌‌  lot‌‌
  has‌‌
  not‌‌
  yet‌‌ been‌‌ expropriated‌‌ nor‌‌  (c) Transferees‌‌‌Pendente‌‌lite;‌  ‌
from‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌which‌‌   defendant‌‌   filed‌‌   either‌‌
  as‌‌  an‌‌
  exception‌‌   to‌‌ 
paid‌‌by‌‌the‌‌government.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌rule,‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌regular‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC,‌  ‌or‌  ‌even‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌‌  (d) Sublessees;‌  ‌
annul‌‌the‌‌order‌‌(decision)‌‌of‌‌the‌‌MCTC.‌  ‌ Hence,‌‌ absent‌‌ expropriation‌‌ and‌‌ without‌‌ evidence‌‌ that‌‌ it‌‌ was‌‌ donated‌‌ 
(e) Members‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌family,‌  ‌relatives‌  ‌and‌‌
  other‌‌
  privies‌‌
  of‌‌ 
or‌‌sold‌‌to‌‌the‌‌government,‌‌the‌‌same‌‌is‌‌private‌‌property.‌  ‌
the‌‌defendant.‌  ‌
(2) Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌Preliminary‌  ‌Injunction‌  ‌in‌  ‌ejectment‌‌ 
cases‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌five(5)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  (1) Damages‌‌Recoverable‌‌in‌‌Ejectment‌‌cases‌‌   ‌ (5) Not‌‌binding‌‌against‌‌non-parties‌‌   ‌
complaint‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌   same‌‌  must‌‌   be‌‌
  resolved‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌   within‌‌ 
(a) The‌  ‌only‌  ‌damage‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌
  recovered‌‌   in‌‌  a ‌‌forcible‌‌  (a) An‌  ‌alias‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌legally‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌‌ 
thirty(30)‌‌days.‌  ‌
entry‌  ‌and‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌detainer‌  ‌cases‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌fair‌  ‌rental‌‌  against‌  ‌respondent-lessees‌  ‌who‌  ‌are‌‌   not‌‌
  parties‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Should‌‌   there‌‌   be‌‌
  an‌‌
  appeal‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌ defendant‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ RTC,‌‌ plaintiff‌‌  value‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌reasonable‌‌   compensation‌‌   for‌‌   the‌‌
  use‌‌  case.‌  ‌
may‌‌   within‌‌  ten(10)‌‌   days‌‌
  from‌‌   the‌‌
  perfection‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ appeal,‌‌ file‌‌  and‌‌occupation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌leased‌‌property.‌‌   ‌
(b) A‌‌
  writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  possession‌‌
  and‌‌
  order‌‌
  of‌‌ demolition‌‌ directed‌‌ 
a‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌preliminary‌‌   mandatory‌‌   injunction‌‌   to‌‌
  restore‌‌ 
(b) Other‌‌damages‌‌must‌‌be‌‌claimed‌‌in‌‌an‌‌ordinary‌‌action.‌‌   ‌ against‌‌persons‌‌who‌‌were‌‌not‌‌parties‌‌are‌v
‌ oid‌.  ‌‌ ‌
him‌  ‌in‌  ‌possession‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌grant‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌finds‌  ‌the‌‌ 
appeal‌‌frivolous‌‌or‌‌dilatory.‌  ‌ But‌  ‌while‌  ‌actual,‌  ‌moral‌  ‌and‌  ‌exemplary‌  ‌damages‌  ‌are‌‌  (c) A‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌ejectment‌  ‌case‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌enforced‌‌ 
not‌  ‌permissible,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counterclaim‌  ‌for‌  ‌moral‌  ‌and‌‌  against‌‌persons‌‌who‌‌were‌‌not‌‌defendants.‌  ‌
(3) Under‌‌ the‌‌ present‌‌ law,‌‌ an‌‌ inferior‌‌ court‌‌ has‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ to‌‌ grant‌‌ 
exemplary‌  ‌damages‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌court's‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   is‌‌ 
provisional‌  ‌remedies‌  ‌in‌  ‌proper‌  ‌cases.‌  ‌These‌  ‌proper‌  ‌cases‌‌  (6) Power‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court‌  ‌in‌  ‌Ejectment‌  ‌Case‌  ‌to‌  ‌Decide‌  ‌Issue‌  ‌of‌‌ 
permissible.‌‌   ‌
would‌‌be:‌‌   ‌ Builder‌  ‌in‌  ‌Good‌  ‌Faith‌. ‌ ‌As‌  ‌an‌  ‌incident‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌main‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(c) Summary‌‌   judgment‌‌  is‌‌ proper‌‌ where‌‌ payments‌‌ of‌‌ rents‌‌  possession‌  ‌de‌  ‌facto‌  ‌the‌  ‌inferior‌  ‌court‌  ‌can‌  ‌decide‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a. Preliminary‌‌
  attachment‌‌
  ‌under‌‌  Rule‌‌ 57,‌‌ provided‌‌  and‌‌default‌‌are‌‌admitted.‌‌   ‌ defendant‌  ‌has‌  ‌built‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌land‌  ‌a ‌ ‌substantial‌  ‌and‌  ‌valuable‌‌ 
the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌‌
  within‌‌
  its‌‌
  jurisdiction,‌‌
  such‌‌
  as‌‌ 
building‌  ‌and‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌dispute‌‌
  between‌‌   the‌‌  parties‌‌
  as‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
an‌‌action‌‌of‌‌forcible‌‌entry‌‌and‌‌unlawful‌‌detainer.‌‌   ‌
ownership‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌land‌  ‌and‌  ‌building,‌  ‌their‌  ‌rights‌  ‌according‌  ‌to‌‌ 
the‌‌Civil‌‌Code.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 95‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

(7) Lessee‌‌   has‌‌  No‌‌


  Right‌‌ of‌‌ Retention.‌‌ A ‌‌lessee‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ a ‌‌possessor‌‌  (6) Simply‌‌   "‌damages‌" ‌‌in‌‌
  put,‌‌   the‌‌
  context‌‌
  of‌‌
  Section‌‌
  8 ‌‌of‌‌
  Rule‌‌ 70‌‌  Section‌  ‌21.‌  ‌Immediate‌  ‌execution‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌or‌‌ 
in‌‌
  good‌‌   faith‌‌
  and‌‌
  therefore‌‌  has‌‌
  no‌‌
  right‌‌
  to‌‌  retain‌‌ possession‌‌ of‌‌  is‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to‌  ‌"‌rent‌" ‌ ‌of‌  ‌"fair‌  ‌rental‌  ‌value‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌use‌  ‌and‌‌  Supreme‌‌   Court.‌‌
  — ‌ ‌The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌against‌‌ the‌‌ 
the‌  ‌premises‌  ‌pending‌‌   reimbursement‌‌   of‌‌  his‌‌  improvements‌‌   on‌‌  defendant‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌executory‌, ‌ ‌without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌
occupation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property."‌  ‌
the‌‌leased‌‌premises.‌‌   ‌ further‌‌appeal‌‌that‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌taken‌‌therefrom.‌  ‌
(7) Loss‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌by‌  ‌MTC‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌was‌  ‌later‌  ‌held‌  ‌that‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌ 
No‌‌mere‌‌lessee‌‌can‌‌claim‌‌to‌‌be‌‌a‌‌possessor‌‌in‌‌good‌‌faith.‌  ‌  ‌
perfection‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌
  appeal‌‌ the‌‌ MTC‌‌ is‌‌ without‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ to‌‌ issue‌‌ 
a‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌execution‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌no‌  ‌supersedeas‌  ‌bond‌  ‌is‌‌   filed.‌‌   The‌‌  RULE‌‌71‌‌Contempt‌  ‌
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌JUDGMENT‌  ‌
writ‌  ‌may‌‌   be‌‌  issued‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  RTC.‌‌  The‌‌  writ‌‌  of‌‌
  execution‌‌   pending‌‌ 
(1) There‌‌   must‌‌   first‌‌
  be‌‌ Notice‌‌ of‌‌ Judgment.‌‌ Before‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌  appeal‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌but‌  ‌once‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌‌  Direct‌‌Contempt‌  ‌
may‌  ‌be‌  ‌executed‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌must‌  ‌first‌  ‌be‌  ‌notified‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  becomes‌‌final,‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌should‌‌be‌‌issued‌‌by‌‌the‌‌MTC.‌  ‌ (1) Concept‌  ‌of‌  ‌Contempt‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court‌. ‌ ‌Contempt‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌
decision.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌while‌  ‌formal‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌‌  (8) When‌  ‌execution‌  ‌suspended‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌court‌  ‌on‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌and‌‌  defiance‌  of‌‌  the‌‌  authority,‌‌  justice‌‌  or‌‌  dignity‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ court;‌‌ such‌‌ 
indeed‌‌   necessary‌‌   as‌‌
  a ‌‌rule,‌‌
  this‌‌
  is‌‌ no‌‌ longer‌‌ necessary‌‌ where‌‌ a ‌‌ prohibition‌  ‌ordered‌  ‌the‌  ‌suspension‌  ‌of‌  ‌enforcement‌  ‌of‌‌   writ‌‌   of‌‌  conduct‌  ‌as‌  ‌tends‌  ‌to‌  ‌bring‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌‌
  and‌‌
  administration‌‌   of‌‌ 
MR‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌was‌  ‌filed‌  ‌which‌  ‌would‌  ‌indicate‌  ‌that‌‌  execution‌  ‌and‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌demolition‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌illegal‌‌  the‌  ‌law‌  ‌into‌  ‌disrespect‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌interfere‌  ‌with‌  ‌or‌  ‌prejudice‌‌ 
defendants‌‌were‌‌already‌‌informed‌‌of‌‌such‌‌decision.‌  ‌ detainer,‌‌   in‌‌   view‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ action‌‌ filed‌‌ by‌‌ petitioner‌‌ for‌‌ quieting‌‌ of‌‌  parties-litigant‌‌or‌‌their‌‌witnesses‌‌during‌‌litigation.‌  ‌
(2) Motion‌‌   Must‌‌  be‌‌
  with‌‌
  Notice‌. ‌‌The‌‌   writ‌‌
  of‌‌
  execution‌‌   may‌‌
  only‌‌  title‌‌over‌‌the‌‌lot‌‌in‌‌issue.‌  ‌
(2) Power‌  ‌inherent‌  ‌in‌  ‌all‌  ‌courts‌. ‌ ‌And‌  ‌is‌  ‌essential‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
be‌  ‌issued‌  ‌after‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party.‌‌  (9) Procedure‌  ‌where‌  ‌possession‌  ‌claimed‌‌   by‌‌  stranger‌‌   to‌‌  case‌. ‌‌ preservation‌  ‌of‌  ‌order‌  ‌in‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Defendant‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌time‌  ‌to‌‌   vacate‌‌
  by‌‌
  Sheriff‌‌  Where‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌premises‌  ‌was‌  ‌claimed‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌‌ enforcement‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgments,‌  ‌orders,‌  ‌and‌  ‌mandates‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court,‌‌ 
enforcing‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌—‌‌normally‌t‌ hree‌‌to‌‌five‌‌days‌. ‌ ‌ third‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌stranger‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌ejectment‌  ‌case,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌‌  and‌‌consequently,‌‌to‌‌the‌‌due‌‌administration‌‌of‌‌justice.‌  ‌
justified‌  ‌in‌  ‌suspending‌  ‌the‌  ‌implementation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(3) Requisites‌  ‌to‌  ‌Stop‌  ‌Execution.‌  ‌To‌  ‌stay‌  ‌execution‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌‌  (3) Two-Fold‌‌Aspect‌‌of‌‌Power‌‌to‌‌Punish‌‌Contempt‌‌of‌‌Court‌‌   ‌
execution.‌  ‌
ejectment‌‌suit,‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌should:‌‌   ‌
(a) the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌punishment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌party‌  ‌for‌  ‌his‌‌ 
1. Perfect‌a
‌ ppeal‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Regional‌‌Trial‌‌Court;‌‌   ‌ Section‌  ‌20.‌  ‌Preliminary‌  ‌mandatory‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal.‌  ‌— ‌‌ disrespect‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court‌‌or‌‌its‌‌order;‌‌and‌  ‌
2. File‌s‌ upersedeas‌‌bond;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ Upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff,‌  ‌within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌( 10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌f rom‌‌ the‌‌ perfection‌‌ of‌‌  (b) to‌  ‌compel‌  ‌his‌  ‌performance‌  ‌of‌  ‌some‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌  ‌duty‌‌ 
the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTCt,‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌a ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌‌  required‌  ‌of‌  ‌him‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌which‌  ‌he‌  ‌refuses‌  ‌to‌‌ 
3. Deposit‌  ‌current‌  ‌rentals‌  ‌or‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌compensation‌‌  mandatory‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌to‌  ‌restore‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌in‌  ‌possession‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌‌  perform.‌  ‌
for‌‌the‌‌use‌‌and‌‌occupation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌premises.‌  ‌ satisfied‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant's‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌is‌  ‌f rivolous‌  ‌or‌  ‌dilatory‌  ‌or‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
appeal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plaintiff‌‌is‌‌prima‌‌facie‌‌meritorious.‌  ‌ (4) Civil‌‌
  vs‌‌  Criminal‌‌   Contempt.‌‌  A ‌‌‌civil‌‌
  contempt‌  ‌is‌‌ the‌‌ failure‌‌ 
(4) Rule‌‌
  is‌‌  mandatory.‌‌   The‌‌
  duty‌‌
  to‌‌
  issue‌‌
  the‌‌
  writ‌‌ and‌‌ immediate‌‌ 
to‌‌
  do‌‌ something‌‌ ordered‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ done‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌court‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌judge‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
execution‌  ‌is‌  ‌ministerial‌  ‌compellable‌  ‌by‌  ‌mandamus‌. ‌ ‌But‌‌ 
(1) The‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌mandatory‌  ‌injunction‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌   issued‌  benefit‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  opposing‌‌
  party‌‌
  therein.‌‌  It‌‌
  is‌‌
  remedial‌‌ and‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
even‌‌if‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌is‌‌issued,‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌continues.‌  ‌
even‌‌  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  appellant‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  plaintiff‌‌
  lessor‌‌
  if‌‌
  it‌‌ appears‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌  purpose‌‌of‌‌the‌‌preservation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌private‌‌persons.‌  ‌
(5) Even‌  ‌if‌  ‌Lessor‌  ‌is‌  ‌Appellant,‌  ‌Appellee‌  ‌must‌  ‌Comply‌  ‌with‌‌  lessor's‌‌appeal‌‌is‌‌meritorious.‌  ‌
A‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌is‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌directed‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌Rentals‌  ‌and‌  ‌Supersedeas‌  ‌Bond.‌  ‌The‌  ‌rule‌‌ 
(2) Even‌‌  if‌‌
  a ‌‌‌supersedeas‌‌   bond‌‌   is‌‌
  filed,‌‌
  mandatory‌‌ injunction‌‌ for‌‌  authority‌  ‌and‌‌   dignity‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌court‌‌
  or‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌judge,‌‌
  as‌‌
  in‌‌
  unlawfully‌‌ 
requiring‌‌   supersedeas‌‌   bond‌‌ and‌‌ deposit‌‌ of‌‌ rentals‌‌ applies‌‌ even‌‌ 
restoration‌‌ of‌‌ premises‌‌ may‌‌ issue‌‌ but‌‌ execution‌‌ with‌‌ respect‌‌ to‌‌  assailing‌‌  or‌‌
  discrediting‌‌  the‌‌  authority‌‌ or‌‌ dignity‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ or‌‌ 
if‌‌it‌‌is‌‌the‌‌lessor‌‌who‌‌appealed;‌‌otherwise‌‌execution‌‌will‌‌issue.‌ 
the‌‌
  payment‌‌   of‌‌
  accrued‌‌
  rentals‌‌  should‌‌   be‌‌
  stayed.‌‌ No‌‌ execution‌‌  judge,‌‌or‌‌in‌‌doing‌‌a‌‌duly‌‌forbidden‌‌act.‌  ‌
Such‌‌
  bond‌‌  is‌‌
  required‌‌   to‌‌  assure‌‌
  the‌‌
  payment‌‌ of‌‌ damages‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌  can‌‌be‌‌issued‌‌because‌‌of‌‌the‌‌supersedeas‌‌bond.‌  ‌
winning‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌is‌  ‌found‌  ‌frivolous,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌  It‌‌
  is‌‌
  held‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌ an‌‌ offense‌‌ against‌‌ public‌‌ justice‌‌ which‌‌ raises‌‌ an‌‌ 
(3) The‌‌ grant‌‌ of‌‌ mandatory‌‌ injunction‌‌ constitutes‌‌ a ‌‌judgment‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  issue‌‌   between‌‌   the‌‌   public‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused,‌‌   and‌‌ the‌‌ proceedings‌‌ 
judgment‌‌appealed‌‌from‌‌is‌‌affirmed.‌  ‌
appeal‌‌with‌‌respect‌‌to‌‌the‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌lots.‌  ‌ to‌‌punish‌‌it‌‌are‌‌punitive.‌I‌ ntent‌‌‌is‌‌a‌‌necessary‌‌element.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 96‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

As‌  ‌to‌  ‌Purpose.‌‌


  Where‌‌   the‌‌  primary‌‌   purpose‌‌
  is‌‌
  to‌‌  preserve‌‌   the‌‌  of‌‌the‌‌remedies‌‌of‌c
‌ ertiorari‌‌or‌‌prohibition‌.  ‌‌ ‌ (2) Refusal‌  ‌to‌  ‌Comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌Writ‌‌   of‌‌
  Possession‌‌   NOT‌‌   Contempt‌‌ 
court's‌  ‌authority‌  ‌and‌‌
  to‌‌  punish‌‌  for‌‌
  disobedience‌‌   of‌‌
  its‌‌
  orders,‌‌  of‌  ‌Court‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌proper‌  ‌procedure‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioners‌  ‌refuse‌  ‌to‌‌ 
The‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌ ‌suspended‌‌ ‌pending‌‌ resolution‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌is‌  c
‌ riminal‌. ‌ ‌Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌primary‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌‌  such‌  ‌petition,‌  ‌provided‌  ‌such‌  ‌person‌‌ f iles‌‌ a ‌‌‌bond‌‌ ‌f ixed‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ which‌‌  deliver‌‌   possession‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  lands‌‌
  is‌‌ not‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ cite‌‌ them‌‌ 
provide‌  ‌a ‌ ‌remedy‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌  ‌injured‌  ‌suitor‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌coerce‌‌  rendered‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌and‌  ‌conditioned‌  ‌that‌  ‌h e‌  ‌will‌  ‌abide‌  ‌by‌  ‌and‌‌  for‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌but‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌sheriff‌  ‌to‌  ‌dispossess‌  ‌them‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
compliance‌‌with‌‌an‌‌order,‌‌the‌‌contempt‌‌is‌c ‌ ivil‌. ‌ ‌ perform‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌should‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌b e‌‌decided‌‌against‌‌h im.‌‌   ‌ premises‌  ‌and‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
respondents.‌‌   ‌
(5) Nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌Criminal‌  ‌Contempt‌  ‌Proceedings‌. ‌ ‌Are‌  ‌generally‌‌  Indirect‌‌Contempt‌  ‌
held‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌
  nature‌‌
  of‌‌
  criminal‌‌
  or‌‌
  quasi-criminal‌‌
  actions.‌‌  However‌, ‌ ‌if‌  ‌subsequent‌  ‌to‌  ‌such‌  ‌dispossession,‌  ‌petitioners‌‌ 
The‌‌proceeding‌‌has‌‌been‌‌characterized‌‌as‌s‌ ui‌‌generis‌. ‌ ‌ Section‌  ‌3.‌  ‌Indirect‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌punished‌  ‌after‌  ‌charge‌  ‌and‌‌ 
enter‌  ‌into‌  ‌or‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌properties‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  purpose‌‌
  of‌‌
  executing‌‌ 
hearing.‌‌   — ‌ ‌After‌  ‌a ‌ ‌charge‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌f iled,‌  ‌and‌  ‌an‌‌ opportunity‌‌ 
acts‌  ‌of‌‌
  ownership‌‌   or‌‌  possession‌‌   or‌‌
  in‌‌
  any‌‌  manner‌‌
  disturb‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(6) Nature‌‌   of‌‌
  Civil‌‌
  Contempt‌‌   Proceedings‌. ‌‌Are‌‌   generally‌‌   held‌‌
  to‌‌  possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌respondents‌  ‌then‌  ‌and‌  ‌only‌  ‌then‌  ‌may‌  ‌they‌  ‌be‌‌ 
given‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌comment‌  ‌thereon‌  ‌within‌  ‌such‌  ‌period‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌‌ 
be‌  ‌remedial‌  ‌and‌  ‌civil‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌  ‌nature;‌  ‌that‌  ‌is,‌  ‌they‌  ‌are‌‌  charged‌‌with‌‌and‌‌punished‌‌for‌c‌ ontempt‌. ‌ ‌
be‌  ‌f ixed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌h eard‌  ‌by‌  ‌h imself‌  ‌or‌  ‌counsel,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌‌ 
proceedings‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ enforcement‌‌ of‌‌ some‌‌ duty,‌‌ and‌‌ essentially‌‌ a ‌‌
guilty‌‌of‌‌any‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌acts‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌punished‌‌for‌‌indirect‌‌contempt;‌  ‌ (3) "‌Misbehavior‌" ‌‌may‌‌   be‌‌
  defined‌‌  as‌‌
  a ‌‌willful‌‌ refusal‌‌ or‌‌ negligent‌‌ 
remedy‌‌for‌‌coercing‌‌a‌‌person‌‌to‌‌do‌‌the‌‌thing‌‌required.‌  ‌
(a) Misbehavior‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌officer‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌performance‌  ‌of‌‌  failure,‌‌
  without‌‌
  just‌‌
  cause,‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  officer‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  to‌‌ comply‌‌ 
(7) By‌  ‌Whom‌  ‌Initiated.‌  ‌In‌  ‌general,‌  ‌civil‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌proceedings‌‌  with‌‌an‌‌order‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
his‌‌official‌‌duties‌‌or‌‌in‌‌h is‌‌official‌‌transactions;‌  ‌
should‌‌  be‌‌
  instituted‌‌  by‌‌
  an‌‌
  aggrieved‌‌  party,‌‌
  or‌‌ his‌‌ successor,‌‌ or‌‌ 
someone‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pecuniary‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌  (b) Disobedience‌‌
  ‌of‌‌ or‌‌ resistance‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌lawful‌‌ writ,‌‌ process,‌‌ order,‌  (4) Lawyer's‌  ‌tactics‌‌
  in‌‌
  slanting‌‌
  cases‌‌
  tolerated,‌‌
  but‌‌   ‌delaying‌‌ 
  not‌‌
protected.‌  ‌In‌  c
‌ riminal‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌generally‌‌  or‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌a‌‌court;‌  ‌ tactics‌  ‌by‌  ‌lawyer‌. ‌ ‌They‌  ‌clearly‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌misbehavior‌‌ 
held‌‌that‌‌the‌‌State‌‌is‌‌the‌‌real‌‌prosecutor.‌  ‌ before‌‌the‌‌Court‌‌in‌‌facie‌‌curiae,‌‌summarily‌‌punishable.‌  ‌
(c) Any‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌u nlawful‌  ‌interference‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(8) Classification.‌‌    ‌ processes‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court‌  ‌not‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌direct‌‌  (5) Failure‌‌
  of‌‌
  counsel‌‌
  to‌‌ appear‌‌ in‌‌ court‌‌ for‌‌ trial‌‌ despite‌‌ due‌‌ notice‌‌ 
contempt;‌  ‌ was‌‌held‌‌to‌‌constitute‌‌indirect‌‌contempt.‌  ‌
(a) Direct‌  ‌Contempt‌  ‌is‌  ‌committed‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌presence‌  ‌of‌‌ 
or‌  ‌so‌  ‌near‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌judge‌‌
  or‌‌  obstruct‌‌
  or‌‌   interrupt‌‌  (d) Any‌  ‌improper‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌tending,‌  ‌directly‌  ‌or‌  ‌indirectly,‌  ‌to‌‌  (6) The‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌motion‌‌
  for‌‌
  execution‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ granting‌‌ thereof‌‌ by‌‌ 
proceedings‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌same,‌  ‌and‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌punished‌‌  impede,‌‌obstruct,‌‌or‌‌degrade‌‌the‌‌administration‌‌of‌‌justice;‌  ‌ judge‌‌while‌‌case‌‌is‌‌still‌‌pending‌‌in‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌‌is‌‌contempt.‌  ‌
summarily‌  ‌without‌  ‌hearing.‌  ‌Violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule‌  ‌on‌‌  (e) Assuming‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌an‌  ‌attorney‌  ‌or‌  ‌an‌  ‌officer‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court,‌  ‌and‌‌  (7) Publication‌  ‌while‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌publication‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
forum‌  ‌shopping‌  ‌or‌  ‌false‌  ‌certification‌  ‌is‌  ‌direct‌‌  acting‌‌as‌‌such‌‌without‌‌authority;‌  ‌ criticism‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌ or‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌pending‌‌ case,‌‌ respecting‌‌ 
contempt‌‌   and‌‌   may‌‌  be‌‌  punished‌‌   summarily.‌‌   So‌‌
  also‌‌
  is‌‌  the‌‌  same,‌‌
  has‌‌  always‌‌   been‌‌   considered‌‌   as‌‌
  misbehavior,‌‌ tending‌‌ 
misbehavior‌‌   of‌‌
  lawyer‌‌   in‌‌
  court‌‌
  in‌‌ refusing‌‌ to‌‌ abide‌‌ by‌‌  (f ) Failure‌‌to‌‌obey‌‌a‌‌subpoena‌‌‌duly‌‌served;‌  ‌
to‌  ‌obstruct‌  ‌the‌  ‌administration‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice,‌  ‌and‌  ‌subjects‌  ‌such‌‌ 
ruling‌‌is‌‌direct‌‌contempt.‌‌   ‌ (g) The‌  ‌rescue‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌attempted‌  ‌rescue,‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌property‌  ‌in‌‌  persons‌‌to‌‌contempt‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌
(b) Indirect‌  ‌or‌  ‌constructive‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌‌  the‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌officer‌  ‌by‌  ‌virtue‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌process‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ (8) Criticisms‌‌in‌‌good‌‌faith‌.  ‌‌ ‌
court‌‌h eld‌‌by‌‌h im.‌  ‌
committed‌‌   out‌‌  or‌‌
  not‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌ presence‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌ 
Statement‌  ‌that‌  ‌Judge‌  ‌grossly‌‌   ignorant‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  rules‌‌
  of‌‌
  law‌‌ 
an‌  ‌act‌  ‌done‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌distance‌  ‌which‌  ‌tends‌  ‌to‌  ‌belittle,‌‌  But‌  ‌nothing‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌  ‌section‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌so‌  ‌construed‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
and‌  ‌procedure‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌improper‌  ‌conduc‌t.‌‌ 
degrade,‌‌ obstruct,‌‌ interrupt‌‌ or‌‌ embarrass‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ and‌‌  from‌  ‌issuing‌  ‌process‌  ‌to‌  ‌b ring‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌into‌  ‌court,‌  ‌or‌  ‌f rom‌‌ h olding‌‌ 
Mere‌  ‌criticism‌  ‌or‌  ‌comment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌
  correctness‌‌   or‌‌  wrongness,‌‌ 
justice,‌  ‌as‌  ‌in‌  ‌refusing‌  ‌to‌  ‌obey‌  ‌its‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌lawful‌‌  him‌‌in‌‌custody‌‌pending‌‌such‌‌proceedings.‌‌   ‌
soundness‌  ‌or‌  ‌unsoundness‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌
process‌‌and‌‌can‌‌be‌‌punished‌‌only‌‌after‌‌hearing.‌ 
(1) Writ‌  ‌or‌  ‌order‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌lawful‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌writ‌  ‌or‌  ‌order‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌‌  pending‌‌case‌‌made‌‌in‌‌good‌‌faith‌‌may‌‌be‌t‌ olerated‌. ‌ ‌
lawful‌‌in‌‌order‌‌that‌‌resistance‌‌may‌‌be‌‌punished‌‌as‌‌contempt.‌  ‌ (9) Confidential‌  ‌matters‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌also‌  ‌regarded‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌interference‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌2.‌  ‌Remedy‌  ‌therefrom.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌person‌  ‌adjudged‌  ‌in‌  ‌direct‌‌ 
contempt‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌not‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌therefrom,‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌may‌  ‌avail‌  ‌h imself‌‌  with‌  ‌the‌  ‌work‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  courts‌‌
  to‌‌  publish‌‌  any‌‌
  matter‌‌   which‌‌  their‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 97‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

policy‌  ‌requires‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌kept‌  ‌private,‌  ‌as‌  ‌for‌  ‌example‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Unlawful‌  ‌interference‌  ‌with‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌process‌  ‌is‌  ‌also‌‌  4. On‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌hearing,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  proceed‌‌
  to‌‌ 
secrets‌‌of‌‌the‌‌jury‌‌room,‌‌or‌‌proceedings‌‌in‌‌camera.‌  ‌
contempt,‌‌such‌‌as‌‌   ‌ investigate‌  ‌the‌  ‌charge‌  ‌and‌  ‌consider‌  ‌the‌  ‌answer‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(10) Publications‌  ‌after‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌final‌. ‌ ‌Criticisms‌  ‌of‌  ‌courts‌‌  testimony‌‌which‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌may‌‌make‌‌or‌‌offer;‌‌and‌  ‌
(a) procuring‌  ‌unlawfully‌  ‌the‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
after‌‌a‌‌case‌‌is‌‌finally‌‌disposed‌‌of‌‌does‌‌not‌‌constitute‌‌contempt‌  ‌
purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌preventing‌  ‌him‌  ‌from‌  ‌testifying‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌‌ 5. If‌  ‌found‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌of‌  ‌contempt,‌  ‌he‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌punished‌‌ 
However,‌  ‌one‌  ‌may‌  ‌still‌  ‌be‌  ‌cited‌  ‌for‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌even‌‌  witness,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ accordingly.‌  ‌
after‌‌  a ‌‌case‌‌  had‌‌ ended,‌‌ where‌‌ such‌‌ punitive‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ necessary‌‌ 
(b) any‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌interference‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ (3) Information‌  ‌need‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed.‌  ‌Although‌  ‌contempt‌‌ 
to‌‌
  protect‌‌   the‌‌  court‌‌
  and‌‌   its‌‌ dignity‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌ vindicate‌‌ it‌‌ from‌‌ acts‌‌ 
receiver‌‌or‌‌of‌‌an‌‌assignee.‌‌   ‌ proceedings‌  ‌are‌  ‌in‌‌   their‌‌   nature‌‌
  penal,‌‌
  no‌‌
  procedural‌‌   necessity‌‌ 
or‌‌
  conduct‌‌   intended‌‌   or‌‌
  calculated‌‌   to‌‌
  degrade,‌‌   ridicule‌‌   or‌‌
  bring‌‌ 
exists‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌separate‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌acts‌‌ 
the‌  ‌court‌  ‌into‌  ‌disfavor‌  ‌and‌  ‌thereby‌  ‌erode‌  ‌or‌  ‌destroy‌  ‌public‌‌  (c) And‌‌
  the‌‌
  attorney‌‌
  on‌‌
  whose‌‌   advice‌‌ such‌‌ interference‌‌ is‌‌ 
complained‌‌of‌‌are‌‌incidents‌‌in‌‌the‌‌same‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌
confidence‌‌in‌‌that‌‌court.‌  ‌ committed‌‌is‌‌also‌‌guilty‌‌of‌‌contempt.‌  ‌
(4) Satisfying‌  ‌the‌  ‌Requirements‌  ‌of‌  ‌Due‌  ‌Process‌. ‌ ‌Summing‌‌   up,‌‌ 
(11) Thus,‌  ‌the‌  ‌GENERAL‌  ‌RULE‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌post-litigation‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌CONTEMPT‌‌PROCEEDINGS‌  ‌
the‌  ‌procedural‌  ‌requisites‌‌
  before‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌
  may‌‌   be‌‌
  punished‌‌ 
newspaper‌  ‌publication,‌  ‌fair‌  ‌criticism‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌its‌‌  (1) Two‌  ‌modes‌  ‌of‌  ‌commencing‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌for‌  ‌indirect‌‌  for‌‌indirect‌‌contempt:‌‌   ‌
proceedings‌‌and‌‌its‌‌members,‌‌are‌‌allowed.‌E ‌ XCEPT‌  ‌ contempt‌:  ‌‌ ‌
(a) a‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌‌  which‌‌   may‌‌   either‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌motion‌‌ 
(a) where‌‌  it‌‌
  tends‌‌
  to‌‌
  bring‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  into‌‌
  disrespect‌‌
  or,‌‌
  in‌‌ 
(a) It‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌initiated‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌  for‌‌   contempt‌‌
  filed‌‌  by‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌‌ or‌‌ an‌‌ order‌‌ issued‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ 
other‌‌words,‌‌to‌s ‌ candalize‌t‌ he‌‌court;‌‌OR‌  ‌
against‌‌which‌‌the‌‌contempt‌‌was‌‌committed.‌‌   ‌ court‌  ‌requiring‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌and‌  ‌explain‌  ‌his‌‌ 
(b) where‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌clear‌  ‌and‌  ‌present‌  ‌danger‌  ‌that‌‌  conduct;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
(b) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌other‌‌
  cases,‌‌
  charges‌‌
  for‌‌
  indirect‌‌
  contempt‌‌
  shall‌ 
the‌‌administration‌‌of‌‌justice‌‌would‌‌be‌‌impeded.‌  ‌ be‌‌commenced‌‌by‌‌a‌v ‌ erified‌‌petition‌.  ‌‌ ‌ (b) an‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌charged‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌and‌‌ 
(12) Criticisms‌  ‌by‌  ‌lawyers.‌  ‌The‌  ‌rule‌  ‌now‌  ‌is‌  ‌post‌  ‌litigation‌‌  explain‌‌his‌‌conduct.‌  ‌
If‌‌
  the‌‌ contempt‌‌ charges‌‌ arose‌‌ out‌‌ of‌‌ or‌‌ are‌‌ related‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌principal‌‌ 
utterances‌  ‌or‌  ‌publications,‌  ‌made‌  ‌by‌  ‌lawyers,‌  ‌critical‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  action‌  ‌pending‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌shall‌‌  (5) Contempt‌  ‌by‌  ‌non-party‌. ‌ ‌Generally‌  ‌no‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌is‌‌ 
courts‌  ‌and‌  ‌their‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌actuation,‌  ‌whether‌  ‌amounting‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌ allege‌  ‌that‌  ‌fact‌  ‌but‌  ‌said‌  ‌petition‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌docketed,‌‌
  heard‌‌
  and‌‌  committed‌  ‌by‌‌
  one‌‌
  not‌‌
  a‌‌
  party‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  case.‌‌
  The‌‌
  remedy‌‌
  against‌‌ 
crime‌  ‌or‌  ‌not,‌  ‌which‌  ‌transcend‌  ‌the‌  ‌permissible‌‌   bounds‌‌   of‌‌  fair‌‌  decided‌  ‌separately‌, ‌ ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌orders‌‌  such‌‌person‌‌is‌‌either‌‌a‌‌civil‌‌or‌‌criminal‌‌action.‌‌   ‌
comment‌  ‌and‌  ‌legitimate‌  ‌criticism‌  ‌and‌  ‌thereby‌  ‌tend‌  ‌to‌  ‌bring‌‌  the‌  ‌consolidation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌charge‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌‌ 
them‌  ‌into‌  ‌disrepute‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌subvert‌  ‌public‌  ‌confidence‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌‌  action‌‌for‌‌joint‌‌hearing‌‌and‌‌decision.‌  ‌ However‌, ‌‌persons‌‌   who‌‌
  are‌‌
  not‌‌
  parties‌‌  in‌‌
  a ‌‌proceeding‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ 
integrity‌‌ and‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ orderly‌‌ administration‌‌ of‌‌ justice‌‌ ‌constitute‌‌  declared‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌of‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌for‌  ‌willful‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌‌ 
grave‌‌professional‌‌misconduct‌. ‌ ‌ (2) Procedure‌. ‌ ‌Briefly,‌  ‌the‌  ‌procedure‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌punishment‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ issued‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌‌
  if‌‌
  said‌‌
  persons‌‌   are‌‌
  guilty‌‌  of‌‌
  ‌conspiracy‌‌   ‌with‌‌ 
person‌‌
  alleged‌‌
  to‌‌
  have‌‌  committed‌‌  an‌‌  act‌‌
  amounting‌‌ to‌‌ indirect‌‌  any‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌in‌‌violating‌‌the‌‌Court's‌‌order.‌  ‌
(13) Any‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌legal‌  ‌process‌‌
  or‌‌
  proceeding‌‌
  is‌‌
  also‌‌
  contempt‌‌  contempt‌‌are‌‌as‌‌follows:‌‌   ‌
under‌‌subdivision‌‌(c)‌  ‌
1. A‌  ‌charge‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌furnished‌‌  Section‌  ‌5.‌  ‌Where‌  ‌charge‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌charge‌  ‌for‌  ‌indirect‌‌ 
(a) As‌  ‌when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌‌pauper‌‌
  alleges‌‌
  under‌‌  the‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌  ‌the‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌to‌‌  contempt‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌committed‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌‌ Court‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌court‌‌ 
oath‌‌to‌‌be‌‌such‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌avoid‌‌payment‌‌of‌‌costs.‌‌   ‌ answer‌‌and‌‌be‌‌heard;‌  ‌ of‌  ‌equivalent‌  ‌or‌  ‌h igher‌  ‌rank,‌  ‌or‌  ‌against‌  ‌an‌  ‌officer‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌  ‌it,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) The‌  ‌institution‌  ‌of‌  ‌fictitious‌  ‌suits‌‌
  merely‌‌
  to‌‌
  obtain‌‌
  an‌  charge‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌f iled‌‌with‌‌such‌‌court.‌‌   ‌
2. The‌  ‌charge‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  o
‌ r‌  ‌judge‌‌ 
opinion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court,‌‌   ‌ against‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌contemptuous‌  ‌act‌  ‌was‌‌  Where‌  ‌such‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌committed‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lower‌  ‌court‌, ‌ ‌the‌‌ 
charge‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ place‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ 
(c) an‌‌
  application‌‌
  for‌‌
  continuance‌‌
  of‌‌ trial‌‌ on‌‌ a ‌‌pretense‌‌ of‌‌  committed.‌‌   ‌
the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌sitting;‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌b e‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌in‌‌ 
sickness.‌  ‌ 3. The‌  ‌accused‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌released‌  ‌on‌  ‌bail‌  ‌pending‌  ‌the‌‌  such‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ RTC‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ place‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ 
hearing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌charge;‌  ‌ manner‌‌as‌‌provided‌‌in‌‌section‌‌11‌‌of‌‌this‌‌Rule.‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 98‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

(1) Authority‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appellate‌  ‌Court‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌rule,‌  ‌as‌  ‌now‌  ‌accepted‌  ‌is‌‌  Section‌  ‌12.‌  ‌Contempt‌  ‌against‌  ‌quasi-judicial‌  ‌entities.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Shall‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌‌  Rule‌‌107.‌‌Absentees‌  ‌
that‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌entire‌  ‌case‌  ‌has‌  ‌already‌  ‌been‌  ‌appealed,‌‌  contempt‌  ‌committed‌  ‌against‌  ‌persons,‌  ‌entities,‌  ‌b odies‌  ‌or‌  ‌agencies‌‌  Rue‌‌108.‌Cancellation‌‌or‌‌Correction‌‌of‌‌Entries‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Civil‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌punish‌  ‌for‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌rests‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellate‌‌  exercising‌  ‌q uasi-judicial‌  ‌f unctions,‌  ‌or‌  ‌shall‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌suppletory‌‌ effect‌‌ to‌‌ such‌‌  Registry‌  ‌
court‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌completely‌  ‌transfers‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌‌  rules‌‌ as‌‌ they‌‌ may‌‌ h ave‌‌ adopted‌‌ pursuant‌‌ to‌‌ authority‌‌ granted‌‌ to‌‌ them‌‌ by‌‌ 
Rule‌‌109.‌‌Appeals‌‌in‌‌Special‌‌Proceedings‌  ‌
thereto‌‌  or‌‌
  where‌‌   there‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌tendency‌‌
  to‌‌
  affect‌‌
  the‌‌
  status‌‌  quo‌‌ or‌‌  law‌  ‌to‌  ‌punish‌  ‌for‌  ‌contempt.‌  ‌The‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌wherein‌  ‌the‌‌ contempt‌‌ 
has‌  ‌b een‌  ‌committed‌  ‌shall‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌such‌  ‌charges‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
 ‌
otherwise‌‌interfere‌‌with‌‌the‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appellate‌‌court.‌  ‌
filed‌‌therefor.‌  ‌ Special‌  ‌Proceedings‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌application‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌to‌‌ 
(2) When‌‌   double‌‌   jeopardy‌‌   exists‌. ‌‌A ‌‌contempt‌‌   charge‌‌ partakes‌‌ of‌‌   ‌ establish‌  ‌the‌  ‌status‌  ‌or‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party,‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌fact‌, ‌‌
the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌even‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌‌  generally‌  ‌commenced‌  ‌by‌  ‌application,‌  ‌petition‌  ‌or‌  ‌special‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌‌ 
complained‌  ‌of‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌incident‌  ‌of‌‌   a ‌‌civil‌‌
  action.‌‌  An‌‌  appeal‌‌
  does‌‌ 
SPECIAL‌‌PROCEEDINGS‌  ‌ pleading‌‌as‌‌may‌‌be‌‌provided‌‌for‌‌by‌‌the‌‌particular‌‌rule‌‌or‌‌law.‌  ‌
not‌‌   lie‌‌
  from‌‌   an‌‌   order‌‌  dismissing‌‌ a ‌‌charge‌‌ of‌‌ contempt‌‌ of‌‌ court.‌‌ 
Subject‌‌Matter‌‌and‌‌Applicability‌‌of‌‌General‌‌Rules‌  ‌
The‌‌   denial‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌  motion‌‌   for‌‌
  contempt‌‌   on‌‌  grounds‌‌ of‌‌ failure‌‌ of‌‌  Subject‌‌Matter‌‌and‌‌Applicability‌‌of‌‌General‌‌Rules‌  ‌
movants‌‌   to‌‌
  appear‌‌   and‌‌  prosecute‌‌   such‌‌  motion‌‌   is‌‌
  equivalent‌‌ to‌‌  Settlement‌‌of‌‌Estate‌‌of‌‌Deceased‌‌Persons‌  ‌
a‌‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌acquittal‌.  ‌‌ ‌ Rule‌‌73.‌‌ Venue‌‌and‌‌Process‌  ‌ Rules‌‌of‌‌special‌‌proceedings‌‌are‌‌provided‌‌for‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌  ‌

Civil‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌basis‌  ‌for‌  ‌second‌  ‌jeopardy.‌  ‌But‌‌  Rule‌‌74.‌‌ Summary‌‌Settlement‌‌of‌‌Estates‌  ‌ (a) Settlement‌‌of‌‌estate‌‌of‌‌deceased‌‌persons;‌  ‌
criminal‌‌contempt‌‌could‌‌be‌‌a‌‌different‌‌matter.‌  ‌ Rule‌‌75.‌‌ Production‌‌and‌‌Probate‌‌of‌‌Will‌  ‌ (b) Escheat;‌  ‌
An‌‌
  acquittal‌‌   in‌‌
  contempt‌‌
  proceedings‌‌ being‌‌ in‌‌ nature‌‌ penal‌‌ "its‌‌  Rule‌‌76.‌‌ Allowance‌‌or‌‌Disallowance‌‌of‌‌Will‌  ‌ (c) Guardianship‌‌and‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌children;‌  ‌
denial‌  ‌after‌‌
  trial‌‌
  amounts‌‌
  to‌‌
  a ‌‌virtual‌‌
  acquittal‌‌
  from‌‌
  which‌‌   an‌  Rule‌‌77.‌‌ Allowance‌‌of‌‌Will‌‌Proved‌‌Outside‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌  ‌
(d) Trustees;‌  ‌
appeal‌‌would‌‌not‌‌lie‌."‌  ‌ Rules‌‌78-85.‌‌Letters‌‌Testamentary‌‌and‌‌Administration;‌‌ 
Executors‌‌and‌‌Administrators‌  ‌ (e) Adoption;‌  ‌
(3) Multiple‌  ‌Appeal‌  ‌Allowed‌. ‌ ‌An‌  ‌Appeal‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌  ‌for‌‌ 
indirect‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌prosecuted‌  ‌without‌  ‌waiting‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  Rule‌‌86.‌‌ Claims‌‌Against‌‌the‌‌Estate‌  ‌ (f) Rescission‌‌and‌‌revocation‌‌of‌‌adoption;‌  ‌
termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌case,‌  ‌just‌  ‌as‌  ‌in‌  ‌contempt‌‌  Rule‌‌87.‌‌ Actions‌‌by‌‌and‌‌against‌‌Executors‌‌and‌‌Administrators‌  ‌ (g) Hospitalization‌‌of‌‌insane‌‌persons;‌  ‌
committed‌‌in‌‌special‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌
Rules‌‌88-89.‌‌Payment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Debts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Estate;‌‌Encumbrances‌‌ 
(h) Habeas‌‌corpus;‌  ‌
(4) Appeal‌  ‌lies‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌ ‌verdict‌  ‌of‌  ‌acquittal‌  ‌in‌  ‌civil‌  ‌contempt‌. ‌‌ on‌‌Property‌‌of‌‌Decedent‌  ‌
Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌contempt‌  ‌is‌  ‌civil‌  ‌in‌  ‌nature,‌  ‌it‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌constitute‌‌  Rule‌‌90.‌‌ Distribution‌‌and‌‌Partition‌‌of‌‌Estate‌  ‌ (i) Change‌‌of‌‌name;‌  ‌
double‌‌jeopardy.‌  ‌
Rule‌‌91.‌‌ Escheats‌  ‌ (j) Voluntary‌‌dissolution‌‌of‌‌corporations;‌  ‌
(5) Availability‌  ‌of‌  ‌libel‌  ‌as‌  ‌additional‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bar‌  ‌to‌‌  General‌‌Guardians‌‌and‌‌Guardianship‌  ‌ (k) Judicial‌  ‌approval‌  ‌of‌  ‌voluntary‌  ‌recognition‌  ‌of‌  ‌minor‌  ‌natural‌‌ 
contempt.‌‌ The‌‌ availability,‌‌ however,‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ power‌‌ to‌‌ punish‌‌ for‌‌ 
Rules‌‌92-97.‌‌Guardianship‌  ‌ children;‌  ‌
contempt‌‌   does‌‌
  not‌‌
  and‌‌  will‌‌
  not‌‌
  prevent‌‌ a ‌‌prosecution‌‌ for‌‌ libel,‌‌ 
either‌  ‌before,‌  ‌during,‌  ‌or‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌institution‌  ‌of‌  ‌contempt‌‌  Rule‌‌98.‌‌ Trustees‌  ‌ (l) Declaration‌‌of‌‌absence‌‌and‌‌death;‌  ‌
proceedings.‌  ‌ Rules‌‌99-100.‌‌Adoption‌‌and‌‌Custody‌‌of‌‌Minors‌  ‌ (m) Cancellation‌‌of‌‌correction‌‌of‌‌entries‌‌in‌‌the‌‌civil‌‌registry.‌  ‌
(6) Contempt‌‌   Not‌‌
  Res‌‌   Judicata‌‌  to‌‌
  Disbarment.‌‌   Moreover,‌‌   it‌‌
  has‌‌  Rule‌‌101.‌‌Hospitalization‌‌of‌‌Insane‌  ‌
NB:‌  ‌The‌  ‌list‌  ‌under‌  ‌Sec‌  ‌1,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌72‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌EXCLUSIVE‌. ‌ ‌Any‌  ‌petition‌‌ 
been‌  ‌held‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌imposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌fine‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌penalty‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌ Rule‌‌102.‌‌Habeas‌‌Corpus‌  ‌ which‌‌   has‌‌  for‌‌
  its‌‌
  main‌‌
  purpose‌‌   the‌‌
  establishment‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌status,‌‌ right‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌
contempt‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌considered‌  ‌res‌  ‌judicata‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌ Writ‌‌of‌‌Amparo‌  ‌ particular‌‌fact‌‌may‌‌be‌‌included‌‌as‌‌a‌‌special‌‌proceeding.‌  ‌
subsequent‌‌charge‌‌for‌‌unprofessional‌‌conduct.‌  ‌
Writ‌‌of‌‌Habeas‌‌Data‌  ‌ As‌‌such,‌‌the‌‌following‌‌are‌‌also‌‌special‌‌proceedings:‌  ‌
Rule‌‌103-105.‌‌Change‌‌of‌‌Name‌  ‌
1. Liquidation‌‌proceedings;‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 99‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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to‌  ‌sell,‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌or‌  ‌otherwise‌‌   encumber‌‌   real‌‌


  estates;‌‌  certification‌  ‌of‌  ‌non-forum‌  ‌shopping‌  ‌for‌  ‌complaints‌  ‌and‌‌ 
2. Corporate‌‌rehabilitation;‌  ‌
and;‌  ‌ initiatory‌‌
  pleadings‌‌  (‌Sheker‌‌
  v.‌‌
  Estate‌‌
  of‌‌
  Alice‌‌ Sheker‌, ‌‌GR‌‌ No.‌‌ 
3. Recognition‌‌and‌‌enforcement‌‌of‌‌arbitration‌‌clause‌‌or‌‌award;‌  ‌ c) §1‌, ‌ ‌Rule‌  ‌90‌‌
  regarding‌‌   the‌‌
  hearing‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  application‌‌  157912,‌‌December‌‌13,‌‌2007).‌  ‌
4. Vacation,‌‌  setting‌‌ aside,‌‌ correction‌‌ or‌‌ modification‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ arbitral‌‌  for‌‌an‌‌order‌‌for‌‌distribution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌estate‌‌residue.‌  ‌
award;‌  ‌ There‌  ‌are‌  ‌reliefs‌‌  available‌‌   to‌‌
  compel‌‌   an‌‌
  administrator‌‌   to‌‌  Settlement‌‌of‌‌Estate‌‌of‌‌Deceased‌‌Persons‌  ‌
5. Any‌  ‌application‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court‌  ‌for‌  ‌arbitration‌  ‌assistance‌  ‌and‌‌  perform‌  ‌either‌  ‌duty‌, ‌ ‌but‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌whose‌  ‌claim‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌   ‌

estate‌‌is‌‌still‌c‌ ontingent‌i‌ s‌‌not‌‌the‌‌party‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌do‌‌so‌.  ‌‌ ‌


supervision.‌  ‌ Rule‌‌73.‌‌  Venue‌‌and‌‌Process‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌ 1. Section‌  ‌1 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌83‌  ‌requires‌  ‌the‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌to‌‌ 
return‌‌   to‌‌   court‌‌ a ‌‌true‌‌ inventory‌‌ and‌‌ appraisal‌‌ of‌‌ all‌‌  Court‌‌which‌‌has‌‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌
  the‌‌
1. Liabilities‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  deceased‌‌   arising‌‌
  from‌‌  quasi-contracts‌‌ should‌‌  the‌  ‌real‌  ‌and‌  ‌personal‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌deceased‌  ‌within‌‌  1. If‌‌
  the‌‌  decedent‌‌   is‌‌ an‌‌ ‌inhabitant‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Philippines‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ 
be‌‌
  filed‌‌
  as‌‌
  claims‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ settlement‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ estate,‌‌ as‌‌ provided‌‌ in‌‌  three‌‌(3)‌‌months‌‌from‌‌appointment,‌‌while‌‌   ‌ of‌  h
‌ is‌  ‌death,‌  ‌whether‌  ‌a ‌ ‌citizen‌  ‌or‌  ‌an‌  ‌alien,‌  ‌his‌  ‌will‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌5,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌86.‌  ‌(‌Metropolitan‌  ‌Bank‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Absolute‌‌ 
2. Section‌  ‌8 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌85‌  ‌requires‌  ‌the‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌to‌‌  proved,‌  ‌or‌  ‌letters‌  ‌of‌  ‌administration‌  ‌granted,‌  ‌and‌  ‌his‌  ‌estate‌‌ 
Management‌‌Corp‌) ‌ ‌
render‌‌   an‌‌
  account‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ administration‌‌ within‌‌ one‌‌ (1)‌‌  settled,‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  province‌‌   in‌‌
  which‌‌
  he‌‌
  ‌resides‌‌
  at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌ his‌ 
2. Notwithstanding‌  ‌Section‌  ‌2 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌72,‌  ‌intervention‌  ‌as‌  ‌set‌‌  year‌  ‌from‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌letters‌  ‌testamentary‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌‌  death‌ , ‌ a
‌ nd‌   
forth‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌19‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌extend‌  ‌to‌  ‌creditors‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ administration.‌‌   ‌ 2. If‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌‌
  an‌‌
  ‌inhabitant‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌foreign‌‌
  country‌, ‌‌ANY‌‌
  province‌‌
  in‌‌ 
decedent‌‌whose‌‌credit‌‌is‌‌based‌‌on‌‌a‌‌contingent‌‌claim‌.  ‌‌ ‌
Even‌‌   if‌‌
  the‌‌
  administrator‌‌   did‌‌
  delay‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ performance‌‌ of‌‌ these‌‌  which‌‌he‌h ‌ ad‌‌estate‌. ‌ ‌
Civil‌‌   actions‌‌   for‌‌
  ‌tort‌‌ ‌or‌‌ quasi-delict‌‌ do‌‌ not‌‌ fall‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ class‌‌  duties‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ context‌‌ of‌‌ dissipating‌‌ the‌‌ assets‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ estate,‌‌ there‌‌  3. The‌‌   court‌‌
  first‌‌
  taking‌‌
  cognizance‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ settlement‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ estate‌‌ 
of‌  ‌claims‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌creditors‌  ‌required‌‌  are‌‌ protections‌‌ enforced‌‌ and‌‌ available‌‌ under‌‌ ‌Rule‌‌ 88‌‌ to‌‌ protect‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌decedent,‌‌  shall‌‌
  exercise‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  exclusion‌‌ of‌‌ all‌‌ 
under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌86‌. ‌ ‌These‌  ‌actions,‌‌   being‌‌
  as‌‌
  they‌‌  are‌‌
  civil,‌‌
  survive‌‌  the‌‌interests‌‌of‌‌those‌‌with‌‌contingent‌‌claims‌‌against‌‌the‌‌estate.‌  ‌ other‌‌courts.‌  ‌
the‌‌  death‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  decedent‌‌   and‌‌
  may‌‌  be‌‌
  commenced‌‌   against‌‌ the‌‌ 
administrator‌‌‌pursuant‌‌to‌‌‌Section‌‌1,‌‌Rule‌‌87.‌  ‌ Concerning‌  ‌complaints‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌general‌  ‌competence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  4. Under‌‌
  RA‌‌  7691,‌‌
  MTC,‌‌
  MeTC‌‌   and‌‌
  MCTC‌‌ shall‌‌ exercise‌‌ exclusive‌‌ 
administrator,‌‌   the‌‌   proper‌‌
  remedy‌‌   is‌‌
  to‌‌
  seek‌‌
  the‌‌
  removal‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌probate‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌testate‌  ‌and‌‌ 
While‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌general‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌‌
  intervene‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  part‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  administrator‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌  ‌with‌  ‌Section‌  ‌2,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌82‌. ‌ ‌A ‌‌ intestate,‌‌
  where‌‌
  the‌‌
  value‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌
  does‌‌ not‌‌ exceed‌‌ ‌P300K‌‌ 
petitioners,‌  ‌they‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌seek‌  ‌certain‌  ‌prayers‌  ‌or‌‌  creditor,‌  ‌even‌  ‌a ‌ ‌contingent‌‌   one,‌‌
  would‌‌   have‌‌
  the‌‌
  personality‌‌  to‌‌  (outside‌  ‌Metro‌  ‌Manila)‌  ‌or‌  ‌where‌  ‌such‌  ‌estate‌  ‌does‌‌
  not‌‌  exceed‌‌ 
reliefs‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ intestate‌‌ court‌‌ not‌‌ explicitly‌‌ provided‌‌ for‌‌ under‌‌  seek‌‌such‌‌relief.‌‌(H ‌ ilado‌‌v.‌‌CA‌) ‌ ‌ P400K‌‌(in‌‌Metro‌‌Manila).‌‌   ‌
the‌‌Rules,‌‌if‌‌   ‌
3. Is‌  ‌earnest‌  ‌effort‌  ‌to‌  ‌compromise‌  ‌applicable‌  ‌in‌  ‌special‌‌  5. The‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌is‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌settlement‌  ‌and‌‌ 
a) the‌‌
  prayer‌‌   or‌‌  relief‌‌ sought‌‌ is‌‌ necessary‌‌ to‌‌ protect‌‌ their‌‌  proceedings?‌  ‌NO‌. ‌ ‌Since‌  ‌special‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌suit‌  ‌or‌‌  adjudication‌‌   of‌‌
  properties‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ deceased‌‌ and‌‌ cannot‌‌ extend‌‌ to‌‌ 
interest‌‌in‌‌the‌‌estate,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ ordinary‌  ‌action,‌  ‌the‌  ‌requirement‌  ‌that‌  ‌no‌  ‌suit‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  collateral‌‌matters.‌  ‌
b) there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌other‌  ‌modality‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌
  Rules‌‌   by‌‌
  which‌‌  between‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ members‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ family‌‌ unless‌‌ it‌‌ should‌‌ 
such‌‌interests‌‌can‌‌be‌‌protected.‌‌   ‌ appear‌  ‌that‌  ‌earnest‌  ‌efforts‌  ‌toward‌  ‌a ‌ ‌compromise‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌‌  6. Section‌  ‌1,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌73,‌  ‌though‌  ‌it‌  ‌mentions‌  ‌“CFI”‌  ‌(now‌  ‌RTC)‌‌ 
made,‌  ‌but‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌have‌  ‌failed,‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌special‌‌  pertains‌‌to‌V
‌ ENUE‌‌and‌‌not‌‌JURISDICTION.‌  ‌
The‌‌  instances‌‌
  when‌‌
  ‌notice‌‌ ‌has‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ given‌‌ to‌‌ interested‌‌ parties‌‌ 
are‌‌provided‌‌in:‌   proceeding‌‌(V ‌ da‌‌de‌‌Manalo‌‌v.‌‌CA‌).‌  ‌ Venue‌‌in‌‌Judicial‌‌Settlement‌‌of‌‌Estate‌  ‌

a) §10,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌85‌  ‌in‌  ‌reference‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌and‌  ‌place‌  ‌of‌‌  4. Is‌‌
  certification‌‌ against‌‌ forum‌‌ shopping‌‌ required‌‌ in‌‌ special‌‌  1. The‌  ‌residence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decedent‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌death‌  ‌is‌‌ 
examining‌‌   and‌‌  allowing‌‌   the‌‌
  account‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ executor‌‌ or‌‌  proceedings?‌   ‌YES‌. ‌‌In‌‌   the‌‌ absence‌‌ of‌‌ special‌‌ provisions,‌‌ rules‌‌  determinative‌‌of‌‌the‌‌venue‌‌of‌‌the‌‌proceeding.‌  ‌
administrator;‌  ‌ in‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌actions‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌applied‌  ‌in‌  ‌special‌‌
  proceedings‌‌
  as‌‌ 
2. Venue‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌jurisdictional.‌  ‌The‌  ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌residence‌  ‌is‌‌ 
b) §7(b),‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌89‌  ‌concerning‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌to‌  ‌authorize‌‌  much‌  ‌as‌  ‌possible‌  ‌and‌  ‌where‌  ‌doing‌  ‌so‌  ‌would‌  ‌not‌  ‌pose‌  ‌an‌‌ 
determinative‌  ‌only‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌venue‌  ‌and‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌affect‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌‌ executor‌‌ or‌‌ administrator‌‌ to‌‌ sell‌‌ personal‌‌ estate,‌‌ or‌‌  obstacle‌‌   to‌‌ said‌‌ proceedings‌‌ which‌‌ includes‌‌ the‌‌ requirement‌‌ of‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 100‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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3. If‌  ‌decedent‌  ‌was‌  ‌a ‌ ‌resident‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines,‌  ‌venue‌  ‌is‌  ‌laid‌‌  5. The‌  ‌rule‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌decedent's‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌heirs‌‌  5) Determine‌‌the‌‌following:‌‌   ‌
exclusively‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌province‌‌   of‌‌
  his‌‌  residence‌‌  at‌‌
  the‌‌
  time‌‌
  of‌‌  his‌‌  should‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌corresponding‌  ‌special‌  ‌proceeding‌‌ 
a) Heirs‌‌of‌‌the‌‌decedent;‌‌   ‌
death.‌‌   ‌ precludes‌‌   the‌‌ RTC,‌‌ in‌‌ an‌‌ ordinary‌‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ cancellation‌‌ of‌‌ title‌‌ 
and‌  ‌reconveyance,‌  ‌from‌  ‌granting‌  ‌the‌  ‌same.‌  ‌(‌Heirs‌  ‌of‌  ‌Ypon‌  ‌v.‌‌  b) Recognition‌‌of‌‌natural‌‌child;‌  ‌
Residence‌  ‌means‌‌
  his‌‌
  personal,‌‌
  actual,‌‌
  or‌‌  physical‌‌
  habitation,‌‌ 
Ricaforte‌) ‌ ‌ c) Validity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌disinheritance‌‌effected‌‌by‌‌testator;‌  ‌
his‌‌ACTUAL‌‌residence‌‌or‌‌place‌‌of‌‌abode.‌‌   ‌
6. However‌, ‌ ‌in‌  ‌Treyes‌‌
  v.‌‌
  Larlar‌, ‌‌G.R.‌‌
  No.‌‌
  232579,‌‌
  September‌‌
  8,‌‌  d) Status‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌woman‌‌
  who‌‌
  claims‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ the‌‌ lawful‌‌ wife‌‌ of‌‌ 
4. It‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌decedent‌  ‌was‌  ‌a ‌ ‌nonresident‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2020‌  ‌ the‌‌decedent;‌‌   ‌
Philippines‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌death‌  ‌that‌  ‌venue‌  ‌lies‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌‌ 
province‌‌in‌‌which‌‌he‌‌had‌‌an‌‌estate‌.  ‌‌ ‌ Unless‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pending‌  ‌special‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  e) Validity‌‌of‌‌waiver‌‌of‌‌hereditary‌‌heirs;‌‌   ‌
settlement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decedent's‌  ‌estate‌  ‌or‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Extent‌‌of‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌Probate‌‌Court‌  ‌ f) Status‌‌of‌‌each‌‌heir;‌‌   ‌
determination‌‌   of‌‌
  heirship‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  compulsory‌‌   or‌‌
  intestate‌‌ heirs‌ 
1. The‌  ‌main‌  ‌function‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌probate‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌settle‌  ‌and‌‌  may‌‌ commence‌‌ an‌‌ ordinary‌‌ civil‌‌ action‌‌ to‌‌ declare‌‌ the‌‌ nullity‌‌ of‌‌  g) Whatever‌  ‌property‌  ‌in‌  ‌inventory‌  ‌is‌  ‌conjugal‌  ‌or‌‌ 
liquidate‌‌  the‌‌
  estates‌‌ of‌‌ deceased‌‌ persons‌‌ ‌either‌‌ summarily‌‌  a‌‌
  deed‌‌
  or‌‌ instrument,‌‌ and‌‌ for‌‌ recovery‌‌ of‌‌ property,‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ other‌‌  exclusive‌‌property‌‌of‌‌deceased‌‌spouse;‌‌and‌  ‌
or‌‌through‌‌the‌‌process‌‌of‌‌administration.‌‌   ‌ action‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ enforcement‌‌ of‌‌ their‌‌ ownership‌‌ rights‌‌ acquired‌‌ by‌‌ 
virtue‌  ‌of‌  ‌succession,‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌necessity‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prior‌  ‌and‌‌  h) Matters‌  ‌incidental‌  ‌or‌  ‌collateral‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌settlement‌‌
  and‌‌ 
2. The‌‌
  probate‌‌ court‌‌ exercises‌‌ ‌limited‌‌ ‌jurisdiction,‌‌ thus‌‌ it‌‌ has‌‌ NO‌‌  distribution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌estate.‌  ‌
power‌‌   to‌‌
  take‌‌  cognizance‌‌   of‌‌
  and‌‌
  determine‌‌  the‌‌   issue‌‌  of‌‌ title‌‌ to‌‌  separate‌‌judicial‌‌declaration‌‌of‌‌their‌‌status‌‌‌as‌‌such.‌‌   ‌
 ‌
property‌  ‌claimed‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third‌  ‌person‌  ‌adversely‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  decedent‌‌  The‌  ‌ruling‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌only‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌relation‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌claimant‌  ‌and‌  ‌all‌  ‌other‌  ‌parties‌  ‌who‌  ‌have‌  ‌legal‌‌  cause‌‌   of‌‌ action‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ ordinary‌‌ civil‌‌ action,‌‌ i.e.,‌‌ the‌‌ nullification‌‌  Rule‌‌74.‌‌  Summary‌‌Settlement‌‌of‌‌Estates‌ 
interest‌  ‌in‌‌  the‌‌
  property‌‌
  consent,‌‌   expressly‌‌
  or‌‌
  impliedly,‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deed‌  ‌or‌  ‌instrument,‌  ‌and‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌or‌  ‌reconveyance‌  ‌of‌‌ 
submission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌question‌‌to‌‌the‌‌probate‌‌court.‌‌   ‌ property,‌‌   which‌‌   ‌ruling‌‌  is‌‌
  binding‌‌   only‌‌   between‌‌ and‌‌ among‌‌  Summary‌  ‌settlement‌  ‌of‌  ‌estate‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judicial‌  ‌proceeding‌‌   wherein,‌‌ 
the‌‌parties‌. ‌ ‌ without‌  ‌the‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌of‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌  ‌administrator,‌  ‌and‌  ‌without‌‌ 
In‌  ‌that‌  ‌case,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌probate‌  ‌court‌  ‌allows‌  ‌the‌  ‌introduction‌  ‌of‌‌ 
delay,‌‌the‌‌competent‌‌court‌‌summarily‌‌proceeds‌‌to‌‌   ‌
evidence‌  ‌on‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌SOLE‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌‌  7. May‌  ‌the‌‌   probate‌‌   court‌‌   pass‌‌   upon‌‌   the‌‌  title‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌ 
determining‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌properties‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌  with‌  ‌FINALITY?‌  ‌IT‌  ‌MAY‌. ‌‌Where‌‌   the‌‌   interested‌‌   parties‌‌  are‌‌
  the‌‌  a) value‌‌the‌‌estate‌‌of‌‌the‌‌decedent;‌‌   ‌
included‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌inventory‌, ‌ ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌probate‌‌  heirs‌‌   who‌‌   have‌‌
  all‌‌
  appeared‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌ proceeding‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ rights‌‌ of‌‌  b) ascertain‌‌his‌‌debts‌‌and‌‌order‌‌payment‌‌thereof;‌‌   ‌
court’s‌‌competence.‌‌   ‌ third‌  ‌parties‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌impaired‌  ‌(‌Munsayac-De‌  ‌Villa‌  ‌v.‌  ‌CA‌, ‌
2003).‌  ‌ c) allow‌‌his‌‌will‌‌if‌‌any;‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌determination‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌provisional‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proper‌‌ 
action‌‌in‌‌a‌‌separate‌‌action‌‌to‌‌resolve‌‌the‌‌title.‌‌   ‌ Powers‌‌and‌‌Duties‌‌of‌‌Probate‌‌Court‌  ‌ d) declare‌  ‌his‌  ‌heirs,‌  ‌devisee‌  ‌and‌  ‌legatees;‌  ‌and‌  ‌distribute‌  ‌his‌‌
  net‌‌ 
estate‌  ‌among‌  ‌his‌  ‌known‌  ‌heirs,‌  ‌devisees,‌  ‌and‌  ‌legatees,‌  ‌who‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌
  of‌‌  the‌‌
  probate‌‌
  court‌‌
  merely‌‌
  relates‌‌
  to‌‌
  matters‌‌  The‌‌powers‌‌and‌‌duties‌‌of‌‌a‌‌probate‌‌court:‌‌   ‌ shall‌  ‌thereupon‌  ‌be‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌receive‌  ‌and‌  ‌enter‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌‌ 
having‌‌to‌‌do‌‌with‌‌   ‌ possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parts‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌so‌  ‌awarded‌  ‌to‌  ‌them,‌‌ 
1) Distribute‌‌shares;‌  ‌
a. the‌‌settlement‌‌of‌‌the‌‌estate‌‌and‌‌the‌‌probate‌‌of‌‌wills,‌‌   ‌ respectively.‌  ‌
2) Determine‌‌the‌‌legal‌‌heirs;‌  ‌
b. the‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌and‌  ‌removal‌  ‌of‌  ‌administrators,‌‌  Extrajudicial‌‌Settlement‌‌by‌‌Agreement‌‌between‌‌Heirs‌  ‌
3) Issue‌  ‌warrants‌  ‌and‌  ‌processes‌  ‌to‌  ‌secure‌  ‌attendance‌  ‌of‌‌ 
executors,‌‌guardians‌‌and‌‌trustees.‌‌   ‌ 1. The‌  ‌parties‌  ‌may,‌  ‌without‌  ‌securing‌  ‌letters‌  ‌of‌  ‌administration‌, ‌‌
witnesses;‌  ‌
4. The‌  ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌ownership‌  ‌is,‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌rule,‌  ‌an‌  ‌extraneous‌‌  divide‌‌   the‌‌  estate‌‌
  among‌‌   themselves‌‌   as‌‌
  they‌‌ see‌‌ fit‌‌ by‌‌ means‌‌ of‌‌ 
4) Determine‌‌ and‌‌ rule‌‌ upon‌‌ issues‌‌ relating‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ settlement‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  a‌‌
  ‌public‌‌   instrument‌‌   ‌filed‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ office‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ register‌‌ of‌‌ deeds,‌‌ 
matter‌‌which‌‌the‌‌probate‌‌court‌c‌ annot‌‌resolve‌‌with‌‌finality‌. ‌ ‌
estate,‌‌  such‌‌ as‌‌ ‌administration‌, ‌‌‌liquidation‌, ‌‌and‌‌ ‌distribution‌‌  and‌‌  should‌‌   they‌‌
  disagree,‌‌   they‌‌ may‌‌ do‌‌ so‌‌ in‌‌ an‌‌ ordinary‌‌ action‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌estate;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ of‌‌partition.‌‌This‌‌can‌‌be‌‌done‌‌if:‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 101‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

a. Intestate‌‌—‌t‌ he‌‌decedent‌‌left‌‌no‌‌will‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 4) The‌  ‌partition‌  ‌was‌  ‌made‌  ‌by‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌‌  5. If‌‌
  on‌‌ the‌‌ date‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ expiration‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ period‌‌ of‌‌ two‌‌ (2)‌‌ years‌‌ the‌‌ 
instrument‌  ‌or‌  ‌affidavit‌‌
  duly‌‌
  filed‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌
  Register‌‌
  of‌‌  person‌‌authorized‌‌to‌‌file‌‌a‌‌claim‌‌is‌‌   ‌
b. No‌‌debts‌‌and‌  ‌
Deeds;‌‌and‌  ‌
a. a‌‌minor‌‌or‌‌   ‌
c. The‌‌heirs‌‌are‌‌all‌‌of‌‌age,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
5) The‌  ‌fact‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌extrajudicial‌  ‌settlement‌  ‌or‌‌ 
b. mentally‌‌incapacitated,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
d. The‌  ‌minors‌  ‌are‌  ‌represented‌  ‌by‌  ‌their‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌or‌‌
  legal‌‌  administration‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌published‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌newspaper‌  ‌of‌‌ 
representatives‌‌duly‌‌authorized‌‌for‌‌the‌‌purpose.‌  ‌ general‌‌circulation.‌  ‌ c. is‌‌in‌‌prison‌‌or‌‌   ‌
2. The‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌an‌‌extrajudicial‌‌settlement,‌‌whether‌‌   ‌ Two-year‌‌Prescriptive‌‌Period‌  ‌ d. outside‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌   ‌
a. by‌‌public‌‌instrument‌‌or‌‌   ‌ 1. It‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌presumed‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌decedent‌  ‌left‌  ‌no‌  ‌debts‌  ‌if‌  ‌no‌‌  he‌  ‌may‌  ‌present‌  ‌his‌  ‌claim‌  ‌within‌  ‌one‌  ‌(1)‌  ‌year‌  ‌after‌  ‌such‌‌ 
creditor‌‌   files‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ letters‌‌ of‌‌ administration‌‌ within‌‌ two‌‌  disability‌‌is‌‌removed‌. ‌ ‌
b. by‌‌stipulation‌‌in‌‌a‌‌pending‌‌action‌‌for‌‌partition,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(2)‌‌years‌‌after‌‌the‌‌death‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌decedent.‌  ‌ Affidavit‌‌of‌‌Self-Adjudication‌‌by‌‌Sole‌‌Heir‌  ‌
c. the‌  ‌sole‌  ‌heir‌  ‌who‌  ‌adjudicates‌  ‌the‌  ‌entire‌  ‌estate‌  ‌to‌‌ 
himself‌‌by‌‌means‌‌of‌‌an‌‌affidavit‌‌   ‌ 2. If‌  ‌it‌  ‌shall‌‌
  appear‌‌  at‌‌
  any‌‌
  time‌‌
  within‌‌   two‌‌   (2)‌‌
  years‌‌
  AFTER‌‌   the‌‌  If‌‌
  there‌‌
  is‌‌
  only‌‌
  ‌one‌‌
  heir‌, ‌‌he‌‌
  may‌‌  adjudicate‌‌   to‌‌
  himself‌‌   the‌‌ entire‌‌ estate‌‌ 
settlement‌  ‌and‌  ‌distribution‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌heir‌  ‌or‌‌
  other‌‌  by‌m ‌ eans‌‌of‌‌an‌a
‌ ffidavit‌f‌ iled‌‌in‌‌the‌‌office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌register‌‌of‌‌deeds.‌  ‌
shall‌‌  file,‌‌
  simultaneously‌‌
  with‌‌
  and‌‌   as‌‌
  a ‌‌condition‌‌ precedent‌‌ to‌‌  person‌‌   has‌‌  been‌‌
  ‌unduly‌‌
  deprived‌‌   of‌‌
  his‌‌
  lawful‌‌ participation‌‌ in‌‌ 
the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌abovementioned,‌‌   ‌ the‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌such‌  ‌heir‌  ‌or‌  ‌such‌  ‌other‌  ‌person‌  ‌may‌  ‌compel‌  ‌the‌‌  Summary‌‌Settlement‌‌of‌‌Estates‌‌of‌‌Small‌‌Value‌  ‌
a. a‌‌
  ‌BOND‌‌ ‌in‌‌ an‌‌ ‌amount‌‌ equivalent‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ value‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  settlement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌courts‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌‌  1. Whenever‌  ‌the‌  ‌gross‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌deceased‌‌   person,‌‌ 
personal‌‌property‌‌involved‌‌‌and‌‌   ‌ satisfying‌‌such‌‌lawful‌‌participation.‌‌   ‌ whether‌  ‌he‌  ‌died‌  ‌testate‌  ‌or‌  ‌intestate,‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌exceed‌  ‌ten‌‌ 
3. And‌  ‌if‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌time‌‌   of‌‌
  two‌‌  (2)‌‌  years‌, ‌‌it‌‌
  shall‌‌  appear‌‌  thousand‌‌   pesos‌‌   (P10K)‌, ‌‌and‌‌ that‌‌ fact‌‌ is‌‌ made‌‌ to‌‌ appear‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
b. conditioned‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌just‌  ‌claim‌‌
  that‌‌ 
that‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌debts‌  ‌outstanding‌  ‌against‌‌   the‌‌
  estate‌‌   which‌‌   have‌‌  RTC‌  ‌having‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌ 
may‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌under‌‌Section‌‌4‌‌of‌‌this‌‌Rule.‌  ‌
not‌‌
  been‌‌   paid,‌‌
  or‌‌
  that‌‌  an‌‌
  heir‌‌
  or‌‌  other‌‌
  person‌‌   has‌‌
  been‌‌ unduly‌‌  interested‌  ‌person‌  ‌and‌  ‌upon‌  ‌hearing,‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌held‌  ‌not‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌fact‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  extrajudicial‌‌
  settlement‌‌   or‌‌
  administration‌‌   shall‌‌  deprived‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ lawful‌‌ participation‌‌ payable‌‌ in‌‌ money,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌  less‌‌
  than‌‌   one‌‌   (1)‌‌   month‌‌   nor‌‌
  more‌‌  than‌‌   three‌‌   (3)‌‌
  months‌‌ 
be‌  ‌published‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌newspaper‌  ‌of‌  ‌general‌  ‌circulation‌  ‌once‌  ‌a ‌‌ having‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌ may,‌‌ by‌‌ order‌‌ for‌‌ that‌‌ purpose,‌‌  from‌‌  the‌‌
  date‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌   last‌‌
  publication‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌notice‌‌  which‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
week‌‌for‌‌three‌‌consecutive‌‌weeks.‌  ‌ after‌  ‌hearing‌, ‌ ‌settle‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌debts‌  ‌or‌  ‌lawful‌‌  published‌  ‌once‌  ‌a ‌ ‌week‌  ‌for‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌consecutive‌  ‌weeks‌  ‌in‌‌   a ‌‌
4. No‌  ‌extrajudicial‌  ‌settlement‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌binding‌  ‌upon‌  ‌any‌‌
  person‌‌  participation‌  ‌and‌  ‌order‌  ‌how‌  ‌much‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌what‌  ‌manner‌  ‌each‌‌  newspaper‌‌   of‌‌ general‌‌ circulation‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ province,‌‌ and‌‌ after‌‌ such‌‌ 
who‌‌has‌‌not‌‌participated‌‌therein‌‌or‌‌had‌‌no‌‌notice‌‌thereof.‌  ‌ distributee‌  ‌shall‌  ‌contribute‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌thereof,‌  ‌and‌  ‌may‌‌  other‌‌  ‌notice‌‌   ‌to‌‌  interested‌‌   persons‌‌
  as‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌  may‌‌  direct,‌‌ the‌‌ 
issue‌  ‌execution,‌  ‌if‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌require,‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌   bond‌‌  or‌‌  court‌‌  may‌‌   proceed‌‌   ‌summarily‌, ‌‌without‌‌   the‌‌  appointment‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ 
5. Extrajudicial‌  ‌partition‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌valid‌  ‌when‌‌  executor‌‌or‌‌administrator,‌‌and‌‌without‌‌delay,‌  
against‌‌the‌‌real‌‌estate‌‌belonging‌‌to‌‌the‌‌deceased,‌‌or‌‌both.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌following‌‌conditions‌‌concur‌:  ‌‌ ‌
Such‌  ‌bond‌  ‌and‌  ‌such‌  ‌real‌  ‌estate‌  ‌shall‌  ‌remain‌  ‌charged‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌‌ a. to‌  ‌grant,‌‌
  if‌‌
  proper,‌‌
  allowance‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  will‌, ‌‌if‌‌
  any‌‌
  there‌‌ 
1) The‌‌decedent‌‌left‌‌no‌‌will;‌‌   ‌ be,‌‌   ‌
liability‌‌   to‌‌
  creditors,‌‌   heirs,‌‌
  or‌‌  other‌‌
  persons‌‌  for‌‌ the‌‌ full‌‌ period‌‌ 
2) The‌‌   decedent‌‌
  left‌‌
  no‌‌
  debts,‌‌
  or‌‌
  if‌‌
  there‌‌
  were‌‌
  debts‌‌
  left,‌‌  of‌  ‌two‌  ‌(2)‌  ‌years‌  ‌after‌‌
  such‌‌  distribution,‌‌  notwithstanding‌‌   any‌‌  b. to‌  ‌determine‌  ‌who‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌  ‌persons‌  ‌legally‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌‌ 
all‌‌had‌‌been‌‌paid;‌‌   ‌ transfers‌‌of‌‌real‌‌estate‌‌that‌‌may‌‌have‌‌been‌‌made.‌  ‌ participate‌‌in‌‌the‌‌estate,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
3) The‌‌  heirs‌‌
  are‌‌
  all‌‌
  of‌‌
  age‌‌
  or‌‌ if‌‌ they‌‌ are‌‌ minors,‌‌ the‌‌ latter‌‌  4. Section‌  ‌4,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌74‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌applicable‌  ‌to‌  ‌persons‌  ‌who‌  ‌have‌‌  c. to‌  ‌apportion‌  ‌and‌  ‌divide‌  ‌it‌  ‌among‌  ‌them‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌ 
are‌  ‌represented‌  ‌by‌  ‌their‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌or‌  ‌legal‌‌  participated‌  ‌or‌  ‌taken‌  ‌part‌  ‌or‌  ‌had‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌extra-judicial‌‌  payment‌  ‌of‌‌
  such‌‌  debts‌‌
  of‌‌   the‌‌
  estate‌‌
  as‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  shall‌‌ 
representative;‌‌   ‌ partition.‌  ‌(‌Pedrosa‌  ‌v.‌  ‌CA,‌  ‌353‌  ‌SCRA‌  ‌620)‌  ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌nothing‌‌  then‌‌find‌‌to‌‌be‌‌due;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
therein‌  ‌which‌  ‌clearly‌  ‌shows‌  ‌a ‌ ‌statute‌  ‌of‌  ‌limitation‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌‌bar‌‌ 
against‌‌third‌‌person‌. ‌  ‌ ‌ d. such‌  ‌persons,‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌‌
  own‌‌  right,‌‌   if‌‌
  they‌‌
  are‌‌
  of‌‌
  lawful‌‌ 
age‌‌ and‌‌ legal‌‌ capacity,‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌ their‌‌ guardians‌‌ or‌‌ trustees‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 102‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

legally‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌and‌  ‌qualified,‌  ‌if‌  ‌otherwise,‌  ‌shall‌‌  foreign‌‌


  country,‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌
  he‌‌ left‌‌ in‌‌ such‌‌ province‌‌ (‌Palaganas‌‌ 
Rule‌‌75.‌‌  Production‌‌and‌‌Probate‌‌of‌‌Will‌  ‌
thereupon‌  ‌be‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌receive‌  ‌and‌  ‌enter‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌‌  v.‌‌Palaganas‌,‌‌G.R.‌‌No.‌‌169144,‌‌January‌‌26,‌‌2011).‌  ‌
possession‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  portions‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌ so‌‌ awarded‌‌ to‌‌ 
Nature‌‌of‌‌Probate‌‌Proceedings‌  ‌
them‌‌respectively.‌‌   ‌
1. Probate‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌will‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proceeding‌  ‌in‌  ‌rem‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌‌ 
2. The‌  ‌court,‌  ‌before‌  ‌allowing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌partition,‌  ‌may‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌‌ 
dispensed‌‌   with‌‌   and‌‌
  substituted‌‌   by‌‌ another‌‌ proceeding,‌‌ judicial‌‌ 
distributees,‌‌   ‌if‌‌ property‌‌ other‌‌ than‌‌ real‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ distributed‌, ‌‌to‌‌ 
or‌‌extrajudicial,‌‌without‌‌offending‌‌public‌‌policy.‌‌   ‌
file‌‌
  a ‌‌‌BOND‌‌
  ‌in‌‌   an‌‌
  amount‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  fixed‌‌
  by‌‌ court,‌‌ conditioned‌‌ for‌‌ 
the‌‌payment‌‌of‌‌any‌‌just‌‌claim.‌  ‌ 2. It‌‌   ‌mandatory‌‌
  is‌‌   ‌as‌‌  no‌‌  will‌‌  shall‌‌  pass‌‌  either‌‌  real‌‌  or‌‌ personal‌ 
Remedies‌  ‌of‌  ‌Aggrieved‌‌
  Parties‌‌
  After‌‌
  Extrajudicial‌‌
  Settlement‌‌
  property‌  ‌unless‌  ‌proved‌  ‌and‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
of‌‌Estate‌  ‌ Rules.‌‌   ‌

1. The‌‌   ‌creditor‌‌  may‌‌ ask‌‌ for‌‌ administration‌‌ of‌‌ enough‌‌ property‌‌  3. It‌‌   ‌imprescriptible‌, ‌‌because‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ required‌‌ by‌‌ public‌‌ policy‌‌ 


  is‌‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌the‌  ‌debt,‌  ‌but‌  ‌the‌  ‌heirs‌  ‌cannot‌‌  and‌  ‌the‌  ‌state‌  ‌could‌  ‌not‌  ‌have‌  ‌intended‌  ‌to‌  ‌defeat‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌by‌‌   ‌
prevent‌‌such‌‌administration‌‌by‌‌paying‌‌the‌‌obligation.‌‌   ‌ applying‌‌thereto‌‌the‌‌statute‌‌of‌‌limitation‌‌of‌‌actions.‌  ‌  ‌

2. Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌summarily‌  ‌settled,‌  ‌the‌  ‌unpaid‌‌  4. What‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌probate‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌will?‌  ‌To‌‌  Rule‌‌76.‌‌  Allowance‌‌or‌‌Disallowance‌‌of‌‌Will‌  ‌
creditor‌‌   may,‌‌  within‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌two-year‌‌   period‌, ‌‌file‌‌
  a ‌‌motion‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌  determine‌‌the‌e ‌ xtrinsic‌v
‌ alidity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌will.‌  ‌
court‌  ‌wherein‌  ‌such‌  ‌summary‌‌   settlement‌‌
  was‌‌   for‌‌   the‌‌
  payment‌‌  Contents‌‌of‌‌Petition‌‌for‌‌Allowance‌‌of‌‌W ill‌  ‌
5. May‌‌
  a ‌‌probate‌‌
  court‌‌
  pass‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ intrinsic‌‌ validity‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
of‌‌his‌‌credit.‌‌   ‌ will?‌   ‌ ‌ A‌‌
  petition‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  allowance‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌will‌‌ must‌‌ show,‌‌ so‌‌ far‌‌ as‌‌ known‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
After‌‌   the‌‌ ‌lapse‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ two-year‌‌ period,‌‌ an‌‌ ‌ordinary‌‌ action‌‌ may‌‌  petitioner:‌  ‌
GR‌:‌ NO‌. ‌ ‌
be‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌distributees‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌statute‌  ‌of‌‌  (a) The‌  ‌jurisdictional‌  ‌facts‌  ‌— ‌ ‌refer‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌fact‌  ‌of‌  ‌death‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
limitations,‌‌but‌n ‌ ot‌‌against‌‌the‌‌bond.‌‌   ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  If‌‌
  the‌‌
  intrinsic‌‌
  defect‌‌
  is‌‌
  apparent‌‌  from‌‌  the‌‌ will,say‌‌ for‌‌ 
decedent,‌‌   his‌‌
  residence‌‌
  at‌‌
  the‌‌
  time‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌ death‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ province‌‌ 
instance‌  ‌absolute‌  ‌preterition,‌  ‌then‌  ‌the‌  ‌probate‌  ‌may‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌  ‌annul‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deed‌  ‌of‌  ‌extrajudicial‌  ‌settlement‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌  where‌‌the‌‌court‌‌is‌‌sitting.‌  ‌
pass‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌intrinsic‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌will.‌‌ 
ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌fraud‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌FOUR‌  ‌YEARS‌  ‌from‌‌  (‌Nepomuceno‌  ‌v.‌  ‌CA;‌  ‌Nuguid‌  ‌v ‌ ‌Nuguid;‌  ‌Cayetano‌  ‌v.‌  (b) The‌  ‌names,‌  ‌ages,‌  ‌and‌  ‌residences‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌heirs,‌  ‌legatees,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
the‌‌discovery‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌fraud.‌  ‌ Leonides‌) ‌ ‌ devisees‌‌of‌‌the‌‌testator‌‌or‌‌decedent;‌  ‌
4. What‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌heir‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌deprived‌  ‌of‌  ‌one’s‌‌  Who‌‌may‌‌Petition‌‌for‌‌Probate;‌‌Persons‌‌Entitled‌‌to‌‌Notice‌  ‌ (c) The‌‌probable‌‌value‌‌and‌‌character‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌of‌‌the‌‌estate;‌  ‌
share‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌because‌  ‌he‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌participate,‌  ‌take‌‌ 
1. Any‌  ‌executor‌, ‌ ‌devisee‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌legatee‌  named‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌will,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌‌  (d) The‌‌name‌‌of‌‌the‌‌person‌‌for‌‌whom‌‌letters‌‌are‌‌prayed;‌  ‌
part,‌‌or‌‌had‌‌no‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌the‌‌settlement‌‌of‌‌estate?‌   
other‌  ‌person‌  ‌interested‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(e) If‌‌
  the‌‌
  will‌‌
  has‌‌
  not‌‌
  been‌‌
  delivered‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  court,‌‌
  the‌‌
  name‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
An‌‌
  heir‌‌   may‌‌  file‌‌
  an‌‌
  action‌‌   for‌‌   reconveyance‌‌   ‌within‌‌  ‌ten‌‌
  (10)‌‌  death‌‌of‌‌the‌‌testator.‌  ‌
person‌‌having‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌it.‌  ‌
years‌, ‌‌which‌‌   is‌‌
  based‌‌   on‌‌
  an‌‌   ‌implied‌‌   trust‌‌  (‌Teves‌‌  v.‌‌ CA‌).‌‌ This‌‌ 
implied‌  ‌or‌  ‌constructive‌  ‌trust‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌created‌  ‌by‌  ‌law,‌‌  2. The‌  ‌testator‌  ‌himself‌  ‌may,‌  ‌during‌  ‌his‌  ‌lifetime,‌  ‌petition‌  ‌the‌‌ 
But‌‌   ‌no‌‌
  defect‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  petition‌‌  shall‌‌ render‌‌ void‌‌ the‌‌ allowance‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ will,‌‌ 
which‌  ‌an‌  ‌interested‌  ‌person‌  ‌may‌  ‌enforce‌  ‌within‌  ‌10‌  ‌year‌‌  court‌‌for‌‌the‌‌allowance‌‌of‌‌his‌‌will.‌  ‌
or‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ of‌‌ letters‌‌ testamentary‌‌ or‌‌ of‌‌ administration‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ will‌‌ 
prescriptive‌  ‌period.‌  ‌This‌  ‌prescriptive‌  ‌period‌  ‌shall‌‌   commence‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌testator‌  ‌asks‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌allowance‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌own‌  ‌will,‌‌
  ‌notice‌‌  annexed.‌  ‌
upon‌‌   the‌‌
  issuance‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌new‌‌   title‌‌  over‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌ (‌Marquez‌‌ v.‌  shall‌‌be‌‌sent‌‌ONLY‌‌to‌‌his‌‌‌compulsory‌‌heirs.‌  ‌
How‌‌is‌‌a‌‌lost‌‌or‌‌destroyed‌‌will‌‌proved?‌   ‌ ‌
CA‌, ‌‌300‌‌ SCRA‌‌ 653)‌‌ or‌‌ from‌‌ actual‌‌ notice‌‌ in‌‌ case‌‌ of‌‌ unregistered‌‌ 
3. What‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdictional‌  ‌facts?‌  ‌They‌‌   refer‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌  fact‌‌
  of‌‌ 
deed‌‌(‌Neri‌‌v.‌‌Heirs‌‌of‌‌Uy‌,‌‌October‌‌10,‌‌2012).‌  ‌ a) By‌‌proving‌‌its‌‌execution‌‌and‌‌validity;‌  ‌
death,‌  ‌his‌  ‌residence‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌death‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌province‌ 
 ‌
where‌‌  the‌‌
  probate‌‌  court‌‌   is‌‌
  sitting,‌‌   or‌‌  if‌‌
  he‌‌
  is‌‌
  an‌‌
  inhabitant‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 103‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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b) Will‌‌  is‌‌
  shown‌‌  to‌‌
  have‌‌ been‌‌ in‌‌ existence‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ death‌‌  That‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decedent’s‌‌  d) Any‌  ‌residue‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌disposed‌  ‌of‌  ‌as‌  ‌provided‌  ‌for‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌testator;‌  ‌ domicile‌  ‌is‌  ‌termed‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌administration‌, ‌ ‌while‌‌   any‌‌  estates‌‌  in‌‌ the‌‌ Philippines‌‌ belonging‌‌ to‌‌ persons‌‌ who‌‌ do‌‌ 
other‌‌administration‌‌is‌‌termed‌a ‌ ncillary‌a ‌ dministration‌.  ‌‌ ‌ not‌‌reside‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country‌‌(Section‌‌4).‌  ‌
c) It‌‌
  was‌‌
  fraudulently‌‌
  or‌‌
  accidentally‌‌
  destroyed‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  lifetime‌‌
  of‌‌ 
 ‌
the‌‌testator‌‌without‌‌his‌‌knowledge;‌  ‌
Rule‌‌77.‌‌  Allowance‌‌of‌‌Will‌‌Proved‌‌Outside‌‌of‌‌the‌‌  Rules‌‌78-85.‌‌  Letters‌‌Testamentary‌‌and‌‌Administration;‌‌ 
d) The‌  ‌provision‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌will‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌proved‌  ‌by‌  ‌two‌  ‌credible‌‌ 
Philippines‌  ‌ Executors‌‌and‌‌Administrators‌  ‌
witnesses‌‌(Section‌‌6).‌  ‌
Grounds‌‌for‌‌Disallowance‌  ‌ 1. What‌‌must‌‌be‌‌proved?‌  ‌ Letters‌‌
  testamentary‌  ‌is‌‌  the‌‌  appointment‌‌  issued‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌probate‌‌ court,‌‌ 
after‌‌
  the‌‌  will‌‌
  has‌‌  been‌‌  admitted‌‌ to‌‌ probate,‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ executor‌‌ named‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
The‌‌will‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌disallowed‌i‌ n‌‌any‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌  ‌ a. The‌  ‌due‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌will‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌  ‌with‌‌ 
will‌  ‌to‌  ‌administer‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌deceased‌  ‌testator,‌  ‌provided‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(a) If‌‌not‌‌executed‌‌and‌‌attested‌‌as‌‌required‌‌by‌‌law;‌  ‌ foreign‌‌law;‌  ‌
executor‌‌   named‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌
  will‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌competent‌, ‌‌‌accepts‌‌ the‌‌ trust‌‌ and‌‌ ‌gives‌‌ 
(b) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌testator‌  ‌was‌  ‌insane,‌  ‌or‌‌
  otherwise‌‌
  mentally‌‌
  incapable‌‌
  to‌‌  b. The‌‌testator‌‌is‌‌a‌‌resident‌‌of‌‌a‌‌foreign‌‌country;‌  ‌ a‌‌bond.‌  ‌
make‌‌a‌‌will,‌‌at‌‌the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌its‌‌execution;‌  ‌ c. The‌‌  will‌‌
  has‌‌
  been‌‌
  admitted‌‌
  to‌‌
  probate‌‌ and‌‌ allowed‌‌ by‌‌  When‌‌and‌‌to‌‌W hom‌‌Letters‌‌of‌‌Administration‌‌Granted‌  ‌
(c) If‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌executed‌  ‌under‌  ‌duress,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌influence‌  ‌of‌  ‌fear,‌  ‌or‌‌  a‌‌probate‌‌court;‌  ‌
1. Who‌  ‌are‌  ‌incompetent‌  ‌to‌  ‌serve‌  ‌as‌  ‌executors‌  o ‌ r‌‌ 
threats;‌  ‌ d. The‌  ‌laws‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌country‌  ‌on‌  ‌procedure‌  ‌and‌‌  administrators.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌No‌  ‌person‌  ‌incompetent‌  ‌to‌  ‌serve‌  ‌as‌‌ 
(d) If‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌procured‌  ‌by‌  ‌undue‌  ‌and‌  ‌improper‌  ‌pressure‌  ‌and‌‌  allowance‌‌of‌‌will.‌  ‌ executor‌‌or‌‌administrator‌‌who:‌  ‌
influence,‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌beneficiary,‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌  ‌some‌  ‌other‌‌  2. Is‌‌
  it‌‌
  necessary‌‌   that‌‌  the‌‌   will‌‌
  executed‌‌ in‌‌ foreign‌‌ country‌‌ be‌‌  (a) Is‌‌a‌‌minor;‌  ‌
person‌‌for‌‌his‌‌benefit;‌  ‌ probated‌  ‌first‌  ‌in‌  ‌that‌  ‌country‌  ‌before‌  ‌it‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌   probated‌‌ 
(b) Is‌‌NOT‌‌a‌‌resident‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippines;‌‌and‌  ‌
(e) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌signature‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  testator‌‌
  was‌‌
  procured‌‌
  by‌‌
  fraud‌‌
  or‌‌
  trick,‌‌  here‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌  Philippines?‌   ‌NO‌. ‌‌It‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌
  required.‌  ‌Our‌‌ laws‌‌ do‌‌ 
not‌‌   prohibit‌‌   the‌‌
  probate‌‌   of‌‌
  wills‌‌
  executed‌‌ by‌‌ foreigners‌‌ abroad‌‌  (c) Is‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ opinion‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ unfit‌‌ to‌‌ execute‌‌ the‌‌ duties‌‌ 
and‌‌   ‌
although‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ have‌‌ not‌‌ as‌‌ yet‌‌ been‌‌ probated‌‌ and‌‌ allowed‌‌ in‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌trust‌  ‌by‌‌
  reason‌‌
  of‌‌
  drunkenness,‌‌   improvidence,‌‌ 
(f) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌testator‌  ‌acted‌  ‌by‌  ‌mistake‌  ‌or‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌intend‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌  the‌  ‌countries‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌  ‌execution.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌foreign‌  ‌will‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌given‌‌  or‌  ‌want‌‌   of‌‌
  understanding‌‌   or‌‌
  integrity,‌‌   or‌‌
  by‌‌
  reason‌‌
  of‌‌ 
instrument‌‌   should‌‌   be‌‌
  his‌‌ will‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌ fixing‌‌ his‌‌ signature‌‌  legal‌  ‌effects‌  ‌in‌  ‌our‌  ‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌Article‌  ‌816‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Civil‌  ‌Code‌‌  conviction‌‌of‌‌an‌‌offense‌‌involving‌‌moral‌‌turpitude.‌  ‌
thereto.‌  ‌ states‌‌   that‌‌
  the‌‌
  will‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  alien‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌ abroad‌‌ produces‌‌ effect‌‌ in‌‌  2. Executor‌  ‌of‌  ‌executor‌  ‌not‌  ‌to‌  ‌administer‌  ‌estate.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌‌ 
Reprobate;‌‌Effects‌‌of‌‌Probate‌  ‌ the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌if‌  ‌made‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌formalities‌‌  executor‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌
  executor‌‌
  shall‌‌ not,‌‌ as‌‌ such,‌‌ administer‌‌ the‌‌ estate‌‌ 
prescribed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌where‌  ‌he‌  ‌resides,‌  ‌or‌‌  of‌‌the‌‌first‌‌testator.‌  ‌
1. Wills‌‌  proved‌‌   and‌‌  allowed‌‌  in‌‌ a ‌‌foreign‌‌ country,‌‌ according‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌  according‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌formalities‌  ‌observed‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌country‌‌ 
laws‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌country,‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed,‌  ‌filed,‌‌
  and‌‌
  recorded‌‌   by‌‌  (‌Palaganas‌‌v.‌‌Palaganas‌) ‌ ‌ 3. Married‌‌   women‌‌   may‌‌
  serve.‌‌
  ‌— ‌‌A ‌‌married‌‌  woman‌‌   may‌‌   serve‌‌ 
the‌‌proper‌‌RTC‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌ as‌  ‌executrix‌  ‌or‌  ‌administratrix,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌marriage‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌single‌‌ 
3. What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌effects‌‌of‌‌admission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌foreign‌‌will?‌   ‌ ‌ woman‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌affect‌  ‌her‌  ‌authority‌  ‌so‌  ‌to‌  ‌serve‌  ‌under‌  ‌a ‌‌
2. The‌  ‌general‌  ‌rule‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌administration‌  ‌extends‌‌   only‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
assets‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decedent‌  ‌found‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌state‌  ‌or‌  ‌country‌‌  a) The‌‌
  court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  grant‌‌
  letters‌‌
  testamentary‌‌
  or‌‌
  letters‌‌ of‌‌  previous‌‌appointment.‌  ‌
where‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌granted‌, ‌‌so‌‌   that‌‌
  an‌‌
  administrator‌‌   appointed‌‌   in‌‌  administration‌‌with‌‌the‌‌will‌‌annexed.‌‌   ‌ 4. Where‌  ‌some‌  ‌co-executors‌  ‌disqualified‌  ‌others‌  ‌may‌  ‌act.‌‌   — ‌‌
one‌‌
  state‌‌
  or‌‌
  country‌‌   has‌‌ no‌‌ power‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ in‌‌ another‌‌  b) The‌  ‌said‌  ‌letters‌  ‌shall‌  ‌extend‌  ‌only‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌testator’s‌‌  When‌  ‌ALL‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌executors‌  ‌named‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌will‌  ‌can‌  ‌not‌  ‌act‌‌ 
state‌‌or‌‌country.‌‌   ‌ estate‌‌located‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌‌   ‌ because‌‌   of‌‌
  incompetency,‌‌   refusal‌‌   to‌‌
  accept‌‌  the‌‌
  trust,‌‌
  or‌‌
  failure‌‌ 
3. Ancillary‌  ‌Administration.‌  ‌When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌dies‌  ‌intestate‌‌  to‌  ‌give‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌one‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌of‌  ‌them,‌  ‌letters‌‌ 
c) The‌‌
  estate‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌ disposed‌‌ of‌‌ following‌‌ the‌‌ will‌‌ after‌‌ 
owning‌  ‌property‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌country‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌domicile‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌‌
  as‌‌
  in‌‌  testamentary‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌to‌  ‌such‌  ‌of‌  ‌them‌  ‌as‌  ‌are‌  ‌competent,‌‌ 
just‌‌debts‌‌and‌‌expenses‌‌of‌‌administration‌‌are‌‌paid.‌  
foreign‌‌country,‌‌administration‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌had‌‌in‌‌both‌‌countries.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 104‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

accept‌  ‌and‌  ‌give‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌and‌  ‌they‌  ‌may‌  ‌perform‌  ‌the‌  ‌duties‌  ‌and‌‌  examine‌  ‌and‌  ‌take‌  ‌copies‌  ‌of,‌  ‌books‌  ‌and‌  ‌papers‌  ‌relating‌  ‌to‌‌   the‌‌ 
2) where‌‌   justice‌‌ and‌‌ equity‌‌ demand‌‌ that‌‌ opposing‌‌ parties‌‌ 
discharge‌‌the‌‌trust‌‌required‌‌by‌‌the‌‌will.‌  ‌ partnership‌‌   business,‌‌  and‌‌  make‌‌   examine‌‌   and‌‌
  make‌‌ invoices‌‌ of‌‌ 
or‌  ‌factions‌  ‌be‌  ‌represented‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌management‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌  ‌property‌  ‌belonging‌  ‌to‌  ‌such‌‌   partnership;‌‌   and‌‌  the‌‌
  surviving‌‌ 
5. When‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌whom‌  ‌letters‌  ‌of‌  ‌administration‌  ‌granted.‌‌  estate‌‌of‌‌the‌‌deceased;‌‌   ‌
partner‌  ‌or‌  ‌partners,‌  ‌on‌  ‌request,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌exhibit‌  ‌to‌  ‌him‌  ‌all‌  ‌such‌‌ 
Order‌‌   of‌‌  Preference‌‌   ‌— ‌‌If‌‌
  no‌‌
  executor‌‌   is‌‌
  named‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ will,‌‌ or‌ 
3) where‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌is‌  ‌large‌  ‌or,‌  ‌from‌  ‌any‌  ‌cause,‌  ‌an‌‌  books,‌‌papers,‌‌and‌‌property‌‌in‌‌their‌‌hands‌‌or‌‌control.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌  ‌executors‌  ‌are‌‌   incompetent,‌‌   refuse‌‌
  the‌‌
  trust,‌‌
  or‌‌ 
intricate‌‌and‌‌perplexing‌‌one‌‌to‌‌settle;‌  ‌
fail‌  ‌to‌  ‌give‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌dies‌  ‌intestate,‌  ‌administration‌‌  4. To‌  ‌keep‌  ‌buildings‌  ‌in‌  ‌repair.‌  ‌— ‌‌Shall‌‌   maintain‌‌   in‌‌  tenantable‌‌ 
shall‌‌be‌‌granted:‌  ‌ 4) to‌  ‌have‌  ‌all‌  ‌interested‌  ‌persons‌  ‌satisfied‌  a‌ nd‌  ‌the‌‌  repair‌‌   the‌‌
  houses‌‌   and‌‌
  other‌‌   structures‌‌  and‌‌  fences‌‌   belonging‌‌ to‌‌ 
representatives‌  ‌to‌  ‌work‌  ‌in‌  ‌harmony‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌best‌‌  the‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌and‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌in‌‌
  such‌‌  repair‌‌
  to‌‌  the‌‌  heirs‌‌
  or‌‌ 
(a) To‌  ‌the‌  ‌surviving‌  ‌husband‌  ‌or‌  ‌wife‌, ‌ ‌as‌‌   the‌‌
  case‌‌
  may‌‌ 
interests‌‌of‌‌the‌‌estate;‌‌   ‌ devisees‌‌when‌‌directed‌‌so‌‌to‌‌do‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
be,‌  ‌or‌  ‌next‌  ‌of‌  ‌kin‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌both,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
court,‌‌   or‌‌
  to‌‌
  such‌‌   person‌‌   as‌‌ such‌‌ surviving‌‌ husband‌‌ or‌‌  5) when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌administration‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌  5. To‌  ‌retain‌  ‌whole‌  ‌estate‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌debts,‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌administer‌‌ 
wife,‌  ‌or‌  ‌next‌  ‌of‌  ‌kin,‌  ‌requests‌‌   to‌‌  have‌‌  appointed‌, ‌‌if‌‌  estate‌  ‌desires‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌another‌  ‌competent‌  ‌person‌‌  estate‌‌  not‌‌
  willed.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌Shall‌‌ have‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ possession‌‌ and‌‌ 
competent‌‌and‌‌willing‌‌to‌‌serve;‌  ‌ associated‌  ‌with‌  ‌him‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌(‌Suntay‌  ‌III,‌  ‌v.‌‌  management‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌personal‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Cojuangco-Suntay‌,‌‌2012)‌  ‌ deceased‌‌   so‌‌
  long‌‌ as‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ necessary‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ payment‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ debts‌‌ 
(b) If‌‌
  such‌‌
  surviving‌‌   husband‌‌
  or‌‌
  wife,‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ may‌‌ be,‌‌ 
8. Next‌  ‌of‌  ‌Kin.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌"‌next‌  ‌of‌  ‌kin‌" ‌ ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌
  defined‌‌   as‌‌
  those‌‌  and‌‌the‌‌expenses‌‌of‌‌administration.‌  ‌
or‌‌next‌‌of‌‌kin,‌‌or‌‌the‌‌person‌‌selected‌‌by‌‌them,‌‌   ‌
persons‌‌   who‌‌ are‌‌ entitled‌‌ under‌‌ the‌‌ statute‌‌ of‌‌ distribution‌‌ to‌‌ the‌  6. An‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌intestate‌  cannot‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(i) be‌‌incompetent‌‌or‌‌unwilling,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
decedent's‌‌   property.‌‌   It‌‌
  is‌‌
  generally‌‌ said‌‌ that‌‌ "the‌‌ nearest‌‌ of‌‌ kin,‌‌  legal‌  ‌redemption‌  ‌over‌  ‌a ‌ ‌portion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌owned‌  ‌in‌‌ 
if‌‌the‌‌husband‌‌or‌‌widow,‌‌or‌‌next‌‌of‌‌kin,‌‌   ‌ whose‌‌   interest‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌   is‌‌
  more‌‌
  preponderant,‌‌   is‌‌ preferred‌‌  common‌  ‌sold‌  ‌by‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  other‌‌
  co-owners‌‌   since‌‌
  this‌‌  is‌‌
  ‌not‌‌ 
in‌  ‌the‌  ‌choice‌  ‌of‌‌
  administrator.‌‌   Among‌‌  members‌‌   of‌‌   a ‌‌class‌‌  the‌‌  within‌‌the‌‌powers‌‌of‌‌administration.‌‌   ‌
(ii) neglects‌‌   for‌‌
  thirty‌‌  (30)‌‌  days‌‌ after‌‌ the‌‌ death‌‌ of‌‌ 
strongest‌  ‌ground‌  ‌for‌  ‌preference‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌or‌‌ 
the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌apply‌  ‌for‌  ‌administration‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌‌  7. Where‌‌   the‌‌  estate‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌deceased‌‌
  person‌‌   is‌‌
  already‌‌ the‌‌ subject‌‌ of‌‌ 
preponderance‌‌   of‌‌
  interest.‌‌   As‌‌
  between‌‌ next‌‌ of‌‌ kin,‌‌ ‌the‌‌ nearest‌‌ 
request‌  ‌that‌  ‌administration‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌to‌‌  a‌‌
  testate‌‌  or‌‌  intestate‌‌ proceeding,‌‌ the‌‌ administrator‌‌ cannot‌‌ enter‌‌ 
of‌‌kin‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌preferred‌.”‌‌(V ‌ entura‌‌v.‌‌Ventura‌) ‌ ‌
some‌‌other‌‌person,‌‌   ‌ into‌‌
  any‌‌  transaction‌‌   involving‌‌
  it‌‌
  ‌without‌‌  any‌‌ prior‌‌ approval‌‌ of‌‌ 
9. Interested‌‌   Party.‌‌ — ‌‌One‌‌ who‌‌ would‌‌ be‌‌ benefited‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ estate,‌  the‌‌Court.‌‌   ‌
it‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌granted‌  ‌to‌  ‌one‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌‌ 
such‌‌  as‌‌
  an‌‌
  heir,‌‌
  or‌‌
  one‌‌
  who‌‌ has‌‌ a ‌‌claim‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌ estate,‌‌ such‌‌ 
creditors‌,‌‌if‌‌competent‌‌and‌‌willing‌‌to‌‌serve;‌  ‌ 8. The‌‌   right‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  executor‌‌ or‌‌ administrator‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ possession‌‌ and‌‌ 
as‌‌creditor‌‌(Q ‌ uiazon‌‌v.‌‌Belen‌,‌‌G.R.‌‌No.‌‌189121,‌‌July‌‌31,‌‌2013).‌  ‌
(c) If‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌such‌  ‌creditor‌  ‌competent‌  ‌and‌‌
  willing‌‌   to‌‌  management‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ real‌‌ and‌‌ personal‌‌ properties‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ deceased‌‌ 
Powers‌‌and‌‌Duties‌‌of‌‌Executors‌‌and‌‌Administrators;‌‌
  is‌  ‌not‌  ‌absolute‌  ‌and‌  ‌can‌  ‌only‌  ‌be‌  ‌exercised‌  ‌so‌  ‌long‌  ‌as‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌ 
serve,‌‌   it‌‌
  may‌‌   be‌‌  granted‌‌
  to‌‌
  ‌such‌‌
  other‌‌
  person‌‌   as‌‌ the‌‌ 
Restrictions‌‌on‌‌their‌‌Powers‌‌(Rule‌‌84)‌  ‌ necessary‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌debts‌  ‌and‌  ‌expenses‌  ‌of‌‌ 
court‌‌may‌‌select.‌  ‌
1. An‌  ‌EXECUTOR‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌   person‌‌  nominated‌‌   by‌‌
  a ‌‌testator‌‌
  to‌‌
  carry‌‌  administration.‌  ‌
6. In‌  ‌determining‌  ‌who‌‌
  should‌‌
  be‌‌
  appointed‌‌  as‌‌  administrator,‌‌   the‌‌ 
out‌‌
  the‌‌
  directions‌‌  and‌‌ requests‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ will‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌ dispose‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌  Appointment‌‌of‌‌Special‌‌Administrator‌  ‌
primary‌  ‌consideration‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌‌ 
property‌  ‌according‌  ‌to‌  ‌his‌  ‌testamentary‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌after‌  ‌his‌‌ 
the‌‌one‌‌to‌‌be‌‌appointed.‌  ‌ 1. When‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌delay‌  ‌in‌  ‌granting‌  ‌letters‌  ‌testamentary‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌‌ 
death.‌‌   ‌
7. May‌  ‌co-administrators‌  ‌be‌  ‌appointed?‌    ‌YES‌, ‌ ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌  administration‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌cause‌  ‌including‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2. An‌  ‌ADMINISTRATOR‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌in‌‌  allowance‌  ‌or‌  ‌disallowance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌will,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌‌
  appoint‌‌
  a ‌‌
following‌‌instances:‌   ‌ ‌
accordance‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  governing‌‌   statute,‌‌  to‌‌ administer‌‌ and‌‌ settle‌‌  special‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌to‌  ‌take‌  ‌possession‌  ‌and‌  ‌charge‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
1) to‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌benefits‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  and‌‌
  perhaps‌‌
  at‌‌  intestate‌  ‌estate‌  ‌and‌  ‌such‌  ‌testate‌  ‌estate‌  ‌as‌  ‌no‌  ‌competent‌‌  estate‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  deceased‌‌  ‌until‌‌ ‌the‌‌ questions‌‌ causing‌‌ the‌‌ delay‌‌ are‌‌ 
all‌‌times‌‌to‌h ‌ ave‌‌different‌‌interests‌‌represented‌;  ‌‌ ‌ executor‌‌was‌‌designated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌testator.‌  ‌ decided‌‌and‌‌executors‌‌or‌‌administrators‌‌appointed.‌  ‌
3. To‌  ‌have‌  ‌access‌  ‌to‌  ‌partnership‌  ‌books‌  ‌and‌  ‌property.‌  ‌How‌‌  2. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌claimant‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌ 
right‌  ‌enforced.‌  ‌— ‌ Shall‌  ‌at‌  ‌all‌‌
  times‌‌
  have‌‌
  access‌‌
  to,‌‌
  and‌‌
  may‌‌  estate‌‌he‌‌represents.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 105‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

rata‌‌   portion‌‌  in‌‌


  the‌‌
  due‌‌   course‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ administration,‌‌ inasmuch‌‌ 
Grounds‌‌for‌‌Removal‌‌of‌‌Administrator‌  ‌ b. All‌‌claims‌‌for‌f‌ uneral‌‌expenses;‌‌   ‌
as‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ death‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌person,‌‌ his‌‌ entire‌‌ estate‌‌ is‌‌ burdened‌‌ with‌‌ 
1. Administration‌  ‌revoked‌  ‌if‌  ‌will‌  ‌discovered.‌  ‌Proceedings‌‌  the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌his‌  ‌debts‌  ‌and‌  ‌no‌  ‌creditor‌  ‌shall‌  ‌enjoy‌  ‌any‌‌  c. Expense‌‌for‌‌the‌l‌ ast‌‌sickness‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌decedent;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
thereupon.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌If‌  ‌after‌  ‌letters‌  ‌of‌  ‌administration‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌‌  preference‌  ‌or‌  ‌priority;‌  ‌all‌  ‌of‌  ‌them‌  ‌shall‌  ‌share‌  ‌pro‌‌
  rata‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌  d. Judgment‌‌for‌‌money‌‌‌against‌‌the‌‌decedent.‌  ‌
granted,‌‌
  his‌‌
  will‌‌
  is‌‌
  proved‌‌   and‌‌
  allowed‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ court,‌‌ the‌‌ letters‌‌  liquidation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌estate‌‌of‌‌the‌‌deceased.‌  ‌
of‌‌administration‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌revoked.‌  ‌ Claim‌‌of‌‌Executor‌‌or‌‌Administrator‌‌against‌‌the‌‌Estate‌  ‌
4. Remedies‌  ‌available‌  ‌to‌  ‌enforce‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2. Court‌  ‌may‌  ‌remove‌  ‌or‌  ‌accept‌  ‌resignation‌  ‌of‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌‌  decedent.‌‌— ‌ ‌ 1. If‌‌ the‌‌ executor‌‌ or‌‌ administrator‌‌ has‌‌ a ‌‌claim‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌ estate‌‌ he‌‌ 
administrator.‌  ‌Proceeding‌  ‌upon‌  ‌death,‌  ‌resignation,‌  ‌or‌‌  represents,‌‌   he‌‌
  shall‌‌
  give‌‌
  notice‌‌
  thereof,‌‌ in‌‌ writing,‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ court,‌‌ 
a. To‌‌
  ‌waive‌‌
  ‌the‌‌
  mortgage‌‌
  and‌‌
  claim‌‌
  the‌‌
  entire‌‌ debt‌‌ from‌‌  and‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌appoint‌  ‌a ‌ ‌special‌  ‌administrator‌, ‌ ‌who‌‌ 
removal.‌‌‌—‌‌If‌‌an‌‌executor‌‌or‌‌administrator‌  
the‌‌estate‌‌of‌‌the‌‌mortgagor;‌  ‌ shall,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌adjustment‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌claim,‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌power‌‌ 
a. neglects‌  ‌to‌  ‌render‌  ‌his‌  ‌account‌  ‌and‌  ‌settle‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌‌ 
b. To‌  ‌foreclose‌  ‌the‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌judicially‌  ‌and‌  ‌prove‌  ‌the‌‌  and‌‌   be‌‌ subject‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ liability‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ general‌‌ administrator‌‌ 
according‌‌to‌‌law,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
deficiency‌‌as‌‌an‌‌ordinary‌‌claim‌‌against‌‌the‌‌estate;‌  ‌ or‌‌executor‌‌in‌‌the‌‌settlement‌‌of‌‌other‌‌claims.‌‌   ‌
b. neglects‌‌  to‌‌
  perform‌‌
  an‌‌
  order‌‌
  or‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ court,‌‌ 
c. To‌‌
  ‌rely‌‌
  ‌on‌‌
  the‌‌
  mortgage‌‌
  exclusively,‌‌   or‌‌
  other‌‌   security‌‌  2. The‌‌   court‌‌
  may‌‌ order‌‌ the‌‌ executor‌‌ or‌‌ administrator‌‌ to‌‌ pay‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
or‌‌a‌‌duty‌‌expressly‌‌provided‌‌by‌‌these‌‌rules,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
and‌‌  foreclose‌‌   the‌‌
  same‌‌
  at‌‌
  any‌‌
  time.‌‌
  Here‌‌   ‌no‌‌
  claim‌‌ for‌‌  special‌‌administrator‌‌‌necessary‌‌funds‌‌to‌‌defend‌‌such‌‌claim.‌  ‌
c. absconds,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ deficiency‌‌‌is‌‌allowed.‌  ‌ How‌‌to‌‌F ile‌‌a‌‌Claim‌  ‌
d. becomes‌‌   insane,‌‌
  or‌‌
  otherwise‌‌   incapable‌‌
  or‌‌ unsuitable‌‌  Statute‌‌of‌‌Non-Claims;‌‌Exceptions‌  ‌
1. A‌‌
  claim‌‌
  may‌‌ be‌‌ filed‌‌ by‌‌ delivering‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ necessary‌‌ 
to‌‌discharge‌‌the‌‌trust,‌‌   ‌
1. The‌‌   court‌‌  shall‌‌ state‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ claims‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌  vouchers‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  clerk‌‌  of‌‌
  court‌‌ and‌‌ by‌‌ serving‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ thereof‌‌ on‌‌ 
the‌‌  court‌‌ may‌‌ remove‌‌ him,‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ its‌‌ discretion,‌‌ may‌‌ permit‌‌ him‌‌  estate,‌‌   which‌‌  shall‌‌  not‌‌  be‌‌
  more‌‌  than‌‌   ‌twelve‌‌ (12)‌‌ not‌‌ less‌‌ than‌‌  the‌‌executor‌‌or‌‌administrator.‌‌   ‌
to‌‌resign.‌  ‌ six‌  ‌(6)‌  ‌months‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌publication‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  2. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌  ‌be‌  ‌founded‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bond,‌  ‌bill,‌  ‌note,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌‌ 
 ‌ notice.‌‌   ‌ instrument,‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌need‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed,‌  ‌but‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌thereof‌‌ 
Rule‌‌86.‌‌  Claims‌‌Against‌‌the‌‌Estate‌  ‌ 2. Exceptions‌  ‌ with‌  ‌all‌  ‌indorsements‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌   attached‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  claim‌‌   and‌‌  filed‌‌ 
therewith.‌‌   ‌
a. At‌‌
  any‌‌   time‌‌
  before‌‌   an‌‌  order‌‌
  of‌‌
  distribution‌‌   is‌‌
  entered,‌‌ 
1. Administration‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌liquidation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  3. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌  ‌is‌  ‌due‌, ‌ ‌it‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌supported‌  ‌by‌  ‌affidavit‌‌ 
on‌  ‌application‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌creditor‌‌
  who‌‌  has‌‌
  failed‌‌
  to‌‌
  file‌‌
  his‌‌ 
estate‌  ‌and‌  ‌distribution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌residue‌  ‌among‌  ‌the‌  ‌heirs‌‌
  and‌‌  stating‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌justly‌  ‌due,‌  ‌that‌  ‌no‌  ‌payments‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌‌ 
claim‌‌   within‌‌ the‌‌ previously‌‌ limited,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ may,‌‌ ‌for‌‌ 
legatees.‌‌   ‌ made‌  ‌thereon‌  ‌which‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌credited,‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌no‌‌ 
cause‌  ‌shown‌  ‌and‌  ‌on‌  ‌such‌  ‌terms‌  ‌as‌  ‌are‌  ‌equitable,‌‌ 
Liquidation‌  ‌means‌  ‌the‌  ‌determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌assets‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌  allow‌  ‌such‌  ‌claim‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌time‌  ‌not‌‌  offsets‌‌to‌‌the‌‌same,‌‌to‌‌the‌‌knowledge‌‌of‌‌the‌‌affiant.‌‌   ‌
estate‌‌and‌‌payment‌‌of‌‌all‌‌debts‌‌and‌‌expenses.‌‌   ‌ exceeding‌‌one‌‌(1)‌‌month‌.‌‌(§2)‌  ‌ 4. If‌  ‌the‌‌
  claim‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  due‌, ‌‌or‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌contingent‌, ‌‌when‌‌
  filed,‌‌
  it‌‌
  must‌‌ 
2. The‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌claims‌  ‌against‌  ‌decedents‌‌   of‌‌  b. Creditor‌‌  can‌‌
  set‌‌
  up‌‌
  his‌‌
  claim‌‌
  as‌‌
  a ‌‌‌counterclaim‌‌ ‌in‌‌ an‌‌  also‌‌be‌‌supported‌‌by‌‌affidavits‌‌stating‌‌the‌‌particulars‌‌thereof.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌probate‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌protect‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌‌  action‌‌filed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌executor‌‌or‌‌administrator‌‌(§5)‌  ‌  ‌
deceased‌‌   persons.‌‌  That‌‌
  way,‌‌  the‌‌
  executor‌‌ or‌‌ administrator‌‌ will‌‌ 
3. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌  ‌claims‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌limited‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌  Rule‌‌87.‌‌  Actions‌‌by‌‌and‌‌against‌‌Executors‌‌and‌ 
be‌  ‌able‌  ‌to‌  ‌examine‌  ‌each‌  ‌claim‌  ‌and‌  ‌determine‌  ‌whether‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌
notice,‌‌they‌‌are‌F ‌ OREVER‌‌BARRED.‌  ‌ Administrators‌  ‌
proper‌‌one‌‌which‌‌should‌‌be‌‌allowed.‌‌   ‌
4. What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌claims‌‌that‌‌must‌‌be‌‌filed?‌  ‌
3. Further,‌  ‌the‌  ‌primary‌  ‌object‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌requiring‌‌ 
presentation‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌apprise‌  ‌the‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌probate‌‌  a. All‌  ‌claims‌  ‌for‌  ‌money‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌decedent,‌  ‌arising‌‌ 
court‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  existence‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ claim‌‌ so‌‌ that‌‌ ‌a ‌‌proper‌‌ and‌‌ timely‌‌  from‌  ‌contract‌, ‌ ‌express‌‌  or‌‌
  implied,‌‌  whether‌‌
  the‌‌   same‌‌ 
arrangement‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌
  made‌‌ for‌‌ its‌‌ payment‌‌ in‌‌ full‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌ ‌pro‌‌  be‌‌due,‌‌not‌‌due,‌‌or‌‌contingent;‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 106‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

Actions‌‌that‌‌may‌‌be‌‌brought‌‌against‌‌Executors‌‌and‌‌
  4) The‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌‌
  administrator‌‌   has‌‌
  shown‌‌   to‌‌
  have‌‌
  no‌‌
  desire‌‌
  to‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌is‌  ‌insolvent‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌debts‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌paid‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌‌ 
Administrators‌  ‌ file‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌institute‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌‌ manner:‌‌   ‌
reasonable‌‌time;‌‌   ‌
1. No‌‌
  action‌‌
  upon‌‌
  a ‌‌claim‌‌  for‌‌  the‌‌
  ‌recovery‌‌ of‌‌ money‌‌ or‌‌ debt‌‌ or‌‌  1) Pay‌  ‌the‌  ‌debts‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌preference‌  ‌of‌  ‌credits‌‌ 
interest‌  ‌thereon‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌commenced‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌  executor‌‌  or‌‌  5) Leave‌i‌ s‌‌granted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court‌‌to‌‌the‌‌creditor‌‌to‌‌file‌‌the‌‌action;‌  ‌ established‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Civil‌‌Code‌‌(§7);‌‌   ‌
administrator.‌  ‌
6) A‌‌bond‌‌is‌‌filed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌creditor;‌  ‌ 2) No‌  ‌creditor‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌one‌  ‌class‌  ‌shall‌  ‌receive‌  ‌any‌  ‌payment‌  ‌until‌‌ 
2. An‌‌action‌‌to‌‌   ‌ those‌‌of‌‌the‌‌preceding‌‌class‌‌are‌‌paid‌‌(§8);‌  ‌
7) The‌  ‌action‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌creditor‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌‌ 
a. recover‌  ‌real‌  ‌or‌  ‌personal‌  ‌property‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌an‌  ‌interest‌‌  administrator.‌  ‌ 3) If‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌no‌  ‌assets‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌to‌  ‌pay‌  ‌the‌  ‌credits‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌one‌‌ 
therein,‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌enforce‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lien‌  ‌thereon,‌‌  class‌‌   of‌‌
  creditors,‌‌   each‌‌   creditor‌‌ within‌‌ such‌‌ class‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ paid‌‌ 
and‌‌   ‌ Rules‌‌88-89.‌‌  Payment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Debts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Estate;‌‌  a‌‌dividend‌‌in‌p ‌ roportion‌t‌ o‌‌his‌‌claim‌‌(§8);‌‌   ‌
b. recover‌  ‌damages‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌  ‌injury‌  ‌to‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌‌  Encumbrances‌‌on‌‌Property‌‌of‌‌Decedent‌  ‌ 4) Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌deceased‌  ‌was‌  ‌a ‌ ‌nonresident,‌  ‌his‌  ‌estate‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌ 
property,‌‌real‌‌or‌‌personal,‌‌   ‌ Philippines‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  disposed‌‌
  of‌‌ in‌‌ such‌‌ a ‌‌way‌‌ that‌‌ creditors‌‌ in‌‌ 
If‌‌there‌‌are‌s‌ ufficient‌‌properties,‌‌the‌‌debts‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌paid,‌‌thus:‌   the‌  ‌Philippines‌‌
  and‌‌  elsewhere‌‌   may‌‌   receive‌‌  an‌‌
  ‌equal‌‌   share‌‌
  in‌‌ 
may‌‌be‌‌commenced‌‌against‌‌the‌‌executor‌‌or‌‌administrator.‌ 
1) All‌  ‌debts‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌paid‌  ‌in‌  ‌full‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌limited‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌  proportion‌t‌ o‌‌their‌‌respective‌‌credits‌‌(§9);‌‌   ‌
3. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌money‌  ‌arising‌  ‌from‌‌  purpose‌‌(§1);‌‌   ‌ 5) The‌  ‌owner‌  ‌of‌  ‌claims‌  ‌duly‌  ‌proved‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌ 
contract,‌  ‌express‌  ‌or‌  ‌implied‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌dies‌  ‌before‌‌ 
2) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌testator‌  ‌makes‌  ‌provision‌  ‌by‌  ‌his‌  ‌will,‌  ‌or‌  ‌designates‌  ‌the‌‌  insolvent‌‌   residents‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌ entitled‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌just‌‌ distribution‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
entry‌  ‌of‌  ‌final‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌was‌‌ 
estate‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  appropriated‌‌   for‌‌ the‌‌ payment‌‌ of‌‌ debts‌‌ they‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌  estate‌‌  in‌‌
  accordance‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  preceding‌‌   rules‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ of‌‌ 
pending‌‌   at‌‌
  the‌‌  time‌‌  of‌‌
  such‌‌  death,‌‌ it‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ dismissed‌‌ but‌‌ 
paid‌  ‌according‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌will,‌  ‌which‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌‌  such‌  ‌deceased‌  ‌person‌  ‌in‌  ‌another‌  ‌country‌  ‌is‌  ‌likewise‌  ‌equally‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌instead‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌continue‌  ‌until‌  ‌entry‌  ‌of‌  ‌final‌‌ 
respected‌‌(§2);‌  ‌ apportioned‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌creditors‌  ‌residing‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌and‌‌ 
judgment.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌favorable‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌‌ 
other‌‌creditors,‌‌according‌‌to‌‌their‌‌respective‌‌claims‌‌(§10);‌‌   ‌
therein‌‌   shall‌‌   be‌‌  enforced‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  manner‌‌   especially‌‌   provided‌‌
  in‌‌  3) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌‌
  designated‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  will‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌not‌‌
  sufficient‌, ‌‌such‌‌
  part‌‌ 
these‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌for‌  ‌prosecuting‌  ‌claims‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ of‌‌  the‌‌  estate‌‌
  as‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌ disposed‌‌ of‌‌ by‌‌ will‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ appropriated‌‌  6) It‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌noted‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌payments‌  ‌of‌  ‌debts‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decedent‌‌ 
deceased‌‌person.‌  ‌ for‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌(§2);‌‌   ‌ shall‌‌be‌‌made‌‌pursuant‌‌to‌‌the‌‌order‌‌of‌‌the‌‌probate‌‌court‌‌(§11).‌‌   ‌
Requisites‌‌before‌‌Creditors‌‌may‌‌bring‌‌an‌‌Action‌‌for‌‌Recovery‌‌
  4) The‌  ‌personal‌  ‌estate‌  ‌not‌  ‌disposed‌  ‌of‌  ‌by‌  ‌will‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌first‌‌  On‌‌   granting‌‌   letters‌‌   testamentary‌‌   or‌‌ administration‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌ allow‌‌ 
of‌‌Property‌‌Fraudulently‌‌Conveyed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Deceased‌  ‌ chargeable‌‌with‌‌payment‌‌of‌‌debts‌‌and‌‌expenses‌‌(§3);‌‌   ‌ to‌  ‌the‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌a ‌ ‌time‌‌   for‌‌
  disposing‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌   and‌‌ 
paying‌  ‌the‌  ‌debts‌  ‌and‌  ‌legacies‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌deceased,‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not,‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌ 
1) There‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌‌deficiency‌‌
  of‌‌
  assets‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  hands‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  executor‌‌
  or‌‌  5) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌personal‌  ‌estate‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌sufficient,‌  ‌or‌  ‌its‌  ‌sale‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌‌ 
first‌‌   instance,‌‌   exceed‌  ‌one‌‌   (1)‌‌   year‌; ‌‌but‌‌  the‌‌  court‌‌  may,‌‌  on‌‌ application‌‌ 
administrator‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌debts‌  ‌and‌  ‌expenses‌  ‌of‌‌  detrimental‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌ participants‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ estate,‌‌ the‌‌ ‌real‌‌ estate‌‌ not‌‌ 
administration;‌‌   ‌ of‌‌
  the‌‌   executor‌‌   or‌‌
  administrator‌‌   and‌‌   after‌‌  hearing‌‌  on‌‌
  such‌‌   notice‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ 
disposed‌  ‌of‌  ‌by‌  ‌will‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌sold‌  ‌or‌  ‌encumbered‌  ‌for‌  ‌that‌‌ 
time‌‌   and‌‌  place‌‌   therefor‌‌  given‌‌   to‌‌  all‌‌
  persons‌‌   interested‌‌ as‌‌ it‌‌ shall‌‌ direct,‌‌ 
2) The‌‌
  deceased‌‌   in‌‌
  his‌‌
  lifetime‌‌
  had‌‌   made‌‌  or‌‌  attempted‌‌   to‌‌
  make‌‌ a ‌‌ purpose‌‌(§3);‌‌   ‌
extend‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌require‌  ‌not‌‌ 
fraudulent‌  ‌conveyance‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌   real‌‌
  or‌‌
  personal‌‌   property,‌‌
  or‌‌  a ‌‌ 6) Any‌  ‌deficiency‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌   met‌‌  by‌‌
  ‌contributions‌‌   ‌from‌‌
  devisees,‌‌  exceeding‌‌   six‌‌  (6)‌‌
  months‌‌   ‌for‌‌  a ‌‌single‌‌   extension‌‌   nor‌‌
  so‌‌  that‌‌  the‌‌ whole‌‌ 
right‌  ‌or‌  ‌interest‌  ‌therein,‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌debt‌  ‌or‌  ‌credit,‌  ‌with‌  ‌intent‌  ‌to‌‌  legatees‌  ‌and‌  ‌heirs‌  ‌who‌  ‌have‌  ‌entered‌  ‌into‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌‌  period‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌executor‌  ‌or‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌shall‌  ‌exceed‌‌ 
defraud‌h ‌ is‌‌creditors‌‌or‌‌to‌‌avoid‌‌any‌‌right,‌‌debt‌‌or‌‌duty;‌‌   ‌ portions‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ estate‌‌ before‌‌ debts‌‌ and‌‌ expenses‌‌ have‌‌ been‌‌ paid‌‌  two‌‌(2)‌‌years‌‌‌(§15).‌  ‌
3) The‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌attempted‌  ‌conveyance‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌  ‌liable‌  ‌to‌‌  (§6);‌‌   ‌
attachment‌‌by‌‌any‌‌of‌‌them‌‌in‌‌his‌‌lifetime;‌‌   ‌ 7) Retain‌‌
  sufficient‌‌
  estate‌‌
  to‌‌
  pay‌‌
  contingent‌‌
  claims‌‌
  when‌‌
  the‌‌  Rule‌‌90.‌‌  Distribution‌‌and‌‌Partition‌‌of‌‌Estate‌  ‌
same‌‌becomes‌‌absolute‌‌(§4).‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 107‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

sum‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌fixed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌conditioned‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌
  payment‌‌
  of‌‌ 
Before‌  ‌there‌  ‌could‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌distribution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌  ‌two‌‌  Escheat‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proceeding‌  ‌whereby‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌‌  and‌‌  personal‌‌  property‌‌  of‌‌  a ‌‌
said‌‌obligations‌‌within‌‌such‌‌time‌‌as‌‌the‌‌court‌‌directs.‌  ‌
stages‌‌must‌‌be‌‌followed:‌‌   ‌ deceased‌  ‌person‌  ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌
  Philippines,‌‌
  who‌‌
  died‌‌
  without‌‌
  leaving‌‌
  any‌‌
  will‌‌ 
Project‌‌of‌‌Partition‌  ‌ or‌‌legal‌‌heirs,‌‌becomes‌‌the‌‌property‌‌of‌‌the‌‌state‌‌upon‌‌his‌‌death.‌  ‌
1) Payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌obligations‌  ‌(liquidation‌  ‌of‌  ‌estate)‌  ‌— ‌ ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Rules,‌  ‌the‌  ‌distribution‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌decedent‘s‌  ‌assets‌  ‌may‌  ‌only‌  ‌be‌‌  1. Project‌  ‌of‌  ‌partition‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ document‌  prepared‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  When‌‌to‌‌F ile;‌‌Requisites‌  ‌
ordered‌‌under‌‌any‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌three‌‌circumstances:‌‌   ‌ executor‌‌  or‌‌
  administrator‌‌   setting‌‌ forth‌‌ the‌‌ manner‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ 
1. When‌‌a‌‌person‌‌dies‌‌intestate,‌‌   ‌
a. when‌‌the‌i‌ nheritance‌‌tax‌,‌‌among‌‌others,‌‌is‌‌paid;‌  ‌ estate‌‌of‌‌the‌‌deceased‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌distributed‌‌among‌‌the‌‌heirs.‌‌   ‌
2. Seized‌‌of‌‌real‌‌property‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌   ‌
b. when‌‌   a ‌‌‌sufficient‌‌
  bond‌‌
  ‌is‌‌
  given‌‌
  to‌‌
  meet‌‌
  the‌‌
  payment‌‌  2. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌testate‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌the‌  ‌project‌  ‌of‌  ‌partition‌  ‌must‌‌ 
conform‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌terms‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌will;‌  ‌if‌  ‌intestate‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌project‌  ‌of‌‌  3. Leaving‌‌no‌‌heir‌‌or‌‌person‌‌by‌‌law‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌the‌‌same,‌‌   ‌
of‌‌the‌‌inheritance‌‌tax‌‌and‌‌all‌‌other‌‌obligations;‌‌and‌  ‌
partition‌‌   must‌‌ be‌‌ in‌‌ accordance‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ provisions‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Civil‌‌  the‌  ‌Solicitor‌  ‌General‌  ‌or‌  ‌his‌  ‌representative‌  ‌in‌  ‌behalf‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌   Republic‌‌   of‌‌ 
c. when‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌  ‌tax‌  ‌and‌  ‌all‌  ‌other‌‌  Code.‌  ‌ the‌‌
  Philippines,‌‌   may‌‌   file‌‌  a ‌‌petition‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ RTC‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ province‌‌ where‌‌ the‌ 
obligations‌‌has‌‌been‌‌provided‌‌for;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
Remedy‌‌of‌‌an‌‌Heir‌‌Entitled‌‌to‌‌Residue‌‌but‌‌not‌‌Given‌‌his‌‌Share‌  ‌ deceased‌‌   last‌‌  resided‌‌   or‌‌
  in‌‌  which‌‌   he‌‌  had‌‌   estate,‌‌
  if‌‌
  he‌‌   resided‌‌ out‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
2) Declaration‌  ‌of‌  ‌heirs‌  ‌— ‌ ‌there‌  ‌must‌  ‌first‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌declaration‌  ‌of‌‌  Philippines,‌  ‌setting‌  ‌forth‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts,‌  ‌and‌  ‌praying‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
heirs‌‌   to‌‌
  determine‌‌   to‌‌
  whom‌‌   the‌‌  residue‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ estate‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌  1. The‌‌   better‌‌   practice‌‌   for‌‌  the‌‌  heir‌‌  who‌‌   has‌‌
  not‌‌  received‌‌   his‌‌ share‌‌ 
deceased‌‌be‌‌declared‌e‌ scheated‌. ‌ ‌
distributed.‌‌   ‌A ‌‌separate‌‌   action‌‌  for‌‌
  the‌‌ declaration‌‌ of‌‌ heirs‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌  is‌  ‌to‌  ‌demand‌  ‌his‌  ‌share‌‌   through‌‌   a ‌‌proper‌‌   motion‌‌   ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌ 
proper.‌‌   ‌ probate‌‌   administration‌‌ proceedings,‌‌ or‌‌ for‌‌ ‌reopening‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌  May‌‌
  or‌‌   the‌‌
  court‌‌   declare‌‌   a ‌‌person‌‌   presumptively‌‌   dead‌‌   in‌‌  an‌‌   escheat‌‌ 
probate‌  ‌or‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌had‌  ‌already‌  ‌been‌‌  proceeding?‌ ‌ Y
‌ ES‌. ‌ (
‌ T
‌ an‌ v
‌ .‌C
‌ ity‌ o
‌ f‌D
‌ avao‌ ) ‌
  ‌
Liquidation‌  ‌ closed,‌‌   and‌‌   ‌not‌‌ through‌‌ an‌‌ independent‌‌ action‌, ‌‌which‌‌ would‌‌ be‌‌  Remedy‌‌of‌‌Respondent;‌‌Period‌‌for‌‌F iling‌‌a‌‌Claim‌  ‌
1. When‌‌order‌‌for‌‌distribution‌‌of‌‌residue‌‌made.‌‌‌—‌‌When‌‌the‌‌   ‌ tried‌‌by‌‌another‌‌court‌‌or‌‌judge.‌  ‌
1. If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌devisee,‌  ‌legatee,‌  ‌heir,‌  ‌widow,‌  ‌widower,‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌person‌‌ 
a. debts,‌‌   ‌ 2. It‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ held‌‌ that‌‌ an‌‌ order‌‌ which‌‌ determines‌‌ the‌‌ distributive‌‌  entitled‌‌ to‌‌ such‌‌ estate‌‌ appears‌‌ and‌‌ files‌‌ a ‌‌claim‌‌ thereto‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ 
share‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌heirs‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deceased‌  ‌person‌  ‌is‌‌   ‌appealable‌. ‌‌If‌‌   not‌‌  court‌‌   ‌within‌‌   five‌‌   (5)‌‌  years‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ date‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ judgment‌, ‌‌
b. funeral‌‌charges,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ appealed‌‌within‌‌the‌‌reglementary‌‌period,‌‌it‌‌becomes‌‌final.‌  ‌ such‌‌   person‌‌ shall‌‌ have‌‌ possession‌‌ of‌‌ and‌‌ title‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ same,‌‌ or‌‌ if‌‌ 
c. expenses‌‌of‌‌administration,‌‌   ‌ 3. The‌  ‌Court‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌the‌  ‌continuation‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌  ‌action‌  ‌to‌‌  sold,‌  ‌the‌  ‌municipality‌  ‌or‌  ‌city‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌   accountable‌‌   to‌‌  him‌‌   for‌‌ 
d. the‌‌allowance‌‌to‌‌the‌‌widow,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ annul‌   t
‌ he‌  p
‌ roject‌   o
‌ f‌
  p
‌ artition‌   b
‌ y‌  a
‌ ‌
  p
‌ reterited‌   h
‌ eir,‌  s
‌ ince‌   t
‌ he‌‌
  the‌‌  p roceeds‌‌   after‌‌   d educting‌‌   r easonable‌‌   c harges‌‌   for‌‌
  t he‌‌   c are‌‌
 of‌‌ 
estate‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌closed‌  ‌and‌  ‌terminated‌  ‌for‌  ‌over‌‌  the‌ e
‌ state.‌   ‌
e. inheritance‌‌tax,‌‌if‌‌any,‌‌chargeable‌‌to‌‌the‌‌estate,‌‌   ‌ 2. A‌  ‌claim‌  ‌not‌  ‌made‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌  ‌time‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌forever‌‌ 
three‌‌years,‌‌and‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ground‌‌of‌‌lesion,‌‌preterition‌‌and‌‌fraud.‌  ‌
have‌  ‌been‌  ‌paid,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌application,‌‌   and‌‌  after‌‌
  hearing‌‌  barred‌. ‌ ‌
Instances‌‌when‌‌Probate‌‌Court‌‌may‌‌Issue‌‌a‌‌Writ‌‌of‌‌Execution‌  ‌
upon‌  ‌notice,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌assign‌  ‌the‌  ‌residue‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  Kinds‌‌of‌‌Escheat‌  ‌
persons‌‌entitled‌‌to‌‌the‌‌same‌. ‌ ‌ 1. To‌  ‌satisfy‌  ‌the‌  ‌contributive‌  ‌shares‌  ‌of‌  ‌devisees,‌  ‌legatees‌  ‌and‌‌ 
heirs‌‌in‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌decedent‘s‌‌assets;‌‌   ‌ 1. Under‌‌Section‌‌1,‌‌Rule‌‌91;‌  ‌
If‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌controversy‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌who‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌‌ 
lawful‌  ‌heirs‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌deceased‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌distributive‌‌  2. To‌‌enforce‌‌payment‌‌of‌‌‌expenses‌‌of‌‌partition‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 2. Under‌  ‌Section‌  ‌5,‌  ‌id.,‌  ‌— ‌ ‌reversion‌  ‌of‌  ‌property‌  ‌alienated‌  ‌in‌‌ 
shares‌  ‌to‌  ‌which‌  ‌each‌  ‌person‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌law,‌  ‌the‌‌  violation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌constitution‌‌or‌‌law‌  ‌
3. To‌‌   satisfy‌‌   the‌‌   costs‌‌   when‌‌   a ‌‌person‌‌ is‌‌ cited‌‌ for‌‌ ‌examination‌‌ ‌in‌‌ 
controversy‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌heard‌‌and‌‌decided‌‌as‌‌in‌‌ordinary‌‌cases.‌  ‌ probate‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌ 3. Under‌  ‌Act‌  ‌3936‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Unclaimed‌‌   balances‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌   bank‌‌   — ‌‌credits‌‌ 
No‌  ‌distribution‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌until‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  and‌‌deposits‌‌in‌‌favor‌‌of‌‌persons‌‌   ‌
obligations‌  ‌above‌  ‌mentioned‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌made‌  ‌or‌  ‌provided‌  ‌for,‌‌  Rule‌‌91.‌‌  Escheats‌  ‌ a. known‌‌to‌‌be‌‌dead,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌distributees,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌them,‌  ‌give‌‌
  a ‌‌BOND‌, ‌‌in‌‌
  a ‌‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 108‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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 ‌

b. who‌  ‌have‌  ‌not‌  ‌made‌  ‌further‌  ‌deposits‌  ‌or‌  ‌withdrawals‌‌  c) Judicial‌  ‌— ‌ ‌those‌  ‌who‌  ‌are‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌‌  Selling‌‌and‌‌Encumbering‌‌Properties‌‌of‌‌Wards‌  ‌
during‌‌the‌‌preceding‌t‌ en‌‌years‌‌‌or‌‌more.‌  ‌ pursuance‌  ‌to‌  ‌law,‌  ‌as‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌for‌  ‌insane‌  ‌persons,‌‌ 
1. Petition‌  ‌of‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌for‌  ‌leave‌  ‌to‌‌
  sell‌‌
  or‌‌
  encumber‌‌  estate.‌‌ 
 ‌ prodigals,‌  ‌minor‌  ‌heirs‌  ‌or‌  ‌deceased‌  ‌was‌  ‌veterans‌‌   and‌‌ 
—‌  ‌When‌  ‌the‌  ‌income‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌under‌  ‌guardianship‌  ‌is‌‌ 
other‌‌incompetent‌‌persons.‌  ‌
General‌‌Guardians‌‌and‌‌Guardianship‌  insufficient‌‌   ‌
a. to‌‌maintain‌‌the‌‌ward‌‌and‌‌his‌‌family,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Guardianship‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌‌  of‌‌  protective‌‌  authority‌‌  given‌‌  by‌‌  law‌‌  and‌‌  Rules‌‌92-97.‌‌  Guardianship‌  ‌
imposed‌‌   on‌‌  an‌‌ individual‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌ free‌‌ and‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ enjoyment‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ rights,‌‌  b. to‌‌maintain‌‌and‌‌educate‌‌the‌‌ward‌‌when‌‌a‌‌minor,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
over‌  ‌one‌  ‌whose‌  ‌weakness‌  ‌on‌  ‌account‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌age‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌infirmity‌‌  General‌‌Powers‌‌and‌‌Duties‌‌of‌‌Guardians‌  ‌
c. when‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌benefit‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  ward‌‌ 
renders‌‌him‌‌unable‌‌to‌‌protect‌‌himself.‌‌   ‌ a) To‌  ‌have‌  ‌care‌  ‌and‌‌
  custody‌‌
  over‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  ward,‌‌
  and/or‌‌  that‌  ‌his‌  ‌real‌  ‌estate‌  ‌or‌  ‌some‌  ‌part‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌be‌  ‌sold,‌  ‌or‌‌ 
  ‌guardian‌‌ ‌is‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ lawfully‌‌ invested‌‌ with‌‌ power‌‌ and‌‌ charged‌‌ with‌‌ 
A‌‌ the‌‌management‌‌of‌‌his‌‌estate‌‌(§1);‌‌   ‌ mortgaged‌‌ or‌‌ otherwise‌‌ encumbered,‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ proceeds‌‌ 
the‌‌   duty‌‌
  of‌‌
  taking‌‌ care‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ who‌‌ for‌‌ some‌‌ peculiarity‌‌ or‌‌ status‌‌ or‌‌  b) To‌‌pay‌‌just‌‌debts‌‌(§2);‌  ‌ thereof‌  ‌put‌  ‌out‌  ‌at‌  ‌interest,‌  ‌or‌  ‌invested‌  ‌in‌  ‌some‌‌ 
defect‌  ‌of‌  ‌age,‌  ‌understanding‌  ‌or‌  ‌self-control‌  ‌is‌‌   considered‌‌  incapable‌‌   of‌‌  productive‌‌   security,‌‌   or‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ improvement‌‌ or‌‌ security‌‌ 
c) To‌  ‌bring‌  ‌or‌  ‌defend‌  ‌suits‌  ‌in‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌ward,‌  ‌and,‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌  of‌‌other‌‌real‌‌estate‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ward.‌  ‌
administering‌‌his‌‌own‌‌affairs.‌‌   ‌
approval‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  court,‌‌
  compound‌‌   for‌‌   debts‌‌   and‌‌ give‌‌ discharges‌‌ 
NB:‌‌  Publication‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌required‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌appointment‌  ‌of‌‌  to‌‌the‌‌debtors‌‌(§3);‌  ‌ 2. The‌‌
  original‌‌ bond‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ guardian‌‌ shall‌‌ stand‌‌ as‌‌ security‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
guardians.‌  ‌ proper‌  ‌appropriation‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  proceeds‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  sale,‌‌
  but‌‌
  the‌‌
  judge‌‌ 
d) To‌‌
  manage‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌
  frugally‌‌
  and‌‌
  without‌‌ waste,‌‌ and‌‌ apply‌‌ the‌‌  may,‌  ‌if‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌expedient,‌  ‌require‌  ‌an‌  ‌additional‌  ‌bond‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌‌
Kinds‌‌of‌‌Guardians:‌‌   ‌ income‌  ‌and‌  ‌profits‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌comfortable‌  ‌and‌  ‌suitable‌‌  condition‌‌for‌‌the‌‌granting‌‌of‌‌the‌‌order‌‌of‌‌sale.‌  
1) According‌‌to‌s‌ cope‌‌or‌‌extent‌‌   ‌ maintenance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ward‌‌and‌‌his‌‌family‌‌(§4);‌  ‌
3. No‌‌
  order‌‌
  of‌‌
  sale‌‌
  granted‌‌
  shall‌‌
  continue‌‌
  in‌‌
  force‌‌ more‌‌ than‌‌ ‌one‌‌ 
a) Guardian‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌— ‌ ‌one‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌  e) To‌  ‌sell‌  ‌or‌  ‌encumber‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌ward‌  ‌upon‌  ‌being‌‌  (1)‌‌year‌‌‌after‌‌granting‌‌the‌‌same,‌‌without‌‌a‌‌sale‌‌being‌‌had.‌  ‌
lawfully‌‌   invested‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  care‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ person‌‌ of‌‌ minor‌‌  authorized‌‌to‌‌do‌‌so‌‌(§4);‌  ‌
Rules‌‌on‌‌Guardianship‌‌over‌‌Minors‌  ‌
whose‌  ‌father‌  ‌is‌  ‌dead.‌  ‌His‌  ‌authority‌  ‌is‌  ‌derived‌‌
  out‌‌
  of‌‌  f) To‌‌
  join‌‌
  in‌‌
  an‌‌ assent‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌partition‌‌ of‌‌ real‌‌ or‌‌ personal‌‌ estate‌‌ held‌‌ 
that‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parent;‌‌   ‌ by‌‌the‌‌ward‌‌jointly‌‌or‌‌in‌‌common‌‌with‌‌others‌‌(§5).‌  ‌ ‌See‌A
‌ M‌‌No‌‌03-02-05-SC‌  ‌

b) Guardian‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌— ‌ ‌that‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  Conditions‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Bond‌  ‌ 1. The‌  ‌father‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌mother‌  ‌shall‌  ‌jointly‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌legal‌‌ 
court‌‌
  to‌‌
  have‌‌
  the‌‌
  management‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌minor‌‌  guardianship‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌and‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌‌ 
a) To‌  ‌file‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌complete‌‌
  ‌inventory‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  estate‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  unemancipated‌‌   ‌common‌‌   child‌‌
  without‌‌ the‌‌ necessity‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌court‌‌ 
or‌‌incompetent‌‌person;‌‌   ‌
ward‌‌within‌3 ‌ ‌‌months‌; ‌ ‌ appointment.‌  ‌
c) General‌  ‌Guardians‌  ‌— ‌ ‌those‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌   court‌‌ 
b) To‌  ‌faithfully‌  ‌execute‌  ‌the‌  ‌duties‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌trust‌  ‌to‌  ‌manage‌  ‌and‌‌  2. Who‌‌may‌‌Petition‌‌for‌‌Appointment‌‌of‌‌Guardian.‌—
‌ ‌  
to‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌care‌  ‌and‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  and‌‌
  of‌‌
  all‌‌ 
dispose‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌
  best‌‌
  interests‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  ward,‌‌
  and‌‌  to‌‌ 
the‌‌property‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ward.‌‌   ‌ a. Any‌‌relative‌‌or‌‌   ‌
provide‌‌for‌‌the‌‌proper‌‌use,‌‌custody,‌‌and‌‌education‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ward;‌  ‌
2) According‌‌to‌‌the‌c‌ onstitution‌‌   ‌ b. other‌‌person‌‌on‌‌behalf‌‌of‌‌a‌‌minor,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
c) To‌  ‌render‌  ‌a ‌ ‌true‌  ‌account‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate,‌  ‌and‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌ 
a) Legal‌‌  ‌— ‌‌those‌‌
  deemed‌‌ as‌‌ guardians‌‌ without‌‌ need‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌ management‌‌and‌‌disposition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same;‌‌   ‌ c. the‌‌minor‌‌himself‌‌if‌‌fourteen‌‌years‌‌‌of‌‌age‌‌or‌‌over,‌‌   ‌
court‌‌appointment‌‌(Art‌‌225,‌‌Family‌‌Court);‌  ‌
d) To‌  ‌settle‌‌
  his‌‌
  accounts‌‌  with‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  and‌‌
  deliver‌‌
  over‌‌
  all‌‌
  the‌‌  may‌‌
  petition‌‌
  the‌‌
  Family‌‌
  Court‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  appointment‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌general‌‌ 
b) Guardian‌  ‌ad‌  ‌litem‌  ‌— ‌ ‌those‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌  ‌courts‌  ‌of‌‌  estate‌‌remaining‌‌in‌‌his‌‌hands‌‌to‌‌the‌‌person‌‌entitled‌‌thereto;‌  ‌ guardian‌‌over‌‌the‌‌person‌‌or‌‌property,‌‌or‌‌both,‌‌of‌‌such‌‌minor.‌‌   ‌
justice‌  ‌to‌  ‌prosecute‌  ‌or‌  ‌defend‌  ‌a ‌ ‌minor,‌  ‌insane‌  ‌or‌‌ 
e) To‌‌
  perform‌‌
  all‌‌
  orders‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  by‌‌ him‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ performed‌‌ (§1;‌‌ 
person‌  ‌declared‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌incompetent,‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌‌ 
§14,‌‌AM‌‌03-02-05-SC‌).‌  ‌
court;‌‌and‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 109‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
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 ‌

The‌  ‌petition‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Secretary‌  ‌of‌  ‌Social‌‌  a) To‌‌pay‌‌the‌‌just‌‌debts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ward;‌  ‌ d. any‌‌
  other‌‌
  person‌, ‌‌who‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ sound‌‌ discretion‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
Welfare‌‌   and‌‌ Development‌‌ and‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ Secretary‌‌ of‌‌ Health‌‌ in‌‌  court,‌‌would‌‌serve‌‌the‌‌best‌‌interests‌‌of‌‌the‌‌minor.‌  ‌
b) To‌  ‌settle‌  ‌all‌  ‌accounts‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌ward,‌  ‌and‌‌   demand,‌‌   sue‌‌  for,‌‌ 
the‌‌case‌‌of‌‌an‌‌‌insane‌‌minor‌w ‌ ho‌‌needs‌‌to‌‌be‌‌hospitalized.‌  ‌
receive‌‌   all‌‌
  debts‌‌   due‌‌   him,‌‌  or‌‌
  may,‌‌   with‌‌ the‌‌ approval‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  8. Factors‌  ‌to‌  ‌consider‌  ‌in‌  ‌determining‌  ‌custody.‌  ‌- ‌ ‌In‌  ‌awarding‌‌ 
3. Where‌‌to‌‌File‌‌Petition.‌—
‌   ‌‌ ‌ court,‌  ‌compound‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌and‌  ‌give‌‌   discharges‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  custody,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌consider‌  ‌the‌  ‌best‌  ‌interests‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
debtor‌‌   on‌‌
  receiving‌‌   a ‌‌fair‌‌
  and‌‌ just‌‌ dividend‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌  minor‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌give‌  ‌paramount‌  ‌consideration‌  ‌to‌  ‌his‌‌ 
a. In‌  ‌the‌  ‌Family‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌province‌  ‌or‌  ‌city‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ 
and‌‌   effects;‌‌  and‌‌
  to‌‌
  appear‌‌   for‌‌
  and‌‌  represent‌‌   the‌‌ ward‌‌ in‌‌ all‌‌  material‌‌and‌‌moral‌‌welfare‌.  ‌‌ ‌
minor‌‌actually‌‌resides‌.  ‌‌ ‌
actions‌  ‌and‌  ‌special‌‌   proceedings,‌‌   unless‌‌   another‌‌   person‌‌   is‌‌ 
  ‌best‌‌
The‌‌   interests‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  minor‌‌   ‌refer‌‌  to‌‌ the‌‌ totality‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
b. If‌‌
  he‌‌
  resides‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌foreign‌‌
  country,‌‌
  with‌‌  the‌‌
  Family‌‌ Court‌‌ of‌‌  appointed‌‌for‌‌that‌‌purpose;‌  ‌
the‌  ‌province‌  ‌or‌  ‌city‌  ‌where‌  ‌his‌  ‌property‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌part‌‌  circumstances‌  ‌and‌  ‌conditions‌  ‌as‌  ‌are‌  ‌most‌  ‌congenial‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
c) To‌  ‌manage‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌ward‌  ‌frugally‌‌
  and‌‌
  without‌‌  survival,‌  ‌protection,‌  ‌and‌  ‌feelings‌  ‌of‌  ‌security‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌minor‌‌ 
thereof‌‌is‌s‌ ituated‌. ‌ ‌
waste;‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌income‌  ‌and‌  ‌profits‌  ‌be‌  ‌insufficient‌  ‌for‌  ‌that‌‌  encouraging‌  ‌to‌  ‌his‌  ‌physical,‌  ‌psychological‌  ‌and‌  ‌emotional‌‌ 
4. Grounds‌‌of‌‌Petition.‌—
‌   ‌‌ ‌ purpose,‌‌   to‌‌
  sell‌‌   or‌‌
  encumber‌‌ the‌‌ real‌‌ or‌‌ personal‌‌ property,‌‌  development.‌  ‌It‌  ‌also‌  ‌means‌  ‌the‌  ‌least‌  ‌detrimental‌  ‌available‌‌ 
a. death,‌‌continued‌‌absence,‌‌or‌‌incapacity‌‌of‌‌his‌‌parents;‌  ‌ upon‌‌being‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court‌‌to‌‌do‌‌so;‌  ‌ alternative‌‌  for‌‌
  safeguarding‌‌   the‌‌
  growth‌‌   and‌‌ development‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
d) To‌‌consent‌‌to‌‌a‌‌partition‌‌of‌‌real‌‌or‌‌personal‌‌property;‌  minor.‌  ‌
b. suspension,‌  ‌deprivation‌  ‌or‌  ‌termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌parental‌‌ 
authority;‌  ‌ e) To‌‌  submit‌‌   to‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ a ‌‌verified‌‌ ‌inventory‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌  The‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌also‌‌consider‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌

c. remarriage‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌surviving‌  ‌parent,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌is‌  ‌found‌‌  of‌  ‌his‌  ‌ward‌  ‌within‌  ‌three‌  ‌months‌  ‌after‌  ‌his‌‌   appointment,‌  a. Any‌  ‌extrajudicial‌  ‌agreement,‌  ‌except‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌‌
  is‌‌
  an‌‌ 
unsuitable‌‌to‌‌exercise‌‌parental‌‌authority;‌‌or‌  ‌ and‌‌annually‌‌thereafter;‌  existing‌‌  threat‌‌
  or‌‌
  danger‌‌
  of‌‌
  physical,‌‌ mental,‌‌ sexual‌‌ or‌‌ 
f) To‌  ‌report‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌any‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌ward‌  ‌not‌‌  emotional‌  ‌violence‌  ‌which‌  ‌endangers‌  ‌the‌  ‌safety‌  ‌and‌‌ 
d. when‌‌the‌‌best‌‌interests‌‌of‌‌the‌‌minor‌‌so‌‌require.‌  ‌ best‌‌interests‌‌of‌‌the‌‌minor;‌  ‌
included‌‌in‌‌the‌‌inventory;‌‌and‌  ‌
5. Qualifications‌‌of‌‌Guardians.‌‌‌— ‌ ‌ b. The‌  ‌desire‌‌
  and‌‌  ability‌‌
  of‌‌
  one‌‌
  parent‌‌
  to‌‌
  foster‌‌
  an‌‌
  open‌‌ 
g) To‌‌ render‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ for‌‌ its‌‌ approval‌‌ an‌‌ ‌accounting‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ 
a. moral‌‌character;‌  ‌ property‌  ‌one‌  ‌year‌  ‌from‌  ‌his‌  ‌appointment,‌  ‌and‌  ‌every‌  ‌year‌‌  and‌  ‌loving‌  ‌relationship‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌  ‌minor‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
thereafter‌‌or‌‌as‌‌often‌‌as‌‌may‌‌be‌‌required.‌  ‌ other‌‌parent;‌  ‌
b. physical,‌‌mental‌‌and‌‌psychological‌‌condition;‌  ‌
7. Who‌‌   may‌‌
  be‌‌
  Appointed‌‌   Guardian.‌‌   — ‌‌In‌‌ default‌‌ of‌‌ parents‌‌ or‌‌  c. The‌‌health,‌‌safety‌‌and‌‌welfare‌‌of‌‌the‌‌minor;‌  ‌
c. financial‌‌status;‌  ‌
a‌‌ court-appointed‌‌ guardian,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ may‌‌ appoint‌‌ a ‌‌guardian‌‌ of‌‌  d. Any‌‌history‌‌of‌‌child‌‌or‌‌spousal‌‌abuse;‌  ‌
d. relationship‌‌of‌‌trust‌‌with‌‌the‌‌minor;‌  ‌ the‌‌  person‌‌
  or‌‌
  property,‌‌
  or‌‌
  both,‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌minor,‌‌   observing‌‌ as‌‌ far‌‌ as‌‌ 
e. The‌‌nature‌‌and‌‌frequency‌‌of‌‌contact‌‌with‌‌both‌‌parents;‌ 
e. availability‌‌   to‌‌
  exercise‌‌
  the‌‌ powers‌‌ and‌‌ duties‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌guardian‌‌  practicable,‌‌the‌‌following‌o ‌ rder‌‌of‌‌preference‌: ‌ ‌
for‌‌the‌‌full‌‌period‌‌of‌‌the‌‌guardianship;‌  ‌ f. Habitual‌  ‌use‌‌
  of‌‌
  alcohol,‌‌
  dangerous‌‌
  drugs‌‌
  or‌‌
  regulated‌‌ 
a. the‌  ‌surviving‌  ‌grandparent‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌several‌‌ 
substances;‌  ‌
f. lack‌‌of‌‌conflict‌‌of‌‌interest‌‌with‌‌the‌‌minor;‌‌and‌  ‌ grandparents‌  ‌survive,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌select‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌‌ 
them‌‌taking‌‌into‌‌account‌‌all‌‌relevant‌‌considerations;‌  ‌ g. Marital‌‌misconduct;‌  ‌
g. ability‌‌to‌‌manage‌‌the‌‌property‌‌of‌‌the‌‌minor.‌  ‌
b. the‌‌oldest‌‌brother‌‌or‌‌sister‌;  ‌‌ ‌ h. The‌  ‌most‌  ‌suitable‌  ‌physical,‌  ‌emotional,‌  ‌spiritual,‌‌ 
Courts‌  ‌should‌  ‌NOT‌‌   appoint‌‌   persons‌‌   as‌‌
  guardians‌‌   who‌‌   are‌‌
  not‌‌ 
psychological‌  ‌and‌  ‌educational‌  ‌environment‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
within‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌our‌  ‌courts‌  ‌for‌  ‌they‌  ‌will‌  ‌find‌  ‌it‌‌  c. the‌‌actual‌‌custodian‌‌   ‌
holistic‌‌development‌‌and‌‌growth‌‌of‌‌the‌‌minor;‌‌and‌  ‌
difficult‌  ‌to‌  ‌protect‌  ‌the‌  ‌wards.‌  ‌(‌Vancil‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Belmes,‌  ‌G.R.‌  ‌No.‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌minor‌  ‌over‌  ‌twenty-one‌  ‌(21)‌  ‌years‌  ‌of‌  ‌age,‌‌ 
132223,‌‌June‌‌19,‌‌2001‌) ‌ ‌ i. The‌  ‌preference‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌minor‌  ‌over‌  ‌seven‌  ‌years‌  ‌of‌‌
  age‌‌ 
unless‌u ‌ nfit‌‌or‌‌disqualified;‌‌and‌  ‌
and‌  ‌of‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌discernment,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌parent‌‌ 
6. Shall‌‌perform‌‌the‌‌following‌‌duties:‌‌   ‌
chosen‌‌is‌‌unfit‌.‌‌(§14‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌03-04-04-SC‌) ‌ ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 110‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

9. Case‌  ‌Study‌‌   Report.‌‌   ‌— ‌‌The‌‌  court‌‌   shall‌‌


  order‌‌  a ‌‌‌social‌‌  worker‌‌  Requisites‌‌for‌‌existence‌‌of‌‌a‌‌valid‌‌trust:‌‌   ‌  ‌ EXECUTOR/‌‌ 
TRUSTEE‌  ‌
to‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌  ‌study‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌minor‌  ‌and‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌prospective‌‌  ADMINISTRATOR‌  ‌
1) Existence‌‌of‌‌a‌‌person‌‌competent‌‌to‌‌create;‌‌   ‌
guardians‌  ‌and‌  ‌submit‌  ‌his‌  ‌report‌  ‌and‌  ‌recommendation‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2) Sufficient‌‌words‌‌to‌‌create‌‌it;‌‌   ‌ Accounts‌  ‌ Filed‌‌Annually‌  ‌ As‌‌may‌‌be‌‌required‌‌by‌‌ 
court‌‌for‌‌its‌‌guidance‌‌before‌‌the‌‌scheduled‌‌hearing.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌court‌  ‌
The‌‌
  social‌‌  worker‌‌
  ‌may‌‌
  intervene‌‌
  on‌‌
  behalf‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ minor‌‌ if‌‌ he‌  3) A‌  ‌person‌  ‌capable‌  ‌of‌  ‌holding‌  ‌as‌  ‌trustee‌  ‌a ‌ ‌specified‌  ‌or‌‌ 
finds‌‌that‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌guardianship‌‌should‌‌be‌‌denied.‌  ‌ ascertainable‌‌object;‌‌   ‌ Where‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌ RTC‌w
‌ here‌‌will‌‌  MTC‌‌or‌‌RTC‌‌‌depending‌‌ 
probated,‌‌or‌‌where‌‌  on‌‌gross‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌ 
Termination‌  ‌ 4) A‌‌definite‌‌trust‌r‌ es‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ property‌‌is‌‌situated‌  ‌ estate‌  ‌
1. Grounds‌‌   for‌‌   Removal‌‌
  or‌‌
  Resignation‌‌ of‌‌ Guardian.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌When‌‌  5) A‌‌declaration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌terms‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trust.‌  ‌
Acts‌‌of‌‌  May‌‌sell‌‌or‌‌encumber‌‌  May‌‌sell,‌‌encumber‌‌or‌‌ 
a‌‌guardian‌‌   ‌ administration‌  ‌ but‌‌the‌‌proceeds‌‌is‌‌  mortgage‌‌if‌‌required‌‌to‌‌ 
What‌‌is‌‌trust?‌‌   ‌
a. becomes‌i‌ nsane‌‌or‌‌   ‌ subject‌‌to‌‌trust‌‌   ‌ pay‌‌obligations‌  ‌
A‌  ‌trust‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌confidence‌‌  reposed‌‌   in‌‌
  one‌‌
  person,‌‌   called‌‌  the‌‌  ‌trustee‌, ‌‌for‌‌ 
b. otherwise‌i‌ ncapable‌‌of‌‌discharging‌‌his‌‌trust‌‌or‌‌   ‌ the‌  ‌benefit‌  ‌of‌  ‌another‌  ‌called‌  ‌the‌  ‌cestui‌  ‌que‌  ‌trust‌, ‌‌with‌‌  respect‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌  Order‌‌of‌‌Sale‌  ‌ No‌‌time‌‌limit‌  ‌
c. is‌‌found‌‌thereafter‌‌to‌‌be‌u
‌ nsuitable‌,‌‌or‌   property‌‌held‌‌by‌‌the‌‌former‌‌for‌‌the‌‌benefit‌‌of‌‌the‌‌latter.‌  ‌
When‌‌  To‌‌carry‌‌into‌‌effect‌‌the‌‌  For‌‌settlement‌‌of‌‌estate‌  ‌
d. has‌‌   ‌wasted‌‌
  ‌or‌‌ ‌mismanaged‌‌ ‌the‌‌ property‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ ward,‌‌  appointment‌‌  provision‌‌of‌‌the‌‌will‌‌or‌‌ 
TRUSTEE‌  ‌ EXECUTOR/ADMINISTRATOR‌  ‌ made‌  ‌ written‌‌instrument‌  ‌
or‌‌   ‌
e. has‌‌failed‌t‌ o‌‌render‌‌an‌‌account‌‌or‌‌   ‌ An‌‌instrument‌‌or‌‌agent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌  An‌‌executor‌i‌ s‌‌the‌‌person‌‌  Bond‌  NO‌‌exception‌  ‌ There‌‌is‌‌an‌‌exception‌  ‌
cestui‌‌que‌‌‌trust,‌‌who‌‌acquires‌‌no‌‌  named‌‌in‌‌the‌‌will‌‌to‌‌administer‌‌ 
f. make‌‌a‌‌return‌‌for‌‌‌thirty‌‌days‌‌‌after‌‌it‌‌is‌‌due.‌  ‌ beneficial‌‌interest‌‌in‌‌the‌‌estate;‌‌  the‌‌decedent‘s‌‌estate‌‌and‌‌carry‌‌  Termination‌  ‌ Upon‌‌turning‌‌over‌‌the‌‌  Upon‌‌payments‌‌of‌‌debt‌  ‌
he‌‌merely‌‌took‌‌the‌‌legal‌‌estate‌‌  out‌‌the‌‌provisions‌‌thereof.‌‌An‌  property‌  ‌
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌to‌  ‌resign‌  ‌for‌  ‌justifiable‌‌ 
only‌‌as‌‌the‌‌proper‌‌execution‌‌of‌‌  administrator‌i‌ s‌‌the‌‌person‌‌ 
causes.‌  ‌ Obligation‌‌to‌‌  No‌‌obligation‌  ‌ Required‌  ‌
the‌‌trust‌‌required;‌‌and,‌‌his‌‌estate‌‌  appointed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌court‌‌to‌‌ 
No‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌removal‌  ‌or‌  ‌resignation‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  granted‌‌
  unless‌‌  ceases‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌fulfilment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌  administer‌‌the‌‌estate‌‌where‌‌the‌‌  pay‌‌debts‌  ‌
the‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌has‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌accounting‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  testator‘s‌‌wishes,‌‌in‌‌which‌‌case,‌‌  decedent‌‌died‌‌intestate,‌‌or‌‌where‌‌ 
the‌‌same‌‌vest‌‌absolutely‌‌in‌‌the‌‌  the‌‌will‌‌was‌‌void‌‌and‌‌not‌‌  Grounds‌‌for‌‌Removal‌‌or‌‌Resignation‌  ‌
property‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ward‌‌and‌‌the‌‌court‌‌has‌‌approved‌‌the‌‌same.‌  ‌
beneficiary.‌  ‌ allowed‌‌to‌‌probate,‌‌or‌‌where‌‌no‌‌  1. A‌  ‌trustee‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌removed‌  ‌upon‌‌  petition‌‌   ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌
  proper‌‌
  RTC‌‌   of‌‌ 
2. Ground‌  ‌for‌  ‌Termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌Guardianship.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌court‌‌  executor‌‌was‌‌named‌‌in‌‌the‌‌will,‌‌ 
the‌‌ parties‌‌ beneficially‌‌ interested,‌‌ after‌‌ due‌‌ notice‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ trustee‌‌ 
motu‌‌   proprio‌‌   or‌‌
  upon‌‌
  ‌verified‌‌
  motion‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  any‌‌
  person‌‌ allowed‌‌  or‌‌the‌‌executor‌‌named‌‌therein‌‌in‌‌ 
incompetent‌‌or‌‌refuses‌‌to‌‌serve‌‌  and‌  ‌hearing,‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌essential‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌interests‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌guardianship‌  ‌may‌  ‌terminate‌  ‌the‌‌ 
as‌‌such.‌  ‌ petitioners.‌‌   ‌
guardianship‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ground‌‌that‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌also,‌‌
  after‌‌
  due‌‌  notice‌‌
  to‌‌
  all‌‌
  persons‌‌
  interested,‌‌ 
a. the‌‌ward‌‌has‌‌come‌‌of‌‌age‌‌or‌‌   ‌ An‌‌association‌‌or‌‌corporation‌‌authorized‌‌to‌‌conduct‌‌the‌‌business‌‌of‌‌ 
remove‌  ‌a ‌ ‌trustee‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌insane‌  ‌or‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌incapable‌  ‌of‌‌ 
a‌‌trust‌‌company‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌may‌‌be‌‌appointed.‌  ‌
b. has‌‌died.‌‌   ‌ discharging‌‌his‌‌trust‌‌‌or‌‌evidently‌u ‌ nsuitable‌‌therefor.‌‌   ‌
The‌‌   guardian‌‌ shall‌‌ notify‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ fact‌‌ within‌‌ ten‌‌ days‌‌  Duties‌‌are‌‌usually‌‌governed‌‌by‌‌  Duties‌‌are‌‌fixed‌‌and/or‌‌limited‌‌  2. A‌  ‌trustee,‌  ‌whether‌  ‌appointed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌under‌  ‌a ‌ ‌written‌‌ 
the‌‌intention‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trustor‌‌or‌‌the‌‌  by‌‌law‌u
‌ nder‌‌Rule‌‌84.‌  ‌
of‌‌its‌‌occurrence.‌  ‌ instrument,‌  ‌may‌  ‌resign‌  ‌his‌  ‌trust‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
parties‌‌if‌‌established‌‌by‌‌a ‌‌
contract.‌‌Duties‌‌may‌‌cover‌‌a ‌‌ proper‌‌to‌‌allow‌‌such‌‌resignation.‌‌   ‌
Rule‌‌98.‌‌  Trustees‌  ‌ wider‌‌range.‌  ‌ A‌‌
  trustee‌‌  whose‌‌  acts‌‌
  or‌‌
  omissions‌‌  are‌‌
  such‌‌  as‌‌
  to‌‌
  show‌‌ a ‌‌want‌‌ 
 ‌ of‌  ‌reasonable‌‌
  fidelity‌‌  will‌‌
  be‌‌
  removed‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌  and‌‌
  where‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 111‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

trust‌  ‌funds‌  ‌are‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌invested‌‌


  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  trustee,‌‌  neglect‌‌   to‌‌
  invest‌‌  authority‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ biological‌‌ parents‌‌ shall‌‌ terminate‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ same‌‌ 
2) Any‌  ‌ALIEN‌  ‌possessing‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌qualifications‌  ‌as‌‌ 
constitutes‌  ‌of‌  ‌itself‌  ‌a ‌ ‌breach‌  ‌of‌  ‌trust,‌  ‌and‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌ground‌  ‌for‌‌  shall‌‌be‌‌vested‌‌in‌‌the‌‌adopters.‌‌   ‌
above-stated‌‌for‌‌Filipino‌‌nationals:‌P‌ rovided‌,  ‌‌ ‌
removal.‌  ‌
3. Legitimacy‌  ‌— ‌ ‌the‌  ‌adoptee‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌
  considered‌‌
  the‌‌
  legitimate‌‌ 
a) That‌  ‌his‌  ‌country‌  ‌has‌  ‌diplomatic‌  ‌relations‌‌ 
3. The‌‌following‌‌are‌‌the‌g
‌ rounds‌‌for‌‌removal‌‌of‌‌trustee:‌  ‌ son/daughter‌‌of‌‌the‌‌adopter(s)‌‌for‌‌all‌‌intents‌‌and‌‌purposes.‌‌   ‌
with‌‌the‌‌RP,‌‌   ‌
a) Insanity;‌  ‌ 4. Successional‌‌rights‌‌   ‌
b) that‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌   living‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  Philippines‌‌   for‌‌ 
b) Incapability‌  ‌of‌  ‌discharging‌  ‌trust‌  ‌or‌  ‌evidently‌  ‌unsuitable‌‌  a) In‌  ‌legal‌  ‌and‌  ‌intestate‌  ‌succession,‌  ‌the‌  ‌adopter(s)‌  ‌and‌‌  at‌  ‌least‌  ‌three‌  ‌(3)‌  ‌continuous‌  ‌years‌  ‌prior‌‌ 
therefor‌‌(Sec.‌‌8,‌‌Rule‌‌98);‌  ‌ the‌‌adoptee‌‌shall‌‌have‌r‌ eciprocal‌r‌ ights‌‌of‌‌succession;‌  ‌ to‌‌
  the‌‌  filing‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ petition‌‌ for‌‌ adoption‌‌ and‌‌ 
maintains‌  ‌such‌  ‌residence‌  ‌until‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoption‌‌ 
c) Neglect‌‌in‌‌the‌‌performance‌‌of‌‌his‌‌duties;‌  ‌ b) However,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoptee‌  ‌and‌  ‌his/her‌  ‌biological‌‌ 
decree‌‌is‌‌entered,‌  ‌
parent(s)‌  ‌had‌  ‌left‌  ‌a ‌ ‌will,‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌on‌  ‌testamentary‌‌ 
d) Breach‌‌   of‌‌
  trust‌‌
  displaying‌‌ a ‌‌want‌‌ of‌‌ fidelity,‌‌ not‌‌ mere‌‌ error‌‌ 
succession‌‌shall‌‌govern;‌  ‌ c) that‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌certified‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌legal‌‌ 
in‌‌the‌‌administration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trust;‌  ‌
capacity‌‌to‌‌adopt‌‌in‌‌his‌‌country,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
c) The‌  ‌adoptee‌  ‌remains‌  ‌an‌  ‌intestate‌  ‌heir‌  ‌of‌  ‌his/her‌‌ 
e) Abuse‌‌and‌‌abandonment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trust;‌  ‌
biological‌‌parent.‌  ‌ d) that‌  ‌his‌  ‌government‌  ‌allows‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoptee‌  ‌to‌‌ 
f) Refusal‌‌to‌‌recognize‌‌or‌‌administer‌‌the‌‌trust;‌‌   ‌ enter‌‌his‌‌country‌‌as‌‌his‌‌adopted‌‌child.‌‌   ‌
5. Who‌‌may‌‌adopt.‌‌‌—‌‌The‌‌following‌‌may‌‌adopt:‌  ‌
g) Failure‌‌  or‌‌
  neglect‌‌  or‌‌ impropriety‌‌ in‌‌ investment‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ trust‌‌  Provided,‌‌   further,‌‌
  ‌That‌‌  the‌‌  requirements‌‌   on‌‌
  residency‌‌ 
1) Any‌F
‌ ilipino‌‌citizen‌‌‌of‌‌   ‌
estate‌‌as‌‌to‌‌give‌‌rise‌‌to‌‌waste‌‌of‌‌trust‌‌property;‌‌   ‌ and‌‌  certification‌‌
  of‌‌  the‌‌ alien’s‌‌ qualification‌‌ to‌‌ adopt‌‌ in‌‌ 
a) legal‌‌age,‌‌   ‌ his‌‌country‌‌may‌‌be‌‌waived‌‌‌for‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌
h) Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌accounts,‌  ‌and‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌one‌  ‌co-‌  ‌trustee‌  ‌to‌‌ 
keep‌  ‌himself‌  ‌informed‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌in‌‌   the‌‌  b) in‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌full‌  ‌civil‌  ‌capacity‌‌
  and‌‌
  legal‌‌  a) a‌‌
  ‌former‌‌  Filipino‌‌   citizen‌‌  who‌‌ seeks‌‌ to‌‌ adopt‌‌ 
administration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trust.‌  ‌ rights,‌‌   ‌ a‌  ‌relative‌  ‌within‌‌
  the‌‌  ‌fourth‌‌
  (4th)‌‌
  degree‌‌   of‌‌ 
c) of‌‌good‌‌moral‌‌character,‌‌   ‌ consanguinity‌‌or‌‌affinity;‌‌or‌  ‌
Rules‌‌99-100.‌Adoption‌‌and‌‌Custody‌‌of‌‌Minors‌  ‌ b) one‌‌  who‌‌ seeks‌‌ to‌‌ adopt‌‌ the‌‌ legitimate‌‌ child‌‌ of‌‌ 
d) has‌‌ not‌‌ been‌‌ convicted‌‌ of‌‌ any‌‌ crime‌‌ involving‌‌ 
moral‌‌turpitude;‌‌   ‌ his‌‌Filipino‌‌spouse;‌‌or‌  ‌
Superseded‌‌by‌A
‌ M‌‌No‌‌02-6-02-SC‌  ‌
e) who‌  ‌is‌  ‌emotionally‌  ‌and‌  ‌psychologically‌‌  c) one‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌married‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌Filipino‌‌
  citizen‌‌
  and‌‌ 
1. Adoption‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌juridical‌  ‌act,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proceeding‌  ‌in‌  ‌rem‌, ‌ ‌which‌‌  seeks‌  ‌to‌  ‌adopt‌  ‌jointly‌  ‌with‌  ‌his‌  ‌spouse‌  ‌a ‌‌
capable‌‌of‌‌caring‌‌for‌‌children,‌‌   ‌
creates‌  ‌between‌‌
  the‌‌
  two‌‌
  persons‌‌
  a ‌‌relationship‌‌
  similar‌‌   to‌‌
  that‌‌  relative‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌fourth‌  ‌(4th)‌  ‌degree‌  ‌of‌‌ 
which‌‌results‌‌from‌‌legitimate‌‌paternity‌‌and‌‌filiation.‌‌   ‌ f) at‌  ‌least‌  ‌sixteen‌  ‌(16)‌  ‌years‌  ‌older‌  ‌than‌  ‌the‌‌  consanguinity‌  ‌or‌  ‌affinity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Filipino‌‌ 
adoptee,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ spouse.‌  ‌
2. Adoption‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌an‌  ‌adversarial‌  ‌proceeding‌. ‌ ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌‌ 
particular‌  ‌defendant‌‌   to‌‌
  speak‌‌
  of‌‌
  since‌‌
  the‌‌  proceeding‌‌
  involves‌‌  g) who‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌position‌  ‌to‌  ‌support‌  ‌and‌‌
  care‌‌
  for‌‌  3) The‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌with‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌ward‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌‌status‌‌of‌‌a‌‌person,‌‌it‌‌being‌‌an‌‌action‌i‌ n‌‌rem.‌  ‌ his‌‌
  children‌‌   in‌‌
  keeping‌‌  with‌‌  the‌‌
  means‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌guardianship‌  ‌and‌  ‌clearance‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌ 
family.‌‌   ‌ financial‌‌accountabilities.‌  ‌
Domestic‌‌Adoption‌‌Act‌  ‌
The‌  ‌requirement‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌16-year‌  ‌difference‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌‌  Husband‌‌ and‌‌ wife‌‌ shall‌‌ ‌JOINTLY‌‌ ‌adopt,‌‌ ‌except‌‌ ‌in‌‌ the‌‌ following‌‌ 
1. Governing‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌Domestic‌  ‌Adoption‌  ‌Act‌  ‌of‌‌
  1998‌‌
  or‌‌
  RA‌‌ 
age‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  adopter‌‌
  and‌‌   adoptee‌‌  ‌may‌‌  be‌‌
  waived‌‌
  ‌when‌‌  cases:‌  ‌
8552.‌  ‌
the‌‌adopter‌‌   ‌
2. Transfer‌‌
  of‌‌  parental‌‌   authority‌‌  ‌—‌‌
  ‌except‌‌   ‌in‌‌
  cases‌‌
  where‌‌  the‌‌  a) if‌‌ one‌‌ spouse‌‌ seeks‌‌ to‌‌ adopt‌‌ the‌‌ legitimate‌‌ child‌‌ of‌‌ one‌‌ 
a) is‌‌the‌‌biological‌‌parent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌adoptee‌‌or‌‌   ‌ spouse‌‌by‌‌the‌‌other‌‌spouse;‌‌or‌  ‌
biological‌  ‌parent‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌spouse‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌adopter,‌  ‌the‌  ‌parental‌‌ 
b) is‌‌the‌‌spouse‌‌of‌‌the‌‌adoptee’s‌‌parent;‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 112‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

years‌‌
  of‌‌
  age,‌‌
  or‌‌
  with‌‌ the‌‌ assistance‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Department,‌‌ if‌‌ he‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌
b) if‌  ‌one‌  ‌spouse‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌to‌  ‌adopt‌  ‌his‌  ‌own‌  ‌illegitimate‌‌  3) Cancellation‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  amended‌‌
  certificate‌‌ of‌‌ birth‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
minor,‌‌or‌‌incapacitated,‌‌by‌‌his‌‌guardian‌‌or‌‌counsel.‌  ‌
child:‌‌   ‌ adoptee‌  ‌and‌  ‌restoration‌  ‌of‌  ‌his/her‌  ‌original‌  ‌birth‌‌ 
The‌  ‌adoption‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  rescinded‌‌
  based‌‌
  on‌‌
  any‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  following‌‌  certificate;‌‌and‌  ‌
Provided,‌‌
  however,‌‌
  That‌‌ the‌‌ other‌‌ spouse‌‌ has‌‌ signified‌‌ 
grounds‌‌committed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌adopter:‌  ‌
his‌‌consent‌‌thereto;‌‌or‌  ‌ 4) Succession‌  ‌rights‌  ‌shall‌  ‌revert‌  ‌to‌  ‌its‌  ‌status‌  ‌prior‌  ‌to‌‌ 
1) repeated‌  ‌physical‌  ‌and‌  ‌verbal‌  ‌maltreatment‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  adoption,‌  ‌but‌  ‌only‌  ‌as‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌‌ 
c) if‌‌the‌‌spouses‌‌are‌l‌ egally‌‌separated‌‌‌from‌‌each‌‌other.‌  ‌
adopter‌‌despite‌‌having‌‌undergone‌‌counseling;‌  judicial‌  ‌rescission.‌  ‌Vested‌  ‌rights‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌prior‌  ‌to‌‌ 
In‌  ‌case‌  ‌husband‌  ‌and‌  ‌wife‌  ‌jointly‌  ‌adopt‌  ‌or‌  ‌one‌‌
  spouse‌‌
  adopts‌‌  judicial‌‌rescission‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌respected.‌  ‌
2) attempt‌‌on‌‌the‌‌life‌‌of‌‌the‌‌adoptee;‌  ‌
the‌‌   illegitimate‌‌
  child‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  other,‌‌
  joint‌‌
  parental‌‌ authority‌‌ shall‌‌ 
Inter-Country‌‌Adoption‌  ‌
be‌‌exercised‌‌by‌‌the‌‌spouses.‌  ‌ 3) sexual‌‌assault‌‌or‌‌violence;‌‌or‌  ‌
1. Governing‌  ‌law‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌Inter-Country‌‌
  Adoption‌‌
  Act‌‌
  of‌‌
  1995‌‌
  or‌‌
  RA‌‌ 
6. Who‌‌may‌‌be‌‌adopted.‌—
‌ ‌‌The‌‌following‌‌may‌‌be‌‌adopted:‌  ‌ 4) abandonment‌  ‌or‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌parental‌‌ 
No‌‌8043.‌  ‌
obligations.‌  ‌
1) Any‌  ‌person‌  ‌below‌  ‌eighteen‌  ‌(18)‌  ‌years‌  ‌of‌  ‌age‌  ‌who‌‌ 
has‌  ‌been‌  ‌voluntarily‌  ‌committed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Department‌‌  Adoption,‌‌   being‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  best‌‌
  interests‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  child,‌‌
  ‌shall‌‌  not‌‌
  be‌‌ 
2. Inter-Country‌  ‌Adoption‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌socio-legal‌  ‌process‌‌ 
or‌‌‌judicially‌‌declared‌‌available‌f‌ or‌‌adoption;‌  ‌ subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌rescission‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌adopter‌. ‌ ‌However,‌  ‌the‌  ‌adopter‌‌  of‌‌
  adopting‌‌
  a ‌‌Filipino‌‌
  child‌‌
  by‌‌  a ‌‌foreigner‌‌
  or‌‌
  a ‌‌Filipino‌‌ citizen‌‌ 
may‌  ‌disinherit‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoptee‌‌   for‌‌
  causes‌‌
  provided‌‌   in‌‌   Article‌‌
  919‌‌  permanently‌  ‌residing‌  ‌abroad‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌filed,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2) The‌  ‌legitimate‌  ‌child‌  ‌of‌  ‌one‌  ‌spouse,‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌‌  supervised‌  ‌trial‌  ‌custody‌  ‌is‌  ‌undertaken,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌decree‌  ‌of‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌Civil‌‌Code.‌  ‌
spouse;‌  ‌ adoption‌‌is‌‌issued‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌
Venue.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌rescission‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
3) An‌  ‌illegitimate‌  ‌child‌, ‌‌by‌‌
  a ‌‌qualified‌‌
  adopter‌‌
  to‌‌
  raise‌‌  3. An‌  ‌application‌  ‌to‌  ‌adopt‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Filipino‌  ‌child‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌either‌‌ 
Family‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌city‌  ‌or‌  ‌province‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoptee‌‌ 
the‌‌status‌‌of‌‌the‌‌former‌‌to‌‌that‌‌of‌‌legitimacy;‌  ‌ with‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippine‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌having‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌   over‌‌  the‌‌   child,‌‌
  or‌‌ 
resides‌. ‌ ‌
4) A‌‌
  person‌‌   of‌‌ legal‌‌ age‌‌ regardless‌‌ of‌‌ civil‌‌ status,‌‌ if,‌‌ prior‌‌  with‌  ‌the‌  ‌Board‌, ‌ ‌through‌  ‌an‌  ‌intermediate‌  ‌agency,‌  ‌whether‌‌ 
Time‌‌within‌‌which‌‌to‌‌file‌‌petition.‌‌‌—‌‌The‌‌adoptee,‌‌   ‌ governmental‌  ‌or‌  ‌an‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌and‌  ‌accredited‌  ‌agency,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
to‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoption,‌  ‌said‌  ‌person‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌consistently‌‌ 
considered‌  ‌and‌  ‌treated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌adopters‌  ‌as‌  ‌their‌‌  a) if‌  ‌incapacitated‌, ‌ ‌must‌  ‌file‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌rescission‌‌  country‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  prospective‌‌   adoptive‌‌  parents,‌‌ which‌‌ application‌‌ 
own‌‌‌child‌‌since‌‌minority;‌  ‌ or‌‌   revocation‌‌
  of‌‌
  adoption‌within‌‌
    five‌‌
  (5)‌‌ years‌‌ after‌‌  shall‌‌  be‌‌
  in‌‌
  accordance‌‌  with‌‌ the‌‌ requirements‌‌ as‌‌ set‌‌ forth‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
he‌‌reaches‌‌the‌‌age‌‌of‌‌majority‌,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ implementing‌‌rules‌‌and‌‌regulations.‌  ‌
5) A‌‌
  child‌‌ whose‌‌ adoption‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ ‌previously‌‌ rescinded‌; ‌‌
or‌  ‌ b) if‌  ‌he‌  ‌was‌  ‌incompetent‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoption,‌‌  4. Who‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌adopted‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Only‌  ‌a ‌ ‌legally‌  ‌free‌  ‌child‌  ‌may‌‌
  be‌‌ 
within‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌  ‌years‌  ‌after‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌from‌  ‌such‌‌  adopted.‌  ‌
6) A‌  ‌child‌  ‌whose‌  ‌biological‌  ‌or‌  ‌adoptive‌  ‌parents‌  ‌have‌‌ 
incompetence.‌  ‌ a) Below‌‌15‌‌years‌‌of‌‌age;‌‌and‌  ‌
died.‌  ‌
9. Effects‌‌of‌‌Rescission‌‌of‌‌Adoption‌  ‌ b) Has‌  ‌been‌  ‌voluntarily‌  ‌or‌  ‌involuntarily‌  ‌committed‌  ‌to‌‌ 
No‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌initiated‌  ‌within‌  ‌six‌  ‌(6)‌‌ 
months‌‌from‌‌the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌death‌‌of‌‌said‌‌parents.‌  ‌ 1) Parental‌  ‌authority‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoptee‘s‌  ‌biological‌  the‌‌DSWD‌‌in‌‌accordance‌‌with‌‌PD‌‌603.‌  ‌
parent(s),‌‌   if‌‌
  known,‌‌
  or‌‌   the‌‌
  legal‌‌
  custody‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌ DSWD‌‌  5. Who‌‌may‌‌adopt.‌  ‌
7) A‌  ‌child‌  ‌not‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌disqualified‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌these‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌restored‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌adoptee‌  ‌is‌  ‌still‌  ‌a ‌ ‌minor‌  ‌or‌‌ 
rules.‌  ‌ FILIPINO‌‌CITIZENS‌‌   ‌
incapacitated;‌‌   ‌
7. Venue.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌adoption‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌  1) Permanent‌‌resident‌‌of‌‌a‌‌foreign‌‌country;‌  ‌
2) Reciprocal‌‌
  rights‌‌ and‌‌ obligations‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ adopter(s)‌‌ and‌‌ 
Family‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌province‌  ‌or‌  ‌city‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌prospective‌‌ 
the‌‌adoptee‌‌to‌‌each‌‌other‌‌shall‌‌be‌e‌ xtinguished‌; ‌ ‌ 2) Has‌  ‌the‌  ‌capacity‌  ‌to‌  ‌act‌  ‌and‌  ‌assume‌  ‌all‌  ‌rights‌  ‌and‌‌ 
adoptive‌‌parents‌‌‌reside‌. ‌ ‌
responsibilities‌‌of‌‌parental‌‌authority;‌‌   ‌
8. Rescission‌‌   of‌‌
  Adoption‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Adoptee.‌‌
  — ‌‌The‌‌
  petition‌‌ shall‌‌ 
be‌  ‌verified‌  ‌and‌‌  filed‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  adoptee‌‌
  who‌‌
  is‌‌
  over‌‌
  eighteen‌‌   (18)‌‌  3) Has‌‌undergone‌‌the‌‌appropriate‌‌counseling;‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 113‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

alternative‌‌
  for‌‌
  safeguarding‌‌
  the‌‌
  growth‌‌
  and‌‌ development‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
4) Has‌  ‌not‌  ‌been‌  ‌convicted‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌crime‌  ‌involving‌  ‌moral‌‌  b. for‌‌
  the‌‌
  welfare‌‌
  of‌‌
  said‌‌
  person‌‌
  who,‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ judgment,‌‌ is‌‌ 
child.‌  ‌
turpitude;‌‌   ‌ insane‌‌and‌‌   ‌
⭐‌Suzuki‌‌v.‌‌OSG‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌212302,‌‌2‌‌Sep‌‌2020‌  ‌
5) Eligible‌‌to‌‌adopt‌‌under‌‌Philippine‌‌laws;‌‌   ‌ c. such‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌one‌  ‌having‌  ‌charge‌  ‌of‌  ‌him‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Under‌  ‌Philippine‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judicial‌  ‌recognition‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ opposed‌‌ ‌to‌‌ his‌‌ being‌‌ taken‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌hospital‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ place‌‌ 
6) In‌  ‌a ‌ ‌position‌  ‌to‌  ‌provide‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌care‌  ‌and‌‌
  support‌‌ 
foreign‌  ‌decree‌  ‌of‌  ‌adoption‌  ‌is‌  ‌ALLOWED‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌established‌‌  for‌‌the‌‌insane.‌  ‌
and‌‌   to‌‌
  give‌‌
  the‌‌ necessary‌‌ moral‌‌ values‌‌ and‌‌ example‌‌ to‌‌ 
international‌‌ legal‌‌ principle‌‌ that‌‌ final‌‌ judgments‌‌ of‌‌ foreign‌‌ courts‌‌ of‌‌ 
all‌‌his‌‌children,‌‌including‌‌the‌‌child‌‌to‌‌be‌‌adopted;‌‌   ‌ 2. Hearing‌  ‌and‌  ‌judgment.‌  ‌— ‌‌Upon‌‌   satisfactory‌‌
  proof,‌‌
  in‌‌
  ‌open‌‌ 
competent‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌are‌  ‌reciprocally‌  ‌respected‌  ‌and‌  ‌rendered‌‌ 
court‌‌‌on‌‌the‌‌date‌‌fixed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌order,‌  ‌
7) Agrees‌‌to‌‌uphold‌‌the‌‌basic‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌child;‌‌   ‌ efficacious‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌certain‌  ‌conditions‌  ‌that‌  ‌vary‌  ‌in‌  ‌different‌‌ 
countries.‌  ‌"‌In‌  ‌the‌  ‌recognition‌  ‌of‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌judgments,‌  ‌Philippine‌‌  a. that‌  ‌the‌  ‌commitment‌  ‌applied‌  ‌for‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌‌ 
8) Residing‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌country‌‌
  with‌‌
  whom‌‌
  the‌‌
  Philippines‌‌  has‌‌ 
courts‌‌  are‌‌
  incompetent‌‌   to‌‌
  substitute‌‌  their‌‌
  judgment‌‌ on‌‌ how‌‌ a ‌‌case‌‌  welfare‌‌or‌‌for‌‌the‌‌welfare‌‌of‌‌the‌‌insane‌‌person,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
diplomatic‌‌ relations‌‌ and‌‌ whose‌‌ government‌‌ maintains‌‌ 
a‌  ‌similarly‌‌
  authorized‌‌   and‌‌
  accredited‌‌
  agency‌‌
  and‌‌
  that‌‌  was‌  ‌decided‌  ‌under‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌law‌."‌  ‌Thus,‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌foreign‌  ‌judgment‌  b. that‌  ‌his‌  ‌relatives‌  ‌are‌  ‌unable‌  ‌for‌  ‌any‌  ‌reason‌  ‌to‌  ‌take‌‌ 
adoption‌‌is‌‌allowed‌‌in‌‌that‌‌country;‌‌   ‌ relating‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌status‌  ‌of‌  ‌adoption‌  ‌involving‌  ‌a ‌ ‌citizen‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌foreign‌‌  proper‌‌custody‌‌and‌‌care‌‌of‌‌him,‌‌   ‌
country,‌  ‌Philippine‌  ‌courts‌  ‌will‌  ‌only‌  ‌decide‌  ‌whether‌  ‌to‌  ‌extend‌  ‌its‌‌ 
9) Possesses‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌qualifications‌  ‌and‌  ‌none‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  effect‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Filipino‌‌party.‌‌Philippine‌‌courts‌‌will‌‌only‌‌determine:‌‌   ‌ the‌‌
  court‌‌  shall‌‌
  order‌‌
  his‌‌
  commitment‌‌ to‌‌ such‌‌ hospital‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ 
disqualifications‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌ICAA‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌other‌‌  place‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  insane‌‌ as‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ recommended‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ Director‌‌ of‌‌ 
applicable‌‌Philippine‌‌laws;‌‌   ‌ (1) whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌contrary‌  ‌to‌  ‌an‌  ‌overriding‌‌  Health.‌‌   ‌
public‌‌policy‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines;‌‌and‌  ‌
10) At‌‌   ‌27‌‌ years‌ ‌of‌‌ age‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ application;‌‌ 
  least‌‌ The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌make‌  ‌proper‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(2) whether‌‌   any‌‌   alleging‌‌   party‌‌
  is‌‌
  able‌‌   to‌‌
  prove‌‌ an‌‌ extrinsic‌‌ ground‌‌  property‌‌  or‌‌
  money‌‌   belonging‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  insane‌‌
  until‌‌  a ‌‌guardian‌‌
  be‌‌ 
and‌‌   ‌
to‌‌
  repel‌‌   the‌‌  foreign‌‌   judgment,‌‌   i.e.,‌‌
  want‌‌   of‌‌
  jurisdiction,‌‌ want‌‌ of‌‌  properly‌‌appointed.‌  ‌
11) At‌‌
  least‌‌
  ‌16‌‌ years‌‌ older‌‌ than‌‌ the‌‌ child‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ adopted‌‌ at‌‌  notice‌‌   to‌‌  the‌‌  party,‌‌
  collusion,‌‌   fraud,‌‌   or‌‌
  clear‌‌  mistake‌‌
  of‌‌
  law‌‌ or‌‌ 
the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌application,‌u ‌ nless‌‌   ‌ fact.‌  ‌ 3. Discharge‌  ‌of‌‌   insane.‌‌   ‌—‌‌
  When,‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  opinion‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Director‌‌ 
of‌‌
  Health,‌‌   the‌‌  person‌‌   ordered‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  committed‌‌   to‌‌
  a ‌‌hospital‌‌ or‌‌ 
a) adopted‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  parent‌‌
  by‌‌ nature‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ child‌‌ to‌‌  For‌  ‌Philippine‌  ‌courts‌  ‌to‌  ‌judicially‌  ‌recognize‌  ‌a ‌ ‌foreign‌  ‌judgment‌‌  other‌‌  place‌‌   for‌‌  the‌‌
  insane‌‌ is‌‌ temporarily‌‌ or‌‌ permanently‌‌ cured,‌‌ 
be‌‌adopted;‌‌or‌  ‌ relating‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌status‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌adoption‌  ‌where‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌ or‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌released‌  ‌without‌  ‌danger‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌file‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌‌ 
b) adopter‌  ‌is‌‌
  the‌‌
  spouse‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  parent‌‌
  by‌‌
  nature‌‌  citizen‌  ‌of‌  ‌a‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌country,‌‌   the‌‌
  petitioner‌‌
  only‌‌
  needs‌‌   to‌‌
  prove‌‌
  the‌‌  petition‌‌with‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌which‌‌ordered‌‌the‌‌commitment.‌  ‌
of‌‌the‌‌child‌‌to‌‌be‌‌adopted‌  ‌ foreign‌‌judgment‌‌as‌‌a‌‌fact‌‌under‌‌the‌‌Rules‌‌of‌‌Court.‌ 

ALIENS‌‌—‌‌same‌‌as‌‌above,‌‌but‌‌change‌‌PH‌‌laws‌‌to‌‌national‌‌laws.‌  ‌ Rule‌‌102.‌ Habeas‌‌Corpus‌  ‌


Rule‌‌101.‌ Hospitalization‌‌of‌‌Insane‌  ‌
Best‌‌Interest‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Child‌  ‌
1. Writ‌‌ of‌‌ habeas‌‌ corpus‌ ‌is‌‌ a ‌‌writ‌‌ which‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ esteemed‌‌ to‌‌ 
1. Venue,‌  ‌Petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌commitment.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
1. In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌custody‌  ‌cases‌  ‌of‌  ‌minor‌  ‌children,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌after‌‌  the‌‌
  best‌‌ and‌‌ only‌‌ sufficient‌‌ defense‌‌ of‌‌ personal‌‌ freedom‌‌ having‌‌ 
commitment‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌hospital‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌place‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
hearing‌‌   and‌‌ bearing‌‌ in‌‌ mind‌‌ the‌‌ best‌‌ interest‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ minor,‌‌ shall‌‌  for‌  ‌its‌  ‌object‌  ‌the‌  ‌speedy‌  ‌release‌‌
  by‌‌
  judicial‌‌
  decree‌‌
  of‌‌
  persons‌‌ 
insane‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌province‌‌
  ‌where‌‌  the‌‌ 
award‌‌the‌‌custody‌‌as‌‌will‌‌be‌‌for‌‌the‌‌minor‘s‌‌best‌‌interests.‌‌   ‌ who‌‌are‌‌illegally‌‌   ‌
person‌‌alleged‌‌to‌‌be‌‌insane‌‌is‌‌found.‌‌   ‌
2. “‌Best‌  ‌interests‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌child‌” ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌means‌  ‌the‌  ‌totality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  a. restrained‌‌of‌‌their‌‌liberty,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌petition‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Director‌  ‌of‌  ‌Health‌  ‌in‌  ‌all‌‌ 
circumstances‌  ‌and‌  ‌conditions‌  ‌as‌  ‌are‌  ‌most‌  ‌congenial‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  b. detained‌‌  from‌‌  the‌‌
  control‌‌
  of‌‌
  those‌‌
  who‌‌
  are‌‌
  entitled‌‌ to‌‌ 
cases‌‌where,‌‌in‌‌his‌‌opinion,‌‌   ‌
survival,‌  ‌protection,‌  ‌and‌  ‌feelings‌  ‌of‌  ‌security‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌child‌  ‌and‌‌  their‌‌custody.‌‌   ‌
most‌‌ encouraging‌‌ to‌‌ his‌‌ physical,‌‌ psychological,‌‌ and‌‌ emotional‌‌  a. such‌‌commitment‌‌is‌‌for‌‌the‌‌public‌‌welfare,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
development.‌  ‌It‌  ‌also‌  ‌means‌  ‌the‌  ‌least‌  ‌detrimental‌  ‌available‌‌  2. Function.‌  ‌The‌  ‌function‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌special‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌of‌  ‌habeas‌‌ 
corpus‌‌‌is‌‌to‌‌inquire‌‌into‌‌the‌‌legality‌‌of‌‌one’s‌‌detention.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 114‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

3. Scope‌  ‌of‌‌   Inquiry.‌‌  ‌In‌‌


  all‌‌
  petitions‌‌
  for‌‌
  ‌habeas‌‌   corpus‌, ‌‌the‌‌  court‌‌  a. Supreme‌  ‌Court‌  ‌(‌Section‌  ‌5,‌  ‌Article‌  ‌VIII,‌  ‌1987‌‌  (d) A‌  ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌commitment‌  ‌or‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌detention‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌ 
must‌  ‌inquire‌  ‌into‌  ‌every‌  ‌phase‌  ‌and‌  ‌aspect‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌petitioner’s‌‌  Constitution‌)  ‌‌ ‌ person,‌‌   if‌‌ it‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ procured‌‌ without‌‌ impairing‌‌ the‌‌ efficiency‌‌ of‌‌ 
detention‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌moment‌  ‌petitioner‌‌   was‌‌
  taken‌‌
  into‌‌   custody‌‌  the‌‌  remedy;‌‌   or,‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  imprisonment‌‌
  or‌‌
  restraint‌‌
  is‌‌ without‌‌ any‌‌ 
i. Or‌‌any‌‌member‌‌thereof‌‌(Sec.‌‌2,‌‌Rule‌‌102)‌  ‌
up‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌moment‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌passes‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  legal‌‌authority,‌‌such‌‌fact‌‌shall‌‌appear.‌  ‌
petition‌‌   and‌‌  only‌‌
  after‌‌   such‌‌ scrutiny‌‌ can‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ satisfy‌‌ itself‌‌  ii. Enforceable‌‌anywhere‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌(id.)‌  ‌
Contents‌‌of‌‌Return‌  ‌
that‌  ‌the‌  ‌due‌  ‌process‌  ‌clause‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Constitution‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌  iii. Returnable‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌SC,‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌member‌‌ 
satisfied.‌‌   ‌ When‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌produced‌  ‌is‌  ‌imprisoned‌  ‌or‌  ‌restrained‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌‌ 
thereof,‌  ‌or‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌member‌‌ 
officer,‌‌
  the‌‌   person‌‌   who‌‌ makes‌‌ the‌‌ return‌‌ shall‌‌ state‌‌ therein,‌‌ and‌‌ in‌‌ other‌‌ 
4. However‌, ‌‌once‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ detained‌‌ is‌‌ duly‌‌ charged‌‌ in‌‌ court,‌‌ he‌‌  thereof,‌‌or‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌or‌‌any‌‌Judge‌‌thereof.‌‌(id.)‌  ‌
cases‌‌
  the‌‌  person‌‌   in‌‌
  whose‌‌  custody‌‌   the‌‌
  prisoner‌‌   is‌‌
  found‌‌  shall‌‌
  state,‌‌  in‌‌ 
may‌  ‌no‌  ‌longer‌  ‌question‌  ‌his‌  ‌detention‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  b. Court‌‌of‌‌Appeals‌(‌ Section‌‌9,‌‌B.P.‌‌129)‌  ‌ writing‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  or‌‌
  judge‌‌ before‌‌ whom‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ is‌‌ returnable,‌‌ plainly‌‌ 
issuance‌‌of‌‌a‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌habeas‌‌corpus.‌‌   ‌
i. Or‌‌any‌‌member‌‌thereof,‌‌(Sec.‌‌2,‌‌Rule‌‌102)‌‌   ‌ and‌‌unequivocally:‌  ‌
His‌‌
  remedy‌‌   then‌‌  is‌‌
  the‌‌ quashal‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ information‌‌ and/or‌‌ 
ii. Enforceable‌‌anywhere‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌(id.)‌‌   ‌ (a) Whether‌‌  he‌‌
  has‌‌
  or‌‌ has‌‌ not‌‌ the‌‌ party‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ custody‌‌ or‌‌ power,‌‌ or‌‌ 
the‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌of‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌duly‌  ‌issued.‌  ‌The‌  ‌reason‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
under‌‌restraint;‌  ‌
issuance‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  writ‌‌ even‌‌ becomes‌‌ more‌unavailing‌‌
   when‌‌ the‌‌  iii. Returnable‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌member‌‌ 
person‌‌detained‌‌files‌‌a‌‌bond‌‌‌for‌‌his‌‌temporary‌‌release.‌‌   ‌ thereof,‌‌or‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌or‌‌any‌‌Judge‌‌thereof.‌‌(id.)‌  ‌ (b) If‌  ‌he‌‌  has‌‌
  the‌‌   party‌‌  in‌‌
  his‌‌
  custody‌‌   or‌‌
  power,‌‌
  or‌‌
  under‌‌   restraint,‌‌ 
the‌‌   authority‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌   true‌‌
  and‌‌
  whole‌‌   cause‌‌
  thereof,‌‌  set‌‌ forth‌‌ at‌‌ 
5. Not‌‌   a ‌‌Mode‌‌   of‌‌
  Discovery.‌‌ ‌Habeas‌‌ corpus‌‌ may‌‌ NOT‌‌ be‌‌ used‌‌ as‌‌  c. Regional‌‌Trial‌‌Court‌‌‌(Section‌‌21,‌‌B.P.‌‌129)‌  ‌ large,‌‌   with‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ,‌‌ order‌‌ execution,‌‌ or‌‌ other‌‌ process,‌‌ 
a‌‌
  means‌‌   of‌‌
  obtaining‌‌   evidence‌‌   on‌‌ the‌‌ whereabouts‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌person,‌‌ 
i. Or‌‌any‌‌judge‌‌thereof‌‌(Sec.‌‌2,‌‌Rule‌‌102)‌  ‌ if‌‌any,‌‌upon‌‌which‌‌the‌‌party‌‌is‌‌held;‌  ‌
or‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌‌means‌‌   of‌‌
  finding‌‌
  out‌‌
  who‌‌  has‌‌   specifically‌‌
  abducted‌‌   or‌‌ 
caused‌‌the‌‌disappearance‌‌of‌‌a‌‌certain‌‌person.‌‌   ‌ ii. Enforceable‌‌within‌‌its‌‌judicial‌‌region,‌‌(id.)‌‌   ‌ (c) If‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌   is‌‌
  in‌‌
  his‌‌
  custody‌‌  or‌‌
  power‌‌   or‌‌
  is‌‌
  restrained‌‌ by‌‌ him,‌‌ 
and‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌produced,‌‌   particularly‌‌  the‌‌
  nature‌‌   and‌‌
  gravity‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
6. Vis-a-vis‌‌   Certiorari.‌‌ ‌The‌‌ ‌writs‌‌ of‌‌ habeas‌‌ corpus‌‌ and‌certiorari‌‌
    iii. Returnable‌‌before‌‌the‌‌judge‌‌thereof,‌‌(id.)‌  ‌ sickness‌  ‌or‌  ‌infirmity‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌party‌  ‌by‌  ‌reason‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌he‌‌ 
may‌  ‌be‌  ‌ancillary‌‌
  ‌to‌‌
  each‌‌   other‌‌  where‌‌  necessary‌‌   to‌‌
  give‌‌
  effect‌‌ 
d. Sandiganbayan‌  ‌(Section‌  ‌4 ‌ ‌(c),‌  ‌par.‌‌
  4,‌‌
  R.A.‌‌
  8049,‌‌
  aab‌‌  cannot,‌‌without‌‌danger,‌‌be‌‌bought‌‌before‌‌the‌‌court‌‌or‌‌judge;‌  ‌
to‌‌the‌‌supervisory‌‌powers‌‌of‌‌the‌‌higher‌‌courts.‌‌   ‌
R.A.‌‌10660)‌‌in‌‌aid‌‌of‌‌its‌‌appellate‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌ (d) If‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌  ‌had‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌custody‌  ‌or‌  ‌power,‌  ‌or‌  ‌under‌‌ 
A‌‌
  writ‌‌  of‌‌
  ‌habeas‌‌ corpus‌‌ ‌reaches‌‌ the‌‌ body‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ jurisdictional‌‌ 
Contents‌‌of‌‌Petition‌  ‌ restraint,‌  ‌and‌  ‌has‌  ‌transferred‌  ‌such‌  ‌custody‌  ‌or‌  ‌restraint‌  ‌to‌‌ 
matters,‌  ‌but‌  ‌not‌  ‌the‌  ‌record.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌reaches‌  ‌the‌‌ 
another,‌‌ particularly‌‌ to‌‌ whom,‌‌ at‌‌ what‌‌ time,‌‌ for‌‌ what‌‌ cause,‌‌ and‌‌ 
record‌‌   but‌‌   not‌‌
  the‌‌
  body.‌‌ Hence,‌‌ a ‌‌writ‌‌ of‌‌ habeas‌‌ corpus‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌  Application‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌   by‌‌  petition‌‌   signed‌‌   and‌‌
  verified‌‌
  either‌‌ 
by‌‌what‌‌authority‌‌such‌‌transfer‌‌was‌‌made.‌  ‌
used‌‌with‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌certiorari‌‌for‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌review.‌‌   ‌ by‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌  ‌for‌  ‌whose‌  ‌relief‌  ‌it‌‌
  is‌‌  intended,‌‌   or‌‌
  by‌‌
  some‌‌  person‌‌  on‌‌
  his‌‌ 
behalf,‌‌and‌‌shall‌‌set‌‌forth:‌  ‌ Peremptory‌‌Writ‌‌v.‌‌Preliminary‌‌Citation‌  ‌
7. Release‌  ‌Renders‌  ‌Petition‌‌   Moot;‌‌   Exception.‌‌   ‌The‌‌   general‌‌
  rule‌‌ 
is‌‌
  that‌‌
  ‌the‌‌   release,‌‌   whether‌‌   permanent‌‌   or‌‌
  temporary,‌‌   of‌‌ a ‌‌ (a) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌in‌  ‌whose‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌is‌  ‌made‌  ‌is‌‌  Peremptory‌‌Writ‌  ‌ Preliminary‌‌Citation‌  ‌
detained‌  ‌person‌  ‌renders‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌habeas‌  ‌corpus‌‌  imprisoned‌‌or‌‌restrained‌‌on‌‌his‌‌liberty;‌  ‌
Unconditionally‌‌commands‌‌the‌‌  Requires‌‌the‌‌respondent‌‌to‌‌ 
moot‌  ‌and‌  ‌academic‌, ‌ ‌unless‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌restraints‌  ‌attached‌  ‌to‌‌ 
(b) The‌  ‌officer‌  ‌or‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌by‌  ‌whom‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌so‌‌  respondent‌‌to‌h ‌ ave‌‌the‌‌body‌‌of‌‌  appear‌‌and‌‌show‌‌cause‌‌why‌‌the‌‌ 
his‌  ‌release‌  ‌which‌  ‌precludes‌  ‌freedom‌  ‌of‌  ‌action,‌‌   in‌‌
  which‌‌
  case‌‌ 
imprisoned‌‌   or‌‌
  restrained;‌‌   or,‌‌
  if‌‌ both‌‌ are‌‌ unknown‌‌ or‌‌ uncertain,‌‌  the‌ d
‌ etained‌ p
‌ erson‌ b
‌ efore‌ t
‌ he‌‌
  peremptory‌‌writ‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌ 
the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌can‌  ‌still‌  ‌inquire‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌involuntary‌‌  court‌ a
‌ t‌ a
‌ ‌ t
‌ ime‌ ‌
a nd‌ p
‌ lace‌ t
‌ herein‌‌  granted.‌  ‌
such‌  ‌officer‌  ‌or‌  ‌person‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌described‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌  ‌assumed‌‌ 
restraint.‌  ‌Petitioner’s‌  ‌temporary‌  ‌release‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌render‌  ‌the‌‌  specified.‌   ‌
appellation,‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌ served‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
petition‌‌for‌‌writ‌‌moot‌‌and‌‌academic.‌‌   ‌
deemed‌‌the‌‌person‌‌intended;‌  ‌
When‌‌NOT‌‌Proper/Applicable‌  ‌
8. Who‌‌may‌‌grant‌‌the‌‌writ?‌  ‌
(c) The‌‌place‌‌where‌‌he‌‌is‌‌so‌‌imprisoned‌‌or‌‌restrained,‌‌if‌‌known;‌  ‌
Instances‌‌when‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌habeas‌‌corpus‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌proper‌‌are:‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 115‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

a) For‌‌asserting‌‌or‌‌vindicating‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌right‌‌to‌‌bail;‌‌   ‌ Writ‌‌Habeas‌‌Corpus‌‌v.‌‌Writ‌‌of‌‌Amparo‌‌v.‌‌Writ‌‌of‌‌Habeas‌‌Data‌  ‌ within‌‌its‌‌area‌‌of‌‌  enforceable‌‌anywhere‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌


jurisdiction.‌‌CA‌‌or‌‌ 
b) For‌‌  correcting‌‌   errors‌‌   in‌‌  appreciation‌‌   of‌‌ facts‌‌ or‌‌ appreciation‌‌ of‌‌  Habeas‌‌Corpus‌  ‌ Amparo‌  ‌ Habeas‌‌Data‌  ‌
SC‌,‌‌enforceable‌‌ 
law‌‌  — ‌‌where‌‌   the‌‌   trial‌‌  court‌‌  had‌‌ no‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ the‌‌ cause,‌‌  anywhere‌‌in‌‌the‌ 
over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused,‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌impose‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  Covers‌‌cases‌‌of‌‌  Cases‌‌where‌r‌ ight‌‌to‌‌  Cases‌‌where‌r‌ ight‌‌to‌‌ 
Philippines.‌  ‌
illegal‌‌confinement‌‌  life,‌‌liberty‌‌and‌‌  privacy‌‌in‌‌life,‌‌ 
provided‌  ‌for‌‌  by‌‌   law,‌‌  the‌‌   mistake‌‌   committed‌‌   by‌‌   the‌‌
  trial‌‌
  court,‌‌ 
or‌‌detention‌‌‌by‌‌  security‌‌is‌‌violated‌‌  liberty‌‌or‌‌security‌‌  When‌‌issued‌  ‌
in‌‌
  the‌‌  appreciation‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ facts‌‌ and/or‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ appreciation‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
which‌‌any‌‌person‌‌is‌‌  or‌‌threatened‌w ‌ ith‌‌  is‌‌violated‌‌or‌‌ 
law‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌corrected‌‌by‌‌habeas‌‌corpus;‌‌   ‌ deprived‌‌of‌‌his‌‌  violation‌‌by‌‌an‌‌  threatened‌‌by‌‌an‌‌  Forthwith‌‌when‌‌a ‌‌ Immediately‌‌if‌‌on‌‌its‌‌  Immediately‌‌if‌‌on‌‌its‌‌ 
c) Once‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌detained‌  ‌is‌  ‌duly‌  ‌charged‌  ‌in‌  ‌court,‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌no‌‌  liberty,‌‌or‌‌by‌‌which‌‌  unlawful‌‌act‌‌OR‌‌  unlawful‌‌act‌‌OR‌‌  petition‌‌therefor‌‌is‌‌  face‌‌it‌‌ought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌  face‌‌it‌‌ought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌ 
the‌‌‌rightful‌‌custody‌‌  omission‌‌‌of‌‌a‌‌public‌‌  omission‌‌‌of‌‌a‌‌public‌‌  presented‌‌and‌‌it‌‌  issued;‌‌Served‌‌  issued;‌‌Served‌‌within‌‌ 
longer‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌‌
  for‌‌
  habeas‌‌
  corpus.‌‌
  His‌‌   remedy‌‌   would‌‌   be‌‌ 
of‌‌any‌‌person‌‌is‌‌  official‌‌or‌‌employee,‌‌  official‌‌or‌‌employee,‌‌  appears‌‌that‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌  immediately;‌‌  3‌‌days‌‌from‌‌ 
to‌‌quash‌‌the‌‌information‌‌or‌‌warrant.‌  ‌
withheld‌‌‌from‌‌the‌‌  or‌‌of‌‌a‌‌private‌‌  or‌‌of‌‌a‌‌private‌‌  ought‌‌to‌‌issue,‌  ‌ Summary‌‌hearing‌‌set‌‌  issuance;‌‌Summary‌‌ 
When‌‌Disallowed/Discharge‌  ‌ person‌‌entitled‌‌  individual‌‌or‌‌entity.‌‌  individual‌‌or‌‌entity‌‌  not‌‌later‌‌than‌s‌ even‌‌  hearing‌‌set‌‌not‌‌later‌‌ 
thereto.‌  ‌ The‌‌writ‌‌covers‌‌  engaged‌‌in‌‌the‌‌  (7)‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌date‌‌  than‌‌ten‌‌(10)‌‌work‌‌ 
1. If‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌restrained‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌  extrajudicial‌‌  gathering,‌‌collecting‌‌  of‌‌issuance.‌  ‌ days‌‌‌from‌‌date‌‌of‌‌ 
liberty‌‌is‌‌   ‌ killings‌‌and‌‌  or‌‌storing‌‌of‌‌data‌‌or‌‌  issuance.‌  ‌
enforced‌‌  information‌‌ 
a. in‌‌the‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌an‌‌officer‌‌under‌‌process‌  
disappearances‌‌or‌‌  regarding‌‌the‌‌person,‌‌  Appeal‌  ‌
b. issued‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌court‌‌ or‌‌ judge‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌ virtue‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌judgment‌‌ or‌‌  threats‌‌thereof‌. ‌ ‌ family,‌‌home‌‌and‌‌ 
order‌‌of‌‌a‌‌court‌‌of‌‌record,‌‌and‌  correspondence‌‌of‌‌  To‌‌the‌‌SC‌‌under‌R‌ ule‌‌  To‌‌the‌‌SC‌‌under‌R‌ ule‌‌  Within‌‌5‌‌working‌‌ 
the‌‌aggrieved‌‌party.‌  ‌ 45‌,‌‌within‌‌48‌‌hours‌‌  45‌,‌‌within‌‌5‌‌days‌‌  days‌‌‌from‌‌the‌‌final‌‌ 
c. that‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌judge‌  ‌had‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌issue‌  ‌the‌‌  from‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌  from‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌  judgment‌‌or‌‌order‌‌to‌‌ 
process,‌‌render‌‌the‌‌judgment,‌‌or‌‌make‌‌the‌‌order,‌‌   ‌ Who‌‌may‌‌file‌‌petition‌  ‌ judgment.‌‌   ‌ adverse‌‌judgment,‌‌to‌‌  the‌‌SC‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌45‌‌ 
be‌‌given‌‌the‌‌same‌‌  on‌‌pure‌‌questions‌‌of‌‌ 
the‌‌writ‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌allowed‌;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ By‌‌the‌‌party‌‌for‌‌  a) Any‌‌member‌‌of‌‌the‌‌immediate‌‌family:‌‌  priority‌‌as‌‌habeas‌‌  law‌‌and‌‌facts‌‌or‌‌both,‌‌ 
whose‌‌relief‌‌it‌‌is‌‌  spouse,‌‌children‌‌and‌‌parents‌‌of‌‌the‌‌  corpus‌‌‌cases.‌  ‌ to‌‌be‌‌given‌‌the‌‌same‌‌ 
if‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌appears‌  ‌AFTER‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌is‌  ‌allowed,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
intended,‌‌or‌‌by‌‌some‌‌  aggrieved‌p ‌ arty;‌‌   ‌ priority‌‌as‌‌habeas‌‌ 
person‌‌   ‌shall‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌
  discharged‌‌  ‌by‌‌
  reason‌‌  of‌‌
  any‌‌ informality‌‌ 
person‌‌on‌‌his‌‌behalf.‌  ‌ b) Any‌‌ascendant,‌‌descendant‌‌or‌‌collateral‌‌  corpus‌‌‌and‌‌amparo‌‌ 
or‌‌defect‌‌in‌‌the‌‌process,‌‌judgment,‌‌or‌‌order.‌‌   ‌ relative‌‌of‌‌aggrieved‌‌party‌‌within‌‌the‌4
‌ th‌‌  cases.‌  ‌
2. Nor‌  ‌shall‌  ‌anything‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌  ‌rule‌  ‌be‌  ‌held‌  ‌to‌  ‌authorize‌  ‌the‌‌  civil‌‌degree‌‌‌of‌‌consanguinity‌‌or‌‌affinity;‌‌  
discharge‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌‌
  charged‌‌   with‌‌
  or‌‌
  convicted‌‌   of‌‌
  an‌‌
  offense‌‌  Rule‌‌on‌‌Custody‌‌of‌‌Minors‌‌and‌‌Writ‌‌of‌‌Habeas‌‌Corpus‌‌in‌‌
 
c) Any‌‌concerned‌‌   ‌
in‌‌
  the‌‌ Philippines,‌‌ or‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ suffering‌‌ imprisonment‌‌ under‌‌  relation‌‌to‌‌Custody‌‌of‌‌Minors‌  ‌
citizen,‌‌ 
lawful‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ organization,‌‌  ➔ Rule‌  ‌on‌  ‌Custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌Minors‌  ‌and‌  ‌Writ‌  ‌of‌‌
  Habeas‌‌
  Corpus‌‌
  in‌‌ 
3. Restrictive‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌members‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌PNP‌  ‌facing‌‌  association‌‌or‌‌  Relation‌‌to‌‌Custody‌‌of‌‌Minors‌‌‌(A.M.‌‌No.‌‌03-04-04-SC)‌ 
institution,‌‌if‌‌no‌‌ 
administrative‌‌   charges‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ placed‌‌ under‌‌ restrictive‌‌ custody‌‌  1. The‌  ‌Family‌  ‌Court‌  ‌has‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌hear‌‌ 
known‌‌member‌‌ 
under‌  ‌RA‌  ‌6975‌  ‌as‌  ‌amended‌  ‌by‌  ‌RA‌  ‌8551.‌  ‌Therefore,‌‌  of‌‌immediate‌‌  petitions‌‌
  for‌‌
  custody‌‌   of‌‌
  minors‌‌
  and‌‌  the‌‌
  issuance‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌ writ‌‌ of‌‌ 
confinement‌  ‌is‌  ‌by‌  ‌virtue‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law.‌  ‌Habeas‌‌  family.‌‌   ‌ habeas‌‌corpus‌‌in‌‌relation‌‌to‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌minors.‌  ‌
corpus‌‌
  will‌‌
  NOT‌‌   lie.‌‌
  (‌Ampatuan‌‌   v.‌‌
  Macaraig‌, ‌‌G.R.‌‌ No.‌‌ 142497,‌‌ 
June‌‌29,‌‌2010)‌  ‌ Where‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌ 2. It‌‌
  should‌‌ be‌‌ clarified‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ writ‌‌ is‌‌ issued‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ Family‌‌ Court‌‌ 
only‌  ‌in‌  ‌relation‌  ‌to‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌minors.‌  ‌An‌‌   ordinary‌‌   petition‌‌ 
RTC‌,‌‌enforceable‌‌  RTC,‌‌Sandiganbayan,‌‌CA,‌‌SC;‌‌Writ‌‌is‌  for‌h‌ abeas‌‌corpus‌s‌ hould‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌regular‌‌Court.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 116‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

government‌  ‌involvement‌  ‌remains‌  ‌an‌  ‌indispensable‌‌ 


3. The‌‌
  issue‌‌  of‌‌
  child‌‌  custody‌‌  may‌‌   be‌‌
  tackled‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ Family‌‌ Court‌  1. Issuance‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌
  Writ‌. ‌‌Upon‌‌  the‌‌ filing‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ petition,‌‌ the‌‌ court,‌‌ 
element‌. ‌‌There‌‌
  must‌‌
  be‌‌
  state‌‌
  participation.‌‌
  (‌Navia‌‌
  v.‌‌ Pardico‌, ‌‌
without‌  ‌need‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌custody‌  ‌being‌  ‌filed.‌‌  justice‌  ‌or‌  ‌judge‌  ‌shall‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌ 
673‌‌SCRA‌‌618)‌  ‌
“Any‌‌person‌‌claiming‌‌custody”‌‌cover‌‌the‌‌following:‌‌   ‌ writ‌‌if‌‌on‌‌its‌‌face‌‌it‌‌ought‌‌to‌‌issue.‌‌   ‌
5. Inapplicable‌  ‌
a) the‌‌unlawful‌‌deprivation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌a‌‌minor;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌issue‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌seal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
court;‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌urgent‌  ‌necessity,‌  ‌the‌  ‌justice‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌‌  a. To‌  ‌protect‌  ‌property‌  ‌or‌  ‌commercial‌  ‌rights;‌‌
  (‌Canlas‌‌
  v.‌‌ 
b) which‌  ‌parent‌  ‌shall‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌care‌  ‌and‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌‌
  or‌‌  her‌‌
  own‌‌
  hand,‌‌   and‌‌
  may‌‌   deputize‌‌  NAPICO‌)‌ 
minor,‌  ‌when‌  ‌such‌  ‌parent‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌midst‌  ‌of‌  ‌nullity,‌‌ 
any‌‌officer‌‌or‌‌person‌‌to‌‌serve‌‌it.‌‌   ‌
annulment‌‌or‌‌legal‌‌separation‌‌proceedings.‌‌   ‌ b. To‌‌protect‌‌right‌‌to‌‌travel;‌‌(R
‌ eyes‌‌v.‌‌Gonzales‌) ‌ ‌
The‌‌ writ‌‌ shall‌‌ also‌‌ set‌‌ the‌‌ date‌‌ and‌‌ time‌‌ for‌‌ summary‌‌ hearing‌‌ 
4. A‌  ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss‌‌   the‌‌   petition‌‌  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  allowed‌‌   ‌except‌‌
  ‌on‌‌  c. To‌‌obtain‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌minor‌‌child.‌‌(C
‌ aram‌‌v.‌‌Segui‌) ‌ ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌later‌  ‌than‌  ‌seven‌  ‌(7)‌  ‌days‌‌ 
the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌or‌‌ 
from‌‌the‌‌date‌‌of‌‌its‌‌issuance.‌  ‌ 6. Omnibus‌  ‌Waiver‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Defenses‌  ‌Not‌  ‌Pleaded‌  ‌Deemed‌‌ 
over‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌. ‌ ‌Any‌  ‌other‌  ‌ground‌  ‌that‌  ‌might‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Waived‌‌  — ‌‌All‌‌
  defenses‌‌
  shall‌‌ be‌‌ raised‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ return,‌‌ otherwise,‌‌ 
dismissal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌raised‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌affirmative‌‌  2. Nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌Amparo‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Remedy‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌preventive‌  ‌in‌  ‌that‌‌   it‌‌ 
they‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌deemed‌‌waived.‌  ‌
defense‌‌in‌‌the‌‌answer‌.  ‌‌ ‌ breaks‌‌  the‌‌  expectation‌‌   of‌‌
  impunity‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌ commission‌‌ of‌‌ these‌‌ 
offenses,‌‌   and‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌curative‌‌   ‌in‌‌
  that‌‌
  it‌‌
  facilitates‌‌
  the‌‌ subsequent‌‌  7. Petitioner‌‌is‌e
‌ xempted‌t‌ o‌‌pay‌‌docket‌‌and‌‌other‌‌lawful‌‌fees.‌  ‌
5. Upon‌‌   the‌‌  filing‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌verified‌‌   answer‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌  expiration‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ 
punishment‌‌ of‌‌ perpetrators‌‌ by‌‌ inevitably‌‌ leading‌‌ to‌‌ subsequent‌‌  8. Contents‌‌of‌‌verified‌‌petition:‌‌   ‌
period‌‌   to‌‌
  file‌‌
  it,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌   may‌‌   order‌‌
  a ‌‌social‌‌ worker‌‌ to‌‌ make‌‌ a ‌‌
investigation‌‌   and‌‌   action‌‌   (‌Rodriguez‌‌ v.‌‌ Arroyo‌, ‌‌G.R.‌‌ No.‌‌ 191805,‌‌ 
case‌‌  study‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ minor‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌ submit‌‌ a ‌‌‌report‌‌  a) Personal‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌of‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌and‌  ‌of‌‌ 
April‌‌16,‌‌2013).‌  ‌
and‌‌  recommendation‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  at‌‌  least‌‌ ‌three‌‌ days‌‌ before‌‌  respondent‌‌responsible‌‌for‌‌the‌‌threat,‌‌act‌‌or‌‌omission;‌‌   ‌
the‌‌scheduled‌‌pre-trial‌.  ‌‌ ‌ 3. Extralegal‌  ‌killings‌  ‌and‌  ‌enforced‌  ‌disappearance‌. ‌ ‌
Committed‌  ‌without‌  ‌due‌  ‌process‌  ‌of‌  ‌law,‌  ‌i.e.,‌  ‌without‌  ‌legal‌‌  b) Violated‌‌  or‌‌ threatened‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ life,‌‌ liberty‌‌ and‌‌ security‌‌ 
6. Hold‌  ‌Departure‌  ‌Order‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌minor‌  ‌child‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  of‌  ‌aggrieved‌  ‌party,‌  ‌and‌  ‌how‌  ‌committed‌  ‌with‌‌ 
safeguards‌‌or‌‌judicial‌‌proceedings.‌   ‌ ‌
petition‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌brought‌  ‌out‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌
  country‌‌   without‌‌   prior‌‌  attendance‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌detailed‌  ‌in‌  ‌supporting‌‌ 
order‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌while‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending.‌‌   The‌‌  court‌‌  Enforced‌‌disappearance‌h
‌ as‌‌been‌‌defined‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Court‌‌as‌‌the‌‌   ‌ affidavits;‌  ‌
motu‌‌ propio‌‌ ‌or‌‌ upon‌‌ application‌‌ under‌‌ oath‌‌ may‌‌ issue‌‌ ‌ex‌‌ parte‌‌ 
a) arrest,‌  ‌detention,‌  ‌abduction‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌‌  c) Investigation‌  ‌conducted,‌  ‌specifying‌  ‌names,‌  ‌personal‌‌ 
a‌‌
  hold‌‌   departure‌‌   order‌‌   addressed‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  BID‌‌
  or‌‌
  the‌‌  DOJ‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌‌ 
deprivation‌‌of‌‌liberty‌‌   ‌ circumstances‌  ‌and‌  ‌addresses‌  ‌of‌  ‌investigating‌‌ 
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌hold‌‌
  departure‌‌   order‌‌  within‌‌   24‌‌  hours‌‌  from‌‌   its‌‌
  issuance‌‌ 
and‌‌through‌‌the‌‌fastest‌‌available‌‌means‌‌of‌‌transmittal.‌  ‌ b) by‌  ‌agents‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌State‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌persons‌  ‌or‌  ‌groups‌  ‌of‌‌  authority‌  ‌or‌  ‌individuals,‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌manner‌  ‌and‌‌ 
persons‌  ‌acting‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌authorization,‌  ‌support‌  ‌or‌‌  conduct‌‌of‌‌investigation‌‌together‌‌with‌‌any‌‌report;‌  ‌
7. In‌‌
  cases‌‌   involving‌‌   minors,‌‌   the‌‌   purpose‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ ‌habeas‌‌ 
acquiescence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌State,‌‌   ‌ d) Actions‌  ‌and‌  ‌recourses‌  ‌taken‌  ‌by‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌to‌‌ 
corpus‌‌   ‌is‌‌  NOT‌‌  limited‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌   production‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ child‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌ 
court.‌‌  The‌‌   main‌‌  purpose‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ petition‌‌ for‌‌ habeas‌‌ corpus‌‌ is‌‌ ‌to‌‌  c) followed‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌refusal‌‌
  to‌‌
  acknowledge‌‌
  the‌‌
  deprivation‌‌  determine‌  ‌the‌  ‌fate‌  ‌or‌  ‌whereabouts‌  ‌of‌‌
  aggrieved‌‌  party‌‌ 
determine‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌rightful‌  ‌custody‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌child.‌‌  of‌  ‌liberty‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌concealment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌fate‌  ‌or‌‌  and‌‌
  identity‌‌ of‌‌ person‌‌ responsible‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ threat,‌‌ act‌‌ or‌‌ 
(‌Bagtas‌‌v.‌‌Santos‌) ‌ ‌ whereabouts‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌disappeared‌  ‌person,‌  ‌which‌  ‌place‌‌  omission;‌‌and‌  ‌
 ‌ such‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌outside‌  ‌the‌  ‌protection‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌‌  e) The‌‌relief‌‌prayed‌‌for.‌‌   ‌
(‌Mamba‌‌v.‌‌Bueno‌,‌‌G.R.‌‌No.‌‌191416,‌‌7‌‌February‌‌2017).‌  ‌
Writ‌‌of‌‌Amparo‌  ‌ f) May‌‌  include‌‌ general‌‌ prayer‌‌ for‌‌ other‌‌ just‌‌ and‌‌ equitable‌‌ 
4. NB:‌  ‌Writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌Amparo‌  ‌is‌‌
  NOT‌‌
  the‌‌
  proper‌‌
  remedy‌‌
  if‌‌
  there‌‌
  is‌‌
  NO‌‌  reliefs.‌  ‌
➔ Writ‌‌of‌‌Amparo‌‌‌(A.M.‌‌No.‌‌07-9-12-SC)‌  ‌ government‌‌participation.‌  ‌
9. Contents‌‌  of‌‌
  return:‌‌   ‌Within‌‌   ‌72‌‌ hours‌‌ after‌‌ service‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ,‌‌ 
Even‌‌
  if‌‌
  a ‌‌person‌‌
  sought‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  accountable‌‌
  or‌‌
  responsible‌‌ in‌‌ an‌‌  respondent‌  ‌shall‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌‌verified‌‌   written‌‌
  return‌‌   together‌‌   with‌‌ 
amparo‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌private‌  ‌individual‌  ‌or‌  ‌entity,‌  ‌the‌‌  the‌‌supporting‌‌affidavits,‌‌which‌‌shall‌‌contain:‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 117‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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a) Lawful‌‌defenses;‌‌   ‌ b) Inspection‌‌   Order‌‌  ‌— ‌‌with‌‌


  a ‌‌lifetime‌‌
  of‌‌
  ‌5 ‌‌days‌‌ which‌‌  procedure‌w
‌ as‌‌devised‌‌to‌‌afford‌‌swift‌‌but‌‌decisive‌‌relief.‌‌   ‌
may‌  ‌be‌  ‌extended,‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌opposed‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌‌ 
b) Steps‌  ‌or‌  ‌actions‌  ‌taken‌  ‌to‌  ‌determine‌  ‌whereabouts‌  ‌of‌‌  1) It‌  ‌is‌  ‌initiated‌  ‌through‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌RTC,‌‌ 
national‌  ‌security‌  ‌or‌  ‌privileged‌  ‌information,‌  ‌allows‌‌ 
aggrieved‌‌party;‌‌   ‌ Sandiganbayan,‌‌the‌‌CA,‌‌or‌‌the‌‌SC.‌‌   ‌
entry‌‌
  into‌‌  and‌‌
  inspect,‌‌ measure,‌‌ survey‌‌ or‌‌ photograph‌‌ 
c) All‌  ‌relevant‌  ‌information‌  ‌pertaining‌  ‌to‌  ‌threat,‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌‌  the‌‌property;‌  ‌ 2) The‌‌   judge‌‌
  or‌‌
  justice‌‌  then‌‌
  makes‌‌ an‌‌ “‌immediate‌” ‌‌evaluation‌‌ 
omission‌‌against‌‌aggrieved‌‌party;‌‌   ‌ of‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌as‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌affidavits‌‌ 
c) Production‌  ‌Order‌  ‌— ‌ ‌to‌  ‌require‌  ‌respondents‌  ‌to‌‌ 
submitted‌‌“with‌‌the‌‌attendant‌‌circumstances‌‌detailed”.‌  ‌
d) If‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌is‌‌
  a ‌‌public‌‌
  official‌‌
  or‌‌
  employee,‌‌
  further‌‌  produce‌  ‌and‌  ‌permit‌  ‌inspection,‌  ‌copying‌  ‌or‌‌ 
state:‌‌   ‌ photographing‌‌   of‌‌
  documents,‌‌ papers,‌‌ books,‌‌ accounts,‌‌  3) After‌‌
  evaluation,‌‌
  the‌‌ judge‌‌ has‌‌ the‌‌ option‌‌ to‌‌ issue‌‌ the‌‌ Writ‌‌ of‌‌ 
Amparo‌‌or‌‌immediately‌‌dismiss‌‌the‌‌case.‌  
1) verify‌‌the‌‌identity‌‌of‌‌aggrieved;‌‌   ‌ letters,‌  ‌photographs,‌  ‌objects‌  ‌or‌  ‌tangible‌  ‌things‌  ‌that‌‌ 
contain‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ a) Dismissal‌  ‌is‌  ‌proper‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2) recover‌  ‌and‌  ‌preserve‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌related‌  ‌to‌‌  supporting‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌show‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
death‌‌
  or‌‌ disappearance‌‌ of‌‌ person‌‌ identified‌‌ in‌‌  d) Witness‌‌
  Protection‌‌   Order‌‌
  ‌— ‌‌the‌‌
  court‌‌
  may‌‌ refer‌‌ the‌‌  petitioner's‌‌  right‌‌
  to‌‌
  life,‌‌
  liberty‌‌
  or‌‌ security‌‌ is‌‌ under‌‌ 
petition;‌‌   ‌ witnessed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌DOJ.‌  ‌ threat‌‌or‌‌the‌‌acts‌‌complained‌‌of‌‌are‌‌not‌‌unlawful.‌‌   ‌

3) identify‌‌witnesses‌‌and‌‌their‌‌statements;‌‌   ‌ 13. Effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌filing‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌first‌‌
  filed‌‌  b) On‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌hand,‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌itself‌‌ 
excludes‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  writ;‌‌
  relief‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  by‌‌
  motion‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌  sets‌  ‌in‌  ‌motion‌  ‌presumptive‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌protection‌  ‌for‌‌ 
4) determine‌‌ cause,‌‌ manner,‌‌ location‌‌ and‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌  criminal‌  ‌case.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌  ‌filed‌  ‌subsequently‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  the‌‌petitioner.‌‌   ‌
death‌  ‌or‌  ‌disappearance‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌‌
  pattern‌‌
  or‌‌  consolidated‌‌with‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌amparo.‌  ‌ 1. The‌  ‌court‌  ‌compels‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondents‌  ‌to‌‌ 
practice;‌  ‌ appear‌  ‌before‌  ‌a ‌ ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌to‌  ‌show‌‌ 
14. Quantum‌  ‌of‌  ‌proof.‌  ‌By‌  ‌substantial‌  ‌evidence‌. ‌ ‌Private‌‌ 
5) identify‌  ‌and‌  ‌apprehend‌  ‌person/s‌‌
  involved‌‌
  in‌‌  whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌for‌  ‌more‌  ‌permanent‌‌ 
respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌ordinary‌  ‌diligence‌  ‌was‌  ‌observed‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
protection‌  ‌and‌  ‌interim‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌are‌‌ 
the‌‌death/disappearance;‌‌   ‌ performance‌  ‌of‌  ‌duty.‌  ‌Public‌  ‌official/employee‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌‌  necessary.‌  ‌
6) bring‌‌
  suspected‌‌
  offenders‌‌
  before‌‌ a ‌‌competent‌‌  prove‌‌  extraordinary‌‌  diligence‌‌ was‌‌ observed,‌‌ and‌‌ cannot‌‌ invoke‌‌ 
2. The‌  ‌respondents‌  ‌are‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌‌
court.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌presumption‌  ‌that‌  ‌official‌  ‌duty‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌regularly‌‌ 
Return‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌‌ 
performed‌‌to‌‌evade‌‌responsibility‌‌or‌‌liability.‌  ‌
10. Effects‌  ‌of‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌return‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌court,‌  ‌justice‌  ‌or‌  ‌judge‌‌  through‌  ‌the‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court.‌  ‌The‌  ‌Return‌‌ 
shall‌‌proceed‌‌to‌‌hear‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌ex‌‌parte.‌  15. What‌  ‌is‌  ‌standard‌  ‌of‌  ‌totality‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence?‌    ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌  serves‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌responsive‌  ‌pleading‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
consideration‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌pieces‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌adduced‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌‌  petition.‌  ‌Unlike‌  ‌an‌‌  Answer,‌‌   the‌‌
  Return‌‌
  has‌‌ 
11. Procedure‌  ‌for‌  ‌hearing.‌  ‌The‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌‌   shall‌‌  be‌‌  totality,‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌consider‌  ‌any‌‌
  evidence‌‌   otherwise‌‌   inadmissible‌‌  other‌  ‌purposes‌  ‌aside‌  ‌from‌  ‌identifying‌  ‌the‌‌ 
summary‌. ‌‌However‌‌  the‌‌  court,‌‌  justice‌‌  or‌‌  judge‌‌  may‌‌  call‌‌  for‌‌  a ‌‌ issues‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌case.‌  ‌Respondents‌  ‌are‌  ‌also‌‌ 
under‌  ‌our‌  ‌usual‌  ‌rules‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  admissible‌‌   if‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  consistent‌‌
  with‌‌ 
preliminary‌  ‌conference‌  ‌to‌  ‌simplify‌  ‌the‌  ‌issues‌  ‌and‌  ‌determine‌‌  required‌  ‌to‌  ‌detail‌  ‌the‌  ‌actions‌  ‌they‌  ‌had‌‌ 
the‌‌admissible‌‌evidence‌‌adduced.‌‌   ‌
taken‌‌  to‌‌
  determine‌‌   the‌‌
  fate‌‌ or‌‌ whereabouts‌‌ 
the‌  ‌possibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌obtaining‌  ‌stipulations‌‌   and‌‌  admissions‌‌   from‌‌ 
In‌‌
  other‌‌   words,‌‌   it‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ reduction‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ rules‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ most‌‌ basic‌‌  of‌‌the‌‌aggrieved‌‌party.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌parties.‌  ‌The‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌from‌  ‌day‌  ‌to‌  ‌day‌  ‌until‌‌ 
completed‌  ‌and‌‌   given‌‌   the‌‌
  same‌‌  priority‌‌
  as‌‌  petitions‌‌
  for‌‌
  habeas‌‌  test‌  ‌of‌  ‌reason‌  ‌— ‌ ‌i.e.,‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌relevance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondents‌  ‌are‌  ‌public‌  ‌officials‌  o ‌ r‌‌ 
corpus.‌  ‌ issue‌  ‌at‌  ‌hand‌  ‌and‌  ‌its‌  ‌consistency‌  ‌with‌  ‌all‌  ‌other‌  ‌pieces‌  ‌of‌‌  employees‌, ‌ ‌they‌  ‌are‌  ‌also‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌  ‌state‌  ‌the‌‌ 
adduced‌  ‌evidence.‌  ‌Thus,‌  ‌even‌  ‌hearsay‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌‌  actions‌‌they‌‌had‌‌taken.‌  ‌
12. Interim‌‌reliefs‌‌available‌‌before‌‌final‌‌judgment:‌‌   ‌ admitted‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌satisfies‌  ‌this‌  ‌basic‌  ‌minimum‌  ‌test‌  ‌(‌Razon,‌  ‌Jr.‌  ‌v.‌‌  4) There‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌‌
  a ‌‌‌summary‌‌   hearing‌‌   only‌‌
  after‌‌
  the‌‌
  Return‌‌   is‌‌ 
a) Temporary‌  ‌Protection‌  ‌Order‌  ‌— ‌ ‌protected‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌ Tagitis‌,‌‌December‌‌3,‌‌2009,‌‌606‌‌SCRA‌‌598)‌  ‌ filed‌  ‌to‌  ‌determine‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌and‌  ‌whether‌‌ 
government‌  ‌agency‌  ‌of‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌  ‌accredited‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌‌  interim‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌are‌  ‌warranted.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌Return‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌
  filed,‌‌
  the‌‌ 
De‌‌Lima‌‌v.‌‌Gatdula‌,‌‌Leonen,‌‌J⭐‌  ‌
private‌  ‌institution‌  ‌capable‌  ‌of‌  ‌keeping‌  ‌and‌  ‌securing‌‌  hearing‌‌will‌‌be‌‌done‌‌ex‌‌parte.‌  ‌
their‌‌safety;‌  ‌ Due‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌delicate‌  ‌and‌  ‌urgent‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌these‌  ‌controversies,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
5) After‌  ‌the‌  ‌hearing,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  will‌‌
  render‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌
  within‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 118‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌is‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌for‌‌  2. Indigent‌‌ ‌petitioner‌‌ is‌‌ ‌exempted‌‌ ‌from‌‌ paying‌‌ docket‌‌ and‌‌ other‌‌  5. Effects‌  ‌of‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌return:‌  ‌The‌  ‌court,‌  ‌justice‌  ‌or‌  ‌judge‌‌ 
decision.‌  ‌ lawful‌‌fees.‌  ‌ shall‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌to‌  ‌hear‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌, ‌ ‌granting‌  ‌the‌ 
a) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌are‌  ‌proven‌  ‌with‌  ‌substantial‌‌  petitioner‌  ‌such‌  ‌relief‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌may‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌‌ 
3. Contents‌‌of‌‌verified‌‌petition:‌‌   ‌
evidence,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌grant‌  ‌the‌  ‌privilege‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌in‌‌its‌‌discretion‌‌requires‌‌petitioner‌‌to‌‌submit‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
writ‌  ‌and‌  ‌such‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌proper‌  ‌and‌‌  a) Personal‌‌circumstances‌‌of‌‌petitioner‌‌and‌‌respondent;‌‌   ‌
6. Procedure‌  ‌for‌  ‌hearing:‌  ‌The‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌  petition‌‌   shall‌‌  be‌‌ 
appropriate.‌‌   It‌‌ is‌‌ this‌‌ judgment‌‌ that‌‌ could‌‌ be‌‌ subject‌‌ 
b) The‌  ‌manner‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌privacy‌  ‌is‌  ‌violated‌  ‌or‌‌  summary‌. ‌‌However,‌‌  the‌‌  court,‌‌  justice‌‌  or‌‌  judge‌‌  may‌‌  call‌‌  for‌‌ a ‌‌
to‌‌appeal‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌‌via‌‌Rule‌‌45.‌  ‌
threatened‌‌  and‌‌ how‌‌ it‌‌ affects‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ life,‌‌ liberty‌‌ or‌‌  preliminary‌  ‌conference‌  ‌to‌  ‌simplify‌  ‌the‌  ‌issues‌  ‌and‌  ‌determine‌‌ 
6) After‌  ‌the‌‌
  measures‌‌   have‌‌
  served‌‌
  their‌‌
  purpose,‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌  security‌‌of‌‌aggrieved‌‌party;‌‌   ‌ the‌  ‌possibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌obtaining‌  ‌stipulations‌‌
  and‌‌  admissions‌‌   from‌‌ 
will‌‌be‌‌satisfied.‌‌   ‌
c) Actions‌  ‌and‌  ‌recourses‌  ‌taken‌  ‌by‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌to‌  ‌secure‌‌  the‌‌parties.‌  ‌
The‌‌   ‌privilege‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  Writ‌‌  of‌‌
  Amparo‌‌   should‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌distinguished‌‌ ‌from‌‌  the‌‌data‌‌or‌‌information;‌‌   ‌ 7. Effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌filing‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action:‌  ‌A ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌‌
  first‌‌
  filed‌‌ 
the‌  ‌actual‌  ‌order‌  ‌called‌  ‌the‌  ‌Writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌Amparo‌. ‌‌The‌‌   privilege‌‌
  includes‌‌ 
d) Location‌  ‌of‌  ‌files,‌  ‌registers‌  ‌or‌  ‌databases,‌  ‌government‌‌  excludes‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  writ;‌‌
  relief‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  by‌‌
  motion‌‌  in‌‌  the‌‌ 
availment‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ entire‌‌ procedure‌‌ outlined‌‌ in‌‌ A.M.‌‌ No.‌‌ 07-9-12-SC,‌‌ the‌‌ 
Rule‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌Writ‌  ‌of‌  ‌Amparo.‌  ‌After‌  ‌examining‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌and‌  ‌its‌‌  office,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌in‌  ‌charge,‌  ‌in‌  ‌possession‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌‌  criminal‌  ‌case;‌  ‌A ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌  ‌filed‌  ‌subsequently‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
attached‌  ‌affidavits,‌  ‌the‌  ‌Return‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌presented‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  control‌‌of‌‌the‌‌data‌‌or‌‌information,‌‌if‌‌known;‌  ‌ consolidated‌‌with‌‌the‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌the‌‌writ‌‌of‌‌habeas‌‌data.‌  ‌
summary‌‌   hearing,‌‌   the‌‌
  judgment‌‌   should‌‌  detail‌‌
  the‌‌
  required‌‌   acts‌‌ from‌ 
e) Reliefs‌  ‌prayed‌  ‌for,‌  ‌which‌  ‌may‌  ‌include‌  ‌the‌  ‌updating,‌‌  8. Quantum‌‌   of‌‌   proof:‌‌ ‌The‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌ render‌‌ judgment‌‌ within‌‌ ‌10‌‌ 
the‌  ‌respondents‌  ‌that‌  ‌will‌  ‌mitigate,‌  ‌if‌  ‌not‌  ‌totally‌  ‌eradicate,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
rectification,‌  ‌suppression‌  ‌or‌  ‌destruction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  days‌‌   from‌‌  the‌‌   time‌‌ the‌‌ petition‌‌ is‌‌ submitted‌‌ for‌‌ decision.‌‌ If‌‌ the‌‌ 
violation‌‌of‌‌or‌‌the‌‌threat‌‌to‌‌the‌‌petitioner's‌‌life,‌‌liberty‌‌or‌‌security.‌ 
database‌‌or‌‌information‌‌or‌‌files‌‌kept‌‌by‌‌respondent;‌  ‌ allegations‌  ‌are‌  ‌proven‌  ‌by‌  s ‌ ubstantial‌  ‌evidence‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
A‌‌
  judgment‌‌   which‌‌  simply‌‌
  grants‌‌
  “the‌‌
  privilege‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ writ”‌‌ cannot‌‌ be‌‌  shall‌‌   enjoin‌‌   the‌‌   act‌‌
  complained‌‌   of,‌‌
  or‌‌ the‌‌ deletion,‌‌ destruction,‌‌ 
executed.‌  ‌The‌  ‌procedural‌‌
  irregularities‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  RTC‌‌   affected‌‌
  the‌‌
  mode‌‌  f) In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌threats,‌  ‌relief‌  ‌may‌  ‌include‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prayer‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌ 
or‌  ‌rectification‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  erroneous‌‌   data‌‌  or‌‌
  information‌‌   and‌‌
  grant‌‌ 
of‌‌appeal‌‌that‌‌petitioners‌‌used‌‌in‌‌elevating‌‌the‌‌matter‌‌to‌‌this‌‌Court.‌  ‌ order‌‌enjoining‌‌the‌‌act‌‌complained‌‌of;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
other‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌just‌  ‌and‌  ‌equitable;‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌the‌‌ 
g) Such‌‌other‌‌reliefs‌‌as‌‌are‌‌just‌‌and‌‌equitable.‌  ‌ privilege‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌denied.‌  ‌
 ‌
4. Contents‌‌of‌‌return:‌‌   ‌ 9. Instances‌  ‌When‌  ‌Petition‌  ‌be‌‌
  Heard‌‌  in‌‌
  Chambers.‌‌  ‌A ‌‌hearing‌‌ 
Writ‌‌of‌‌Habeas‌‌Data‌  ‌
in‌  ‌chambers‌  ‌may‌‌
  be‌‌
  conducted‌‌  where‌‌
  the‌‌
  respondent‌‌  invokes‌‌ 
a) Lawful‌  ‌defenses‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌national‌  ‌security,‌  ‌state‌ 
the‌‌defense‌‌   ‌
➔ Writ‌‌of‌‌Habeas‌‌Data‌‌‌(A.M.‌‌No.‌‌08-1-16-SC)‌  ‌ secrets,‌‌
  privileged‌‌
  communications,‌‌   confidentiality‌‌ of‌‌ 
source‌‌of‌‌information;‌  ‌ a. that‌‌
  the‌‌
  release‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  data‌‌
  or‌‌
  information‌‌
  in‌‌
  question‌‌ 
1. Where‌‌is‌‌the‌‌venue‌:‌‌If‌‌filed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌RTC‌:  ‌‌ ‌
shall‌‌compromise‌‌national‌‌security‌‌or‌‌state‌‌secrets,‌‌or‌‌  
b) Disclosure‌  ‌of‌  ‌data/info‌  ‌about‌  ‌petitioner,‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌‌ 
a) in‌‌the‌‌place‌‌where‌‌the‌‌petitioner‌‌resides;‌‌   ‌
data/info,‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌collection;‌  ‌ b. when‌‌ the‌‌ data‌‌ or‌‌ information‌‌ cannot‌‌ be‌‌ divulged‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
b) in‌‌the‌‌place‌‌where‌‌the‌‌respondents‌‌reside;‌‌   ‌ public‌‌due‌‌to‌‌its‌‌nature‌‌or‌‌privileged‌‌character.‌  ‌
c) Steps‌  ‌or‌  ‌actions‌  ‌taken‌  ‌by‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌to‌  ‌ensure‌‌ 
c) in‌‌
  the‌‌
  place‌‌
  where‌‌
  the‌‌
  data‌‌ or‌‌ information‌‌ is‌‌ gathered,‌‌  security‌‌and‌‌confidentiality‌‌of‌‌data‌‌or‌‌information;‌‌   ‌ 10. Three‌‌Strands‌‌of‌‌Right‌‌to‌‌Privacy‌  ‌
collected‌‌or‌‌stored.‌  ‌
d) Currency‌‌and‌‌accuracy‌‌of‌‌data‌‌or‌‌information;‌  ‌ a. Locational‌  ‌or‌  ‌Situational‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌privacy‌‌ 
At‌‌the‌‌option‌‌of‌‌the‌‌petitioner.‌  ‌ that‌  ‌is‌  ‌felt‌  ‌in‌‌
  physical‌‌
  space,‌‌
  such‌‌
  as‌‌
  that‌‌
  which‌‌
  may‌‌ 
e) Other‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌relevant‌  ‌to‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌  ‌petition‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌SC‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌  be‌  ‌violated‌  ‌by‌  ‌trespass‌  ‌and‌  ‌unwarranted‌  ‌search‌  ‌and‌‌ 
proceedings.‌  ‌
Sandiganbayan‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌concerns‌  ‌public‌‌   data‌‌   files‌‌  seizure;‌‌(S‌ ec‌‌2‌‌Art‌‌III‌‌1987‌‌Constitution‌) ‌ ‌
A‌‌
  general‌‌  denial‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  allegations‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  petition‌‌ 
of‌‌government‌‌offices.‌  ‌ b. Decisional‌‌   — ‌‌The‌‌ right‌‌ of‌‌ individuals‌‌ to‌‌ make‌‌ certain‌‌ 
is‌‌not‌‌allowed.‌  ‌
kinds‌  ‌of‌  ‌fundamental‌  ‌choices‌  ‌with‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌  ‌their‌‌ 
personal‌‌and‌‌reproductive‌‌autonomy;‌‌and‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 119‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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c. ✔‌  ‌Informational‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌individuals‌  ‌to‌‌  e) Change‌‌   is‌‌  based‌‌
  on‌‌
  a ‌‌sincere‌‌ desire‌‌ to‌‌ adopt‌‌ a ‌‌Filipino‌‌  Involves‌‌change‌‌of‌‌  Involves‌‌first‌‌name‌‌  All‌‌cancellation‌‌or‌‌ 
control‌  ‌information‌  ‌about‌  ‌themselves.‌  ‌(‌Writ‌  ‌of‌‌  name‌  ‌to‌‌  ‌erase‌‌
  signs‌‌   of‌‌
  former‌‌  alienage‌, ‌‌all‌‌   in‌‌
  good‌‌  name‌‌only‌  ‌ and‌‌nickname‌  ‌ correction‌‌of‌‌entries‌  ‌
Habeas‌‌Data‌) ‌ ‌ faith‌‌and‌‌without‌‌prejudice‌‌to‌‌anybody;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
Involves‌‌substantial‌‌  Involves‌‌clerical‌‌or‌‌  Substantial‌‌and‌‌ 
11. It‌‌
  seeks‌‌
  to‌‌
  protect‌‌
  a ‌‌person's‌‌   right‌‌
  to‌‌
  control‌‌ information‌‌  f) Surname‌  ‌causes‌  ‌embarrassment‌  ‌and‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌‌  changes‌  ‌ typographical‌‌errors‌  ‌ adversary‌‌if‌c‌ hange‌‌ 
regarding‌  ‌oneself‌,‌  ‌particularly‌  ‌in‌  ‌instances‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌such‌‌  showing‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌desired‌  ‌change‌  ‌of‌  ‌name‌  ‌was‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌‌ affects‌‌the‌‌civil‌‌ 
information‌‌ is‌‌ being‌‌ collected‌‌ through‌‌ unlawful‌‌ means‌‌ in‌‌ order‌‌  fraudulent‌‌  purpose,‌‌   or‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  change‌‌   of‌‌
  name‌‌
  would‌‌  status,‌‌citizenship‌‌or‌‌ 
prejudice‌‌public‌‌interest.‌  ‌ nationality‌‌of‌‌a‌‌party;‌‌ 
to‌‌achieve‌‌unlawful‌‌ends.‌‌   ‌
Summary‌‌if‌‌involves‌‌ 
It‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌only‌  ‌confined‌  ‌to‌  ‌cases‌  ‌of‌  ‌extralegal‌  ‌killings‌  ‌and‌‌  5. For‌‌RA‌‌9048,‌‌the‌‌grounds‌‌are:‌  ‌ mere‌‌clerical‌‌errors.‌  ‌
enforced‌‌disappearances.‌‌(V ‌ ivares‌‌v.‌‌STC‌,‌‌September‌‌29,‌‌2014)‌  ‌
a) First‌  ‌name‌  ‌or‌  ‌nickname‌  ‌is‌  ‌found‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌ridiculous,‌‌  Order‌‌for‌‌hearing‌‌to‌‌  Petition‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌  Order‌‌shall‌‌also‌‌be‌‌ 
12. NB:‌  ‌Availment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌requires‌  ‌the‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌‌NEXUS‌‌  tainted‌‌   with‌‌ dishonor‌‌ or‌‌ extremely‌‌ difficult‌‌ to‌‌ write‌‌ or‌‌  be‌‌published‌‌once‌‌a‌‌  published‌‌at‌‌least‌‌  published‌‌once‌‌a‌‌ 
between‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌privacy‌  ‌on‌‌
  the‌‌
  one‌‌   hand,‌‌
  and‌‌  the‌‌   right‌‌
  to‌‌  pronounce;‌  ‌ week‌‌for‌‌three‌‌  once‌‌a‌‌week‌‌for‌‌two‌‌  week‌‌for‌‌three‌‌ 
life,‌‌liberty‌‌or‌‌security‌‌on‌‌the‌‌other.‌  ‌ consecutive‌‌weeks‌‌in‌‌  consecutive‌‌weeks‌‌in‌‌  consecutive‌‌weeks‌‌in‌‌ 
 ‌ b) The‌  ‌first‌  ‌name‌  ‌or‌  ‌nickname‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌habitually‌  ‌and‌‌  a‌‌newspaper‌‌of‌‌  a‌‌newspaper‌‌of‌‌  a‌‌newspaper‌‌of‌‌ 
continuous‌‌   used‌‌
  by‌‌   petitioner‌‌
  publicly‌‌  known‌‌ by‌‌ that‌‌  general‌‌circulation‌‌in‌‌  general‌‌circulation.‌‌  general‌‌circulation‌‌in‌‌ 
Rule‌‌103-105.‌Change‌‌of‌‌Name‌  ‌ first‌‌name‌‌or‌‌nickname‌‌in‌‌the‌‌community;‌‌   ‌ the‌‌province.‌  ‌ Also‌‌to‌‌be‌‌posted‌‌in‌‌a ‌‌ the‌‌province,‌‌and‌‌ 
conspicuous‌‌place‌‌  court‌‌shall‌‌cause‌‌ 
1. A‌  ‌change‌  ‌of‌  ‌name‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌special‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌to‌  ‌establish‌  ‌the‌‌  c) Change‌‌will‌‌avoid‌‌confusion.‌  ‌ for‌‌ten‌‌consecutive‌‌  reasonable‌‌notice‌‌to‌‌ 
status‌‌  of‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ involving‌‌ his‌‌ relation‌‌ with‌‌ others,‌‌ that‌‌ is,‌‌ his‌‌  6. See‌  ‌comparison‌  ‌between‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌103‌  ‌and‌  ‌108‌  ‌and‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌Clerical‌‌  days.‌  ‌ persons‌‌named‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 
legal‌‌position‌‌in,‌‌or‌‌with‌‌regard‌‌to,‌‌the‌‌rest‌‌of‌‌the‌‌community.‌‌   ‌ petition.‌  ‌
Error‌‌Act‌‌or‌‌RA‌‌9048‌. ‌ ‌
2. It‌  ‌is‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌in‌  ‌rem‌  ‌and‌  ‌as‌  ‌such,‌  ‌strict‌  ‌compliance‌  ‌with‌‌  Entry‌‌is‌‌correct‌‌but‌‌  Entry‌‌is‌‌incorrect.‌  ‌ Cancellation‌‌or‌‌ 
jurisdictional‌  ‌requirements,‌  ‌particularly‌  ‌on‌  ‌publication‌, ‌ ‌is‌‌  Rule‌‌103‌  ‌ RA‌‌9048‌  ‌ Rule‌‌108‌  ‌ petitioner‌‌desires‌‌to‌‌  correction‌‌of‌‌correct‌‌ 
essential‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌vest‌‌the‌‌court‌‌with‌‌jurisdiction‌‌therefor.‌   ‌ ‌ change‌‌the‌‌entry‌  ‌ or‌‌incorrect‌‌entries‌  ‌
filed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌  filed‌‌with‌‌the‌‌city‌‌or‌‌  Verified‌‌petition‌‌filed‌‌ 
3. A‌  ‌change‌  ‌of‌  ‌name‌  ‌granted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌affects‌  ‌only‌  ‌the‌‌  where‌‌the‌‌petitioner‌‌  municipal‌‌civil‌‌  in‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌where‌‌the‌‌  An‌‌appropriate‌‌  An‌‌appropriate‌‌  An‌‌appropriate‌‌ 
petitioner.‌‌
  A ‌‌separate‌‌
  petition‌‌
  for‌‌
  change‌‌ of‌‌ name‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ filed‌‌  resides‌  ‌ registrar,‌‌or‌‌with‌‌  corresponding‌‌Civil‌‌  adversary‌‌  administrative‌‌  summary‌‌or‌‌adversary‌‌ 
consul‌‌general‌‌for‌‌  Registry‌‌is‌‌located.‌  ‌ proceeding‌  ‌ proceeding.‌  ‌ proceeding‌‌depending‌‌ 
by‌‌his‌‌wife‌‌and‌‌children.‌  ‌ on‌‌effects‌  ‌
citizens‌‌living‌‌ 
4. Grounds‌‌for‌‌change‌‌of‌‌name‌  ‌ abroad‌  ‌ Requires‌‌judicial‌‌  Does‌‌not‌‌require‌‌  Directed‌‌or‌‌changed‌‌ 
a) Name‌  ‌is‌  ‌ridiculous‌, ‌ ‌dishonorable‌  ‌or‌  ‌extremely‌‌  order‌  ‌ judicial‌‌order.‌  ‌ by‌‌the‌‌city‌‌or‌‌ 
Civil‌‌Registrar‌‌is‌‌   ‌ Civil‌‌Registrar‌‌is‌‌an‌‌ 
difficult‌t‌ o‌‌write‌‌or‌‌pronounce;‌‌   ‌ municipal‌‌civil‌‌ 
NOT‌‌a‌‌party.‌‌  indispensable‌‌ 
registrar‌‌or‌‌consul‌‌ 
b) Change‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌legal‌  ‌consequence‌  ‌of‌  ‌legitimation‌  ‌or‌‌  Solicitor‌‌General‌‌to‌‌  party.‌‌OSG‌‌must‌‌also‌‌ 
general‌‌without‌‌ 
adoption;‌  ‌ be‌‌notified‌‌by‌‌  be‌‌notified‌‌by‌‌ 
judicial‌‌order‌  ‌
service‌‌of‌‌a‌‌copy‌‌of‌‌  service‌‌of‌‌a‌‌copy‌‌of‌‌ 
c) Change‌‌will‌a
‌ void‌‌confusion‌;  ‌‌ ‌ petition.‌  ‌ the‌‌petition.‌  ‌ Service‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌  Transmittal‌‌of‌‌  Service‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌ 
d) One‌  ‌has‌  ‌continuously‌  ‌used‌  ‌and‌  ‌been‌  ‌known‌  ‌since‌‌  shall‌‌be‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌  decision‌‌to‌‌civil‌‌  shall‌‌be‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌ 
by‌‌the‌‌person‌‌  by‌‌any‌‌person‌‌having‌‌  By‌‌a‌‌person‌‌ 
childhood‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Filipino‌  ‌name‌  ‌and‌  ‌was‌  ‌unaware‌  ‌of‌‌  civil‌‌register‌  registrar‌‌general‌  ‌ civil‌‌register‌ 
desiring‌‌to‌‌change‌‌  direct‌‌and‌‌personal‌‌  interested‌‌in‌‌any‌‌ 
concerned‌  ‌ concerned‌  ‌
alien‌‌parentage;‌‌   ‌ his‌‌name‌  ‌ interest‌‌in‌‌the‌‌  acts,‌‌event,‌‌order‌‌or‌‌ 
correction‌  ‌ decree‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 120‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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Appeal‌‌may‌‌be‌‌  In‌‌case‌‌denied,‌‌  Appeal‌‌may‌‌be‌‌  4. When‌  ‌To‌  ‌File.‌  ‌After‌  ‌the‌  ‌lapse‌  ‌of‌  ‌two‌  ‌(2)‌  ‌years‌  ‌from‌  ‌his‌  (d) legal‌‌separation;‌‌   ‌
availed‌‌of‌‌if‌‌  petitioner‌‌may‌‌either‌‌  availed‌‌of‌‌if‌‌  disappearance‌  ‌and‌  ‌without‌  ‌any‌  ‌news‌  ‌about‌  ‌the‌  ‌absentee‌  ‌or‌‌ 
judgment‌‌or‌‌final‌‌  appeal‌‌the‌‌decision‌‌  judgment‌‌or‌‌final‌‌  (e) judgments‌‌or‌‌annulments‌‌of‌‌marriage;‌  ‌
since‌  ‌the‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌   last‌‌
  news,‌‌  or‌‌
  of‌‌
  ‌five‌‌
  (5)‌‌
  years‌‌
  in‌‌
  case‌‌ 
order‌‌rendered‌  to‌‌the‌‌civil‌‌registrar‌‌  order‌‌rendered‌  the‌‌  absentee‌‌   has‌‌ left‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ in‌‌ charge‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ administration‌‌ of‌‌  (f) judgments‌  ‌declaring‌  ‌marriages‌  ‌void‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌ 
affects‌‌substantial‌‌  general‌‌or‌‌file‌‌  affects‌‌substantial‌‌  beginning;‌‌   ‌
his‌‌  property,‌‌   the‌‌
  declaration‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ absence‌‌ and‌‌ appointment‌‌ of‌‌ 
rights‌‌of‌‌person‌‌  appropriate‌‌petition‌‌  rights‌‌of‌‌person‌‌ 
appealing.‌  ‌ with‌‌proper‌‌court‌‌by‌‌  appealing,‌‌to‌‌the‌‌RTC‌‌  a‌‌trustee‌‌or‌‌administrator‌‌may‌‌be‌‌applied‌‌for.‌   ‌ ‌ (g) legitimations;‌‌   ‌
petition‌‌for‌‌review‌‌  or‌‌to‌‌the‌‌CA.‌  ‌ When‌‌   a‌‌
  person‌‌
  disappears‌‌   from‌‌  his‌‌ domicile,‌‌ his‌‌ whereabouts‌‌ 
under‌‌‌Rule‌‌43.‌  ‌ (h) adoptions;‌‌   ‌
being‌‌   unknown,‌‌   and‌‌
  without‌‌   having‌‌
  left‌‌
  an‌‌ agent‌‌ to‌‌ administer‌ 
 ‌ his‌  ‌property,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌conferred‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌agent‌  ‌has‌‌  (i) acknowledgments‌‌of‌‌natural‌‌children;‌  ‌
expired,‌‌ any‌‌ interested‌‌ party,‌‌ relative‌‌ or‌‌ friend,‌‌ may‌‌ petition‌‌ the‌‌  (j) naturalizations;‌  ‌
Rule‌‌107.‌ Absentees‌  ‌
RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌absentee‌  ‌resided‌  ‌before‌  ‌his‌‌ 
disappearance‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ appointment‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ to‌‌ represent‌‌ him‌‌  (k) election,‌‌loss‌‌or‌‌recovery‌‌of‌‌citizenship;‌  ‌
1. Stages‌‌of‌‌absence:‌  ‌
provisionally‌‌in‌‌all‌‌that‌‌may‌‌be‌‌necessary.‌  ‌ (l) civil‌‌interdiction;‌ 
1) provisional‌‌absence‌  ‌
5. Termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌administration.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌trusteeship‌  ‌or‌‌  (m) judicial‌‌determination‌‌of‌‌filiation;‌  ‌
2) declaration‌‌of‌‌absence‌  ‌ administration‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ absentee‌‌ shall‌‌ cease‌‌ upon‌‌ 
(n) voluntary‌‌emancipation‌‌of‌‌a‌‌minor;‌‌and‌  ‌
3) presumption‌‌of‌‌death‌  ‌ order‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌in‌‌any‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌  ‌
(o) changes‌‌of‌‌name.‌  ‌
2. Purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rule.‌  ‌To‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌appoint‌  ‌an‌‌  (a) When‌‌   the‌‌
  absentee‌‌
  appears‌‌
  personally‌‌
  or‌‌ by‌‌ means‌‌ of‌‌ 
administrator‌  ‌or‌  ‌representative‌  ‌to‌‌   take‌‌
  care‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌
  of‌‌  an‌‌agent;‌  ‌ ⭐‌Rules‌‌   103‌‌
  and‌‌
  108,‌‌
  and‌‌
  RA‌‌
  9048,‌‌
  as‌‌ amended‌‌ as‌‌ distinguished‌‌ 
the‌  ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌judicially‌  ‌declared‌  ‌absent.‌  ‌It‌‌  in‌B
‌ artolome‌‌v.‌‌Republic‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌243288,‌‌28‌‌Aug‌‌2019‌  ‌
(b) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌death‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌absentee‌  ‌is‌  ‌proved‌  ‌and‌  ‌his‌‌ 
also‌  ‌aims‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌appoint‌  ‌the‌  ‌present‌  ‌spouse‌  ‌as‌‌  testate‌‌or‌‌intestate‌‌heirs‌‌appear;‌  ‌ The‌‌foregoing‌‌rules‌‌may‌‌be‌‌summarized‌‌as‌‌follows:‌  ‌
administrator‌  ‌or‌  ‌administratrix‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌absent‌  ‌spouse‘s‌  1. A‌‌person‌‌seeking‌‌   ‌
(c) When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third‌  ‌person‌  ‌appears,‌  ‌showing‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proper‌‌ 
properties,‌‌or‌‌for‌‌the‌‌separation‌‌of‌‌properties‌‌of‌‌the‌‌spouses.‌  ‌
document‌‌   that‌‌
  he‌‌ has‌‌ acquired‌‌ the‌‌ absentee's‌‌ property‌‌  1) to‌‌change‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌first‌‌name,‌‌   ‌
3. Who‌  ‌May‌  ‌File.‌  ‌The‌  ‌following‌  ‌may‌  ‌file‌  ‌an‌  ‌application‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌  by‌‌purchase‌‌or‌‌other‌‌title.‌  ‌ 2) to‌  ‌correct‌  ‌clerical‌  ‌or‌  ‌typographical‌  ‌errors‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
declaration‌‌of‌‌absence‌‌of‌‌a‌‌person:‌‌   ‌ civil‌‌register,‌‌   ‌
In‌  ‌these‌  ‌cases‌  ‌the‌  ‌trustee‌  ‌or‌  ‌administrator‌  ‌shall‌  ‌cease‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a) Spouse‌‌present;‌‌   ‌ performance‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌office,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌‌  shall‌‌  be‌‌
  placed‌‌   at‌‌  3) to‌  ‌change/correct‌  ‌the‌  ‌day‌  ‌and/or‌  ‌month‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌or‌ 
her‌‌date‌‌of‌‌birth,‌‌and/or‌‌   ‌
b) Heirs‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌will,‌  ‌who‌  ‌may‌  ‌present‌  ‌an‌‌  the‌‌disposal‌‌of‌‌whose‌‌may‌‌have‌‌a‌‌right‌‌thereto.‌  ‌
4) to‌‌
  change/correct‌‌ his‌‌ or‌‌ her‌‌ sex,‌‌ where‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ patently‌‌ 
authentic‌‌copy‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same;‌‌   ‌ clear‌‌
  that‌‌ there‌‌ was‌‌ a ‌‌clerical‌‌ or‌‌ typographical‌‌ error‌‌ 
Rue‌‌108.‌ Cancellation‌‌or‌‌Correction‌‌of‌‌Entries‌‌in‌‌the‌‌  or‌‌mistake,‌‌   ‌
c) Relatives‌  ‌who‌‌
  would‌‌
  succeed‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  law‌‌
  of‌‌
  intestacy;‌‌ 
Civil‌‌Registry‌  ‌ must‌‌  first‌‌   file‌‌
  a ‌‌verified‌‌
  petition‌‌
  with‌‌ the‌‌ local‌‌ civil‌‌ registry‌‌ 
and‌‌   ‌
office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌city‌  ‌or‌  ‌municipality‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌record‌  ‌being‌‌ 
d) Those‌  ‌who‌  ‌have‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌absentee‌‌  1. Cancellation‌‌or‌‌correction‌‌of‌‌entries‌‌of:‌‌   ‌ sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌corrected‌  ‌or‌  ‌changed‌  ‌is‌  ‌kept,‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌‌ 
some‌‌right‌‌subordinated‌‌to‌‌the‌‌condition‌‌of‌‌his‌‌death.‌‌   ‌ with‌  ‌the‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌provided‌  ‌under‌  ‌R.A.‌‌ 
(a) births;‌‌   ‌
9048‌‌‌in‌‌relation‌‌to‌‌R.A.‌‌10172.‌‌   ‌
e) Those‌  ‌who‌  ‌have‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌absentee‌‌ 
(b) marriages;‌‌   ‌ A‌‌
  person‌‌   may‌‌ only‌‌ avail‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ appropriate‌‌ judicial‌‌ remedies‌‌ 
some‌‌right‌‌subordinated‌‌to‌‌the‌‌condition‌‌of‌‌his‌‌death.‌   ‌ ‌
(c) deaths;‌‌   ‌ under‌‌   ‌Rule‌‌
  103‌‌  or‌‌
  ‌Rule‌‌   108‌‌
  in‌‌ the‌‌ aforementioned‌‌ entries‌‌ 
after‌  ‌the‌  ‌petition‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌is‌‌  filed‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 121‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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 ‌

days‌  ‌is‌  ‌provided‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌perfection‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌in‌  ‌special‌‌ 
and‌‌later‌d
‌ enied‌. ‌ ‌ 1. Orders‌‌   or‌‌  judgments‌‌   from‌‌ which‌‌ appeals‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ taken.‌‌ ‌— ‌‌
proceedings.‌  ‌
2. A‌‌person‌‌seeking‌‌   ‌ An‌  ‌interested‌  ‌person‌  ‌may‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌in‌  ‌special‌‌   proceedings‌‌   from‌‌ 
1) to‌‌change‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌surname‌‌or‌‌   ‌ an‌  ‌order‌  ‌or‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌RTC‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Family‌  ‌Court,‌‌  4. Modes‌‌   of‌‌
  Appeal‌‌   — ‌‌While‌‌   under‌‌
  the‌‌ concept‌‌ in‌‌ ordinary‌‌ civil‌‌ 
where‌‌such‌‌order‌‌or‌‌judgment:‌  ‌ actions‌  ‌some‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  orders‌‌   stated‌‌
  in‌‌  Sec.‌‌
  1 ‌‌may‌‌
  be‌‌
  considered‌‌ 
2) to‌‌change‌‌both‌‌his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌first‌‌name‌‌and‌‌surname‌‌   ‌
interlocutory,‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌‌   special‌‌  proceedings‌‌   declares‌‌  them‌‌ 
may‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌change‌  ‌of‌  ‌name‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌103,‌‌  (a) Allows‌‌or‌‌disallows‌‌a‌‌will;‌  ‌
as‌  ‌appealable‌  ‌orders,‌  ‌as‌  ‌exceptions‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌of‌  ‌Rule‌‌ 
provided‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisprudential‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌discussed‌  ‌in‌  (b) Determines‌  ‌who‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌heirs‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deceased‌‌  41.‌‌Thus:‌‌   ‌
Republic‌‌v.‌‌Hernandez‌‌‌are‌‌present.‌  ‌
person,‌‌
  or‌‌
  the‌‌
  distributive‌‌   share‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ estate‌‌ to‌‌ which‌‌ 
3. A‌  ‌person‌  ‌seeking‌  ‌substantial‌  ‌cancellations‌  ‌or‌  ‌corrections‌‌  1) Ordinary‌  ‌appeal.‌  ‌The‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌‌ 
such‌‌person‌‌is‌‌entitled;‌  ‌
of‌  ‌entries‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌registry‌  ‌may‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌‌  decided‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌original‌‌ 
cancellation‌‌or‌‌correction‌‌of‌‌entries‌‌under‌R ‌ ule‌‌108.‌‌   ‌ (c) Allows‌  ‌or‌  ‌disallows,‌  ‌in‌  ‌whole‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌part,‌  ‌any‌  ‌claim‌  jurisdiction‌  ‌shall‌‌   be‌‌
  taken‌‌  by‌‌
  filing‌‌   a ‌‌notice‌‌
  of‌‌
  appeal‌‌ 
As‌  ‌discussed‌  ‌in‌  ‌Lee‌  ‌v.‌  ‌CA‌‌  and‌‌  more‌‌
  recently,‌‌  in‌‌
  Republic‌‌  v.‌‌  against‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deceased‌  ‌person,‌‌   or‌‌
  any‌‌   claim‌‌  with‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌which‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌final‌‌ 
Cagandahan‌, ‌ ‌R.A.‌  ‌9048‌  ‌"removed‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌ambit‌  ‌of‌  ‌Rule‌‌  presented‌  ‌on‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌in‌  ‌offset‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌claim‌‌  order‌  ‌appealed‌  ‌from‌‌   and‌‌
  serving‌‌   a ‌‌copy‌‌   thereof‌‌   upon‌‌ 
108‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Rules‌‌
  of‌‌
  Court‌‌   the‌‌  correction‌‌ of‌‌ such‌‌ errors.‌‌ Rule‌‌  against‌‌it;‌  ‌ the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party.‌  ‌No‌  ‌record‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
108‌‌   now‌‌ applies‌‌ only‌‌ to‌‌ substantial‌‌ changes‌‌ and‌‌ corrections‌‌  required‌‌   except‌‌   in‌‌
  special‌‌ proceedings‌‌ and‌‌ other‌‌ cases‌‌ 
in‌‌entries‌‌in‌‌the‌‌civil‌‌register."‌  ‌ (d) Settles‌  ‌the‌  ‌account‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌executor,‌  ‌administrator,‌‌ 
trustee‌‌or‌‌guardian;‌  ‌ of‌  ‌multiple‌  ‌or‌  ‌separate‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Rules‌  ‌so‌  ‌require.‌  ‌In‌  ‌such‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌the‌‌   record‌‌  on‌‌
  appeal‌‌ 
Republic‌‌v.‌‌Ontuca‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌232053,‌‌15‌‌Jul‌‌2020‌  ‌ (e) Constitutes,‌  ‌in‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌relating‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌settlement‌‌  shall‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌and‌‌served‌‌in‌‌like‌‌manner.‌‌   ‌
WON‌‌   there‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌need‌‌  to‌‌
  file‌‌
  two‌‌ separate‌‌ petitions,‌‌ one‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ LCR,‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌estate‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deceased‌  ‌person,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌ 
and‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  if‌‌
  what‌‌   is‌‌ sought‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ corrected‌‌ are‌‌ both‌‌ clerical‌‌  administration‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌trustee‌  ‌or‌  ‌guardian,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌final‌‌  2) Petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌review.‌  ‌The‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌‌ 
errors,‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌substantial‌‌ones.‌  ‌ determination‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  decided‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌appellate‌ 
party‌‌  appealing,‌‌   except‌‌ that‌‌ no‌‌ appeal‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ allowed‌‌  jurisdiction‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌by‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌review‌  ‌in‌‌ 
NO‌. ‌ ‌To‌  ‌require‌  ‌petitioner‌‌  to‌‌  file‌‌  a ‌‌new‌‌  petition‌‌  with‌‌  the‌‌  local‌‌  civil‌‌ 
from‌‌the‌‌appointment‌‌of‌‌a‌‌special‌‌administrator;‌‌and‌  ‌ accordance‌‌with‌‌Rule‌‌42.‌‌   ‌
registrar‌‌
  and‌‌
  start‌‌
  the‌‌   process‌‌   all‌‌
  over‌‌
  again‌‌ would‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ in‌‌ keeping‌‌ 
with‌‌
  the‌‌
  purpose‌‌   of‌‌   RA‌‌  No.‌‌
  9048,‌‌   that‌‌
  is,‌‌
  to‌‌
  give‌‌
  people‌‌ an‌‌ option‌‌ to‌‌  3) Petition‌‌   for‌‌
  review‌‌   on‌‌
  certiorari.‌‌   In‌‌
  all‌‌
  cases‌‌ where‌‌ 
(f) Is‌‌
  the‌‌
  final‌‌ order‌‌ or‌‌ judgment‌‌ rendered‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ case,‌‌ and‌ 
have‌‌
  the‌‌
  erroneous‌‌   entries‌‌   in‌‌ their‌‌ civil‌‌ records‌‌ corrected‌‌ through‌‌ an‌‌  only‌  ‌questions‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌are‌  ‌raised‌  ‌or‌  ‌involved,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
administrative‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌less‌  ‌expensive‌  ‌and‌  ‌more‌‌  affects‌  ‌the‌  ‌substantial‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌appealing‌‌ 
unless‌‌   it‌‌
  be‌‌
  an‌‌
  order‌‌   granting‌‌
  or‌‌
  denying‌‌   a ‌‌motion‌‌ for‌‌  appeal‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌SC‌  ‌by‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌review‌  ‌on‌‌ 
expeditious.‌‌   ‌
a‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌for‌‌reconsideration.‌  certiorari‌‌in‌‌accordance‌‌with‌‌Rule‌‌45.‌  ‌
Consequently,‌  ‌it‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌  ‌more‌  ‌prudent‌  ‌and‌  ‌judicious‌  ‌to‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌‌   ‌

filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌‌single‌‌   petition‌‌ under‌‌ Rule‌‌ 108‌, ‌‌rather‌‌ than‌‌ two‌‌ separate‌‌  2. Advance‌  ‌distribution‌  ‌in‌  ‌special‌  ‌proceedings.‌  ‌— ‌‌ CRIMINAL‌‌PROCEDURE‌  ‌
petitions‌‌   before‌‌   the‌‌
  RTC‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌
  local‌‌
  civil‌‌
  registrar.‌‌
  This‌‌
  will‌‌  avoid‌‌  Notwithstanding‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pending‌  ‌controversy‌  ‌or‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌in‌‌ 
multiplicity‌‌   of‌‌
  suits‌‌  and‌‌
  further‌‌  litigation‌‌ between‌‌ the‌‌ parties,‌‌ which‌‌ 
proceedings‌‌   to‌‌  settle‌‌  the‌‌  estate‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌decedent,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ may,‌‌ in‌‌  Preliminary‌‌Considerations‌  ‌
is‌‌offensive‌‌to‌‌the‌‌orderly‌‌administration‌‌of‌‌justice.‌  ‌
its‌‌
  discretion‌‌   and‌‌   upon‌‌   such‌‌   terms‌‌   as‌‌
  it‌‌
  may‌‌
  deem‌‌ proper‌‌ and‌‌ 
Jurisdiction‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌‌
  indispensable‌‌   or‌‌  interested‌‌  party‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌
  impleaded,‌‌   will‌‌  just,‌‌  permit‌‌
  that‌‌   such‌‌   part‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌  estate‌‌   may‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌
  affected‌‌
  by‌‌ 
the‌  ‌controversy‌  ‌or‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌be‌  ‌distributed‌  ‌among‌  ‌the‌  ‌heirs‌  ‌or‌‌  Over‌‌the‌‌Subject‌‌Matter‌  ‌
it‌  ‌make‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌void?‌  ‌The‌  ‌publication‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌‌ 
hearing‌‌   under‌‌  Section‌‌
  4 ‌‌of‌‌
  Rule‌‌
  108‌‌
  cured‌‌ the‌‌ failure‌‌ to‌‌ implead‌‌ an‌‌  legatees,‌‌ upon‌‌ compliance‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ conditions‌‌ set‌‌ forth‌‌ in‌‌ Rule‌‌  Over‌‌the‌‌Person‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Accused‌  ‌
indispensable‌  ‌party.‌  ‌Thus,‌  ‌publication‌  ‌will‌  ‌cure‌  ‌the‌  ‌defect‌‌  90‌‌of‌‌this‌‌rules.‌  ‌ Over‌‌the‌‌Territory;‌‌Venue‌‌in‌‌Criminal‌‌Cases‌  ‌
(‌Republic‌‌v.‌‌Kho‌,‌‌2007).‌  ‌ 3. When‌‌   to‌‌
  Appeal‌‌ — ‌‌Appeals‌‌ in‌‌ special‌‌ proceedings‌‌ necessitate‌‌  Exceptions‌‌to‌‌Territoriality‌‌Principle‌  ‌
a‌  ‌record‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌record‌‌
  should‌‌
  remain‌‌   with‌‌  Criminal‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌Courts‌  ‌
Rule‌‌109.‌ Appeals‌‌in‌‌Special‌‌Proceedings‌  ‌
the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court;‌  ‌hence‌  ‌the‌  ‌reglementary‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌‌  Regular‌‌Courts‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 122‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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Special‌‌Courts‌‌and‌‌Other‌‌Quasi-judicial‌‌Bodies‌  ‌ Lays‌‌down‌‌the‌‌processes‌‌by‌‌  Declares‌‌what‌‌conduct‌‌is‌‌  ➔ Continuing‌‌   Jurisdiction.‌‌


  ‌Once‌‌   a ‌‌court‌‌ acquires‌‌ jurisdiction,‌‌ it‌‌ 
Office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Ombudsman‌  ‌ which‌‌an‌‌offender‌‌is‌‌made‌‌to‌‌  criminal,‌d ‌ efines‌‌crimes‌‌and‌‌  may‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌ousted‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌subsequent‌  ‌events,‌‌ 
answer‌‌for‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌committed‌  ‌ prescribes‌p ‌ unishment‌‌for‌‌such‌‌  such‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌legislation‌  ‌placing‌  ‌such‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Injunction‌‌to‌‌Restrain‌‌Criminal‌‌Prosecution‌  ‌
crimes‌‌   ‌ jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌another‌  ‌tribunal.‌  ‌The‌  ‌only‌  ‌recognized‌‌ 
Rule‌‌110.‌‌Prosecution‌‌of‌‌Offenses‌  ‌
exceptions‌a‌ re:‌  ‌
Rule‌‌111.‌‌Prosecution‌‌of‌‌Civil‌‌Actions‌  ‌ General‌‌Matters‌‌   ‌
a) There‌‌is‌‌an‌‌express‌‌provision‌‌in‌‌the‌‌statute;‌  ‌
Rule‌‌112.‌‌Preliminary‌‌Investigation‌  ‌ Jurisdiction‌  ‌
Rule‌‌113.‌‌Arrest‌  ‌ b) The‌  ‌statute‌  ‌is‌  ‌clearly‌  ‌intended‌  ‌to‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌  ‌actions‌‌ 
Requisites‌‌for‌‌exercise‌‌of‌‌Criminal‌‌Jurisdiction;‌‌how‌‌determined‌  ‌
pending‌‌before‌‌its‌‌enactment.‌  ‌
Rule‌‌126.‌‌Search‌‌and‌‌Seizure‌  ‌
a) Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌s‌ ubject‌‌matter‌; ‌ ‌
Rule‌‌114.‌‌Bail‌  ‌ ➔ An‌  ‌objection‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌‌ 
b) Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌t‌ erritory‌;‌‌and‌  ‌ subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌raised‌  ‌or‌  ‌considered‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌by‌‌ 
Rule‌‌115.‌‌Rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Accused‌  ‌
the‌  ‌court‌‌
  at‌‌
  ANY‌‌
  stage‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  proceedings,‌‌   or‌‌
  even‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  first‌‌ 
Rule‌‌116.‌‌Arraignment‌‌and‌‌Plea‌  ‌ c) Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌‌person‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌. ‌ ‌
time‌‌on‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
Rule‌‌117.‌‌Motion‌‌to‌‌Quash‌  ‌ Over‌‌the‌‌Subject‌‌Matter‌ 
➔ However‌, ‌‌a ‌‌party‌‌  cannot‌‌  invoke‌‌
  the‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌ to‌‌ 
Rule‌‌118.‌‌Pre-trial‌  ‌ ➔ Refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌hear‌  ‌and‌  ‌determine‌  ‌a ‌‌ secure‌  ‌affirmative‌  ‌relief‌  ‌against‌  ‌his‌  ‌opponent‌  ‌and‌  ‌after‌‌ 
Rule‌‌119.‌‌Trial‌  ‌ particular‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌case.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌simply‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌‌  obtaining‌‌  or‌‌
  failing‌‌
  to‌‌
  obtain‌‌
  such‌‌  relief,‌‌
  repudiate‌‌ or‌‌ question‌‌ 
Rule‌‌120.‌‌Judgment‌  ‌ offense‌‌charged‌. ‌ ‌ that‌‌same‌‌jurisdiction.‌‌(‌Antiporda‌‌v.‌‌Garchitorena‌) ‌ ‌
Rule‌‌121.‌‌New‌‌Trial‌‌or‌‌Reconsideration‌  ‌ ➔ It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌  ‌to‌  ‌hear‌  ‌and‌  ‌try‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌offense‌  ‌and‌‌  Over‌‌the‌‌Person‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Accused‌  ‌
Rule‌‌122.‌‌Appeal‌  ‌ impose‌  ‌the‌  ‌punishment‌  ‌for‌‌   it‌‌
  or‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌   offense‌‌
  is‌‌
  one‌‌
  which‌‌ 
➔ The‌‌  authority‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  over‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌  charged.‌‌  It‌‌
  requires‌‌ 
the‌‌court‌‌is,‌‌by‌‌law,‌‌authorized‌‌to‌‌take‌‌cognizance‌‌of.‌  ‌
Rule‌‌123.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌MTC‌  ‌ that‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌charged‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌must‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌‌ 
Rule‌‌124.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌CA‌  ‌ ➔ It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌LAW‌  ‌that‌  ‌confers‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌the‌  ‌rules‌. ‌‌ brought‌‌into‌‌its‌‌forum‌‌for‌‌trial,‌‌   ‌
Jurisdiction‌‌   must‌‌  exist‌‌
  as‌‌
  a ‌‌matter‌‌
  of‌‌
  law.‌‌ Any‌‌ judgment,‌‌ order‌‌ 
Rule‌‌125.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌SC‌  ‌ a) forcibly‌‌by‌‌warrant‌‌of‌‌arrest‌‌or‌‌   ‌
or‌‌  resolution‌‌ issued‌‌ without‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ ‌VOID‌and‌‌   cannot‌‌ be‌‌ given‌‌ any‌‌ 
Rule‌‌127.‌‌Provisional‌‌Remedies‌  ‌ b) upon‌‌his‌‌voluntary‌‌submission‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
 ‌
 ‌
effect.‌  ‌

Preliminary‌‌Considerations‌  ‌ ➔ It‌‌
  CANNOT‌‌   be‌‌ conferred‌‌ upon‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ accused,‌‌ express‌‌  i) Seeking‌‌to‌‌dismiss‌‌the‌‌case;‌  ‌
waiver‌  ‌or‌  ‌otherwise.‌  ‌It‌  ‌also‌  ‌CANNOT‌  ‌be‌  ‌conferred‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
ii) Appears‌‌for‌‌arraignment;‌  ‌
 ‌

Criminal‌‌Procedure‌  ‌ consent‌‌or‌‌acquiescence‌‌of‌‌any‌‌or‌‌all‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties.‌  ‌
iii) Actively‌  ‌participates‌  ‌in‌  ‌trial‌  ‌and‌  ‌presents‌‌ 
➔ Definition‌  ‌— ‌ ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌generic‌  ‌term‌  ‌to‌  ‌describe‌  ‌the‌  ‌network‌‌  of‌‌  ➔ How‌  ‌determined‌. ‌ ‌By‌  ‌the‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌‌ 
evidence‌‌for‌‌the‌‌defense;‌  ‌
laws‌‌
  and‌‌   rules‌‌
  which‌‌   governs‌‌ the‌‌ procedural‌‌ administration‌‌ of‌‌  information‌‌   and‌‌   NOT‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  findings‌‌   based‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌ evidence‌‌ of‌‌ 
justice.‌‌
  It‌‌
  deals‌‌
  with‌‌ the‌‌ rules‌‌ and‌‌ processes‌‌ by‌‌ which‌‌ criminal‌‌  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  after‌‌ trial.‌‌ Neither‌‌ is‌‌ it‌‌ determined‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ defenses‌‌ set‌‌  iv) Filing‌‌
  a ‌‌motion‌‌
  for‌‌ determination‌‌ of‌‌ probable‌‌ 
laws‌  ‌are‌  ‌enforced‌  ‌and‌  ‌by‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌State‌  ‌prosecutes‌‌   persons‌‌  up‌‌by‌‌the‌‌defendant‌‌or‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ cause.‌  ‌
who‌‌violate‌‌such‌‌laws.‌  ‌ It‌‌
  is‌‌
  also‌‌
  determined‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  penalty‌‌
  ‌IMPOSABLE‌‌
  ‌by‌‌ law‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌  ➔ As‌‌
  a ‌‌rule,‌‌ one‌‌ who‌‌ seeks‌‌ an‌‌ ‌affirmative‌‌ relief‌, ‌‌such‌‌ as‌‌ seeking‌‌ 
It‌‌
  provides‌‌   or‌‌
  regulates‌‌ the‌‌ steps‌‌ by‌‌ which‌‌ one‌‌ who‌‌ committed‌‌  offense,‌N ‌ OT‌b ‌ y‌‌the‌‌penalty‌A ‌ CTUALLY‌i‌ mposed‌‌after‌‌trial.‌  ‌ for‌  ‌the‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌case,‌  ‌is‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌‌ 
a‌‌crime‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌punished.‌  ‌ submitted‌‌to‌‌the‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
➔ It‌  ‌is‌  ‌measured‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  law‌‌
  in‌‌
  effect‌‌
  at‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌time‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌ 
Criminal‌‌Procedure‌  ‌ Criminal‌‌Law‌  ‌ the‌‌complaint‌‌or‌‌Information.‌  ‌ ➔ When‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌appears‌  ‌for‌  ‌arraignment,‌  ‌voluntary‌‌ 
submission‌‌  is‌‌
  accomplished.‌‌
  If‌‌ he‌‌ subsequently‌‌ fails‌‌ to‌‌ appear‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 123‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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during‌  ‌trial‌  ‌and‌  ‌escapes‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law,‌  ‌such‌‌  municipality‌  ‌or‌  ‌territory‌  ‌where‌  ‌such‌  ‌train,‌  ‌aircraft‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌‌  not‌  ‌exceeding‌  ‌P1K‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌both,‌‌
  irrespective‌‌
  of‌‌
  other‌‌ 
jurisdiction‌‌   is‌‌
  NOT‌‌  lost.‌‌
  Once‌‌
  acquired,‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   continues‌‌  vehicle‌  ‌passed‌  ‌during‌  ‌such‌  ‌its‌  ‌trip,‌‌
  including‌‌
  the‌‌
  place‌‌   of‌‌
  its‌‌  imposable‌‌ penalties,‌‌ accessory‌‌ or‌‌ otherwise,‌‌ or‌‌ of‌‌ 
until‌‌the‌‌case‌‌is‌‌terminated.‌  ‌ departure‌a‌ nd‌‌arrival‌. ‌ ‌ the‌‌civil‌‌liability‌‌arising‌‌therefrom;‌‌AND‌  ‌
➔ NOT‌  ‌ALL‌  ‌acts,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌seeking‌  ‌affirmative‌  ‌relief‌  ‌would‌‌  4. Where‌‌   an‌‌
  offense‌‌   is‌‌
  committed‌‌ on‌‌ board‌‌ a ‌‌‌vessel‌‌ ‌in‌‌ the‌‌ course‌‌  vi. Offenses‌  ‌involving‌  ‌damage‌  ‌to‌  ‌property‌  ‌through‌ 
constitute‌‌voluntary‌‌appearance‌‌or‌‌submission.‌‌   ‌ of‌‌
  its‌‌ voyage,‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ instituted‌‌ and‌‌ tried‌‌ in‌‌  criminal‌  ‌negligence‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌imposable‌  ‌fine‌‌ 
the‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌port‌  ‌of‌‌
  entry‌‌  or‌‌
  of‌‌
  any‌‌
  municipality‌‌   or‌‌  does‌‌not‌‌exceed‌‌ten‌‌thousand‌‌pesos‌P ‌ 10K‌. ‌ ‌
a) Making‌  ‌a ‌ ‌special‌  ‌appearance‌  ‌in‌  ‌court‌  ‌by‌  ‌way‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
territory‌‌   where‌‌   the‌‌   vessel‌‌
  ‌passed‌‌   ‌during‌‌  such‌‌  voyage,‌‌   subject‌‌ 
motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌  ‌to‌  ‌question‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  2. Special‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌decide‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌bail‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
to‌‌the‌‌generally‌‌accepted‌‌principles‌‌of‌‌international‌‌law.‌  ‌
court‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌a ‌‌ absence‌‌of‌‌all‌‌RTC‌‌judges‌‌in‌‌a‌‌province‌‌or‌‌city.‌  ‌
voluntary‌‌appearance.‌  ‌ 5. Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌cognizable‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Sandiganbayan,‌  ‌since‌  ‌it‌‌ 
Regional‌‌Trial‌‌Courts‌  ‌
only‌‌actually‌‌sits‌‌in‌‌QC.‌  ‌
b) Accused‌  ‌files‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌of‌‌ 
1. Exclusive‌  ‌original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌in‌  ‌ALL‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌not‌‌ 
arrest‌  ‌because‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌very‌  ‌legality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  6. Where‌‌  the‌‌  offense‌‌  is‌‌  ‌written‌‌   defamation‌, ‌‌the‌‌   criminal‌‌ action‌‌ 
within‌‌the‌‌exclusive‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌any‌‌court,‌‌tribunal‌‌or‌‌body.‌  ‌
process‌  ‌forcing‌  ‌the‌  ‌submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  need‌‌
  not‌‌  necessarily‌‌   be‌‌
  filed‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  RTC‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ province‌‌ or‌‌ city‌‌ 
accused‌‌that‌‌is‌‌the‌‌very‌‌issue.‌  ‌ where‌  ‌the‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌libelous‌  ‌article‌  ‌was‌  ‌printed‌  ‌and‌  ‌first‌‌  2. Original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌writs‌  ‌of‌  ‌certiorari,‌‌ 
published.‌  ‌ prohibition,‌  ‌mandamus,‌  ‌quo‌  ‌warranto,‌  ‌habeas‌  ‌corpus,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
Over‌‌the‌‌Territory;‌‌Venue‌‌in‌‌Criminal‌‌Cases‌  ‌
injunction.‌  ‌
➔ VENUE‌  ‌IS‌  ‌JURISDICTIONAL‌. ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌court‌  ‌is‌‌
  bereft‌‌
  of‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌ 
Criminal‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌Courts‌  ‌
3. Appellate‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌all‌  ‌cases‌  ‌decided‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌MTC‌‌ 
to‌‌try‌‌an‌‌offense‌‌committed‌‌outside‌‌its‌‌limited‌‌territory.‌  ‌ Regular‌‌Courts‌  ‌ within‌‌its‌‌territorial‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
➔ The‌  ‌offense‌  ‌should‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌committed‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌‌  Municipal‌‌Courts‌  ‌
4. Special‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌certain‌  ‌branches‌  ‌to‌‌
  handle‌‌
  exclusively‌‌ 
essential‌  ‌ingredients‌  ‌should‌  ‌have‌  ‌taken‌  ‌place‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌ 
1. Exclusive‌‌original‌‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌  ‌ criminal‌‌cases‌‌as‌‌may‌‌be‌‌determined‌‌by‌‌the‌‌SC.‌  ‌
territorial‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
a. All‌‌ offenses‌‌ punishable‌‌ with‌‌ imprisonment‌‌ NOT‌‌ exceeding‌‌  5. Jurisdiction‌‌under‌‌specific‌‌laws:‌  ‌
➔ Territorial‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌in‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌territory‌‌ 
six‌  ‌(6)‌  ‌years‌  ‌irrespective‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌
  fine‌‌
  and‌‌  other‌‌  accessory‌‌  a. Art‌‌360‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RPC‌‌on‌‌written‌‌defamation;‌  ‌
where‌‌   the‌‌
  court‌‌ has‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ to‌‌ take‌‌ cognizance‌‌ or‌‌ to‌‌ try‌‌ the‌‌ 
penalties,‌‌   ‌except‌‌
  those‌‌
  cases‌‌   within‌‌  the‌‌
  EOJ‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌ RTC‌‌ or‌‌ 
offense‌‌allegedly‌‌committed‌‌therein‌‌by‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ b. Violation‌‌of‌‌RA‌‌9165;‌  ‌
SB‌‌as‌‌expressly‌‌provided‌‌for‌‌by‌‌law.‌  ‌
➔ If‌‌
  the‌‌
  evidence‌‌   adduced‌‌   during‌‌ trial‌‌ shows‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ offense‌‌ was‌‌  c. Violation‌‌of‌‌Intellectual‌‌Property‌‌Rights;‌  ‌
b. Offenses‌‌   involving‌‌   ‌damage‌‌   to‌‌ property‌‌ through‌‌ criminal‌‌ 
committed‌  ‌elsewhere,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌   should‌‌   dismiss‌‌   the‌‌
  action‌‌
  for‌‌ 
negligence;‌  ‌ d. Money‌‌   laundering‌‌
  cases‌‌
  ‌except‌‌
  where‌‌
  a ‌‌public‌‌
  officer‌‌ 
want‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
c. Summary‌‌Procedure‌; ‌ ‌ is‌‌involved.‌  ‌
Exceptions‌‌to‌‌Territoriality‌‌Principle‌  ‌
i. Violations‌‌of‌‌traffic‌‌laws,‌‌rules‌‌and‌‌regulations;‌  ‌ Family‌‌Court‌  ‌
1. Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌was‌  ‌committed‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌circumstances‌‌ 
ii. Violations‌‌of‌‌the‌‌rental‌‌law;‌  ‌ Exclusive‌‌original‌j‌urisdiction‌‌to‌‌hear‌‌and‌‌decide‌‌the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌  ‌
enumerated‌‌   in‌‌
  Art‌‌ 2‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ RPC,‌‌ the‌‌ offense‌‌ is‌‌ cognizable‌‌ before‌‌ 
Philippine‌‌courts‌‌even‌‌if‌‌committed‌‌outside‌‌of‌‌the‌‌PH‌‌territory.‌  ‌ iii. BP‌‌22‌‌cases;‌  ‌ a) Criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌one‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌below‌‌ 
eighteen‌  ‌(18)‌  ‌years‌  ‌of‌  ‌age‌  ‌but‌  ‌not‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌‌   nine‌‌
  (9)‌‌
  years‌‌   of‌‌ 
2. Where‌‌  the‌‌
  SC‌‌
  orders‌‌
  a ‌‌change‌‌ of‌‌ venue‌‌ or‌‌ place‌‌ of‌‌ trial‌‌ to‌‌ avoid‌‌  iv. Violations‌‌of‌‌municipal‌‌or‌‌city‌‌ordinances;‌  ‌ age‌‌  or‌‌
  where‌‌
  one‌‌  or‌‌
  more‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌  victims‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌minor‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ 
a‌‌miscarriage‌‌of‌‌justice‌‌(S‌ ec‌‌5[4]‌‌Art‌‌VIII‌).‌  ‌
v. All‌  ‌other‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌‌  of‌‌the‌‌commission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense;‌  ‌
3. Where‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌committed‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌train,‌‌  aircraft,‌‌   or‌‌
  other‌‌  prescribed‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌is‌‌  b) Cases‌‌against‌‌minors‌‌cognizable‌‌under‌‌RA‌‌9165;‌  ‌
public‌  ‌or‌  ‌private‌  ‌vehicle‌  ‌while‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌course‌‌   of‌‌
  its‌‌
  trip,‌‌
  the‌‌  imprisonment‌‌ not‌‌ exceeding‌‌ ‌six‌‌ months‌, ‌‌or‌‌ a ‌‌fine‌‌ 
criminal‌‌   action‌‌
  shall‌‌   be‌‌
  instituted‌‌
  and‌‌   tried‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌ any‌‌  c) Violations‌‌of‌‌RA‌‌7610,‌ ‌as‌‌amended‌‌by‌‌RA‌‌7658;‌‌and‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 124‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
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d) Cases‌‌of‌‌domestic‌‌violence.‌  ‌ NB:‌‌  The‌  ‌abovementioned‌  ‌(a)‌  ‌to‌  ‌(g)‌  ‌are‌  ‌regardless‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  ➔ In‌  ‌case‌  ‌private‌  ‌individuals‌  ‌are‌  ‌charged‌  ‌as‌  ‌co-principals,‌‌ 
Salary‌‌Grade.‌  ‌ accomplices‌  ‌or‌  ‌accessories‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌officers‌  ‌or‌‌ 
Special‌‌Courts‌‌and‌‌Other‌‌Quasi-judicial‌‌Bodies‌  ‌
(2) Members‌  ‌of‌  ‌Congress‌  ‌and‌  ‌officials‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌classified‌  ‌as‌‌  employees,‌  ‌including‌  ‌those‌  ‌employed‌‌   in‌‌
  GOCCs,‌‌   they‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌ 
Sandiganbayan‌  ‌
Grade‌‌’27’‌‌and‌‌higher;‌  ‌ tried‌  ‌jointly‌  ‌with‌  ‌said‌  ‌public‌  ‌officers‌  ‌and‌  ‌employees‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Exercises‌e
‌ xclusive‌‌original‌‌jurisdiction‌‌‌in‌‌all‌‌cases‌‌involving:‌  ‌ proper‌  ‌courts‌  ‌which‌  ‌shall‌  ‌exercise‌‌   exclusive‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌
  over‌‌ 
(3) Members‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Judiciary‌; ‌ ‌
them.‌  ‌
a. Violations‌  ‌of‌  ‌RA‌  ‌No.‌  ‌3019‌, ‌ ‌RA‌  ‌No.‌  ‌1379‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌Chapter‌  ‌II,‌‌ 
(4) Chairmen‌  ‌and‌  ‌members‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Constitutional‌‌ 
Section‌‌   2,‌‌
  Title‌‌ VII,‌‌ Book‌‌ II‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ RPC‌, ‌‌where‌‌ one‌‌ or‌‌ more‌‌ of‌‌  ➔ Offenses‌  ‌committed‌  ‌in‌  ‌relation‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌office.‌‌   As‌‌   a ‌‌rule,‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Commissions‌;‌‌and‌  ‌
the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌are‌  ‌officials‌‌
  ‌occupying‌‌   the‌‌
  following‌‌
  positions‌‌   in‌‌  relation‌  ‌has‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌such‌  ‌that,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌legal‌  ‌sense,‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌‌ 
the‌  ‌government,‌  ‌whether‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌permanent,‌  ‌acting‌  ‌or‌  ‌interim‌‌  (5) Other‌  national‌  ‌and‌  ‌local‌  ‌officials‌  ‌classified‌  ‌as‌  ‌Grade‌‌
  ’27’‌‌  cannot‌  ‌exist‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌office.‌  ‌IOW,‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌‌
capacity,‌a ‌ t‌‌the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌the‌‌commission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense‌: ‌ ‌ and‌‌higher.‌  ‌ constituent‌‌element‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌as‌‌defined‌‌by‌‌statute.‌  ‌
(1) Officials‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌executive‌‌ branch‌‌ occupying‌‌ the‌‌ positions‌‌  b. Other‌‌  offenses‌‌   or‌‌
  felonies‌‌ ‌whether‌‌ simple‌‌ or‌‌ complexed‌‌ with‌‌ 
However‌, ‌ ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌‌
  position‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌
  an‌‌
  essential‌‌
  ingredient‌‌
  of‌‌ 
of‌  ‌regional‌  ‌director‌  ‌and‌  ‌higher,‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌classified‌  ‌as‌‌  other‌‌
  crimes‌‌
  committed‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  public‌‌   officials‌‌  and‌‌ employees‌‌ 
the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌information‌  ‌avers‌  ‌the‌  ‌intimate‌‌ 
Grade‌‌’27’‌‌and‌‌higher,‌‌‌specifically‌‌including:‌  ‌ mentioned‌  ‌in‌  ‌subsection‌  ‌(a)‌  ‌of‌  ‌this‌  ‌section‌  ‌in‌  ‌relation‌  ‌to‌‌ 
connection‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌this‌  ‌would‌‌ 
(a) Provincial‌‌
  governors,‌‌
  vice-governors,‌‌   members‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  their‌‌office.‌  ‌
bring‌‌ the‌‌ offense‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ definition‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ offense‌‌ “committed‌‌ 
sangguniang‌  ‌panlalawigan,‌  ‌and‌  ‌provincial‌  ‌treasurers,‌‌  c. Civil‌  ‌and‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌filed‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌connection‌‌  in‌‌relation‌‌to‌‌the‌‌public‌‌office.”‌  ‌
assessors,‌  ‌engineers,‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌provincial‌‌  with‌‌EO‌‌Nos.‌‌1,‌‌2,‌‌14‌‌and‌‌14-A,‌‌issued‌‌in‌‌1986.‌  ‌
department‌‌heads‌; ‌ ‌ This‌‌
  requires‌‌   that‌‌  the‌‌  information‌‌   contain‌‌ the‌‌ ‌specific‌‌ factual‌‌ 
The‌‌RTC‌s‌ hall‌‌have‌E
‌ OJ‌‌‌where‌‌the‌‌information:‌‌   ‌ averments‌‌   that‌‌   would‌‌   indicate‌‌ the‌‌ close‌‌ intimacy‌‌ between‌‌ the‌‌ 
(b) City‌  ‌mayors,‌  ‌vice-mayors,‌  ‌members‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(a) does‌  ‌not‌  ‌allege‌‌
  any‌‌
  damage‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  government‌‌
  or‌‌
  any‌‌  discharge‌  ‌of‌  ‌official‌‌   duties‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌  commission‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  offense‌‌ 
sangguniang‌  ‌panlungsod,‌  ‌city‌  ‌treasurers,‌  ‌assessors,‌‌ 
bribery;‌‌or‌  ‌ charged.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌enough‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌information‌  ‌contains‌  ‌the‌‌ 
engineers,‌‌and‌‌other‌c‌ ity‌‌department‌‌heads‌; ‌ ‌
phrase‌‌“i‌ n‌‌relation‌‌to‌‌their‌‌official‌‌duties.‌” ‌ ‌
(c) Officials‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌diplomatic‌  ‌service‌  ‌occupying‌  ‌the‌‌  (b) alleges‌  ‌damage‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌government‌  ‌or‌  ‌bribery‌  ‌arising‌ 
position‌‌of‌‌consul‌‌and‌‌higher;‌  ‌ from‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌or‌  ‌closely‌‌
  related‌‌  transactions‌‌
  or‌‌
  acts‌‌  Procedure‌‌to‌‌Determine‌‌Whether‌‌SB‌‌has‌‌Jurisdiction‌  ‌
in‌‌an‌‌amount‌‌not‌‌exceeding‌P ‌ 1M‌. ‌ ‌
(d) Philippine‌  ‌army‌  ‌and‌  ‌air‌  ‌force‌  ‌colonels‌, ‌ ‌naval‌‌  1) Offense‌‌—‌‌WON‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌charged‌‌is‌‌   ‌
captains‌,‌‌and‌‌all‌‌officers‌‌of‌‌higher‌‌rank;‌  ‌ ➔ Exclusive‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌final‌  ‌judgments,‌‌ 
resolutions‌  ‌or‌  ‌orders‌  ‌of‌  ‌RTCs‌‌
  whether‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  exercise‌‌
  of‌‌
  their‌‌  a) among‌  ‌the‌  ‌violations‌  ‌of‌  ‌RA‌  ‌No.‌  ‌3019,‌  ‌RA‌  ‌No.‌  ‌1379,‌‌ 
(e) Officers‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌PNP‌  ‌while‌  ‌occupying‌  ‌the‌  ‌position‌  ‌of‌‌  and‌‌
  Chapter‌‌   II,‌‌
  Section‌‌
  2,‌‌
  Title‌‌  VII,‌‌
  Book‌‌  II‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ RPC,‌‌ 
own‌‌original‌‌jurisdiction‌‌or‌‌of‌‌their‌‌appellate‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
provincial‌  ‌director‌  ‌and‌  ‌those‌  ‌holding‌  ‌the‌  ‌rank‌  ‌of‌‌  Anti-Plunder‌‌Law,‌‌Anti-Money‌‌Laundering‌‌Law;‌‌or‌  ‌
senior‌‌superintendent‌‌‌and‌‌higher;‌  ‌ ➔ Exclusive‌‌ original‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ over‌‌ petitions‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ 
b) pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌connection‌  ‌with‌  ‌EO‌  ‌Nos.‌  ‌1,‌  ‌2,‌‌
  14‌‌ 
(f) City‌  ‌and‌  ‌provincial‌  ‌prosecutors‌  ‌and‌  ‌their‌  ‌assistants,‌‌  of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writs‌  ‌of‌  ‌mandamus‌, ‌ ‌prohibition,‌  ‌certiorari‌, ‌ ‌habeas‌‌  and‌‌14-A‌‌s.‌‌1986;‌‌or‌  ‌
and‌  ‌officials‌  ‌and‌  ‌prosecutors‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  corpus‌,‌‌   injunctions,‌‌  and‌‌  other‌‌
  ancillary‌‌   writs‌‌
  and‌‌ processes‌‌ ‌in‌‌ 
Ombudsman‌‌and‌‌special‌‌prosecutor;‌  ‌ aid‌‌   of‌‌
  its‌‌  appellate‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   and‌‌ over‌‌ petitions‌‌ of‌‌ similar‌‌  c) Other‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌or‌  ‌felonies‌  ‌whether‌  ‌simple‌  ‌or‌‌ 
nature,‌  ‌including‌  ‌quo‌  ‌warranto‌, ‌ ‌arising‌  ‌or‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌arise‌  ‌in‌‌  complexed‌‌   with‌‌
  other‌‌ crimes‌‌ committed‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ public‌‌ 
(g) Presidents,‌  ‌directors‌  ‌or‌  ‌trustees,‌  ‌or‌  ‌managers‌  ‌of‌‌  officials‌‌ and‌‌ employees‌‌ mentioned‌‌ in‌‌ (a)‌‌ ‌in‌‌ relation‌‌ to‌‌ 
cases‌  ‌filed‌  ‌or‌  ‌which‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌under‌‌  EO‌‌
  Nos.‌‌   1,‌‌
  2,‌‌
  14‌‌
  and‌‌ 
GOCCs,‌  ‌state‌  ‌universities‌  ‌or‌  ‌educational‌  ‌institutions‌‌  their‌‌office‌,‌‌which‌‌means‌‌that‌  ‌
14-A,‌‌issued‌‌in‌‌1986.‌  ‌
or‌‌foundations.‌  ‌
i) The‌  ‌office‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌constituent‌  ‌element‌  ‌of‌‌ 
the‌‌crime,‌‌OR‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 125‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

ii) There‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌intimate‌  ‌connection‌‌


  between‌‌
  the‌‌  (a) Over‌‌   appeals‌‌   from‌‌   the‌‌
  judgments,‌‌  resolutions‌‌  or‌‌ orders‌‌ of‌‌  Provided‌, ‌ ‌That‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prosecution‌  ‌office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌DOJ‌‌ 
office‌‌and‌‌the‌‌offense.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌RTCs‌  ‌in‌  ‌tax‌  ‌cases‌‌  originally‌‌
  decided‌‌  by‌‌
  them,‌‌   in‌‌
  their‌‌  receives‌  ‌a ‌ ‌complaint‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌cognizable‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
respective‌‌territorial‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌ Sandiganbayan,‌  ‌it‌  ‌shall‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌endorse‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌to‌‌ 
If‌  ‌YES‌, ‌‌proceed‌‌
  to‌‌
  next‌‌
  step;‌‌
  if‌‌
  ‌NO‌‌
  ‌= ‌‌Regular‌‌
  courts‌‌
  — ‌‌look‌‌
  at‌‌ 
the‌‌OMB:‌‌   ‌
the‌‌penalty.‌  ‌ (b) Over‌‌
  petitions‌‌   for‌‌
  review‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgments,‌‌   resolutions‌‌  or‌‌ 
orders‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTCs‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌  ‌appellate‌  Provided‌  ‌further‌, ‌ ‌That‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌multiple‌‌ 
2) Actor‌‌or‌‌Offender‌‌‌—‌‌WON‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌is‌  ‌
jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌tax‌  ‌cases‌  ‌originally‌  ‌decided‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  respondents‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌single‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌and‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌  ‌one‌‌ 
a) An‌  ‌official‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌executive‌  ‌branch‌  ‌occupying‌  ‌the‌‌  Municipal‌‌Courts‌‌in‌‌their‌‌respective‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌ respondent‌  ‌falls‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
positions‌  ‌of‌  ‌regional‌  ‌director‌  ‌and‌  ‌higher,‌  ‌otherwise‌‌  Sandiganbayan,‌‌   the‌‌   entire‌‌ records‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ complaint‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ 
Lupon‌‌Tagapamayapa‌‌and‌‌Katarungang‌‌Pambarangay‌  ‌
classified‌‌as‌‌SG‌‌’27’‌‌and‌‌higher;‌‌OR‌  ‌ endorsed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌OMB.‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌lupon‌  ‌of‌  ‌each‌  ‌barangay‌  ‌shall‌  ‌have‌  ‌authority‌  ‌to‌  ‌bring‌‌
  together‌‌
  the‌‌ 
b) Among‌‌  those‌‌  specifically‌‌ enumerated‌‌ in‌‌ Sec‌‌ 4(a)(1)‌‌ of‌‌  c) The‌‌
  OMB‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌ prosecution‌‌ offices‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ DOJ‌‌ shall‌‌ have‌‌ 
parties‌  ‌actually‌  ‌residing‌  ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌  same‌‌   city‌‌
  or‌‌
  municipality‌‌   for‌‌
  amicable‌‌ 
PD‌‌1606,‌‌as‌‌amended,‌‌regardless‌‌of‌‌SG;‌‌OR‌  ‌ concurrent‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌complaints‌  ‌for‌  ‌crimes‌‌ 
settlement‌‌of‌‌all‌‌disputes‌e‌ xcept‌: ‌ ‌
c) A‌  ‌national‌  ‌and‌  ‌local‌  ‌official‌  ‌classified‌  ‌as‌  ‌SG‌‌
  ’27’‌‌
  and‌‌  involving‌‌
  public‌‌   officers‌‌ and‌‌ employees‌‌ falling‌‌ outside‌‌ the‌‌ 
xxxx‌  ‌ exclusive‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Sandiganbayan:‌‌   ‌
higher;‌‌OR‌  ‌
(c)‌  ‌Offenses‌  ‌punishable‌  ‌by‌  ‌imprisonment‌  ‌exceeding‌  ‌one‌  ‌(1)‌‌  Provided‌, ‌ ‌That‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌where‌  ‌such‌  ‌a ‌ ‌complaint‌‌
  is‌‌
  filed‌‌ 
d) A‌  ‌private‌  ‌individual‌  ‌charged‌  ‌as‌  ‌co-principal,‌‌ 
year‌‌‌or‌‌a‌‌fine‌‌exceeding‌P
‌ hp5K‌; ‌ ‌ for‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌shall‌  ‌acquire‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌ 
accomplice‌  ‌or‌  ‌accessory‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌officers‌  ‌or‌‌ 
employees.‌  ‌ (d)‌‌Offenses‌‌where‌‌there‌‌is‌‌‌no‌‌private‌‌offended‌‌party‌; ‌ ‌ over‌‌the‌‌complaint‌‌to‌‌the‌‌exclusion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌other:‌‌   ‌

If‌‌YES‌,‌‌proceed‌‌to‌‌next‌‌step;‌   xxxx‌  ‌ Provided,‌  ‌further,‌  ‌That‌  ‌the‌  ‌OMB‌  ‌may‌  ‌refer/endorse‌  ‌any‌‌ 
complaint‌  ‌filed‌  ‌before‌  ‌it‌  ‌to‌  ‌any‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
if‌  ‌NO‌  ‌= ‌ ‌Regular‌  ‌courts‌  ‌— ‌ ‌if‌  ‌punishable‌  ‌by‌  ‌imprisonment‌  ‌of‌‌  Office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Ombudsman‌  ‌ DOJ‌‌having‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌complaint.‌‌   ‌
more‌‌than‌‌6‌‌years‌‌=‌R ‌ TC‌;‌‌otherwise,‌‌MTC.‌  ‌
1) Has‌  ‌primary‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌cases‌  ‌cognizable‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  d) The‌  ‌Prosecutor‌  ‌General‌  ‌or‌  ‌provincial/city‌  ‌prosecutors‌‌ 
3) Damages‌‌   — ‌‌WON‌‌ there‌‌ was‌‌ damage‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ Republic‌‌ exceeding‌‌  Sandiganbayan‌‌   and,‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌  exercise‌‌ of‌‌ this‌‌ primary‌‌ jurisdiction,‌‌  shall‌‌
  resolve‌‌
  the‌‌
  cases‌‌
  referred‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  OMB‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌ DOJ‌‌ for‌‌ 
P1M‌.‌‌(‌as‌‌per‌‌RA‌‌10660‌) ‌ ‌ it‌‌
  may‌‌
  take‌‌
  over,‌‌
  at‌‌
  any‌‌   stage,‌‌ from‌‌ any‌‌ investigatory‌‌ agency‌‌ of‌‌  preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌without‌  ‌need‌  ‌of‌  ‌approval‌  ‌from‌‌ 
Government,‌‌the‌‌investigation‌‌of‌‌such‌‌cases;‌  ‌ the‌‌OMB.‌‌   ‌
If‌‌YES‌,‌‌Sandiganbayan‌;‌‌if‌‌NO‌‌=‌‌RTC‌. ‌ ‌
2) Shall‌  ‌have‌‌
  the‌‌
  power‌‌   to‌‌
  investigate‌‌   any‌‌  serious‌‌  misconduct‌‌   in‌‌  e) In‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌was‌‌ 
Court‌‌of‌‌Tax‌‌Appeals‌  ‌
office‌  ‌allegedly‌  ‌committed‌  ‌by‌  ‌officials‌  ‌removable‌  ‌by‌‌  conducted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌OMB‌  ‌but‌  ‌referred‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌DOJ‌  ‌for‌‌ 
1) Exclusive‌  ‌original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌all‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌offenses‌‌  impeachment,‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  purpose‌‌  of‌‌
  filing‌‌ a ‌‌verified‌‌ complaint‌‌ for‌‌  prosecution,‌  ‌reinvestigation,‌  ‌if‌‌
  ordered‌‌
  by‌‌  the‌‌
  court,‌‌
  shall‌‌ 
arising‌  ‌from‌  ‌violations‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌NIRC‌  ‌or‌  ‌Tariff‌  ‌and‌  ‌Customs‌‌  impeachment,‌‌if‌‌warranted.‌  ‌ be‌‌conducted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌OMB.‌  ‌
Code‌‌‌and‌‌other‌‌laws‌‌administered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌BIR‌‌or‌‌BOC.‌  ‌
3) From‌‌the‌‌MOA‌‌between‌‌the‌‌OMB‌‌and‌‌DOJ‌  ‌ 4) Remedies‌‌Available‌  ‌
Offenses‌‌   or‌‌
  felonies‌‌ herein‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ principal‌‌ amount‌‌ of‌‌ taxes‌‌ 
a) The‌  ‌OMB‌  ‌has‌  ‌primary‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌of‌‌  a) As‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Criminal‌  ‌Aspect‌  ‌— ‌ ‌File‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Motion‌  ‌for‌‌ 
and‌  ‌fees,‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌of‌  ‌charges‌  ‌and‌  ‌penalties,‌  ‌claimed‌  ‌is‌  ‌less‌‌ 
preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌and‌  ‌inquest‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌over‌‌  Reconsideration‌‌first‌‌with‌‌the‌‌OMB;‌‌   ‌
than‌‌   P1M‌‌   or‌‌  where‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ no‌‌ specified‌‌ amount‌‌ claimed‌‌ shall‌‌ 
complaints‌‌for‌‌crimes‌‌cognizable‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Sandiganbayan.‌‌   ‌
be‌‌
  tried‌‌  by‌‌  the‌‌  ‌Regular‌‌
  Courts‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ CTA‌‌  then‌‌a‌‌Rule‌‌65‌C
‌ ertiorari‌‌with‌‌the‌S
‌ C‌. ‌ ‌
shall‌‌be‌‌appellate.‌  ‌ b) If,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌complaint,‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌‌ 
determines‌‌   that‌‌
  the‌‌
  same‌‌   is‌‌
  for‌‌
  a ‌‌crime‌‌ falling‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌  b) As‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Administrative‌  ‌Aspect‌  ‌— ‌‌‌Rule‌‌
  43‌‌
  Petition‌‌
  for‌‌ 
2) Exclusive‌‌appellate‌j‌urisdiction‌‌in‌‌criminal‌‌offenses:‌  ‌ Review‌‌with‌‌the‌C ‌ A‌;  ‌‌ ‌
of‌‌ the‌‌ Sandiganbayan,‌‌ it‌‌ shall‌‌ advise‌‌ the‌‌ complainant‌‌ to‌‌ file‌‌ 
it‌‌directly‌‌with‌‌the‌‌OMB:‌‌   ‌ then‌‌Rule‌‌45‌‌‌with‌‌the‌‌SC‌. ‌ ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 126‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

Injunction‌‌to‌‌Restrain‌‌Criminal‌‌Prosecution‌  ‌ c. MOA‌‌between‌‌OMB‌‌&‌‌DOJ‌‌on‌‌Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌Preliminary‌‌  b. in‌‌


  ‌criminal‌‌   ‌cases,‌‌
  motions‌‌   to‌‌
  quash‌‌  a ‌‌complaint‌‌   on‌‌ 
Investigation‌; ‌ ‌ the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌‌ 
GR‌:‌ I‌ njunction‌‌
  will‌‌ NOT‌‌ be‌‌ granted‌‌ to‌‌ restrain‌‌ criminal‌‌ prosecution‌‌ 
the‌‌accused;‌‌and‌  ‌
  public‌‌ interest‌‌ requires‌‌ that‌‌ criminal‌‌ acts‌‌ be‌‌ immediately‌‌  JURISPRUDENCE‌  ‌
since‌‌
investigated‌‌and‌‌prosecuted‌‌for‌‌the‌‌protection‌‌of‌‌society.‌  ‌ 1. The‌  ‌venue‌  ‌of‌  ‌libel‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌complainant‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌private‌‌  c. motions‌‌to‌‌quash‌‌a‌‌warrant‌‌of‌‌arrest.‌  ‌
EXC‌: ‌ ‌ individual‌‌is‌‌limited‌‌to‌‌only‌‌either‌‌of‌‌two‌‌places,‌‌namely:‌‌   ‌
However,‌  ‌if‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌invoking‌  ‌the‌  ‌special‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
1) Afford‌‌
  ‌adequate‌‌
  protection‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  constitutional‌‌
  rights‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  a. where‌  ‌the‌  ‌complainant‌‌
  actually‌‌
  resides‌‌
  at‌‌
  the‌‌
  time‌‌
  of‌‌  court‌  ‌applies‌  ‌for‌  ‌bail‌, ‌ ‌he‌  ‌must‌  ‌first‌  ‌submit‌  ‌himself‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌‌commission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ custody‌‌of‌‌the‌‌law‌.‌‌(‌Miranda‌‌v.‌‌Tuliao‌) ‌ ‌
accused;‌  ‌
b. where‌  ‌the‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌defamatory‌‌
  article‌‌
  was‌‌
  printed‌‌
  and‌‌  4. In‌  ‌vesting‌‌
  in‌‌
  ‌family‌‌  courts‌‌
  EOJ‌‌   over‌‌
  criminal‌‌   cases‌‌  involving‌‌ 
2) Necessary‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌orderly‌‌
  ‌administration‌‌
  of‌‌ justice‌‌ or‌‌ to‌‌ avoid‌‌ 
first‌  ‌published‌  ‌— ‌ ‌which‌  ‌does‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌include‌  ‌first‌‌  minors,‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌but‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌to‌  ‌protect‌  ‌their‌  ‌welfare‌  ‌and‌  ‌best‌‌ 
oppression‌‌or‌‌multiplicity‌‌of‌‌actions;‌  ‌
access‌.‌‌(‌Bonifacio‌‌v.‌‌RTC‌‌Makati‌) ‌ ‌ interests.‌‌  For‌‌  this‌‌
  reason,‌‌
  when‌‌   the‌‌
  need‌‌   for‌‌ such‌‌ protection‌‌ is‌‌ 
3) Pre-judicial‌‌question‌w
‌ hich‌‌is‌s‌ ubjudice‌; ‌ ‌ not‌  ‌compromised,‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌is‌  ‌able‌  ‌to‌  ‌relax‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule,‌‌
  such‌‌
  as‌‌ 
2. The‌  ‌crime‌  ‌of‌  ‌concubinage‌  ‌is‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌EOJ‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌inferior‌‌ 
when‌  ‌the‌  ‌minor‌  ‌victims‌  ‌are‌  ‌dead.‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Dela‌‌ 
4) Acts‌o
‌ f‌‌the‌‌officer‌‌are‌‌without‌‌or‌‌in‌‌excess‌‌of‌‌authority;‌  ‌ courts.‌  ‌Among‌  ‌the‌  ‌important‌  ‌factors‌  ‌considered‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Torre-Yadao‌) ‌ ‌
5) Prosecution‌‌is‌‌under‌‌an‌i‌ nvalid‌l‌ aw,‌‌ordinance‌‌or‌‌regulation;‌  ‌ allocation‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTCs‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌inferior‌‌ 
courts‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌  ‌gravity‌  ‌of‌  ‌both‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  5. The‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌liability‌  ‌for‌  ‌estafa‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌affected‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌‌
6) Double‌‌jeopardy‌‌‌is‌‌clearly‌‌apparent;‌  ‌ imposable‌‌penalty.‌(‌ ‌People‌‌v.‌‌Eduarte‌) ‌ ‌ compromise‌, ‌ ‌for‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌  ‌offense‌  ‌which‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌‌ 
7) Court‌‌has‌‌‌no‌‌jurisdiction‌‌‌over‌‌the‌‌offense;‌  ‌ prosecuted‌  ‌and‌  ‌punished‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌government‌  ‌on‌  ‌its‌  ‌own‌‌ 
3. Custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌  ‌required‌‌   before‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌
  can‌‌
  act‌‌
  upon‌‌ 
motion,‌‌  even‌‌
  though‌‌
  complete‌‌   reparation‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ made‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
8) Persecution‌r‌ ather‌‌than‌‌prosecution;‌  ‌ the‌‌  application‌‌   for‌‌
  bail,‌‌  but‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌ required‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ adjudication‌‌ 
damage‌  ‌suffered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌private‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party.‌  ‌(‌MBTC‌  ‌v.‌‌ 
of‌  ‌other‌  ‌reliefs‌  ‌sought‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌mere‌‌ 
9) Charges‌  ‌are‌  ‌manifestly‌  ‌false‌  ‌and‌  ‌motivated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌lust‌  ‌for‌‌  Reynado‌) ‌ ‌
application‌‌   therefor‌‌  constitutes‌‌   a ‌‌waiver‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  defense‌‌  of‌‌ lack‌‌ 
vengeance‌; ‌ ‌ 6. The‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌has‌  ‌EXCLUSIVE‌  ‌original‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌‌ 
of‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌person‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌‌   ‌
10) Clearly‌  ‌no‌  ‌prima‌  ‌facie‌  ‌case‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌  ‌on‌  ‌that‌‌  drug-related‌  ‌cases‌, ‌ ‌regardless‌  ‌of‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌
Custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌  ‌accomplished‌  ‌either‌  ‌by‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌or‌‌ 
ground‌‌has‌‌been‌‌denied;‌‌and‌  ‌ high-ranking‌  ‌official‌  ‌or‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌committed‌  ‌in‌‌ 
voluntary‌  ‌surrender,‌  ‌while‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌‌ 
relation‌‌to‌‌office.‌‌(D
‌ e‌‌Lima‌‌v.‌‌Guerrero‌) ‌ ‌
11) Preliminary‌‌injunction‌‌has‌‌been‌‌issued‌‌by‌‌the‌‌SC.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌upon‌  ‌his‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌or‌  ‌voluntary‌‌ 
appearance.‌  ‌
GR‌:‌ ‌ andamus‌‌
M   will‌‌
  NOT‌‌  lie‌‌
  to‌‌
  compel‌‌
  criminal‌‌
  prosecution‌‌ since‌‌  Rule‌‌110.‌‌Prosecution‌‌of‌‌Offenses‌  ‌
such‌‌is‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌discretion.‌  ‌ GR‌: ‌ ‌ One‌  ‌who‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌affirmative‌  ‌relief‌‌
  is‌‌
  deemed‌‌
  to‌‌
  have‌‌ 
submitted‌‌to‌‌the‌‌jurisdiction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌ Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Institution‌‌of‌‌Criminal‌‌Actions‌  ‌
EXC‌:‌ I‌ f‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌finds‌‌   the‌‌
  accused‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  so‌‌
  liable,‌‌  it‌‌
  becomes‌‌ 
his‌‌   inescapable‌‌   duty‌‌
  to‌‌  charge‌‌  him‌‌
  therewith‌‌   and‌‌
  to‌‌ prosecute‌‌  EXC‌:‌‌  In‌  ‌the‌‌  case‌‌
  of‌‌
  pleadings‌‌   whose‌‌
  prayer‌‌   is‌‌
  precisely‌‌   for‌‌  Criminal‌‌actions‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌instituted‌a‌ s‌‌follows:‌  ‌
fim‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  same.‌‌
  The‌‌ rule‌‌ loses‌‌ its‌‌ discretionary‌‌ character‌‌ and‌‌  the‌  ‌avoidance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌which‌‌ 
(a) For‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌is‌  ‌required‌, ‌ ‌by‌‌ 
becomes‌‌mandatory.‌  ‌ only‌‌   leads‌‌
  to‌‌
  a ‌‌‌special‌‌
  appearance‌. ‌‌These‌‌   pleadings‌‌ 
filing‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌officer‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌‌ 
are:‌‌   ‌
Include‌‌the‌‌following:‌‌   ‌ conducting‌‌the‌‌requisite‌‌preliminary‌‌investigation.‌  ‌

a. Judicial‌‌Affidavit‌‌Rule‌; ‌ ‌ a. in‌  ‌civil‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌motions‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌‌
  of‌‌  (b) For‌‌all‌‌other‌‌offenses,‌‌by‌‌f iling‌‌   ‌
lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  defendant,‌‌ 
b. Revised‌‌Guidelines‌‌for‌‌Continuous‌‌Trial‌; ‌ ‌ (i) the‌‌complaint‌‌or‌‌information‌d
‌ irectly‌w
‌ ith‌‌the‌‌MTC‌,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
whether‌  ‌or‌  ‌not‌  ‌other‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌for‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌are‌‌ 
included;‌  ‌ (ii) the‌‌complaint‌‌with‌‌the‌‌office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌prosecutor‌.  ‌‌ ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 127‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court.‌  ‌Once‌  ‌so‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌to‌  ‌prosecute‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
In‌  ‌Manila‌‌   and‌‌
  other‌‌   chartered‌‌
  cities‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌f iled‌‌  Sec‌‌3-4.‌‌  Complaint‌‌and‌‌Information‌‌defined‌  ‌ private‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌shall‌  ‌continue‌  ‌to‌  ‌prosecute‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ u p‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ end‌‌ of‌‌ 
with‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌unless‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌‌ 
A‌  ‌complaint‌‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌s worn‌  ‌w ritten‌  ‌statement‌‌ charging‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ with‌‌ an‌‌  the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌even‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ absence‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌public‌‌ prosecutor,‌‌ u nless‌‌ the‌‌ authority‌‌ 
their‌‌charters.‌  ‌
offense,‌s‌ ubscribed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌   ‌ is‌‌revoked‌‌or‌‌otherwise‌‌withdrawn.‌  ‌
The‌‌   ‌institution‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  criminal‌‌
  action‌‌
  shall‌‌
  ‌interrupt‌‌
  ‌the‌‌
  running‌‌ period‌‌ 
a) offended‌‌party‌,  ‌‌ ‌ The‌  ‌crimes‌  ‌of‌  ‌adultery‌  ‌and‌  ‌concubinage‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌b e‌  ‌prosecuted‌‌ 
of‌  ‌prescription‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌unless‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌‌ 
except‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌a ‌ ‌complaint‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  offended‌  ‌spouse.‌  ‌The‌  ‌offended‌‌ 
special‌‌laws.‌  ‌ b) any‌‌peace‌‌officer,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ party‌‌c annot‌‌institute‌‌criminal‌‌prosecution‌‌   ‌
NOTES‌  ‌ c) other‌  ‌public‌  ‌officer‌  ‌charged‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌enforcement‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  a) without‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌if‌  ‌b oth‌  ‌alive,‌  ‌nor,‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌‌ 
1. As‌  ‌a ‌ ‌rule,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌NO‌  ‌direct‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌information‌  ‌or‌‌  violated.‌  ‌ case,‌‌   ‌
complaint‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌   RTC‌‌  since‌‌ its‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ covers‌‌ offenses‌‌  An‌  ‌information‌‌   ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌accusation‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌charging‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌‌ with‌‌ an‌‌  b) if‌‌the‌‌offended‌‌party‌‌h as‌c‌ onsented‌t‌ o‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌or‌‌   ‌
which‌  ‌require‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation.‌  ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌qualified‌  ‌by‌‌  offense,‌s‌ ubscribed‌‌by‌‌the‌p ‌ rosecutor‌‌‌and‌‌f iled‌‌with‌‌the‌‌court.‌ 
c) pardoned‌t‌ he‌‌offenders.‌  ‌
the‌‌last‌‌sentence‌‌of‌‌Sec‌‌6‌‌of‌‌Rule‌‌112:‌  ‌
NOTE‌  ‌ The‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌of‌  ‌s eduction‌, ‌ ‌abduction‌‌ ‌and‌‌ ‌acts‌‌ of‌‌ lasciviousness‌‌ ‌shall‌‌ 
After‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information‌  ‌in‌  ‌court‌‌  not‌  ‌b e‌  ‌prosecuted‌  ‌except‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌a ‌‌complaint‌‌ f iled‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ ‌offended‌‌ party‌‌ 
1. Note‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌information‌  ‌need‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌sworn‌, ‌ ‌unlike‌  ‌the‌‌ 
without‌  ‌a ‌ ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌may‌‌  or‌  ‌h er‌  ‌parents‌, ‌ ‌grandparents‌  ‌or‌  ‌guardian‌, ‌ ‌nor,‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌case,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌‌ 
complaint.‌  ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌because‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor,‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌solely‌‌ 
within‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌‌   he‌‌
  learns‌‌  of‌‌
  its‌‌
  filing,‌‌  offender‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌expressly‌‌   ‌pardoned‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌‌ of‌‌ them.‌‌ If‌‌ the‌‌ offended‌‌ 
authorized‌  ‌to‌  ‌subscribe‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌information,‌  ‌is‌  ‌acting‌  ‌under‌‌ 
ask‌‌
  for‌‌  a ‌‌preliminary‌‌   investigation‌‌   with‌‌   the‌‌
  same‌‌   right‌‌ to‌‌  party‌  ‌dies‌  ‌or‌  ‌b ecomes‌  ‌incapacitated‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌she‌  ‌can‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint,‌‌ 
the‌‌oath‌‌of‌‌his‌‌office.‌ 
adduce‌‌evidence‌‌in‌‌his‌‌defense.‌  ‌ and‌  ‌she‌  ‌h as‌  ‌no‌  ‌known‌  ‌parents,‌  ‌grandparents‌  ‌or‌  ‌guardian,‌  ‌the‌  ‌State‌‌ 
2. An‌  ‌Information‌  ‌falls‌  ‌squarely‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌ambit‌  ‌of‌  ‌BM‌  ‌No.‌‌  shall‌‌initiate‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action‌‌in‌‌h er‌‌b ehalf.‌  ‌
2. In‌  ‌cases‌  ‌involving‌  ‌special‌  ‌laws‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌Zaldivia‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  1922,‌  ‌in‌  ‌relation‌  ‌to‌  ‌BM‌  ‌850‌  ‌which‌  ‌REQUIRES‌  ‌practicing‌‌ 
controlling.‌  ‌In‌  ‌said‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌the‌  ‌institution‌  ‌of‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌for‌‌  members‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌bar‌‌   to‌‌  INDICATE‌‌   in‌‌
  all‌‌
  pleadings,‌‌   the‌‌
  number‌‌  The‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party,‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌a ‌ ‌minor‌, ‌ ‌h as‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌initiate‌  ‌the‌‌ 
preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌against‌‌   the‌‌
  accused‌‌   interrupts‌‌   the‌‌  and‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌  ‌MCLE‌  ‌Certificate‌  ‌of‌  ‌Compliance‌  ‌or‌‌  prosecution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌of‌  ‌s eduction‌, ‌ ‌abduction‌  ‌and‌  ‌acts‌  ‌of‌‌ 
period‌‌of‌‌prescription.‌  ‌ Certificate‌‌of‌‌Exemption.‌‌   ‌ lasciviousness‌  ‌independently‌  ‌of‌  ‌h er‌  ‌parents,‌  ‌grandparents,‌  ‌or‌‌ 
The‌  ‌rule‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌amendatory‌  ‌Resolution,‌  ‌dated‌  ‌January‌‌   14,‌‌  guardian,‌  ‌unless‌‌ ‌she‌‌ is‌‌ incompetent‌‌ or‌‌ incapable‌‌ of‌‌ doing‌‌ so.‌‌ Where‌‌ the‌‌ 
Zaldivia‌  ‌and‌  ‌Jadewell‌‌
  Parking‌‌   Systems‌‌   involve‌‌   ‌ordinances‌‌  offended‌  ‌party,‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌minor,‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint,‌  ‌h er‌  ‌parents,‌‌ 
2014‌  ‌failure‌  ‌will‌  ‌subject‌  ‌the‌  ‌lawyer‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌prescribed‌  ‌fine‌‌ 
wherein‌‌
  the‌‌
  prevailing‌‌
  rule‌‌
  is‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  period‌‌ of‌‌ prescription‌‌ is‌‌  grandparents,‌  ‌or‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌may‌‌ f ile‌‌ the‌‌ same.‌‌ The‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ f ile‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ 
and/or‌  ‌disciplinary‌  ‌action,‌  ‌and‌  ‌will‌‌
  ‌no‌‌
  longer‌‌   cause‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌ 
interrupted‌‌only‌‌upon‌f‌ iling‌‌of‌‌information‌‌‌in‌‌court.‌  ‌ dismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case‌. ‌ ‌ granted‌  ‌to‌  ‌parents,‌  ‌grandparents‌  ‌or‌  ‌guardian‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌running‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌prescription‌  ‌is‌  ‌interrupted‌  ‌with‌‌  The‌‌   more‌‌
  prudent‌‌ and‌‌ practical‌‌ thing‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ trial‌‌ court‌‌ should‌‌  other‌  ‌persons‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌exercised‌  ‌successively‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌h erein‌‌ 
have‌  ‌done‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌place,‌  ‌so‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌avoid‌  ‌delay‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  provided,‌‌except‌‌as‌‌stated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌preceding‌‌paragraph.‌  ‌
the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ even‌‌ if‌‌ ‌the‌‌ court‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ was‌ 
filed‌‌is‌‌without‌j‌urisdiction.‌  disposition‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  case,‌‌
  was‌‌  not‌‌ to‌‌ dismiss‌‌ the‌‌ Information‌‌ but‌‌  No‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌defamation‌  ‌which‌  ‌consists‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌   imputation‌‌  of‌‌ 
to‌  ‌simply‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌  ‌investigating‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌to‌  ‌indicate‌‌  the‌‌
  offenses‌‌
  mentioned‌‌   above‌‌
  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌b rought‌  ‌except‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌instance‌‌ of‌‌ 
Sec‌‌2.‌‌  The‌‌Complaint‌‌or‌‌Information‌  ‌ therein‌‌  the‌‌
  number‌‌   and‌‌
  date‌‌  of‌‌
  issue‌‌ of‌‌ her‌‌ MCLE‌‌ Certificate‌‌ of‌‌  and‌‌u pon‌‌complaint‌‌f iled‌‌by‌‌the‌o ‌ ffended‌‌party‌. ‌ ‌
Compliance.‌‌(‌People‌‌v.‌‌Arrojado‌) ‌ ‌
1. The‌  ‌bringing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌city‌  ‌of‌  ‌Manila‌‌  The‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌for‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌special‌  ‌laws‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌governed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
instead‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌United‌‌  States‌‌   (‌now‌‌
  People‌‌   of‌‌   Philippines‌) ‌‌is‌‌  Sec‌‌5.‌‌
  the‌‌   Who‌‌must‌‌prosecute‌‌criminal‌‌action‌  ‌ provisions‌‌thereof.‌‌   ‌
an‌  ‌error‌  ‌merely‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌jurisdictional‌  ‌defect.‌‌   ‌The‌‌  defect‌‌   is‌‌  All‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌actions‌  ‌either‌  ‌commenced‌  ‌by‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌information‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
one‌‌   which‌‌   could‌‌  have‌‌   been‌‌   cured‌‌  at‌‌
  any‌‌   stage‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  trial‌‌  shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌prosecuted‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌the‌  ‌direction‌  ‌and‌  ‌control‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌‌ 
by‌  ‌an‌  ‌amendment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   court‌‌   itself‌‌  or‌‌
  upon‌‌  prosecutor‌. ‌‌In‌‌ case‌‌ of‌‌ heavy‌‌ work‌‌ schedule‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ public‌‌ prosecutor,‌‌ or‌‌  1. The‌‌  public‌‌ prosecutor‌‌ ‌directs‌‌ and‌‌ controls‌‌ the‌‌ prosecution‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌person‌  ‌interested‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌   prosecution.‌‌   (‌Ngo‌‌  in‌  ‌the‌  ‌event‌  ‌of‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌public‌  ‌prosecutors,‌  ‌the‌  ‌private‌  ‌prosecutor‌‌ may‌‌  a‌‌criminal‌‌case.‌‌He‌‌has‌‌the‌‌power‌‌and‌d ‌ iscretion‌‌‌to‌  ‌
Yao‌‌Tit‌‌v.‌‌Sheriff‌‌of‌‌Manila‌) ‌ ‌ be‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Chief‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Prosecution‌  ‌Office‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌  a. Determine‌‌whether‌‌a‌p
‌ rima‌‌facie‌‌‌case‌‌exists;‌  ‌
Regional‌  ‌State‌  ‌Prosecutor‌  ‌to‌  ‌prosecute‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌‌ the‌‌ approval‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 128‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

b. Decide‌‌
  which‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  conflicting‌‌   testimonies‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌  Consequently,‌  ‌the‌  ‌imposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌fine‌  ‌as‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  Evidence‌  ‌presented‌  ‌during‌  ‌trial‌  ‌can‌  ‌cure‌  ‌the‌  ‌defect‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
believed‌  ‌free‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌interference‌  ‌or‌  ‌control‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  questioned‌  ‌only‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌People‌  ‌through‌  ‌the‌  ‌OSG.‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌‌  information.‌  ‌Thus,‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌waived‌  ‌his‌‌ 
offended‌‌party;‌‌and‌  ‌ Alapan‌) ‌ ‌ right‌‌to‌‌assail‌‌the‌‌sufficiency‌‌of‌‌the‌‌information‌‌when‌‌he‌  ‌
c. Determine‌  ‌which‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌  ‌in‌  ‌court,‌‌  Sec‌‌6.‌‌  Sufficiency‌‌of‌‌Complaint‌‌or‌‌Information‌  ‌ a. Voluntarily‌‌entered‌‌a‌‌plea‌‌when‌‌arraigned;‌‌and‌  ‌
subject‌‌to‌‌the‌‌right‌‌against‌‌self-incrimination.‌  ‌ b. Participated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌trial.‌  ‌
A‌‌complaint‌‌or‌‌information‌‌is‌‌sufficient‌‌if‌‌it‌‌states‌‌   ‌
2. The‌‌
  People‌‌   are‌‌
  the‌‌
  real‌‌
  parties‌‌ in‌‌ interest‌‌ whereas‌‌ the‌‌ offended‌‌  However,‌‌  where‌‌
  the‌‌
  objection‌‌
  is‌‌
  based‌‌  on‌‌ lack‌‌ of‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ 
party‌  ‌is‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness.‌‌   As‌‌  such,‌‌
  an‌‌
  appeal‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  criminal‌‌  a) the‌‌name‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌;‌‌( §7)‌  ‌
over‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌raised‌  ‌or‌‌ 
case‌  ‌not‌  ‌filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌People‌  ‌as‌  ‌represented‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌OSG‌  ‌is‌‌  b) the‌‌designation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌given‌‌by‌‌the‌‌statute;‌‌( §8)‌  ‌ considered‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌at‌  ‌ANY‌  ‌stage‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
perforce‌‌dismissible.‌  ‌ proceedings‌‌or‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
c) the‌  ‌acts‌  ‌or‌  ‌omissions‌  ‌complained‌  ‌of‌  ‌as‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌the‌‌ 
However‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌private‌  ‌complainant‌  ‌may‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌‌  offense;‌‌   ‌ 4. The‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌determined‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌ 
intervention‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  OSG‌‌
  but‌‌
  only‌‌
  insofar‌‌
  as‌‌ the‌‌ ‌civil‌‌ liability‌‌ of‌‌  caption‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌preamble‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌information,‌  ‌or‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Including‌‌its‌‌qualifying‌‌and‌‌aggravating‌‌circumstances‌‌‌( §9)‌  ‌
the‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌concerned.‌  ‌ specification‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌provision‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌‌ 
d) the‌‌name‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offended‌‌party‌;‌‌( §12)‌  ‌
NB:‌‌  For‌‌  cases‌‌
  elevated‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  SB‌‌
  and‌‌
  from‌‌ the‌‌ SB‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ SC,‌‌  violated,‌‌
  which‌‌   are‌‌   conclusions‌‌ of‌‌ law‌, ‌‌but‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ ‌actual‌‌ 
  ‌mere‌‌
the‌  ‌Office‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Ombudsman‌, ‌ ‌through‌  ‌its‌  ‌special‌‌  e) the‌  ‌approximate‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ commission‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ offense;‌‌ ( §11)‌‌  recital‌‌of‌‌the‌‌facts‌‌‌in‌‌the‌‌complaint‌‌or‌‌information.‌  ‌
prosecutor,‌‌shall‌‌represent‌‌the‌‌People.‌  ‌ and‌‌   ‌
5. The‌‌task‌‌of‌‌the‌‌prosecution‌‌is‌‌twofold‌  ‌
3. Villareal‌‌   v.‌‌
  Aliga‌‌
  upheld‌‌   the‌‌
  doctrine‌‌   that‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  only‌‌ the‌‌ OSG,‌‌ as‌‌  f) the‌‌place‌w
‌ here‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌was‌‌committed.‌‌( §10)‌  ‌
a. To‌‌
  prove‌‌
  beyond‌‌
  reasonable‌‌
  doubt‌‌
  the‌‌ commission‌‌ of‌‌ 
representative‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌State,‌  ‌which‌  ‌may‌‌   question‌‌   the‌‌  ‌acquittal‌‌  When‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌committed‌  ‌by‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌one‌  ‌person,‌  ‌all‌  ‌of‌  ‌them‌‌  the‌‌crime‌‌charged;‌‌AND‌  ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌via‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌65.‌‌  shall‌‌b e‌‌included‌‌in‌‌the‌‌complaint‌‌or‌‌information.‌  ‌
(‌Chiok‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ b. To‌  ‌establish‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌quantum‌  ‌of‌  ‌proof‌  ‌the‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ identity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌person/s‌‌responsible‌‌thereof.‌  ‌
4. A‌  ‌private‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌by‌  ‌either‌‌ 
the‌  ‌Chief‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Prosecution‌  ‌Office‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌State‌‌  1. The‌  ‌test‌  ‌for‌  ‌sufficiency‌  ‌is‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌is‌  ‌described‌  ‌in‌‌  6. A‌  ‌mistake‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌name‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌fatal.‌  ‌Positive‌  ‌identification‌‌ 
Prosecutor‌  ‌to‌  ‌prosecute‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌up‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌end‌  ‌of‌‌  intelligible‌  ‌terms‌  ‌with‌  ‌such‌  ‌particularity‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌apprise‌  ‌the‌‌  pertains‌‌to‌p‌ roof‌‌of‌‌identity.‌  ‌
trial‌‌for‌‌either‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌reasons:‌  accused,‌  ‌with‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌certainty,‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌to‌‌ 
7. Identification‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌had‌  ‌either‌  ‌through‌  ‌direct‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌or‌‌ 
enable‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌to‌  ‌suitably‌  ‌prepare‌  ‌for‌  ‌his‌  ‌defense‌‌ 
a. The‌‌public‌‌prosecutor‌‌has‌‌a‌‌heavy‌‌work‌‌schedule;‌‌or‌  ‌ circumstantial‌e‌ vidence‌‌—‌‌which,‌‌   ‌
since‌‌   he‌‌
  is‌‌
  presumed‌‌   to‌‌
  have‌‌   ‌no‌‌
  independent‌‌   knowledge‌‌   of‌‌ 
b. There‌‌is‌‌a‌‌lack‌‌of‌‌public‌‌prosecutors.‌  ‌ the‌‌facts‌‌that‌‌constituted‌‌the‌‌offense.‌  ‌ a. when‌‌taken‌‌together‌‌with‌‌the‌‌other‌‌pieces‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌   ‌
5. Extinction‌  ‌of‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌liability‌  ‌for‌  ‌rape‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌had‌  ‌only‌‌  2. An‌  ‌information‌  ‌validly‌  ‌charges‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌material‌‌  b. constituting‌‌an‌‌unbroken‌‌chain,‌‌   ‌
through‌  ‌pardon‌  ‌and‌  ‌marriage‌  ‌— ‌ ‌which‌  ‌must‌‌   occur‌‌   prior‌‌
  to‌‌  facts‌‌  alleged‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ complaint‌‌ or‌‌ information‌‌ shall‌‌ establish‌‌ the‌‌  c. leads‌‌to‌‌only‌‌fair‌‌and‌‌reasonable‌‌conclusion,‌‌   ‌
the‌‌institution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action‌. ‌ ‌ essential‌‌elements‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌charged.‌  ‌
d. which‌‌is‌‌that‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌the‌‌author‌‌of‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌   ‌
An‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌of‌  ‌desistance‌  ‌executed‌  ‌merely‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌afterthought‌‌  3. Objections‌  ‌relating‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌form‌  ‌or‌  ‌insufficiency‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
e. to‌‌the‌‌exclusion‌‌of‌‌all‌‌others.‌  ‌
has‌‌no‌‌persuasive‌‌effect.‌‌(P ‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Dela‌‌Cerna‌) ‌ ‌ information‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌prior‌  ‌to‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌either‌‌ 
through‌‌   a ‌‌bill‌‌
  of‌‌
  particulars‌‌ or‌‌ motion‌‌ to‌‌ quash,‌‌ and‌‌ not‌‌ for‌‌ the‌  8. Aggravating‌‌ circumstances,‌‌ whether‌‌ qualifying‌‌ or‌‌ generic,‌‌ must‌‌ 
6. The‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌of‌  ‌fine‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌imposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌subsidiary‌‌ 
first‌  ‌time‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal.‌  ‌Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌pursue‌  ‌either‌  ‌remedy‌‌  be‌‌
  alleged‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  information‌‌
  before‌‌  they‌‌
  can‌‌  be‌‌ considered‌‌ by‌‌ 
imprisonment‌  ‌in‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌nonpayment‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌pertain‌  ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
constitutes‌‌a‌w ‌ aiver‌t‌ o‌‌objections‌‌to‌‌any‌‌formal‌‌defect.‌  ‌ the‌‌ court.‌‌ (‌People‌‌ v.‌‌ Torrecampo‌, ‌‌‌People‌‌ v.‌‌ Lapore‌, ‌‌‌People‌‌ v.‌‌ 
criminal‌‌aspect‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌
Canceran‌) ‌ ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 129‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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9. Sufficient‌‌  if‌‌ the‌‌ offense‌‌ was‌‌ committed‌‌ or‌‌ some‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ essential‌‌  of‌  ‌or‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌intent‌  ‌to‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌a ‌ ‌third‌  ‌person,‌  ‌regardless‌‌  charged‌  ‌and‌  ‌proved,‌  ‌and‌  ‌impose‌  ‌upon‌  ‌him‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌‌ 
ingredients‌  ‌occurred‌  ‌at‌  ‌some‌  ‌place‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌  of‌‌  whether‌‌   or‌‌
  not‌‌
  the‌‌  falsified‌‌ document‌‌ is‌‌ put‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ improper‌‌ or‌‌  penalty‌‌for‌‌each‌‌offense.‌‌(P
‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Jugueta‌) ‌ ‌
the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌unless‌‌   ‌the‌‌
  particular‌‌
  place‌‌
  where‌‌
  it‌‌
  was‌‌  committed‌‌  illegal‌‌use‌‌for‌‌which‌‌it‌‌was‌‌intended.‌‌(N ‌ avaja‌‌v.‌‌De‌‌Castro‌) ‌ ‌
Sec‌‌14.‌‌  Amendment‌‌or‌‌Substitution‌  ‌
constitutes‌  ‌an‌  ‌essential‌  ‌element‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌‌  Sec‌‌13.‌‌  Duplicity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense‌  ‌
necessary‌‌for‌‌its‌‌identification.‌  ‌ 1. Before‌  ‌accused‌  ‌enters‌  ‌plea‌— ‌ ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information‌‌ 
A‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information‌  ‌must‌  ‌charge‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌one‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌except‌‌
  ‌when‌‌  may‌  ‌be‌‌
  amended‌‌   in‌‌
  ‌form‌‌
  ‌or‌‌
  in‌‌
  ‌substance‌‌
  ‌without‌‌
  ‌the‌‌
  need‌‌
  for‌‌ 
10. It‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌not‌‌
  necessary‌‌ ‌to‌‌ state‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ complaint‌‌ or‌‌ information‌‌ the‌‌  the‌‌law‌‌prescribes‌‌a‌‌single‌‌punishment‌‌for‌‌various‌‌offenses.‌  ‌ leave‌‌of‌‌court.‌  ‌
precise‌  ‌date‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌‌  was‌‌   committed‌‌  ‌except‌‌   ‌when‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌
material‌‌ingredient‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense.‌  ‌ NOTES‌  ‌ However‌, ‌ ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌plus‌  ‌motion‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor,‌  ‌with‌‌ 
1. Where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌single‌  ‌act‌  ‌violates‌  ‌two‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌entirely‌‌  distinct‌‌
  and‌‌  notice‌‌
  ‌to‌‌
  offended‌‌   party,‌‌
  is‌‌
  required‌‌
  even‌‌   if‌‌
  the‌‌
  amendment‌‌   is‌‌ 
11. In‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌against‌  ‌property,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
unrelated‌‌   provisions‌‌   of‌‌
  law,‌‌
  the‌‌
  prosecution‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ accused‌‌ for‌‌  made‌‌before‌‌plea‌‌if‌‌the‌‌amendment:‌  ‌
offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌specific‌  ‌and‌  ‌identifiable‌, ‌ ‌an‌  ‌error‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
designation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offended‌‌party‌‌is‌i‌ mmaterial‌. ‌ ‌ more‌‌than‌‌one‌‌offense‌‌in‌s‌ eparate‌‌‌informations‌‌is‌‌justified.‌  ‌ a. Downgrades‌‌the‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌charged;‌‌or‌  ‌
12. When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌  ‌is‌  ‌filed‌  ‌challenging‌  ‌the‌  ‌validity‌‌   and‌‌  However‌, ‌‌if‌‌ a ‌‌‌single‌‌ penalty‌‌ is‌‌ imposed,‌‌ such‌‌ as‌‌ when‌‌ various‌‌  b. Excludes‌  ‌any‌  ‌accused‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌‌ 
sufficiency‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌Information,‌‌   and‌‌  the‌‌
  defect‌‌  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  cured‌‌   by‌‌  offenses‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌complexed‌  ‌or‌  ‌compounded‌  ‌as‌‌   per‌‌
  Art.‌‌
  48‌‌
  of‌‌  information.‌  ‌
amendment,‌  ‌courts‌  ‌must‌  ‌deny‌  ‌the‌‌   motion‌‌  to‌‌
  quash‌‌
  and‌‌  order‌‌  the‌  ‌RPC,‌‌  then‌‌   a ‌‌single‌‌
  information‌‌   suffices.‌‌
  This‌‌
  also‌‌  includes‌‌ 
2. After‌  ‌accused‌  ‌enters‌  ‌plea‌  ‌and‌  ‌during‌  ‌trial‌  ‌— ‌ ‌any‌‌
  ‌formal‌‌ 
the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌an‌  ‌amended‌  ‌Information.‌  ‌Generally,‌  ‌a ‌‌ if‌‌
  an‌‌
  alleged‌‌  offense‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌series‌‌
  of‌‌
  acts‌‌
  committed‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌ same‌‌ 
amendment‌‌may‌‌only‌‌be‌‌made‌‌if‌  ‌
defect‌  ‌pertaining‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌Information‌  ‌to‌‌  period‌  ‌and‌  ‌impelled‌  ‌by‌  ‌single‌  ‌intent‌  ‌or‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌known‌  ‌as‌‌ 
charge‌  ‌facts‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  “‌delito‌‌continuado.‌” ‌ ‌ a. Leave‌‌of‌‌court‌‌is‌‌secured;‌‌and‌  ‌
corrected‌‌by‌‌an‌‌amendment‌. ‌ ‌
2. Each‌  ‌incident‌  ‌of‌  ‌sexual‌  ‌intercourse‌  ‌and‌  ‌lascivious‌  ‌act‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌ b. The‌‌  amendment‌‌   does‌‌
  not‌‌
  cause‌‌
  prejudice‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ rights‌‌ 
An‌‌  Information‌‌  need‌‌  only‌‌  state‌‌ the‌‌ ‌ultimate‌‌ facts‌‌ constituting‌‌  separate‌  ‌and‌  ‌distinct‌  ‌offense‌  ‌that‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌subject‌‌
  of‌‌
  separate‌‌  of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
the‌‌  offense‌‌
  and‌‌
  not‌‌
  the‌‌
  finer‌‌  details‌‌   of‌‌
  why‌‌
  and‌‌
  how‌‌ the‌‌ crime‌‌  informations.‌  ‌
GR‌:‌ ‌ fter‌  ‌arraignment,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌substantial‌  ‌amendment‌  ‌is‌‌ 
A
was‌  ‌committed.‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Sandiganbayan‌  ‌and‌  ‌Castillo,‌‌   et‌‌ 
3. With‌  ‌the‌  ‌amendments‌  ‌introduced‌  ‌by‌  ‌RA‌  ‌8294‌  ‌to‌  ‌PD‌  ‌1866,‌‌  proscribed.‌  ‌
al‌) ‌ ‌
separate‌  ‌informations‌  ‌for‌  ‌homicide‌  ‌and‌  ‌illegal‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌‌ 
13. The‌  ‌indictment‌  ‌merely‌  ‌states‌  ‌that‌  ‌psychological‌  ‌pain‌  ‌and‌‌  EXC‌:‌ If‌‌the‌‌same‌‌is‌‌beneficial‌‌to‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
firearms‌  ‌are‌  ‌no‌  ‌longer‌  ‌in‌  ‌order.‌  ‌The‌  ‌latter‌  ‌offense‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
physical‌  ‌injuries‌  ‌were‌  ‌inflicted‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌victim‌. ‌ ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌‌  appreciated‌‌as‌‌an‌‌aggravating‌‌circumstance‌‌to‌‌the‌‌former.‌  ‌ 3. An‌‌amendment‌‌is‌‌formal‌‌‌if‌‌it‌‌does‌‌not‌‌   ‌
allegation‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌purported‌  ‌acts‌  ‌were‌  ‌employed‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌‌
Where‌‌   a ‌‌person‌‌  was‌‌
  arrested‌‌   for‌‌ illegal‌‌ possession‌‌ of‌‌ multiple‌‌  a. change‌‌the‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌alleged,‌‌   ‌
prerequisite‌‌   for‌‌
  admission‌‌   or‌‌  entry‌‌ into‌‌ the‌‌ organization‌. ‌‌
firearms,‌  ‌each‌  ‌firearm‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌‌  b. affect‌‌the‌‌essence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense,‌‌   ‌
Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌aver‌  ‌this‌  ‌crucial‌  ‌ingredient‌  ‌would‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌the‌‌ 
information‌‌   because‌‌
  the‌‌ law‌‌ provides‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌separate‌‌ penalty‌‌ for‌‌ 
successful‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌responsibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
each‌‌type‌‌of‌‌firearm.‌  ‌ c. cause‌‌surprise,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
accused,‌  ‌either‌  ‌as‌‌
  principal‌‌
  or‌‌
  as‌‌  accomplice,‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  crime‌‌   of‌‌ 
hazing‌.‌‌(‌People‌‌v.‌‌Bayabos‌) ‌ ‌ 4. Waiver.‌  ‌Duplicity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌or‌  ‌multifariousness‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌ d. deprive‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌
  of‌‌ an‌‌ opportunity‌‌ to‌‌ meet‌‌ the‌‌ new‌‌ 
ground‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌, ‌ ‌but‌  ‌it‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌timely‌‌  averment.‌  ‌
14. Positive‌‌ identification‌‌ ‌pertains‌‌ essentially‌‌ to‌‌ proof‌‌ of‌‌ identity‌‌ 
and‌  ‌not‌  ‌necessarily‌  ‌to‌‌  the‌‌  name‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  assailant.‌‌   A ‌‌mistake‌‌  in‌‌  interposed;‌‌ otherwise,‌‌ said‌‌ defect‌‌ is‌‌ deemed‌‌ waived.‌‌ (‌People‌‌ v.‌‌  Otherwise‌,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌substantial‌. ‌ ‌
the‌  ‌name‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌equivalent,‌  ‌and‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌‌  Gianan‌‌y‌‌Molina‌) ‌ ‌
4. The‌  ‌test‌‌
  as‌‌
  to‌‌
  when‌‌
  the‌‌
  rights‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  accused‌‌
  are‌‌
  prejudiced‌‌
  by‌‌ 
necessarily‌‌   amount‌‌   to,‌‌
  a ‌‌mistake‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ identity‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ accused.‌‌  When‌  ‌two‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌‌   offenses‌‌
  are‌‌  charged‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌single‌‌   complaint‌‌ 
the‌‌amendment‌‌is,‌‌   ‌
(‌People‌‌v.‌‌Amodia‌)  ‌‌ ‌ or‌‌
  information‌‌   but‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌  fails‌‌
  to‌‌
  object‌‌   to‌‌
  it‌‌
  before‌‌
  trial,‌‌ 
15. In‌  ‌cases‌‌
  of‌‌
  falsification‌‌
  of‌‌
  private‌‌
  documents,‌‌   the‌‌   venue‌‌  is‌‌
  the‌‌  the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌convict‌  ‌him‌  ‌of‌  ‌as‌  ‌many‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌as‌  ‌are‌‌ 
place‌‌   where‌‌  the‌‌
  document‌‌  is‌‌
  actually‌‌
  falsified,‌‌
  to‌‌ the‌‌ prejudice‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 130‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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9. Applying‌  ‌the‌  ‌test,‌  ‌the‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌self-defense‌  ‌and‌‌ 


a. when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defense‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused,‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌original,‌‌  d. When‌  ‌it‌  ‌necessarily‌  ‌includes‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌necessarily‌‌ 
corresponding‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌will‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌compatible‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
would‌  ‌no‌  ‌longer‌  ‌be‌  ‌available‌  ‌after‌‌
  the‌‌
  amendment‌‌   is‌‌  included‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌‌ 
allegation‌‌   of‌‌
  conspiracy‌‌  in‌‌ the‌‌ new‌‌ information‌. ‌‌Therefore,‌‌ 
made,‌‌and‌  ‌ information.‌  ‌
such‌‌  formal‌‌ amendment‌‌ after‌‌ plea‌‌ is‌‌ NOT‌‌ allowed.‌‌ (‌Corpus,‌‌ Jr.‌‌ 
b. when‌  ‌any‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌might‌‌  have‌‌
  would‌‌  v.‌‌Pamular‌,‌‌Leonen,‌‌J‌) ‌ ‌ Sec‌‌15.‌‌  Place‌‌where‌‌the‌‌action‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌instituted‌  ‌
be‌  ‌inapplicable‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information,‌  ‌as‌‌ 
10. Substitution‌‌vs.‌‌Amendment‌  ‌ (a) Subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌existing‌  ‌laws‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌instituted‌‌ 
amended.‌‌(L ‌ eviste‌‌v.‌‌Alameda‌) ‌ ‌
and‌  ‌tried‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌municipality‌  ‌or‌  ‌territory‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ 
SUBSTITUTION‌  ‌ AMENDMENT‌  ‌
5. An‌‌   amendment‌‌
  is‌‌
  merely‌‌ ‌formal‌‌ if‌‌ it‌‌ serves‌‌ to‌‌ incorporate‌‌ any‌‌  offense‌  ‌was‌  ‌committed‌  ‌or‌  ‌where‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌essential‌  ‌ingredients‌‌ 
supervening‌  ‌event‌, ‌ ‌that‌  ‌increases‌  ‌the‌‌   penalty‌‌   imposed‌‌
  such‌‌  Necessarily‌‌involves‌‌  May‌‌be‌f‌ ormal‌o
‌ r‌‌substantial‌  ‌ occurred.‌  ‌
as‌‌   ‌ substantial‌c‌ hange‌  ‌ (b) Where‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌committed‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌train,‌  ‌aircraft,‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌public‌‌ 
a. when‌  ‌during‌  ‌trial,‌  ‌the‌  ‌victim‌  ‌died,‌  ‌thereby‌  ‌changing‌‌  or‌  ‌private‌  ‌vehicle‌  ‌while‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌‌ its‌‌ trip,‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌ 
Must‌‌be‌‌with‌‌leave‌‌of‌‌court‌  ‌ If‌‌before‌‌plea‌‌has‌‌been‌‌entered,‌‌ 
the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌from‌  ‌frustrated‌  ‌homicide‌  ‌to‌‌  shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌and‌  ‌tried‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌municipality‌  ‌or‌‌ 
can‌‌be‌‌effected‌‌without‌‌leave‌‌of‌‌ 
consummated‌‌homicide;‌  ‌ territory‌  ‌where‌  ‌such‌  ‌train,‌  ‌aircraft‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌vehicle‌  ‌passed‌  ‌during‌‌ 
court‌  ‌
such‌‌its‌‌trip,‌‌including‌‌the‌‌place‌‌of‌‌its‌‌departure‌a‌ nd‌‌arrival‌. ‌ ‌
b. by‌  ‌reason‌  ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌occasion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rape,‌  ‌the‌  ‌victim‌‌ 
Requires‌‌another‌‌preliminary‌‌  If‌‌formal‌,‌‌no‌‌need‌‌for‌‌another‌‌  (c) Where‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌committed‌  ‌on‌  ‌b oard‌  ‌a ‌ ‌vessel‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌‌ 
became‌‌insane.‌  ‌
investigation‌‌and‌‌accused‌‌has‌‌to‌‌  preliminary‌‌investigation‌‌and‌‌  its‌  ‌voyage,‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌and‌  ‌tried‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
6. Examples‌‌of‌s‌ ubstantial‌a‌ mendments:‌  ‌ plead‌‌anew‌‌to‌‌the‌‌new‌‌  retaking‌‌of‌‌plea‌  ‌ court‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌port‌  ‌of‌  ‌entry‌  ‌or‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌municipality‌  ‌or‌  ‌territory‌‌ 
information‌  ‌ where‌  ‌the‌  ‌vessel‌  ‌passed‌  ‌during‌  ‌such‌  ‌voyage,‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a. Change‌‌from‌‌homicide‌‌to‌‌murder;‌  ‌
generally‌‌accepted‌‌principles‌‌of‌‌international‌‌law.‌  ‌
Requires‌‌or‌‌presupposes‌‌that‌‌the‌‌  Refers‌‌to‌‌the‌‌same‌‌offense‌‌ 
b. Change‌  ‌from‌  ‌robbery‌  ‌to‌  ‌robbery‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌uninhabited‌‌ 
new‌‌information‌‌involves‌‌a ‌‌ charged‌o ‌ r‌‌to‌‌an‌‌offense‌‌which‌‌  (d) Crimes‌  ‌committed‌  ‌outside‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌punishable‌  ‌u nder‌‌ 
place;‌  ‌ different‌‌offense‌. ‌ ‌ necessarily‌‌includes‌‌or‌‌is‌‌  Article‌  ‌2 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ Revised‌‌ Penal‌‌ Code‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ cognizable‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ 
c. Alleging‌‌the‌‌relationship‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌to‌‌the‌‌victim.‌  ‌ necessarily‌‌included‌‌in‌‌the‌‌  where‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action‌‌is‌‌f irst‌‌f iled.‌  ‌
original‌‌charge‌  ‌
7. Substitution.‌  ‌If‌  ‌it‌  ‌appears‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌‌  before‌‌
  judgment‌‌   that‌‌
  a ‌‌ NOTES‌‌ON‌‌VENUE‌‌OF‌‌CRIMINAL‌‌ACTIONS‌  ‌
mistake‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌made‌  ‌in‌  ‌charging‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌the‌‌  Accused‌‌cannot‌‌claim‌‌double‌‌  Accused‌‌could‌‌invoke‌‌double‌‌  1. The‌‌  criminal‌‌
  action‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  instituted‌‌
  and‌‌
  tried‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌ 
court‌‌   shall‌‌
  dismiss‌‌   the‌‌ original‌‌ complaint‌‌ or‌‌ information‌‌ upon‌‌  jeopardy‌  ‌ jeopardy‌‌if‌‌there‌‌is‌‌a‌‌substantial‌‌ 
the‌‌municipality‌‌or‌‌territory‌  ‌
the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌new‌‌
  one‌‌  charging‌‌   the‌‌
  proper‌‌
  offense,‌‌
  ‌for‌‌ as‌‌ long‌‌  amendment‌‌after‌‌a‌‌plea‌‌has‌‌been‌‌ 
entered.‌  ‌ a. Where‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌was‌‌committed;‌‌or‌  ‌
as‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌not‌‌placed‌‌in‌‌double‌‌jeopardy‌. ‌ ‌
b. Where‌‌any‌‌of‌‌its‌‌essential‌‌ingredients‌‌occurred.‌  ‌
Thus,‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌shown‌  ‌that‌  ‌accused‌  ‌should‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌charged‌‌  11. There‌‌is‌i‌ dentity‌‌between‌‌two‌‌offenses‌  ‌
with‌‌
  simple‌‌ rebellion,‌‌ the‌‌ murder‌‌ charges‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌ dismissed‌‌  2. Unlike‌  ‌in‌  ‌civil‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌finding‌‌
  of‌‌
  improper‌‌
  venue‌‌
  in‌‌
  criminal‌‌ 
a. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌to‌  ‌support‌  ‌a ‌ ‌conviction‌  ‌for‌  ‌one‌‌ 
by‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial‌‌   court‌‌   upon‌‌  the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  information‌‌   for‌‌
  simple‌‌  cases‌‌carries‌‌jurisdictional‌‌consequences.‌  ‌
offense‌‌
  would‌‌   be‌‌
  sufficient‌‌ to‌‌ warrant‌‌ a ‌‌conviction‌‌ for‌‌ 
rebellion.‌‌(O ‌ campo‌‌v.‌‌Abando‌) ‌ ‌ the‌‌other;‌‌or‌  ‌ 3. Venue‌‌of‌‌certain‌‌offenses‌  ‌
8. An‌  ‌allegation‌  ‌of‌  ‌conspiracy‌  ‌to‌  ‌add‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌accused‌  ‌without‌‌  b. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌second‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌exactly‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌‌  a. Perjury‌  ‌through‌  ‌the‌  ‌making‌  ‌of‌  ‌false‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌— ‌‌
changing‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution's‌  ‌theory‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌willfully‌‌  first;‌‌or‌  ‌ where‌  ‌the‌  ‌affiant‌  ‌subscribes‌  ‌and‌  ‌swears‌  ‌to‌  ‌his‌‌ 
shot‌‌  the‌‌
  victim‌‌  is‌‌
  ‌merely‌‌   a ‌‌formal‌‌
  amendment.‌‌   ‌However‌, ‌‌the‌‌  affidavit.‌  ‌
rule‌  ‌provides‌  ‌that‌  ‌only‌  ‌formal‌  ‌amendments‌‌   not‌‌  prejudicial‌‌   to‌‌  c. When‌‌  the‌‌
  second‌‌   offense‌‌
  is‌‌
  an‌‌
  attempt‌‌ to‌‌ commit‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌
b. RA‌  ‌8042‌  ‌— ‌ ‌May‌  ‌also‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌‌ 
the‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌are‌‌allowed‌‌after‌‌plea.‌‌   ‌ frustration‌‌of;‌‌or‌  ‌
party‌‌  actually‌‌ resides‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ commission‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌‌crime.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 131‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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c. BP‌  ‌22‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Violations‌  ‌of‌  ‌BP‌  ‌22‌  ‌are‌  ‌transitory‌  ‌or‌‌  a. The‌  ‌crime‌  ‌of‌  ‌perjury‌  ‌committed‌‌   through‌‌   the‌‌   making‌‌  c. Quasi-delict.‌  ‌
continuing‌  ‌crimes.‌  ‌Suit‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌false‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌under‌  ‌Article‌  ‌183‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌RPC‌  ‌is‌‌ 
3. As‌‌
  one‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  direct‌‌ consequences‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ independent‌‌ character‌‌ 
places‌  ‌where‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌elements‌  ‌occurred,‌  ‌that‌  ‌is,‌‌  committed‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌the‌  ‌affiant‌  ‌subscribes‌  ‌and‌‌ 
of‌‌
  actions‌‌   brought‌‌   under‌‌   Arts.‌‌   32,‌‌
  33,‌‌
  34‌‌
  and‌‌
  2176‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ Civil‌‌ 
where‌‌the‌‌check‌‌is‌  ‌ swears‌  ‌to‌  ‌his‌  ‌or‌  ‌her‌  ‌affidavit‌  ‌since‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌at‌  ‌that‌  ‌time‌‌ 
Code,‌‌ even‌‌ if‌‌ a ‌‌civil‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ filed‌‌ separately,‌‌ the‌‌ ‌ex‌‌ delicto‌‌ civil‌ 
i. Drawn;‌  ‌ that‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌elements‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌of‌  ‌perjury‌  ‌are‌‌ 
liability‌‌  in‌‌  the‌‌
  criminal‌‌   prosecution‌‌   remains,‌‌   and‌‌
  the‌‌ offended‌‌ 
executed.‌‌   ‌
ii. Issued;‌  ‌ party‌  ‌may‌  ‌— ‌ ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌control‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌‌   — ‌‌still‌‌ 
b. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌is‌  ‌committed‌  ‌through‌  ‌false‌‌  intervene‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action,‌  ‌in‌  ‌order‌  ‌to‌  ‌protect‌  ‌the‌‌ 
iii. Delivered;‌‌or‌ 
testimony‌  ‌under‌  ‌oath‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌proceeding‌‌   that‌‌
  is‌‌
  neither‌‌  remaining‌‌civil‌‌interest‌‌therein.‌  ‌
iv. Dishonored.‌  ‌ criminal‌  ‌nor‌  ‌civil,‌  ‌venue‌  ‌is‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ 
testimony‌‌under‌‌oath‌‌is‌‌given.‌‌   ‌ NB:‌‌  This‌  ‌is‌  ‌qualified‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌proscription‌  ‌against‌  ‌double‌‌ 
d. Estafa‌‌  by‌‌
  postdating‌‌  or‌‌ issuing‌‌ a ‌‌bad‌‌ check‌‌ is‌‌ also‌‌ 
recovery.‌  ‌
a‌‌transitory‌‌crime.‌  ‌ c. If‌  ‌in‌  ‌lieu‌  ‌of‌  ‌or‌‌
  as‌‌
  supplement‌‌   to‌‌  the‌‌
  actual‌‌
  testimony‌‌ 
e. Theft‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌a ‌ ‌transitory‌  ‌crime‌  ‌since‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌  made‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌proceeding‌‌ that‌‌ is‌‌ neither‌‌ criminal‌‌ nor‌‌ civil,‌‌  4. Whether‌  ‌public‌  ‌or‌  ‌private‌  ‌crimes‌  ‌are‌  ‌involved,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌ 
consummated‌‌upon‌‌taking.‌  ‌ a‌‌
  written‌‌   sworn‌‌   statement‌‌   ‌is‌‌  submitted,‌‌ venue‌‌ may‌‌  erroneous‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ consider‌‌ the‌‌ intervention‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
either‌b ‌ e‌‌   ‌ offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌by‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌as‌  ‌merely‌  ‌a ‌ ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌tolerance‌. ‌‌
4. There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌classes‌‌of‌t‌ ransitory‌o
‌ r‌c‌ ontinuing‌c‌ rimes‌  ‌
i. At‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌sworn‌  ‌statement‌  ‌is‌‌  Thus,‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌private‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌has‌  ‌asserted‌  ‌its‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌‌ 
a. The‌  ‌first‌  ‌class‌  ‌are‌‌
  those‌‌
  where‌‌
  some‌‌
  acts‌‌
  material‌‌
  or‌‌  intervene‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌that‌  ‌right‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌respected.‌‌ 
submitted‌‌or‌‌   ‌
essential‌‌to‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌occur‌‌in‌‌different‌‌places:‌  ‌ (‌Liong‌‌v.‌‌Lee‌) ‌ ‌
ii. where‌‌the‌‌oath‌‌was‌‌taken‌‌   ‌
i. Estafa;‌  ‌
as‌  ‌the‌  ‌taking‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  oath‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌
  submission‌‌
  are‌‌
  both‌‌ 
ii. Malversation;‌  ‌ Rule‌‌111.‌‌Prosecution‌‌of‌‌Civil‌‌Actions‌  ‌
material‌‌ingredients‌‌of‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌committed.‌‌   ‌
iii. Abduction,‌‌etc.‌  ‌ d. In‌‌
  all‌‌
  cases,‌‌  determination‌‌   of‌‌
  venue‌‌
  shall‌‌   be‌‌
  based‌‌ on‌‌  Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Institution‌‌of‌‌criminal‌‌and‌‌civil‌‌action‌  ‌
b. The‌  ‌second‌  ‌class‌  ‌are‌  ‌those‌  ‌although‌  ‌all‌‌   the‌‌
  elements‌‌  the‌‌
  acts‌‌ alleged‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ Information‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ constitutive‌‌ of‌‌ 
(a) When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ instituted,‌‌ the‌‌ civil‌‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ recovery‌‌ 
thereof‌  ‌for‌  ‌its‌‌
  consummation‌‌   may‌‌   have‌‌  occurred‌‌   in‌‌  a ‌‌ the‌‌crime‌‌committed.‌‌(U ‌ nion‌‌Bank‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ of‌  ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌arising‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌deemed‌‌ 
single‌  ‌place,‌  ‌yet‌  ‌by‌  ‌reason‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌very‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  instituted‌‌with‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action‌u ‌ nless‌t‌ he‌‌offended‌‌party‌‌   ‌
Sec‌‌16.‌ Intervention‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offended‌‌party‌‌in‌‌criminal‌‌ 
offense‌‌   committed,‌‌   the‌‌  violation‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  law‌‌ is‌‌ deemed‌‌ 
continuing:‌  ‌ action‌  ‌ (i) waives‌t‌ he‌‌civil‌‌action,‌‌   ‌

i. Kidnaping‌‌and‌‌illegal‌‌detention;‌  ‌ 1. The‌‌offended‌‌party‌m
‌ ay‌‌not‌‌‌intervene‌‌if‌‌he‌  ‌ (ii) reserves‌‌the‌‌right‌‌to‌‌institute‌‌it‌‌separately‌‌or‌  ‌

ii. Evasion‌‌of‌‌service‌‌of‌‌sentence.‌  ‌ a. Waives‌‌the‌‌civil‌‌action;‌  ‌ (iii) institutes‌t‌ he‌‌civil‌‌action‌p


‌ rior‌t‌ o‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action.‌  ‌

5. Section‌  ‌9 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌R.A.‌  ‌8042‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌actions‌‌  b. Reserves‌‌the‌‌right‌‌to‌‌institute‌‌it‌‌separately;‌‌or‌  ‌ The‌  ‌reservation‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌made‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌starts‌‌ 
arising‌  ‌from‌  ‌“‌illegal‌  ‌recruitment‌” ‌ ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  presenting‌‌its‌‌evidence‌.‌ 
province‌‌or‌‌city‌‌   ‌ c. Institutes‌‌the‌‌civil‌‌action‌p
‌ rior‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action.‌  ‌
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌to‌  ‌enforce‌  ‌civil‌‌ liability‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌ 
a. where‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌was‌‌committed‌‌OR‌‌   ‌ 2. There‌‌
  are‌‌
  cases‌‌
  where‌‌
  the‌‌
  criminal‌‌
  action‌‌
  also‌‌
  gives‌‌
  rise‌‌ to‌‌ an‌‌  accused‌  ‌by‌  ‌way‌  ‌of‌  ‌moral,‌  ‌nominal,‌  ‌temperate,‌  ‌or‌  ‌exemplary‌‌ 
independent‌‌civil‌‌action‌‌‌as‌‌in‌‌crimes‌‌involving:‌  ‌ damages‌  ‌without‌  ‌specifying‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌‌ 
b. where‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌actually‌  ‌resides‌‌
  at‌‌  the‌‌
  time‌‌ 
or‌  ‌information,‌  ‌the‌  ‌f iling‌  ‌fees‌‌ thereof‌‌ shall‌‌ constitute‌‌ a ‌‌‌first‌‌ lien‌‌ on‌‌ 
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌commission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense.‌  ‌(‌Sto.‌  ‌Tomas‌  ‌v.‌‌  a. Physical‌‌injuries;‌  ‌
the‌‌judgment‌‌awarding‌‌such‌‌damages.‌  ‌
Salac‌) ‌ ‌
b. Fraud‌‌or‌‌defamation;‌‌or‌  ‌
Except‌‌
  ‌as‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌these‌  ‌Rules,‌  ‌no‌  ‌f iling‌‌ fees‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ 
6. With‌‌regard‌‌to‌P
‌ erjury‌: ‌ ‌
When‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌act‌‌also‌‌constitutes‌‌a  ‌‌ ‌ required‌‌for‌‌‌actual‌‌‌damages.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 132‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

⭐No‌  ‌counterclaim,‌  ‌cross-claim‌  ‌or‌  ‌third-party‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌‌  b. Based‌  ‌on‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌doubt‌  ‌— ‌ ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌may‌‌  1. Consequences‌‌of‌‌independent‌‌character‌‌of‌‌actions‌  ‌
filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌, ‌ ‌b ut‌  ‌any‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌‌  still‌‌be‌‌proved‌‌by‌‌mere‌‌preponderance‌‌of‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
a. The‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌bring‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌shall‌  ‌proceed‌‌ 
which‌  ‌could‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌b een‌  ‌the‌  ‌subject‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌litigated‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌
2. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  found‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  criminally‌‌   liable,‌‌
  it‌‌
  does‌‌
  not‌‌  independently‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  criminal‌‌   action‌‌ and‌‌ regardless‌‌ of‌‌ 
separate‌‌c ivil‌‌action.‌‌   ‌
necessarily‌‌   mean‌‌  that‌‌ he‌‌ will‌‌ not‌‌ likewise‌‌ be‌‌ held‌‌ civilly‌‌ liable‌‌  the‌‌results‌‌of‌‌the‌‌latter;‌  ‌
(b) The‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌BP‌  ‌22‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌to‌‌  because‌‌   extinction‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ penal‌‌ action‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ carry‌‌ with‌‌ it‌‌ the‌‌ 
include‌  ‌the‌‌ corresponding‌‌ civil‌‌ action.‌‌ ‌NO‌‌ ‌reservation‌ ‌to‌‌ f ile‌‌ such‌‌  extinction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action.‌  ‌This‌  ‌rule‌  ‌more‌  ‌specifically‌‌  b. The‌‌  quantum‌‌  of‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  required‌‌ is‌‌ ‌preponderance‌‌ 
civil‌‌action‌‌separately‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌allowed.‌  ‌ applies‌‌when‌‌   ‌ of‌‌evidence.‌  ‌

Filing‌  ‌fees‌  ‌s hall‌  ‌be‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ c heck‌‌ involved‌, ‌‌ (a) the‌  ‌acquittal‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌doubt‌  ‌as‌  ‌only‌‌  c. No‌‌
  reservation‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ required‌‌ since‌‌ 
which‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌considered‌‌as‌‌the‌a ‌ ctual‌d ‌ amages‌‌claimed‌.  ‌‌ ‌ preponderance‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌is‌‌required;‌‌   ‌ they‌‌are‌‌NOT‌‌deemed‌‌included;‌  ‌

Where‌‌ the‌‌ civil‌‌ action‌‌ h as‌‌ b een‌‌ f iled‌‌ separately‌‌ and‌‌ trial‌‌ thereof‌‌ h as‌‌ not‌‌  (b) the‌‌


  court‌‌
  declares‌‌   that‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌liability‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌ is‌‌  d. The‌‌
  institution‌‌  or‌‌
  waiver‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  right‌‌
  to‌‌
  file‌‌ a ‌‌separate‌‌ 
yet‌  ‌commenced,‌  ‌it‌  ‌may‌‌   ‌b e‌  ‌consolidated‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌‌ u pon‌‌  only‌‌civil‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌arising‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌does‌  ‌NOT‌‌ 
application‌‌with‌‌the‌‌court‌‌trying‌‌the‌‌latter‌‌case.‌  ‌ extinguish‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌bring‌  ‌an‌  ‌independent‌  ‌civil‌‌ 
(c) the‌‌   civil‌‌
  liability‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ arise‌‌ from‌‌ or‌‌ 
action.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌2.‌‌  When‌‌separate‌‌civil‌‌action‌‌is‌‌suspended‌  ‌ is‌  ‌not‌  ‌based‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌‌   the‌‌
  accused‌‌ 
was‌‌acquitted.‌  ‌ e. Even‌  ‌if‌  ‌a ‌ ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌filed‌  ‌independently,‌  ‌the‌  ‌ex‌‌ 
After‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌commenced,‌‌ the‌‌ separate‌‌ civil‌‌ action‌‌ 
The‌‌   ‌civil‌‌
  action‌‌
  based‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  delict‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌extinguished‌‌ ‌if‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌  delicto‌  ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌remains,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌   offended‌‌  party‌‌ 
arising‌  ‌therefrom‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌b e‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌until‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌‌ 
a‌‌finding‌‌in‌‌the‌‌final‌‌judgment‌‌in‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action‌‌that‌‌   ‌ may‌‌still‌‌intervene‌‌in‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action.‌  ‌
entered‌‌in‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action.‌  ‌

If‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌AFTER‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌h as‌  ‌already‌‌  (a) the‌‌
  act‌‌
  or‌‌
  omission‌‌   from‌‌  which‌‌
  the‌‌ civil‌‌ liability‌‌ may‌‌  2. Civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌coexists‌  ‌with‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌responsibility.‌  ‌In‌‌ 
been‌  ‌instituted,‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌s uspended‌‌ ‌in‌‌ whatever‌‌ stage‌‌ it‌‌ may‌‌  arise‌‌did‌‌not‌‌exist‌‌or‌‌   ‌ negligence‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌(or‌  ‌his‌  ‌heirs)‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌‌ 
be‌  ‌found‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌judgment‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ merits.‌‌ The‌‌ suspension‌‌ shall‌‌ last‌‌ u ntil‌‌  OPTION‌‌between‌‌   ‌
(b) the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌commit‌  ‌the‌  ‌acts‌  ‌or‌  ‌omissions‌‌ 
final‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action.‌  ‌Nevertheless,‌  ‌b efore‌‌  a. an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌enforcement‌  ‌of‌  ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌‌ 
imputed‌‌to‌‌him.‌‌(N ‌ issan‌‌Gallery-Ortigas‌‌v.‌‌Felipe‌) ‌ ‌
judgment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits‌  ‌is‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action,‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌may,‌‌  culpa‌‌criminal‌‌‌under‌‌Article‌‌100‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RPC;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party,‌  ‌b e‌  ‌consolidated‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌‌  3. Incipient‌‌   criminal‌‌
  liability.‌‌   — ‌‌‌While‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌  true‌‌
  that‌‌ ‌novation‌‌ 
action‌‌in‌‌the‌‌court‌‌trying‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action.‌‌   ‌ does‌‌   not‌‌  extinguish‌‌  criminal‌‌   liability,‌‌   it‌‌
  may‌‌   however,‌‌   ‌prevent‌‌  b. an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌damages‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌culpa‌‌ 
the‌  ‌rise‌  ‌of‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌liability‌  ‌as‌  ‌long‌  ‌as‌  ‌it‌‌  occurs‌‌   ‌prior‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  aquiliana‌‌‌under‌‌Article‌‌2177‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Civil‌‌Code.‌‌   ‌
In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌consolidation‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌already‌  ‌adduced‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌‌ 
filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌information‌‌‌in‌‌court‌.  ‌‌ ‌
action‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌automatically‌  ‌reproduced‌  ‌in‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌  The‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌enforcement‌  ‌of‌  ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌culpa‌‌ 
without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌to‌  ‌cross-examine‌  ‌the‌‌  Any‌‌  incipient‌‌ criminal‌‌ liability‌‌ would‌‌ be‌‌ avoided‌‌ but‌‌ there‌‌ will‌‌  criminal‌  ‌deems‌  ‌simultaneously‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌‌ 
witnesses‌  ‌presented‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌  ‌and‌  ‌of‌‌  still‌‌be‌‌a‌‌civil‌‌liability.‌‌(G
‌ uingona,‌‌Jr.‌‌v.‌‌City‌‌Fiscal‌‌of‌‌Manila‌) ‌ ‌ action,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌expressly‌  ‌waived‌  ‌or‌  ‌reserved‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌separate‌‌ 
the‌  ‌parties‌‌ to‌‌ present‌‌ additional‌‌ evidence.‌‌ ‌The‌‌ consolidated‌‌ criminal‌‌ and‌‌  application‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party.‌  ‌Article‌  ‌2177‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Civil‌‌ 
civil‌‌actions‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌tried‌‌and‌‌decided‌j‌ ointly‌. ‌ ‌
Sec‌‌3.‌‌  When‌‌civil‌‌action‌‌may‌‌proceed‌‌independently‌  ‌
Code,‌‌   however,‌‌   ‌precludes‌‌
  recovery‌‌   of‌‌ damages‌‌ twice‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
During‌  ‌the‌‌ pendency‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action,‌‌ the‌‌ running‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ period‌‌ of‌‌  In‌  ‌the‌  ‌cases‌  ‌provided‌  ‌for‌  ‌in‌  ‌Articles‌  ‌32,‌  ‌33,‌  ‌34‌  ‌and‌  ‌2176‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Civil‌‌  same‌‌negligent‌‌act‌‌or‌‌omission.‌‌(P ‌ adua‌‌v.‌‌Robles‌) ‌ ‌
prescription‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌which‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌b e‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌separately‌‌ or‌‌  Code,‌  ‌the‌  ‌independent‌‌   civil‌‌
  action‌  ‌may‌‌ b e‌‌ b rought‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ offended‌‌ 
party.‌‌ ‌It‌‌ s hall‌‌ proceed‌‌ ‌independently‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ c riminal‌‌ action‌‌ and‌‌ s hall‌‌  Sec‌‌4.‌‌  Effect‌‌of‌‌death‌‌on‌‌civil‌‌actions‌  ‌
whose‌‌proceeding‌‌h as‌‌b een‌‌suspended‌‌shall‌‌b e‌t‌ olled‌. ‌ ‌
require‌‌only‌‌a‌p ‌ reponderance‌o ‌ f‌‌evidence.‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌death‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌AFTER‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌and‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌
In‌  ‌no‌‌
  case‌, ‌ ‌h owever,‌  ‌may‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌recover‌‌
  damages‌‌
  twice‌  ‌for‌‌  pendency‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌ shall‌‌ ‌extinguish‌‌ ‌the‌‌ civil‌‌ liability‌‌ arising‌‌ 
1. There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌kinds‌‌of‌a
‌ cquittal‌  ‌ from‌‌the‌‌delict‌.  ‌‌ ‌
the‌‌same‌‌act‌‌or‌‌omission‌‌charged‌‌in‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action.‌  ‌
a. Accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌the‌  ‌author‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌  ‌omission‌‌  However‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌independent‌  ‌c ivil‌  ‌action‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌to‌  ‌enforce‌  ‌liability‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌
complained‌‌of‌— ‌ ‌‌absolutely‌‌no‌‌civil‌‌liability;‌  ‌ arising‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌other‌  ‌sources‌  ‌of‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌continued‌  ‌against‌‌
  the‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 133‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

estate‌‌
  or‌‌
  legal‌‌
  representative‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌  ‌after‌  ‌proper‌  ‌substitution‌‌ or‌‌  knowledge‌  ‌of‌  ‌insufficiency‌  ‌of‌  ‌funds‌  ‌to‌  ‌support‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2. A‌  ‌prejudicial‌  ‌question‌  ‌accords‌  ‌a ‌ ‌civil‌  ‌case‌  ‌preferential‌‌ 
against‌‌said‌‌estate,‌‌as‌‌the‌‌case‌‌may‌‌b e.‌‌   ‌ check.‌  ‌
treatment‌  ‌and‌  ‌constitutes‌  ‌an‌‌
  exception‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  general‌‌
  rule‌‌
  that‌‌ 
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌dies‌  ‌BEFORE‌  ‌arraignment‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌dismissed‌‌  the‌‌
  civil‌‌
  action‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  suspended‌‌  when‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌  Simply‌‌
  put‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  agreement‌‌ surrounding‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ of‌‌ 
without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌any‌  ‌civil‌‌
  ‌action‌‌
  the‌‌
  offended‌‌
  party‌‌  may‌‌   file‌‌
  against‌‌  instituted.‌  ‌ dishonored‌‌   checks‌‌   is‌‌
  ‌irrelevant‌‌
  ‌to‌‌ the‌‌ prosecution‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌e‌ state‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌deceased.‌  ‌ violation‌‌of‌‌BP‌‌22.‌  ‌
GR‌:‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌was‌  ‌commenced‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ institution‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  criminal‌‌  action,‌‌ the‌‌ civil‌‌ action‌‌ shall‌‌  d. In‌‌
  a ‌‌case‌‌
  for‌‌
  concubinage,‌‌  an‌‌
  action‌‌
  for‌‌
  declaration‌‌
  of‌‌ 
1. Death‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌pending‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌conviction‌‌  be‌‌  suspended‌‌ in‌‌ whatever‌‌ stage‌‌ it‌‌ may‌‌ be‌‌ found‌‌ before‌‌  nullity‌‌of‌‌marriage‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌prejudicial‌‌question.‌  ‌
extinguishes‌  ‌his‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌liability‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌‌  judgment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits,‌  ‌once‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌‌ 
e. In‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌  ‌involving‌  ‌Sec‌  ‌74‌  ‌in‌  ‌rel‌  ‌to‌  ‌144‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
liability‌‌based‌‌solely‌‌thereon.‌  ‌ commenced.‌  ‌
Corporation‌  ‌Code,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌finding‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌ 
Corollarily,‌  ‌the‌  ‌claim‌  ‌for‌  ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌survives‌‌  EXC‌:‌‌  If‌‌there‌‌is‌‌a‌‌prejudicial‌‌question.‌  ‌ mishandled‌  ‌the‌  ‌funds‌  ‌will‌  ‌have‌  ‌no‌  ‌effect‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
notwithstanding‌  ‌the‌  ‌death‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌may‌‌  determination‌‌   of‌‌
  guilt‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  criminal‌‌ action.‌‌ The‌‌ civil‌‌ 
3. Suspension‌‌of‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action,‌‌NOT‌‌dismissal.‌  ‌
also‌  ‌be‌  ‌predicated‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌source‌  ‌of‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌other‌  ‌than‌‌  action‌  ‌for‌  ‌accounting‌  ‌and‌  ‌damages‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌‌   bearing‌‌   in‌‌ 
delict.‌  ‌ 4. The‌‌   ‌petition‌‌
  ‌for‌‌
  suspension‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌ based‌‌ upon‌‌  the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌illegally‌  ‌preventing‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌survives,‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌recovery‌‌  the‌‌
  pendency‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌prejudicial‌‌
  question‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌civil‌‌
  action‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌  complainants‌  ‌from‌  ‌getting‌  ‌inside‌  ‌company‌  ‌premises‌‌ 
filed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌case:‌  ‌ and‌‌inspecting‌‌corporate‌‌books.‌  ‌
therefore‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌
  pursued‌‌   but‌‌
  only‌‌  by‌‌
  way‌‌ of‌‌ filing‌‌ a ‌‌‌separate‌‌ 
civil‌  ‌action.‌  ‌This‌‌   separate‌‌  civil‌‌
  action‌‌   may‌‌  be‌‌
  enforced‌‌   either‌‌  a. If‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌stage‌  ‌— ‌ ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌  6. Cases‌‌where‌‌the‌‌principle‌a
‌ pplies‌: ‌ ‌
against‌‌   the‌‌
  executor/administrator‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌  estate‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ accused,‌‌  office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌prosecutor‌‌or‌‌the‌‌court‌‌conducting‌‌the‌‌PI;‌  ‌
In‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌  ‌for‌  ‌estafa‌  ‌with‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌‌   confidence,‌‌   if‌‌
  the‌‌
  supposed‌‌ 
depending‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌
  source‌‌  of‌‌
  obligation‌‌   upon‌‌   which‌‌   the‌‌  same‌‌ is‌‌ 
b. If‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌court‌  ‌for‌  ‌trial‌  ‌— ‌ ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌before‌‌  authority‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌
  one‌‌
  demanding‌‌   in‌‌   behalf‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  corporation‌‌   is‌‌ 
based.‌‌(‌Asilo,‌‌Jr.‌‌v.‌‌People‌,‌‌see‌‌also‌‌People‌‌v.‌‌Lipata‌) ‌ ‌
prosecution‌‌rests‌. ‌ ‌ found‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌defective,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌as‌  ‌if‌  ‌no‌  ‌demand‌  ‌was‌  ‌ever‌  ‌made,‌‌ 
Sec‌‌7.‌‌  Elements‌‌of‌‌Prejudicial‌‌Question‌  ‌ hence,‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌for‌  ‌estafa‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌prosper.‌  ‌Thus,‌  ‌a ‌‌
5. Cases‌‌where‌‌the‌‌principle‌‌‌does‌‌NOT‌‌apply‌: ‌ ‌
separate‌  ‌case‌  ‌questioning‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌operations‌ 
The‌‌elements‌‌of‌‌a‌‌prejudicial‌‌q uestion‌‌are:‌‌   ‌
a. In‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌  ‌for‌  ‌parricide,‌  ‌the‌  ‌annulment‌  ‌of‌  ‌marriage‌  ‌is‌‌  manager‌‌   to‌‌  demand‌‌   the‌‌ return‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ company‌‌ vehicle‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ 
(a) the‌  ‌previously‌‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌civil‌‌ action‌‌ involves‌‌ an‌‌ issue‌‌ similar‌‌ or‌‌  not‌‌ a ‌‌PQ‌‌ since‌‌ during‌‌ the‌‌ commission‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ crime,‌‌ the‌‌  accused‌  ‌raises‌  ‌a ‌‌prejudicial‌‌   question‌‌   that‌‌
  determines‌‌   the‌‌
  guilt‌‌ 
intimately‌‌ related‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ issue‌‌ raised‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ ‌subsequent‌‌ ‌criminal‌‌  accused‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌victim‌  ‌were‌  ‌still‌  ‌married.‌  ‌A ‌‌ of‌  ‌accused‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌estafa‌  ‌case.‌  ‌See‌  ‌also‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌People‌  ‌v.‌‌ 
action,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ subsequent‌‌   dissolution‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  marriage‌‌
  will‌‌   not‌‌
  affect‌‌  Arambulo‌  ‌
(b) the‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌issue‌  ‌determines‌  ‌whether‌  ‌or‌  ‌not‌  ‌the‌‌  the‌‌guilt‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
7. Remember‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌case‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌raise‌  ‌a ‌‌
criminal‌‌action‌‌may‌‌proceed.‌  ‌ b. In‌‌
  a ‌‌case‌‌ for‌‌ perjury,‌‌ the‌‌ purchase‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  prejudicial‌‌question‌. ‌ ‌
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌PREJUDICIAL‌‌QUESTION‌  ‌ land‌  ‌or‌  ‌his‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌real‌  ‌estate‌  ‌mortgage‌  ‌will‌‌ 
have‌  ‌no‌  ‌bearing‌  ‌on‌  ‌whether‌  ‌he‌  ‌knowingly‌  ‌and‌‌  However‌, ‌ ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌specific‌  ‌performance,‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌pending‌‌ 
1. A‌  ‌prejudicial‌  ‌question‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌which‌  ‌arises‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case‌  ‌the‌‌  fraudulently‌‌executed‌‌a‌‌false‌‌affidavit‌‌of‌‌loss.‌  ‌ with‌  ‌an‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌agency,‌  ‌raises‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prejudicial‌  ‌question.‌‌ 
resolution‌‌ of‌‌ which‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌logical‌‌ antecedent‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ issue‌‌ involved‌‌  (‌San‌‌  Miguel‌‌  Properties‌‌   v.‌‌ Perez‌) ‌‌Said‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ civil‌‌ in‌‌ nature‌‌ 
in‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌case,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌cognizance‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌‌
  pertains‌‌  to‌‌  c. In‌  ‌BP‌  ‌22‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌declared‌  ‌not‌  that‌‌could‌‌not‌‌be‌‌instituted‌‌elsewhere‌‌except‌‌in‌‌the‌‌HLURB.‌  ‌
another‌‌tribunal.‌  ‌ liable‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌value‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌checks,‌‌
  he‌‌ 
cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌adjudged‌  ‌free‌  ‌from‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌liability‌  ‌for‌‌  The‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌specific‌  ‌performance‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌HLURB‌  ‌would‌‌ 
The‌‌   civil‌‌
  action‌‌
  must‌‌   ‌precede‌‌   ‌the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ action‌‌  violation‌‌   of‌‌
  BP‌‌  22.‌‌
  Remember‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ gravamen‌‌ in‌‌ BP‌‌  determine‌  ‌WON‌  ‌the‌  ‌buyer‌‌   was‌‌   entitled‌‌
  to‌‌
  demand‌‌   delivery‌‌  of‌‌ 
for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prejudicial‌  ‌question‌  ‌to‌  ‌exist.‌  ‌Also,‌  ‌the‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  22‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌mere‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌worthless‌  ‌check‌  ‌with‌‌  the‌‌
  TCTs‌‌  because‌‌   there‌‌ was‌‌ a ‌‌prior‌‌ need‌‌ to‌‌ determine‌‌ WON‌‌ the‌‌ 
civil‌  ‌case‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌affect‌  ‌the‌  ‌outcome‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌case.‌‌  buyer‌  ‌was‌‌  duly‌‌
  represented‌‌   by‌‌
  an‌‌
  authorized‌‌   officer‌‌
  when‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(‌Dreamworks‌‌Construction‌‌Inc.‌‌v.‌‌Janiola‌) ‌ ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 134‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

lots‌  ‌were‌  ‌sold.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌buyer‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌entitled,‌  ‌the‌  ‌basis‌  ‌for‌‌  4. The‌‌
  right‌‌  to‌‌
  a ‌‌PI‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌not‌‌ constitutional‌‌ in‌‌ nature‌‌ but‌‌ a ‌‌‌statutory‌‌  d. Issuance‌‌of‌‌search‌‌warrants.‌  ‌
criminal‌‌liability‌‌for‌‌violation‌‌of‌‌PD‌‌957‌‌would‌‌not‌‌exist.‌  ‌ one.‌  ‌Since‌  ‌it‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌established‌  ‌by‌  ‌statute,‌  ‌it‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌a ‌‌ 8. Authorized‌‌Officers‌‌to‌‌conduct‌‌PI‌‌‌(§2)‌  ‌
 ‌ component‌‌of‌‌due‌‌process‌‌in‌‌criminal‌‌justice.‌  ‌
a. Provincial‌‌or‌‌City‌‌Prosecutors‌‌and‌‌their‌‌assistants;‌  ‌
Rule‌‌112.‌‌Preliminary‌‌Investigation‌  ‌ However‌, ‌ ‌this‌  ‌right‌  ‌is‌  ‌waivable‌‌
  ‌for‌‌
  failure‌‌
  to‌‌
  invoke‌‌
  the‌‌
  right‌‌ 
b. National‌‌and‌‌Regional‌‌State‌‌Prosecutors;‌‌and‌  ‌
prior‌‌to‌‌or‌‌at‌‌the‌‌time‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plea.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌1.‌ Preliminary‌‌Investigation‌‌defined‌  ‌ c. Other‌‌officers‌‌as‌‌may‌‌be‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌law.‌  ‌
5. Probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌requires‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌bare‌  ‌suspicion‌  ‌but‌  ‌less‌‌ 
Preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌inquiry‌  ‌or‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌to‌  ‌determine‌‌  than‌‌evidence‌‌to‌‌justify‌‌conviction.‌  ‌ i. COMELEC‌  ‌for‌  ‌all‌  ‌election‌‌
  offenses‌‌
  under‌‌
  the‌‌ 
whether‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌ground‌  ‌to‌  ‌engender‌  ‌a ‌ ‌well-founded‌  ‌b elief‌‌  Omnibus‌‌Election‌‌Code;‌  ‌
It‌  ‌has‌‌
  been‌‌
  held‌‌   that‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  based‌‌  on‌‌  ‌hearsay‌‌   ‌may‌‌
  support‌‌ 
that‌‌ a ‌‌crime‌‌ h as‌‌ b een‌‌ committed‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ respondent‌‌ is‌‌ ‌probably‌‌ guilty‌‌ 
the‌  ‌finding‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause,‌‌
  so‌‌
  long‌‌
  as‌‌   there‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌substantial‌‌  ii. Ombudsman‌‌‌for‌‌cases‌‌cognizable‌‌by‌‌the‌‌SB;‌  ‌
thereof,‌‌and‌‌should‌‌b e‌‌h eld‌‌for‌‌trial.‌  ‌
basis‌‌in‌‌crediting‌‌the‌‌hearsay.‌  ‌ iii. PCGG‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌assistance‌  ‌of‌  ‌OSG‌  ‌for‌  ‌cases‌‌ 
Except‌‌   ‌as‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌Section‌  ‌6 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌this‌  ‌Rule,‌  ‌a ‌‌preliminary‌‌ investigation‌‌ 
is‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌the‌  ‌f iling‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌‌  Preliminary‌‌Investigation‌v‌ s‌.‌‌Preliminary‌‌Examination‌  ‌ involving‌‌EO‌‌1,‌‌2‌‌14,‌‌14A‌‌s.‌‌1986.‌  ‌
information‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌prescribed‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌  ‌at‌‌   ‌ PI‌  ‌ PE‌  ‌ 9. When‌  ‌required‌. ‌ ‌PI‌  ‌required‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌‌   filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌complaint‌‌ 
least‌4 ‌ Y-2M-1D‌‌‌without‌‌regard‌‌to‌‌the‌‌f ine.‌  ‌ or‌‌ information‌‌ for‌‌ an‌‌ offense‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ imposable‌‌ penalty‌‌ is‌‌ ‌at‌‌ 
Branch‌  ‌ Executive‌  ‌ Judiciary‌  ‌ least‌‌4Y-2M-1D‌‌‌imprisonment,‌‌without‌‌regard‌‌to‌‌the‌‌fine.‌  ‌
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌PRELIMINARY‌‌INVESTIGATION‌ 
10. When‌‌not‌‌required‌  ‌
1. Specific‌‌purposes‌  ‌ Done‌‌by‌  ‌ Prosecutor‌  ‌ Judge‌  ‌
A. Direct‌  ‌filing‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor.‌  ‌Prosecutor‌  ‌must‌‌ 
a. To‌  ‌inquire‌  ‌concerning‌‌
  the‌‌
  commission‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌crime‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Ascertain‌‌whether‌‌a‌‌charge‌‌  Whether‌‌a‌‌warrant‌‌of‌‌  act‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  complaint‌‌   based‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  affidavits‌‌ and‌‌ other‌‌ 
connection‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌with‌‌it,‌‌in‌‌order‌‌that‌‌   ‌ Purpose‌  ‌
should‌‌be‌‌filed‌  ‌ arrest‌‌should‌‌be‌‌issued‌  ‌
supporting‌  ‌documents‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌by‌  ‌complainant‌‌ 
i. he‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌informed‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  within‌‌10‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌filing.‌  ‌
6. When‌  ‌courts‌  ‌may‌  ‌review‌  ‌findings‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌by‌‌ 
character‌‌of‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌charged‌‌against‌‌him,‌‌and,‌‌   ‌
prosecutor‌.‌‌When‌‌there‌‌is:‌  ‌ A‌  ‌subpoena‌  ‌need‌  ‌not‌‌
  be‌‌
  issued‌‌
  or‌‌
  that‌‌
  respondent‌‌
  be‌‌ 
ii. if‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌for‌  ‌believing‌  ‌him‌‌  required‌‌to‌‌submit‌‌counter-affidavits.‌  ‌
a. Capricious‌  ‌and‌  ‌whimsical‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌‌ 
guilty,‌‌  that‌‌  the‌‌
  State‌‌
  shall‌‌ take‌‌ the‌‌ necessary‌‌ steps‌ 
evidencing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌clear‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌‌
  ‌GAD‌, ‌‌amounting‌‌
  to‌‌
  lack‌‌
  or‌‌  B. Direct‌‌filing‌‌with‌‌the‌‌MTC‌  ‌
to‌‌bring‌‌him‌‌to‌‌trial;‌  ‌
excess‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction;‌  ‌
a. Within‌  ‌10‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌filing,‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌must‌‌ 
b. To‌‌
  preserve‌‌   the‌‌  evidence‌‌   ‌and‌‌
  keep‌‌
  the‌‌ witnesses‌‌ within‌‌ 
b. Grossly‌m
‌ isapprehends‌t‌ he‌‌facts;‌  ‌ personally‌: ‌ ‌
the‌‌control‌‌of‌‌the‌‌State;‌‌and‌  ‌
c. Acts‌‌
  in‌‌ a ‌‌manner‌‌ so‌‌ ‌patent‌‌ and‌‌ gross‌‌ as‌‌ to‌‌ amount‌‌ to‌‌  i. evaluate‌‌the‌‌evidence‌‌submitted;‌  ‌
c. To‌‌determine‌‌the‌‌amount‌‌of‌b
‌ ail‌,‌‌if‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌is‌‌bailable.‌  ‌
an‌‌evasion‌‌of‌‌a‌‌positive‌‌duty;‌  ‌
ii. examine‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌and‌  ‌under‌  ‌oath‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2. The‌‌
  determination‌‌   of‌‌ probable‌‌ cause‌‌ is‌‌ an‌‌ ‌executive‌‌ function‌, ‌‌
d. Virtual‌‌
  refusal‌‌
  to‌‌
  perform‌‌
  the‌‌
  duty‌‌ enjoined‌‌ by‌‌ law;‌‌  complainant‌‌   and‌‌
  his‌‌
  witnesses‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌ form‌‌ of‌‌ 
lodged‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌instance‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌who‌‌ 
or‌  ‌ searching‌q ‌ uestions‌‌and‌‌answers.‌  ‌
conducted‌‌   the‌‌
  PI‌‌  and‌‌  ultimately,‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  SOJ.‌‌
  Courts‌‌ generally‌‌ 
cannot‌‌  reverse‌‌   findings‌‌   of‌‌
  probable‌‌
  cause‌‌ ‌unless‌‌ upon‌‌ proof‌‌ of‌‌  e. When‌‌he‌‌acts‌‌outside‌‌the‌‌contemplation‌‌of‌‌law.‌  ‌ b. The‌‌court‌‌may‌‌either:‌  ‌
grave‌‌abuse‌‌of‌‌discretion.‌  ‌ 7. When‌‌probable‌‌cause‌‌needs‌‌to‌‌be‌‌established‌  ‌ i. Dismiss‌‌outright;‌‌or‌  ‌
3. It‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  the‌‌
  occasion‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  full‌‌
  and‌‌
  exhaustive‌‌
  display‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  a. Preliminary‌‌Investigation;‌  ‌ ii. May‌  ‌require‌  ‌submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌additional‌‌ 
parties’‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ evidence‌w
‌ ithin‌‌10‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌notice;‌  ‌
b. Preliminary‌‌Examination;‌  ‌
c. Warrantless‌‌Arrests;‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 135‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
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iii. Dismiss‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌within‌  ‌10‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌‌  The‌‌judge‌‌may‌‌find‌‌that‌‌the‌‌evidence:‌  ‌ 16. The‌‌   SOJ‌‌  has‌‌
  the‌‌
  discretion,‌‌   upon‌‌  ‌motion‌‌   ‌or‌‌
  ‌motu‌‌
  proprio‌, ‌‌to‌‌ 
submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌additional‌‌  evidence‌‌
  if‌‌
  there‌‌
  is‌‌  act‌  ‌on‌  ‌any‌  ‌matter‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌cause‌  ‌a ‌ ‌probable‌  ‌miscarriage‌  ‌of‌‌ 
a. Fails‌  to‌  ‌establish‌‌
  probable‌‌  cause‌‌
  — ‌‌to‌‌
  which‌‌
  he‌‌
  may‌‌ 
still‌‌no‌‌probable‌‌cause.‌  ‌ justice‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation.‌  ‌This‌‌ 
immediately‌d ‌ ismiss‌‌the‌‌case;‌  ‌ action‌  ‌may‌  ‌include,‌  ‌but‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to,‌  ‌the‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
iv. If‌‌he‌‌finds‌‌probable‌‌cause‌‌‌he‌‌shall‌‌issue‌‌a:‌  ‌ b. Establishes‌‌   ‌probable‌‌ cause‌‌ — ‌‌to‌‌ which‌‌ he‌‌ shall‌‌ issue‌‌  reinvestigation‌.  ‌‌ ‌
1. Warrant‌o
‌ f‌‌arrest;‌  ‌ a‌‌warrant‌‌of‌a
‌ rrest‌,‌‌or‌‌a‌‌commitment‌‌order‌  ‌ Furthermore,‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ certiorari‌‌ under‌‌ Rule‌‌ 65‌‌ questioning‌‌ 
2. Commitment‌  ‌order‌, ‌ ‌if‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌‌  c. Engenders‌  ‌doubt‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌‌  the‌‌
  regularity‌‌   of‌‌
  preliminary‌‌   investigation‌‌ becomes‌‌ ‌moot‌‌ ‌after‌‌ 
already‌‌arrested;‌‌or‌  ‌ cause‌‌
  — ‌‌to‌‌ which‌‌ he‌‌ may‌‌ order‌‌ prosecution‌‌ to‌‌ submit‌‌  the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌completes‌  ‌its‌  ‌determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌‌ 
3. Summons‌, ‌ ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌finds‌  ‌no‌  ‌need‌  ‌to‌  ‌place‌‌  additional‌‌   evidence‌‌   within‌‌  ‌5 ‌‌days.‌‌
  The‌‌
  issue‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌  and‌‌  issues‌‌   a ‌‌warrant‌‌   of‌‌
  arrest‌‌ pursuant‌‌ to‌‌ ‌Crespo‌‌ v.‌‌ Mogul‌. ‌‌(‌De‌‌ 
accused‌‌under‌‌arrest.‌  ‌ resolved‌‌within‌3 ‌ 0‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌filing.‌  ‌ Lima‌‌v.‌‌Reyes‌,‌L ‌ eonen,‌‌J‌) ‌ ‌

GR‌:‌‌  ‌ hen‌‌
W   accused‌‌
  was‌‌
  lawfully‌‌
  arrested‌‌
  without‌‌   warrant,‌‌  Judge‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌  ‌personally‌  ‌examine‌  ‌the‌  ‌complainant‌‌  Sec‌‌3.‌‌
  Procedure‌  ‌
an‌‌inquest‌‌proceeding‌‌is‌‌required‌,‌‌not‌‌PI.‌  ‌ and‌‌
  his‌‌
  witnesses.‌‌   This‌‌  is‌‌
  only‌‌
  done‌‌
  if‌‌
  complaint‌‌ was‌‌ directly‌‌ 
filed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌MTC‌‌where‌‌there‌‌was‌‌no‌‌previous‌‌PI‌‌conducted.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌‌ 
EXC‌:  ‌‌ ‌ manner:‌  ‌
13. When‌‌arrest‌‌warrant‌‌unnecessary‌  ‌
a. May‌  ‌be‌  ‌dispensed‌  ‌with‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌inquest‌‌  (a) The‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌shall‌  ‌state‌  ‌the‌  ‌address‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
a. Accused‌  ‌already‌  ‌detained‌  ‌via‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌warrantless‌‌ 
prosecutor.‌‌ Complaint‌‌ is‌‌ then‌‌ directly‌‌ filed‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌  be‌‌accompanied‌‌by‌‌   ‌
(‌Sec‌‌6‌‌Rule‌‌112‌).‌  ‌ arrest;‌  ‌
(i) affidavits‌o
‌ f‌‌the‌‌complainant‌‌   ‌
b. When‌‌   accused‌‌ requests‌‌ for‌‌ PI.‌‌ He‌‌ however‌‌ must‌‌ waive‌‌  b. Accused‌‌   is‌‌
  charged‌‌
  for‌‌
  an‌‌
  offense‌‌
  punishable‌‌
  ‌only‌‌
  by‌‌ 
fine;‌  ‌ (ii) and‌‌h is‌‌witnesses,‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌   ‌
the‌‌
  provisions‌‌   of‌‌  ‌Art‌‌
  125‌‌   of‌‌
  RPC,‌‌
  as‌‌
  amended,‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ 
presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌counsel.‌  ‌The‌  ‌PI‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌terminated‌‌  c. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rules‌‌
  on‌‌
  Summary‌‌  (iii) other‌‌supporting‌‌documents‌‌   ‌
within‌  ‌15‌  ‌days‌‌  from‌‌   its‌‌
  inception.‌‌   Such‌‌
  waiver‌‌  must‌‌  Procedure‌, ‌ ‌unless‌  ‌he‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌when‌  ‌required.‌‌  to‌  ‌establish‌‌ probable‌‌ cause.‌‌ They‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ in‌‌ such‌‌ number‌‌ of‌‌ copies‌‌ 
be:‌  ‌ (Sec‌‌5[c])‌  ‌ as‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌respondents,‌  ‌plus‌  ‌two‌  ‌( 2)‌  ‌copies‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌official‌  ‌f ile.‌‌ 
i. In‌‌writing;‌  ‌ 14. Withdrawal‌  ‌of‌  ‌information‌  ‌already‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌court.‌  ‌Having‌‌  The‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌s ubscribed‌  ‌and‌  ‌s worn‌  ‌to‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌any‌‌ 
acquired‌‌   jurisdiction‌‌   over‌‌
  the‌‌
  case,‌‌   the‌‌
  trial‌‌ court‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ bound‌‌  prosecutor‌  ‌or‌  ‌government‌  ‌official‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌to‌  ‌administer‌‌ 
ii. Signed‌‌by‌‌accused;‌  ‌ oath‌, ‌ ‌or,‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌  ‌absence‌  ‌or‌  ‌u navailability,‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌a ‌ ‌notary‌‌ public‌, ‌‌
by‌‌
  the‌‌ resolution‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ SOJ,‌‌ but‌‌ is‌‌ required‌‌ to‌‌ evaluate‌‌ it‌‌ before‌‌ 
iii. In‌‌the‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌his‌‌counsel.‌  ‌ each‌  ‌of‌  ‌whom‌  ‌must‌  ‌certify‌  ‌that‌  ‌h e‌  ‌personally‌  ‌examined‌  ‌the‌‌ 
proceeding‌‌further‌‌with‌‌the‌‌trial.‌  ‌
affiants‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌h e‌  ‌is‌  ‌satisfied‌  ‌that‌  ‌they‌  ‌voluntarily‌  ‌executed‌‌ and‌‌ 
11. Absence‌‌   of‌‌
  PI‌. ‌‌‌Accused‌‌ may‌‌ question‌‌ the‌‌ absence‌‌ or‌‌ regularity‌‌  Separation‌‌   of‌‌
  powers‌‌ dictates‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ bound‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌  understood‌‌their‌‌affidavits.‌  ‌
of‌‌a‌‌PI‌‌before‌‌he‌‌enters‌‌his‌‌plea‌,‌‌otherwise,‌‌deemed‌‌waived.‌  ‌ ruling‌‌of‌‌the‌‌executive‌‌via‌‌the‌‌SOJ.‌  ‌
(b) Within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌f iling‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Court‌‌shall‌‌resolve‌n
‌ ot‌‌later‌‌than‌‌the‌‌start‌‌of‌‌trial‌. ‌ ‌ It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌court’s‌  ‌bounded‌  ‌duty‌  ‌to‌  ‌assess‌  ‌independently‌  ‌the‌‌  investigating‌‌officer‌‌shall‌‌either‌‌   ‌
It‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌affect‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  nor‌‌
  does‌‌
  it‌‌
  impair‌‌  merits‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  motion,‌‌  and‌‌ the‌‌ assessment‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ embodied‌‌ in‌‌ 
(i) dismiss‌  ‌it‌  ‌if‌  ‌h e‌  ‌f inds‌  ‌no‌  ‌ground‌  ‌to‌  ‌continue‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌‌validity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌information.‌  ‌ a‌  ‌written‌  ‌order‌  ‌disposing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion.‌  ‌(‌Junio‌  ‌v.‌‌ 
investigation,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Proper‌‌
  remedy‌‌  is‌‌
  to‌‌ remand‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ prosecutor‌‌ so‌‌ that‌‌ a ‌‌ Cacatian-Beltran‌) ‌ ‌
(ii) issue‌  ‌a ‌‌s ubpoena‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ respondent‌‌ attaching‌‌ to‌‌ it‌‌ a ‌‌copy‌ 
PI‌‌may‌‌be‌‌conducted‌‌and‌n ‌ ot‌‌dismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case‌. ‌ ‌ 15. It‌  ‌is‌‌
  a ‌‌fundamental‌‌
  principle‌‌  that‌‌  the‌‌
  accused‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌preliminary‌‌ 
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌and‌  ‌its‌  ‌supporting‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌and‌‌ 
12. Action‌  ‌of‌  ‌judge‌  ‌upon‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌‌  investigation‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌cross-examine‌  ‌the‌  ‌witnesses‌‌ 
document.‌  ‌
information‌. ‌ ‌Within‌  ‌10‌  ‌days‌, ‌‌he‌‌
  shall‌‌
  personally‌‌
  evaluate‌‌  which‌  ‌the‌  ‌complainant‌  ‌may‌  ‌present.‌  ‌(‌Estrada‌  ‌v.‌‌ 
the‌‌resolution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌prosecutor.‌  ‌ Ombudsman‌) ‌ ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 136‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
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The‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌shall‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌examine‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌‌  Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌investigating‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌recommends‌  ‌the‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  b. New‌  ‌and‌  ‌material‌  ‌issues‌  ‌are‌  ‌raised‌  ‌which‌  ‌were‌  ‌not‌‌ 
submitted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌complainant‌  ‌which‌  ‌h e‌  ‌may‌  ‌not‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌b een‌‌  complaint‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌is‌  ‌disapproved‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌ ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌‌  previously‌  ‌presented‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌DOJ‌  ‌and‌  ‌were‌  ‌not,‌‌ 
furnished‌‌and‌‌to‌‌copy‌‌them‌‌at‌‌h is‌‌expense.‌‌   ‌ exists,‌‌the‌‌authorizing‌‌officer‌‌may,‌‌   ‌ hence,‌‌ruled‌‌upon;‌  ‌
(c) Within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌subpoena‌  with‌  ‌the‌  a) by‌‌h imself,‌‌f ile‌‌the‌‌information‌‌against‌‌the‌‌respondent,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ c. The‌  ‌prescription‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌lapse‌‌ 
complaint‌  ‌and‌  ‌supporting‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌and‌  ‌documents,‌  ‌the‌‌  b) direct‌‌ another‌‌ assistant‌‌ prosecutor‌‌ or‌‌ state‌‌ prosecutor‌‌ to‌‌ do‌‌ so‌‌  within‌  ‌6 ‌ ‌months‌  ‌from‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌questioned‌‌ 
respondent‌  ‌shall‌  ‌submit‌  ‌h is‌  ‌counter-affidavit‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌of‌  ‌h is‌‌  without‌‌conducting‌‌another‌‌preliminary‌‌investigation.‌  ‌
resolution;‌‌and‌  ‌
witnesses‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌supporting‌  ‌documents‌  ‌relied‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌for‌  ‌h is‌‌ 
If‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌petition‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proper‌  ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌motu‌‌
  proprio‌, ‌ ‌the‌‌ SOJ‌‌ reverses‌‌ or‌‌ 
defense.‌  ‌The‌  ‌counter-affidavits‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌s ubscribed‌‌ ‌and‌‌ ‌s worn‌‌ ‌to‌‌  d. The‌‌
  appeal‌‌  or‌‌ petition‌‌ for‌‌ review‌‌ is‌‌ filed‌‌ within‌‌ thirty‌‌ 
modifies‌  ‌the‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ provincial‌‌ or‌‌ city‌‌ prosecutor‌‌ or‌‌ chief‌‌ state‌‌ 
and‌  ‌certified,‌  ‌with‌  ‌copies‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌f urnished‌  ‌by‌  ‌h im‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  (30)‌‌days‌f‌ rom‌‌notice.‌  ‌
prosecutor,‌‌h e‌‌shall‌‌direct‌‌the‌‌prosecutor‌‌concerned‌‌either‌‌   ‌
complainant.‌  ‌The‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌s hall‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌‌
5. From‌‌ the‌‌ ‌OP‌, ‌‌the‌‌ aggrieved‌‌ party‌‌ may‌‌ file‌‌ an‌‌ appeal‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ ‌CA‌‌ 
motion‌‌to‌‌dismiss‌‌in‌‌lieu‌‌of‌‌a‌‌counter-affidavit.‌  ‌ a) to‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌the‌  ‌corresponding‌  ‌information‌  ‌without‌  ‌conducting‌‌ 
pursuant‌‌to‌‌Rule‌‌43.‌  ‌
another‌‌preliminary‌‌investigation,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
(d) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌respondent‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌b e‌  ‌subpoenaed,‌  ‌or‌  ‌if‌  ‌subpoenaed,‌  ‌does‌‌ 
b) to‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌or‌  ‌move‌  ‌for‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌‌  6. From‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌aggrieved‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌avail‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌by‌‌ 
not‌  ‌submit‌  ‌counter-affidavits‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌day‌  ‌period,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
information‌‌with‌‌notice‌‌to‌‌the‌‌parties.‌‌   ‌ certiorari‌‌‌to‌‌the‌S ‌ C‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌45‌. ‌ ‌
investigating‌  ‌officer‌  ‌shall‌  ‌resolve‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌b ased‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
evidence‌‌presented‌‌by‌‌the‌‌complainant.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌same‌  ‌rule‌  ‌shall‌  ‌apply‌  ‌in‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigations‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌by‌‌  7. Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌findings‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Ombudsman‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌‌ 
the‌‌officers‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Office‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Ombudsman.‌  ‌ probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌is‌  ‌tainted‌  ‌with‌  ‌GADALEJ‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌aggrieved‌  ‌party‌‌ 
(e) Clarificatory‌‌   Hearing.‌  ‌The‌  ‌investigating‌  ‌officer‌  ‌may‌‌   ‌set‌  ‌a ‌ ‌h earing‌‌ 
if‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌such‌  ‌facts‌  ‌and‌  ‌issues‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌clarified‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌‌ NOTES‌  ‌ may‌‌
  file‌‌
  a ‌‌‌Rule‌‌ 65‌‌ Petition‌‌ for‌‌ ‌Certiorari‌‌ ‌with‌‌ the‌‌ ‌SC‌, ‌‌and‌‌ ‌NOT‌‌ 
witness.‌  ‌The‌  ‌parties‌  ‌can‌  ‌b e‌  ‌present‌  ‌at‌‌ the‌‌ h earing‌‌ b ut‌‌ ‌without‌‌ the‌‌  with‌‌the‌‌Sandiganbayan.‌  ‌
1. Motion‌‌   for‌‌
  Reconsideration.‌‌   The‌‌   aggrieved‌‌   party‌‌  may‌‌
  file‌‌ an‌‌ 
right‌  ‌to‌  ‌examine‌  ‌or‌  ‌cross-examine.‌  ‌They‌  ‌may,‌  ‌h owever,‌  ‌submit‌  ‌to‌‌ 
MR‌  ‌within‌  ‌15‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌‌  the‌‌
  assailed‌‌
  resolution‌‌   — ‌‌ NPS‌‌Rule‌‌on‌‌Appeal‌  ‌
the‌  ‌investigating‌  ‌officer‌  ‌q uestions‌‌ which‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ asked‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ party‌‌ 
either‌‌finding‌‌probable‌‌cause,‌‌or‌‌dismissing‌‌the‌‌complaint.‌  ‌ In‌  ‌Cariaga‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Sapigao‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌harmonized‌  ‌the‌  ‌DOJ‌  ‌Circulars,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
or‌‌witness‌‌concerned.‌  ‌
accordingly,‌  ‌interpreted‌  ‌the‌  ‌prevailing‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌process‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌NPS‌  ‌as‌‌ 
The‌  ‌h earing‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌h eld‌‌ within‌‌ ten‌‌ (10)‌‌ days‌‌ f rom‌‌ submission‌‌ of‌‌  If‌‌
  the‌‌
  MR‌‌
  is‌‌
  denied,‌‌
  the‌‌
  aggrieved‌‌ party‌‌ may‌‌ ‌appeal‌‌ ‌within‌‌ ‌15‌‌ 
follows,‌‌If‌‌the‌‌complaint‌‌is‌‌filed:‌  ‌
the‌  ‌counter-affidavits‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌documents‌  ‌or‌‌ f rom‌‌ the‌‌ expiration‌‌  days‌‌‌from‌‌the‌‌denial‌‌of‌‌the‌‌MR.‌  ‌
(a) Outside‌  ‌the‌  ‌NCR‌  ‌+ ‌ ‌cognizable‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌MTCs/MCTCs,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
of‌‌ the‌‌ period‌‌ for‌‌ their‌‌ submission.‌‌ It‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ terminated‌‌ within‌‌ five‌‌  2. The‌  ‌party‌  ‌filing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌review‌  ‌is‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌‌ ruling‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌OPP‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌appealable‌  ‌by‌  ‌way‌  ‌of‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌‌ 
(5)‌‌days.‌  ‌ motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌
  suspension‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  arraignment.‌‌   (‌Sec‌‌
  11[c]‌‌
  Rule‌‌  review‌‌before‌‌the‌O ‌ RSP‌; ‌ ‌
(f ) Within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌investigation,‌  ‌the‌  ‌investigating‌‌  116‌) ‌ ‌
(b) Outside‌‌   the‌‌  NCR‌‌
  + ‌‌‌NOT‌‌
  cognizable‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ MTCs/MCTCs,‌‌ the‌‌ 
officer‌  ‌shall‌  ‌determine‌  ‌whether‌  ‌or‌‌ not‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ sufficient‌‌ ground‌‌ to‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌SOJ‌‌
  ‌may‌‌
  be‌‌
  assailed‌‌  through‌‌
  a ‌‌‌Rule‌‌
  65‌‌  ruling‌‌of‌‌the‌‌OPP‌‌may‌‌be‌‌appealable‌‌before‌S ‌ OJ‌; ‌ ‌
hold‌‌the‌‌respondent‌‌for‌‌trial.‌  ‌
petition‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌   CA‌, ‌‌and‌‌  NOT‌‌
  a ‌‌Rule‌‌
  43‌‌
  petition‌‌
  for‌‌   review,‌‌ 
(c) Within‌‌
  the‌‌
  NCR‌‌
  + ‌‌‌cognizable‌‌
  ‌by‌‌
  the‌‌
  MeTCs,‌‌
  the‌‌
  ruling‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
Sec‌‌4.‌‌  Resolution‌‌of‌‌Investigating‌‌prosecutor‌‌and‌‌its‌‌  solely‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ground‌‌of‌G ‌ ADALEJ‌. ‌ ‌
OCP‌‌may‌‌be‌‌appealable‌‌before‌‌the‌P ‌ rosecutor‌‌General‌; ‌ ‌
review‌  ‌ 4. An‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Office‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  President‌‌   is‌  (d) Within‌‌ the‌‌ NCR‌‌ + ‌‌‌NOT‌‌ cognizable‌‌ ‌by‌‌ the‌‌ MeTCs,‌‌ the‌‌ ruling‌‌ of‌‌ 
xxxx‌  ‌ not‌  ‌proscribed‌‌
  subject‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  following‌‌   conditions‌‌   which‌‌
  have‌‌ 
the‌‌OCP‌‌may‌‌be‌‌appealable‌‌before‌‌the‌S ‌ OJ‌  ‌
to‌‌be‌‌established‌‌as‌‌jurisdictional‌‌facts:‌  ‌
No‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌or‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌‌  whose‌‌ruling‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌with‌‌finality;‌  ‌
investigating‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌prior‌  ‌w ritten‌  ‌authority‌  ‌or‌‌  a. The‌  ‌offense‌  ‌involved‌  ‌is‌  ‌punishable‌  ‌by‌  ‌reclusion‌‌ 
(e) In‌  ‌instances‌  ‌covered‌  ‌by‌  ‌(a)‌  ‌and‌  ‌(c),‌  ‌the‌  ‌SOJ‌‌
  may,‌‌
  pursuant‌‌
  to‌‌ 
approval‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌provincial‌  ‌or‌  ‌city‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌ Ombudsman‌‌ or‌‌ h is‌‌  perpetua‌‌‌to‌‌death;‌  ‌
his‌  ‌power‌  ‌of‌  ‌control‌  ‌and‌  ‌supervision‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌entire‌  ‌NPS,‌‌ 
deputy.‌  ‌
review,‌  ‌modify,‌  ‌or‌  ‌reverse‌  ‌the‌  ‌ruling‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌ORSP‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Prosecutor‌‌General,‌‌as‌‌the‌‌case‌‌may‌‌be.‌‌(M ‌ ina‌‌v.‌‌CA‌) ‌ ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 137‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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 ‌

OCA‌‌Circ.‌‌39-97‌‌‌and‌‌Rule‌‌on‌‌Precautionary‌‌HDO‌  ‌ 2. The‌‌
  inquest‌‌   proceedings‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ deemed‌‌ commenced‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌  (b) Record‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌record‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
time‌  ‌the‌  ‌Inquest‌  ‌Officer‌  ‌receives‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prosecutor‌  ‌OR‌  ‌OTHER‌‌ 
following‌‌referral‌‌documents‌‌from‌‌LEAs‌  ‌ OFFICERS‌  ‌AS‌  ‌MAY‌  ‌BE‌  ‌AUTHORIZED‌‌ BY‌‌ LAW‌‌ ‌shall‌‌ NOT‌‌ form‌‌ part‌‌ of‌ 
the‌‌record‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case‌.  ‌‌ ‌
a. Affidavit‌‌of‌‌arrest;‌  ‌
However‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌on‌  ‌its‌  ‌own‌  ‌initiative‌  ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌‌ party,‌‌ 
b. The‌‌investigation‌‌report;‌  ‌ may‌‌order‌‌the‌‌production‌‌of‌‌the‌‌record‌‌or‌‌any‌‌of‌‌its‌‌part‌‌   ‌
c. The‌‌statements‌‌of‌‌the‌‌complainant‌‌and‌‌witnesses;‌‌and‌  ‌ 1) when‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌‌ 
incident‌‌therein,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
d. Other‌‌supporting‌‌evidence‌‌gathered.‌  ‌
3. Possible‌‌options‌‌of‌‌Inquest‌‌Prosecutor‌  ‌ 2) when‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌introduced‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌in‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ by‌‌ 
the‌‌requesting‌‌party.‌  ‌
a. The‌  ‌initial‌  ‌duty‌‌   ‌of‌‌
  an‌‌
  inquest‌‌
  officer‌‌
  is‌‌
  to‌‌
  determine‌‌ 
the‌  ‌legality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrantless‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌‌ 
with‌‌Sec‌‌5(a)‌‌and‌‌(b)‌‌of‌‌Rule‌‌113.‌  ‌
Rule‌‌113.‌‌Arrest‌  ‌

i. If‌‌
  ‌not‌‌
  proper‌‌   — ‌‌the‌‌ officer‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ proceed‌‌  Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Definition‌‌of‌‌Arrest‌  ‌
with‌  ‌the‌  ‌inquest‌  ‌proceedings.‌  ‌Instead,‌  ‌he‌‌ 
Arrest‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌taking‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌into‌  ‌custody‌  ‌in‌  ‌order‌  ‌that‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
shall‌‌ ‌recommend‌‌ the‌‌ release‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ detainee‌‌ 
bound‌‌to‌‌answer‌‌for‌‌the‌‌commission‌‌of‌‌an‌‌offense.‌  ‌
to‌  ‌the‌  ‌City‌  ‌or‌  ‌Provincial‌  ‌Prosecutor‌  ‌for‌‌ 
appropriate‌‌action.‌  ‌ Art.‌  ‌III,‌  ‌Sec.‌  ‌2.‌  ‌The‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌people‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌secure‌  ‌in‌  ‌their‌‌ 
persons,‌  ‌houses,‌  ‌papers‌  ‌and‌  ‌effects‌  ‌against‌  ‌unreasonable‌‌ 
ii. If‌‌ ‌proper‌‌ ‌— ‌‌the‌‌ officer‌‌ shall‌‌ proceed‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ 
searches‌  ‌and‌‌   seizures‌‌   of‌‌
  whatever‌‌   nature‌‌
  and‌‌   for‌‌  any‌‌
  purpose‌‌ 
inquest‌  ‌but‌  ‌shall‌  ‌first‌  ‌ask‌  ‌the‌  ‌detainee‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌‌ 
shall‌‌ be‌‌ inviolable,‌‌ and‌‌ ‌no‌‌ search‌‌ warrant‌‌ or‌‌ warrant‌‌ of‌‌ arrest‌‌ 
desires‌‌   a ‌‌PI,‌‌
  and‌‌  if‌‌
  he‌‌
  does,‌‌   he‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  made‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌issue‌  ‌except‌  ‌upon‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌determined‌‌ 
to‌  ‌execute‌  ‌a ‌ ‌waiver‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌of‌  ‌Art‌‌ 
personally‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌after‌  ‌examination‌  ‌under‌  ‌oath‌  ‌or‌‌ 
125‌‌of‌‌the‌‌RPC.‌  ‌
 ‌ affirmation‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌   complainant‌‌   and‌‌ witnesses‌‌ he‌‌ may‌‌ produce,‌‌ 
b. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌inquest‌  ‌officer‌  ‌finds‌  ‌probable‌‌   cause‌, ‌‌he‌‌
  shall‌‌  and‌  ‌particularly‌  ‌describing‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌searched‌  ‌and‌‌   the‌‌ 
Sec‌‌6.‌‌  When‌‌accused‌‌lawfully‌‌arrested‌‌without‌‌warrant‌  ‌ prepare‌‌   an‌‌
  information‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  recommendation‌‌ that‌‌  persons‌‌or‌‌things‌‌to‌‌be‌‌seized.‌  ‌
the‌‌same‌‌be‌‌filed‌‌in‌‌court.‌  ‌
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌INQUEST‌  ‌ NOTES‌  ‌
c. If‌  ‌no‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌is‌  ‌found,‌  ‌he‌‌
  shall‌‌
  recommend‌‌ 
1. An‌  ‌inquest‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌conducted‌‌   by‌‌
  a ‌‌prosecutor‌‌   in‌‌  1. Probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌warrant‌‌  of‌‌  arrest‌‌  has‌‌ 
the‌‌release‌‌of‌‌the‌‌detained‌‌person.‌  ‌
criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌‌person‌‌
  has‌‌  been‌‌
  lawfully‌‌   arrested‌‌
  and‌‌  been‌  ‌defined‌  ‌as‌  ‌such‌  ‌facts‌  ‌and‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌which‌  ‌would‌‌ 
detained‌‌without‌‌a‌‌warrant‌‌of‌‌arrest.‌  ‌ See:‌‌R.A.‌‌9372‌‌Human‌‌Security‌‌Act‌‌of‌‌2007‌  ‌ lead‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reasonably‌  ‌discreet‌  ‌and‌‌  prudent‌‌
  man‌‌
  to‌‌
  believe‌‌
  that‌‌
  an‌‌ 
It‌‌is‌‌informal‌‌and‌‌summary‌‌and‌‌its‌‌purpose‌‌is‌  ‌ Sec‌‌7.‌‌  Records‌  offense‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌committed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌ 
arrested.‌  ‌
a. To‌‌
  determine‌‌ WON‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ detained‌‌ should‌‌ remain‌‌  (a) Records‌  ‌supporting‌  ‌the‌  ‌information‌  ‌or‌  ‌complaint.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌An‌‌ 
2. What‌  ‌the‌  ‌Constitution‌  ‌underscores‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌and‌‌ 
under‌‌custody‌‌and‌  ‌ information‌  ‌or‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌in‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌supported‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
personal‌  ‌responsibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuing‌‌   judge‌‌
  to‌‌
  satisfy‌‌   himself‌‌ 
affidavits‌  ‌and‌  ‌counter-affidavits‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌‌ and‌‌ their‌‌ witnesses,‌‌ 
b. Then‌‌charged‌‌in‌‌court.‌  ‌ of‌  ‌the‌‌
  existence‌‌
  of‌‌
  probable‌‌  cause.‌‌   In‌‌
  satisfying‌‌   himself‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
together‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌supporting‌  ‌evidence‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ resolution‌‌ on‌‌ 
the‌‌case.‌  ‌ existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌warrant‌  ‌of‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 138‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
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 ‌

arrest,‌  ‌the‌‌
  judge‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌not‌‌
  required‌‌
  to‌‌
  personally‌‌
  examine‌‌
  the‌‌ 
3. The‌‌  head‌‌  of‌‌ office‌‌ shall‌‌ cause‌‌ the‌‌ warrant‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ executed‌‌ within‌‌  Sec‌‌5.‌‌   Arrest‌‌without‌‌warrant;‌‌when‌‌lawful‌  ‌
complainant‌  ‌and‌  ‌his‌  ‌witnesses‌. ‌ ‌Following‌  ‌established‌‌ 
10‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌receipt.‌  ‌
doctrine‌‌and‌‌procedure,‌‌he‌‌shall:‌‌   ‌ ⭐‌NOTES‌‌ON‌‌WARRANTLESS‌‌ARRESTS‌  ‌
4. The‌‌  arrest‌‌  may‌‌   be‌‌
  made‌‌  on‌‌
  any‌‌  day‌‌
  and‌‌
  at‌‌  any‌‌
  time‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ day‌‌ 
(1) personally‌  ‌evaluate‌  ‌the‌  ‌report‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌supporting‌‌  1. A‌  ‌peace‌  ‌officer‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌private‌  ‌person‌  ‌may,‌  ‌without‌  ‌a ‌ ‌warrant,‌‌ 
or‌‌night.‌(‌ Sec‌‌6)‌  ‌
documents‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌fiscal‌  ‌regarding‌  ‌the‌‌  arrest‌‌a‌‌person:‌  ‌
existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌‌
  cause‌‌   and,‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  basis‌‌
  thereof,‌‌  5. When‌‌   making‌‌   the‌‌
  arrest,‌‌  the‌‌
  officer‌‌
  ‌shall‌‌
  ‌inform‌‌   the‌‌ person‌‌ to‌‌ 
(a) When,‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌presence,‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌has‌‌ 
issue‌‌a‌‌warrant‌‌of‌‌arrest;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ be‌‌arrested:‌  ‌
committed,‌  ‌is‌  ‌actually‌  ‌committing,‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌attempting‌  ‌to‌‌ 
(2) if‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌basis‌‌  thereof‌‌  he‌‌
  finds‌‌
  no‌‌
  probable‌‌   cause,‌‌
  he‌‌  a. The‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌his‌‌arrest;‌‌and‌  ‌ commit‌‌an‌‌offense;‌(‌ ‌In‌‌flagrante‌‌delicto)‌  ‌
may‌  ‌disregard‌  ‌the‌  ‌fiscal's‌  ‌report‌  ‌and‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌‌ 
b. The‌‌fact‌‌that‌‌a‌‌warrant‌‌has‌‌been‌‌issued‌‌for‌‌his‌‌arrest.‌  ‌ (b) When‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌has‌  ‌just‌  ‌been‌  ‌committed,‌  ‌and‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌‌ 
submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌supporting‌  ‌affidavits‌  ‌of‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌to‌‌ 
aid‌‌   him‌‌  in‌‌  arriving‌‌
  at‌‌
  a ‌‌conclusion‌‌   as‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ existence‌‌  EXC‌‌‌when‌‌person:‌  ‌ probable‌‌   cause‌‌
  to‌‌
  believe‌‌
  based‌‌   on‌‌ personal‌‌ knowledge‌‌ of‌‌ 
of‌‌probable‌‌cause.‌‌(S ‌ oliven‌‌v.‌‌Makasiar‌) ‌ ‌ facts‌  ‌or‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌
  arrested‌‌
  has‌‌ 
a. Flees;‌  ‌ committed‌‌it;‌(‌ Hot‌‌Pursuit)‌‌‌and‌  ‌
3. True,‌‌  there‌‌  are‌‌
  cases‌‌
  where‌‌
  the‌‌
  circumstances‌‌   may‌‌  call‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
b. Forcibly‌‌resists;‌‌or‌  ‌ (c) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prisoner‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌‌ 
judge's‌  ‌personal‌  ‌examination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complainant‌  ‌and‌  ‌his‌‌ 
witnesses.‌  ‌But‌  ‌it‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌emphasized‌  ‌that‌  ‌such‌  ‌personal‌‌  c. The‌‌  giving‌‌
  of‌‌
  information‌‌
  will‌‌
  imperil‌‌ the‌‌ arrest.‌‌ ‌(Sec‌‌  escaped‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌ ‌penal‌  ‌establishment‌  ‌or‌  ‌place‌‌   where‌‌
  he‌‌  is‌‌ 
examination‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌mandatory‌  ‌and‌  ‌indispensable‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  8)‌  ‌ serving‌‌ final‌‌ judgment‌‌ or‌‌ is‌‌ temporarily‌‌ confined‌‌ while‌‌ his‌‌ 
determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  issuance‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌warrant‌‌  case‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending,‌  ‌or‌  ‌has‌  ‌escaped‌  ‌while‌  ‌being‌  ‌transferred‌‌ 
6. The‌‌
  officer‌‌  need‌‌ not‌‌ have‌‌ the‌‌ warrant‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌ arrest.‌‌ After‌‌ 
of‌‌arrest.‌  ‌ from‌‌one‌‌confinement‌‌to‌‌another.‌(‌ Escaped‌‌convict)‌  ‌
arrest,‌‌
  the‌‌
  warrant‌‌   shall‌‌
  be‌‌ shown‌‌ as‌‌ soon‌‌ as‌‌ practicable,‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ 
Thus,‌‌   it‌‌
  was‌‌
  grave‌‌   abuse‌‌  of‌‌
  discretion‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌  Judge‌‌ to‌‌ dismiss‌‌  person‌‌arrested‌‌so‌‌requires.‌(‌ Sec‌‌7)‌  ‌ Other‌‌grounds‌(‌ not‌‌found‌‌in‌‌Sec‌‌5)‌  ‌
the‌‌
  criminal‌‌   case‌‌
  for‌‌  lack‌‌
  of‌‌
  probable‌‌
  cause‌‌   premised‌‌   only‌‌
  on‌‌ 
7. No‌‌
  person‌‌
  arrested‌‌
  shall‌‌ be‌‌ subject‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌greater‌‌ restraint‌‌ than‌‌ is‌‌  (d) When‌‌
  a ‌‌person,‌‌
  previously‌‌
  lawfully‌‌   arrested‌‌   escapes‌‌  or‌‌ is‌‌ 
the‌  ‌complainant's‌  ‌and‌  ‌her‌  ‌witnesses'‌  ‌absence‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌‌ 
necessary‌‌for‌‌his‌‌detention.‌(‌ Sec‌‌2)‌  ‌ rescued.‌  ‌Any‌  ‌person‌  ‌may‌  ‌retake‌  ‌him‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌and‌‌ 
hearing‌  ‌scheduled‌  ‌by‌  ‌him‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌determination‌  ‌of‌‌ 
anywhere‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌(‌ Sec‌‌13)‌  ‌
probable‌‌cause.‌‌(A ‌ AA‌‌v.‌‌Carbonell‌) ‌ ‌ 8. The‌  ‌arresting‌  ‌officer‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌authority‌  ‌to‌  ‌summon‌  ‌as‌  ‌many‌ 
persons‌  ‌as‌  ‌he‌  ‌deems‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌to‌  ‌assist‌  ‌him‌  ‌in‌  ‌effecting‌‌   the‌‌  (e) When‌‌   an‌‌
  accused‌‌
  released‌‌  on‌‌  bail‌‌
  attempts‌‌   to‌‌ depart‌‌ from‌‌ 
Sec‌‌4.‌‌  Execution‌‌of‌‌Warrant‌  ‌ PH‌  ‌without‌  ‌permission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌arrested.‌‌ 
arrest.‌‌
  ‌(Sec‌‌ 10)‌‌ This‌‌ is‌‌ subject‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ safety‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ being‌‌ 
The‌  ‌h ead‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌office‌  ‌to‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant‌‌ of‌‌ arrest‌‌ was‌‌ delivered‌‌ for‌‌  summoned.‌  ‌ (Sec‌‌23‌‌Rule‌‌114)‌  ‌
execution‌  ‌shall‌  ‌cause‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌executed‌  ‌within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌‌ 
9. If‌‌
  said‌‌  person‌‌   is‌‌
  inside‌‌   a ‌‌building‌‌   refuses‌‌ admittance‌‌ after‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌ARRESTS‌I‌ N‌‌FLAGRANTE‌‌DELICTO‌  ‌
  and‌‌
from‌  ‌its‌  ‌receipt.‌  ‌Within‌  ‌ten‌‌ (10)‌‌ days‌‌ ‌after‌‌ the‌‌ expiration‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ period,‌‌ 
arresting‌  ‌officer‌  ‌announces‌  ‌his‌  ‌authority‌  ‌and‌  ‌purpose,‌  ‌the‌‌  1. Two‌‌requisites‌‌must‌‌concur:‌  ‌
the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌to‌  ‌whom‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌‌ assigned‌‌ for‌‌ execution‌‌ shall‌‌ make‌‌ a ‌‌report‌‌ to‌‌ 
the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌who‌  ‌issued‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant.‌  ‌In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌h is‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌execute‌  ‌the‌‌  latter‌‌may‌‌break‌‌in‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌effect‌‌the‌‌arrest.‌(‌ Sec‌‌11)‌  ‌
a. The‌‌  person‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌   arrested‌‌   must‌‌   an‌  ‌overt‌‌
  execute‌‌   act‌ ‌
warrant,‌‌h e‌‌shall‌‌state‌‌the‌‌reasons‌‌therefor.‌  ‌ 10. After‌  ‌entering,‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌break‌  ‌out‌  ‌from‌  ‌said‌  ‌place‌  ‌to‌  ‌liberate‌‌ 
indicating‌  ‌that‌  ‌he‌  ‌has‌  ‌just‌  ‌committed,‌  ‌is‌  ‌actually‌‌ 
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌ARREST‌‌VIA‌‌WARRANT‌  ‌ himself.‌‌(Sec‌‌12)‌  ‌
committing,‌‌or‌‌is‌‌attempting‌‌to‌‌commit‌‌a‌‌crime;‌‌and‌  ‌
1. Judge‌‌issues‌‌a‌‌warrant‌‌of‌‌arrest.‌  ‌ 11. The‌  ‌arresting‌  ‌officer‌  ‌must‌  ‌deliver‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌nearest‌‌ 
b. Such‌‌   overt‌‌
  act‌‌
  is‌‌ done‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ ‌presence‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ arresting‌‌ 
police‌‌station‌‌or‌‌jail‌‌without‌‌unnecessary‌‌delay.‌(‌ Sec‌‌3)‌  ‌
2. The‌‌  warrant‌‌
  is‌‌
  delivered‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  proper‌‌ law‌‌ enforcement‌‌ agency‌‌  officer.‌  ‌
for‌‌execution.‌  ‌ 12. After‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌period,‌  ‌the‌  ‌arresting‌  ‌officer‌  ‌assigned‌‌ 
2. Mere‌  ‌suspicion‌  ‌and‌  ‌reliable‌  ‌information‌  ‌not‌  ‌proper‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌make‌  ‌a ‌ ‌report‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  judge,‌‌
  and‌‌
  must‌‌  state‌‌
  the‌‌
  reason‌‌
  of‌‌ 
grounds.‌  ‌
non-execution‌‌should‌‌he‌‌fail‌‌to‌‌execute‌‌the‌‌warrant.‌(‌ Sec‌‌4)‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 139‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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There‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌"presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌one‌  ‌seemingly‌‌  10. Petitioner‌  ‌was‌  ‌merely‌  ‌a ‌ ‌passenger‌  ‌who‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌exhibit‌  ‌any‌‌  b. To‌‌remain‌‌silent;‌  ‌
innocent‌  ‌activity‌  ‌from‌  ‌which,‌  ‌taken‌  ‌together,‌  ‌warranted‌  ‌a ‌‌ unusual‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌enforcers‌  ‌that‌‌ 
c. To‌‌be‌‌informed‌‌of‌‌the‌‌above‌‌rights;‌‌and‌  ‌
reasonable‌  ‌inference‌  ‌of‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌activity."‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌‌  would‌  ‌incite‌  ‌suspicion.‌‌   In‌‌
  effecting‌‌   the‌‌
  warrantless‌‌   arrest,‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Comprado‌‌y‌‌Bronola‌) ‌ ‌ police‌  ‌officers‌  ‌relied‌  ‌solely‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌tip‌  ‌they‌  ‌received.‌  ‌There‌‌  d. To‌‌
  be‌‌
  visited‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ immediate‌‌ members‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ family,‌‌ 
was‌  ‌no‌  ‌valid‌  ‌in‌  ‌flagrante‌  ‌delicto‌  ‌arrest.‌‌  (‌Veridiano‌‌   y ‌‌Sapi‌‌
  v.‌‌  by‌  ‌his‌  ‌counsel,‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌NGO,‌  ‌national‌  ‌or‌‌ 
3. Flight‌  ‌per‌  ‌se‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌synonymous‌  ‌with‌  ‌guilt.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌person’s‌  ‌past‌‌ 
People‌,‌‌Leonen,‌‌J‌) ‌ ‌ international.‌(‌ RA‌‌7438)‌  ‌
criminal‌‌   record‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌  sufficient‌‌
  to‌‌
  justify‌‌
  a ‌‌lawful‌‌ warrantless‌‌ 
arrest.‌P ‌ P‌‌v.‌‌Villareal‌. ‌ ‌ NOTES‌‌ON‌‌HOT‌‌PURSUIT‌  ‌ CUSTODIAL‌‌INVESTIGATION‌  ‌

There‌‌   was‌‌   ‌no‌‌  overt‌‌  act‌‌


  indicative‌‌   of‌‌  a ‌‌felonious‌‌ enterprise‌‌  1. Two‌‌stringent‌‌requisites‌‌must‌‌concur:‌  ‌ 1. Any‌  ‌extrajudicial‌  ‌confession‌  ‌made‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌arrested,‌‌ 
that‌  ‌could‌  ‌be‌  ‌properly‌  ‌attributed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌to‌  ‌rouse‌‌  detained‌  ‌or‌  ‌under‌  ‌custodial‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌‌ 
a. An‌‌offense‌‌has‌‌just‌‌been‌‌committed;‌  ‌
suspicion‌‌   in‌‌  the‌‌
  mind‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  police‌‌ officer‌‌ where‌‌ the‌‌ ‌appellant‌‌  and‌‌   ‌signed‌‌  ‌by‌‌
  such‌‌   person‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ presence‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ counsel‌‌ or‌‌ 
and‌‌  the‌‌  informant‌‌   were‌‌   just‌‌
  talking‌‌  with‌‌   each‌‌
  other‌‌
  when‌‌ the‌‌  b. The‌  ‌person‌  ‌making‌  ‌the‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌has‌  ‌personal‌‌
  knowledge‌‌   of‌‌  in‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter's‌  ‌absence,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌a ‌ ‌valid‌  ‌waiver‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
latter‌‌approached‌‌them.‌(‌ ‌People‌‌v.‌‌Edaño‌‌y‌‌Ebdane‌) ‌ ‌ facts‌  ‌indicating‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌has‌  presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌parents,‌‌  elder‌‌
  brothers‌‌   and‌‌
  sisters,‌‌
  his‌‌ 
committed‌‌it.‌  ‌ spouse,‌  ‌the‌  ‌municipal‌  ‌mayor,‌  ‌the‌  ‌municipal‌  ‌judge,‌  ‌district‌‌ 
4. The‌  ‌acts‌  ‌of‌  ‌standing‌  ‌around‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌companion‌  ‌and‌  ‌handing‌‌ 
school‌‌   supervisor,‌‌   or‌‌ priest‌‌ or‌‌ minister‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ gospel‌‌ as‌‌ chosen‌‌ 
over‌  ‌something‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌cannot‌‌
  in‌‌  any‌‌
  way‌‌
  be‌‌
  considered‌‌  2. Emphasizes‌‌immediacy.‌  ‌
by‌  ‌him;‌  ‌otherwise‌, ‌ ‌such‌  ‌extrajudicial‌  ‌confession‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌ 
criminal‌‌acts.‌‌(C ‌ omerciante‌‌y‌‌Gonzales‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ 3. There‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌standard‌  ‌time‌  ‌from‌  ‌commission‌  ‌of‌  ‌crime‌  ‌up‌  ‌to‌‌  inadmissible‌  ‌as‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌proceeding.‌  ‌(‌Sec‌  ‌2[d]‌  ‌RA‌‌ 
5. A‌‌
  mere‌‌   tip‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌
  informant‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ basis‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌lawful‌‌ warrantless‌‌  time‌‌   of‌‌
  arrest‌‌  to‌‌
  consider‌‌   the‌‌ arrest‌‌ as‌‌ hot‌‌ pursuit.‌‌ It‌‌ should‌‌ be‌‌  7438)‌  ‌
arrest‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌demonstrate‌  ‌any‌  ‌overt‌  ‌act‌‌  immediate‌‌   as‌‌   well‌‌ as‌‌ ‌relentless‌. ‌‌Thus,‌‌ even‌‌ though‌‌ the‌‌ arrest‌‌ 
calling‌‌for‌‌his‌‌arrest.‌‌(P‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Aminnudin‌) ‌ ‌ was‌‌  effected,‌‌   say‌‌   5 ‌‌days‌‌ after,‌‌ if‌‌ such‌‌ pursuit‌‌ was‌‌ ‌relentless‌, ‌‌it‌‌  2. Custodial‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌begins‌  ‌to‌  ‌operate‌  ‌as‌  ‌soon‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌‌ 
still‌‌is‌‌hot‌‌pursuit.‌  ‌ investigation‌  ‌ceases‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌general‌  ‌inquiry‌‌
  into‌‌
  an‌‌
  unsolved‌‌ 
6. Reliable‌‌  information‌‌   alone,‌‌   absent‌‌
  any‌‌   overt‌‌
  act‌‌ indicative‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌ crime‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌interrogation‌  ‌is‌  ‌then‌  ‌aimed‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌‌ 
felonious‌‌   enterprise‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌  presence‌‌   and‌‌   within‌‌ the‌‌ view‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  4. Personal‌‌
  knowledge‌‌   entails‌‌
  knowledge‌‌
  that‌‌
  a ‌‌crime‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ 
suspect‌  ‌who‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌taken‌  ‌into‌  ‌custody‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌‌ 
arresting‌‌   officer,‌‌
  are‌‌
  not‌‌   sufficient‌‌
  to‌‌  constitute‌‌ probable‌‌ cause‌‌  committed,‌‌even‌‌if‌‌it‌‌was‌‌not‌‌committed‌‌in‌‌his‌‌presence.‌  ‌
police‌  ‌would‌  ‌then‌  ‌direct‌  ‌interrogatory‌  ‌questions‌  ‌that‌  ‌tend‌  ‌to‌‌ 
that‌  ‌would‌  ‌justify‌  ‌an‌  ‌in‌  ‌flagrante‌  ‌delicto‌  ‌arrest.‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌‌  These‌  ‌facts‌  ‌or‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌pertain‌  ‌to‌  ‌actual‌  ‌facts‌  ‌or‌  ‌raw‌‌  elicit‌‌incriminating‌‌statements.‌  ‌
Molina,‌P ‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Tudtud‌).‌  ‌ evidence,‌  ‌i.e.,‌  ‌supported‌  ‌by‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌sufficiently‌  ‌strong‌‌ 
in‌‌ themselves‌‌ to‌‌ create‌‌ the‌‌ probable‌‌ cause‌‌ of‌‌ guilt‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌  3. Custodial‌  ‌investigation‌‌
  shall‌‌
  include‌‌
  the‌‌
  practice‌‌
  of‌‌
  issuing‌‌
  an‌‌ 
7. Presence‌  ‌need‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌actual‌  ‌or‌  ‌physical.‌  ‌Although‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌‌
distance,‌‌  an‌‌ officer‌‌ who‌‌ hears‌‌ the‌‌ disturbance‌‌ and‌‌ immediately‌‌  to‌  ‌be‌  ‌arrested.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌reasonable‌  ‌suspicion‌  ‌therefore‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌‌  "‌invitation‌" ‌ ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌investigated‌  ‌in‌  ‌connection‌‌ 
proceeds‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  scene,‌‌
  effects‌‌ the‌‌ warrantless‌‌ arrest,‌‌ is‌‌ deemed‌‌  founded‌‌   on‌‌
  probable‌‌   cause,‌‌ coupled‌‌ with‌‌ good‌‌ faith‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ part‌‌  with‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌suspected‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌committed,‌  ‌without‌‌ 
to‌‌have‌‌done‌‌so‌i‌ n‌‌flagrante‌‌delicto‌. ‌ ‌ of‌‌the‌‌peace‌‌officers‌‌making‌‌the‌‌arrest.‌‌(P ‌ estilos‌‌v.‌‌Generoso‌) ‌ ‌ prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌liability‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌"inviting"‌  ‌officer‌  ‌for‌  ‌any‌‌ 
violation‌‌of‌‌law.‌  ‌
8. In‌  ‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Tangliben‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌officers‌  ‌were‌  ‌confronted‌  ‌with‌  ‌an‌‌  Sec‌‌14.‌‌  Right‌‌of‌‌attorney‌‌or‌‌relative‌‌to‌‌visit‌‌person‌‌ 
on-the-spot‌  ‌information‌  ‌which‌  ‌required‌  ‌them‌  ‌to‌  ‌act‌  ‌swiftly.‌‌  arrested‌  ‌ MIRANDA‌‌RIGHTS‌  ‌
The‌‌warrantless‌‌arrest‌‌was‌‌validated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌SC.‌  ‌ (a) Any‌  ‌person‌  ‌under‌  ‌custodial‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌‌ 
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌‌RIGHTS‌‌OF‌‌A‌‌PERSON‌‌ARRESTED‌‌   ‌
9. In‌‌
  ‌People‌‌
  v.‌‌
  Maspil‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  officers‌‌  had‌‌
  no‌‌  exact‌‌ description‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  remain‌‌silent;‌  ‌
vehicle‌‌  of‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ and‌‌ no‌‌ idea‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ definite‌‌ time‌‌ of‌‌ arrival‌‌  1. The‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌arrested,‌  ‌detained‌  ‌or‌  ‌under‌  ‌custodial‌‌ 
(b) Anything‌‌
  he‌‌
  says‌‌
  can‌‌
  and‌‌ will‌‌ be‌‌ used‌‌ against‌‌ him‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌court‌‌ of‌‌ 
based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌confidential‌  ‌reports‌  ‌from‌  ‌informers.‌  ‌Thus,‌‌  investigation‌‌are:‌  ‌
law;‌  ‌
warrantless‌‌arrest‌‌was‌‌proper.‌  ‌ a. To‌  ‌be‌  ‌assisted‌  ‌by‌‌
  counsel‌‌
  ‌at‌‌
  all‌‌
  times‌‌
  — ‌‌One‌‌
  who‌‌
  is‌‌ 
(c) He‌‌
  has‌‌  the‌‌
  right‌‌
  to‌‌
  talk‌‌
  to‌‌
  an‌‌
  attorney‌‌
  before‌‌
  being‌‌
  questioned‌‌ 
independent‌‌‌and‌‌competent.‌  ‌
and‌‌to‌‌have‌‌his‌‌counsel‌‌present‌‌when‌‌being‌‌questioned;‌‌and‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 140‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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(d) If‌‌
  he‌‌
  cannot‌‌
  afford‌‌
  an‌‌
  attorney,‌‌ one‌‌ will‌‌ be‌‌ provided‌‌ before‌‌ any‌‌  c) signed‌‌by‌‌a‌‌judge‌‌and‌‌   ‌ person‌‌into‌‌custody.‌  ‌ commit‌‌an‌‌offense.‌  ‌
questioning‌‌if‌‌he‌‌so‌‌desires.‌  ‌ d) directed‌‌to‌‌a‌‌peace‌‌officer,‌‌   ‌
The‌‌judge‌‌must‌‌have‌‌ 
EFFECT‌‌OF‌‌ILLEGALITY‌‌OF‌‌ARREST‌  ‌ e) commanding‌  ‌h im‌  ‌to‌  ‌search‌  ‌for‌  ‌personal‌  ‌property‌  ‌described‌‌  sufficient‌‌facts‌‌in‌‌his‌‌  Requires‌‌facts‌‌to‌‌show‌‌that‌‌ 
1. Affects‌  ‌only‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  therein‌‌and‌‌b ring‌‌it‌‌b efore‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌ hand‌‌that‌‌would‌‌tend‌‌to‌‌  particular‌‌things‌‌ 
Probable‌‌ 
show‌‌that‌‌a‌‌crime‌‌has‌‌  connected‌‌with‌‌a‌‌crime‌‌are‌‌ 
accused.‌‌   It‌‌
  cannot,‌‌
  in‌‌
  itself,‌‌
  be‌‌
  the‌‌ basis‌‌ of‌‌ acquittal.‌‌ It‌‌ will‌‌ not‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌SEARCH‌‌WARRANT‌  ‌ cause‌  ‌
been‌‌committed‌‌and‌‌that‌‌  found‌‌in‌‌a‌‌specific‌‌ 
negate‌‌the‌‌validity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌conviction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ a‌‌particular‌‌person‌‌  location.‌  ‌
1. A‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌nor‌  ‌does‌  ‌it‌‌ 
2. Objection‌‌
  over‌‌ validity‌‌ of‌‌ arrest‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌ made‌‌ ‌before‌‌ accused‌‌  committed‌‌it.‌  ‌
represent‌‌   a ‌‌commencement‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌criminal‌‌ prosecution‌‌ even‌‌ if‌‌ it‌‌ 
enters‌‌his‌‌plea‌,‌‌otherwise‌‌‌deemed‌‌waived.‌  ‌ is‌‌entitled‌‌like‌‌a‌‌criminal‌‌action.‌  ‌ Generally‌‌served‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ 
3. A‌  ‌continuing‌‌   objection‌‌   is‌‌  interposed‌‌  when‌‌
  accused‌‌  does‌‌   not‌‌  It‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌a ‌ ‌proceeding‌  ‌against‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌but‌  ‌is‌  ‌solely‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  day‌‌time,‌u‌ nless‌‌‌there‌‌be‌‌a ‌‌
May‌‌be‌‌made‌‌on‌‌any‌‌day‌‌ 
enter‌  ‌plea,‌  ‌and‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌actively‌  ‌participate‌  ‌during‌  ‌trial.‌  ‌He‌‌  When‌‌  direction‌‌in‌‌the‌‌warrant‌‌ 
discovery‌‌   and‌‌   to‌‌
  get‌‌
  possession‌‌ of‌‌ personal‌‌ property.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌ akin‌‌  and‌‌at‌‌any‌‌time‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ 
may‌‌then‌‌still‌‌object‌‌validity‌‌of‌‌arrest.‌  ‌ served‌  ‌ that‌‌it‌‌may‌‌be‌‌served‌‌at‌‌ 
to‌‌a‌J‌ ohn‌‌Doe‌p ‌ roceeding.‌  ‌ day‌‌or‌‌night.‌  ‌
any‌‌time‌‌of‌‌the‌‌day‌‌or‌‌ 
4. When‌‌   timely‌‌
  objection‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  arrest‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  made,‌‌ only‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌  Any‌‌
  aggrieved‌‌ party‌‌ may‌‌ question‌‌ an‌‌ order‌‌ quashing‌‌ the‌‌ search‌‌  night.‌  ‌
to‌  ‌assail‌  ‌the‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌is‌  ‌waived.‌  ‌The‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌question‌‌  warrant‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌need‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌conformity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌‌ 
admissibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌seized‌‌   by‌‌
  virtue‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  illegal‌‌
  arrest‌‌  Presupposes‌‌the‌‌  Does‌‌not‌‌require‌‌one.‌‌It‌‌ 
prosecutor.‌‌(W
‌ orldwide‌‌Web‌‌Corporation‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ Criminal‌‌ 
is‌‌not‌‌waived.‌  ‌ existence‌‌of‌‌a‌‌pending‌‌  may‌‌be‌‌issued‌‌PRIOR‌‌to‌‌ 
case‌  ‌
2. The‌‌  rule‌‌
  against‌‌   unreasonable‌‌ searches‌‌ and‌‌ seizures‌‌ does‌‌ NOT‌‌  criminal‌‌case‌  ‌ the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌criminal‌‌case.‌  ‌
PERSONS‌‌NOT‌‌SUBJECT‌‌TO‌‌ARREST‌  ‌ extend‌‌   to‌‌ acts‌‌ committed‌‌ by‌‌ ‌private‌‌ ‌individuals‌‌ and‌‌ entities.‌‌ It‌‌ 
(a) Senators‌‌and‌‌congressmen‌‌when‌  ‌ is‌‌
  intended‌‌   as‌‌  a ‌‌restraint‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌ Government‌‌ and‌‌ its‌‌ agents‌‌  Sec‌‌2.‌‌
  Court‌‌where‌‌application‌‌for‌‌search‌‌warrant‌‌shall‌‌ 
tasked‌‌with‌‌law‌‌enforcement.‌  ‌ be‌‌filed‌  ‌
(i) Congress‌‌is‌‌in‌‌session;‌a
‌ nd‌  ‌
3. The‌‌   omission‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ People‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Philippines‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ petition‌‌  An‌‌application‌‌for‌‌search‌‌warrant‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌f iled‌‌with‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌
(ii) Offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌punishable‌  ‌by‌  ‌imprisonment‌‌
  of‌‌
  ‌not‌‌
  more‌‌  is‌‌
  ‌fatal‌. ‌‌Every‌‌  search‌‌   warrant‌‌   is‌‌
  applied‌‌
  for‌‌
  and‌‌
  issued‌‌ by‌‌ and‌  a) Any‌  ‌court‌  ‌within‌  ‌whose‌  ‌territorial‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌a ‌ ‌crime‌  ‌was‌‌ 
than‌‌6‌‌years‌. ‌ ‌ under‌  ‌the‌‌   authority‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌
  State,‌‌
  regardless‌‌  of‌‌
  who‌‌  initiates‌‌
  its‌‌  committed.‌  ‌
(b) Sovereigns,‌  ‌chiefs‌  ‌of‌  ‌state,‌  ‌ambassadors,‌  ‌ministers‌‌  application‌‌or‌‌causes‌‌its‌‌issuance.‌‌(‌Te‌‌v.‌‌Breva‌) ‌ ‌
b) For‌  ‌compelling‌‌   reasons‌  ‌stated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌application,‌  ‌any‌‌ court‌‌ 
plenipotentiary,‌‌ministers‌‌resident,‌‌and‌c‌ harges‌‌d’affaires‌. ‌ ‌ 4. Exclusionary‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌— ‌ ‌any‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌in‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌‌  within‌  ‌the‌  ‌judicial‌‌   region‌‌
  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌was‌  ‌committed‌  ‌if‌‌ 
(c) Duly‌  ‌accredited‌  ‌ambassadors,‌  ‌public‌  ‌ministers‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌foreign‌‌  this‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌preceding‌  ‌section‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌inadmissible‌  ‌for‌  ‌any‌‌  the‌‌ place‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ commission‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ crime‌‌ is‌‌ known,‌‌ or‌‌ any‌‌ court‌‌ 
country,‌  ‌their‌  ‌duly‌  ‌registered‌  ‌domestics,‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  purpose‌‌in‌‌any‌‌proceeding.‌  ‌ within‌‌the‌‌judicial‌‌region‌‌where‌‌the‌‌warrant‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌enforced.‌  ‌
principle‌‌of‌‌reciprocity.‌‌(RA‌‌75)‌  ‌ 5. Arrest‌‌vs.‌‌Search‌‌and‌‌Seizure‌  ‌ However,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌h as‌  ‌already‌  ‌b een‌  ‌f iled,‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌‌ 
shall‌‌only‌‌b e‌‌made‌‌in‌‌the‌‌court‌‌where‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌action‌‌is‌‌pending.‌  ‌
Rule‌‌126.‌‌Search‌‌and‌‌Seizure‌  ‌  ‌ ARREST‌  ‌ SEARCH‌‌AND‌‌SEIZURE‌  ‌ NOTES‌  ‌
Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Search‌‌warrant‌‌defined‌  ‌ Seizure‌‌of‌‌a‌‌person‌‌so‌‌he‌‌  Seizure‌‌of‌‌personal‌‌  1. An‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌  ‌heard‌  ‌ex‌  ‌parte‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌‌ 
may‌‌be‌‌made‌‌to‌‌answer‌‌  property‌‌subject‌‌of‌‌the‌‌  neither‌‌a‌‌trial‌‌nor‌‌a‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trial.‌  ‌
A‌‌s earch‌‌warrant‌i‌s‌‌   ‌
Concerned‌‌  for‌‌the‌‌commission‌‌of‌‌an‌‌  offense,‌‌stolen‌‌or‌‌ 
with‌  ‌ embezzled‌‌property,‌‌fruits‌‌  2. Search‌  ‌warrants‌  ‌involving‌  ‌heinous‌  ‌crimes‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌following‌‌ 
a) an‌‌order‌‌in‌‌writing‌‌   ‌ offense.‌  ‌
of‌‌the‌‌offense,‌‌or‌‌those‌‌  are‌  ‌authorized‌  ‌to‌  ‌act‌  ‌on‌  ‌all‌  ‌applications‌  ‌for‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrants‌‌ 
b) issued‌‌‌in‌‌the‌‌name‌‌of‌‌the‌‌People‌o
‌ f‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌   ‌ Involves‌‌taking‌‌of‌‌a ‌‌ intended‌‌to‌‌be‌‌used‌‌to‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 141‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

involving‌  ‌heinous‌  ‌crimes‌, ‌ ‌illegal‌  ‌gambling,‌  ‌dangerous‌  ‌drugs‌‌  and‌  ‌identify‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌intended‌  ‌and‌  ‌distinguish‌  ‌it‌  ‌from‌  ‌other‌‌ 
(a) Subject‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense;‌  ‌
and‌‌illegal‌‌possession‌‌of‌‌firearms‌:  ‌‌ ‌ places‌‌in‌‌the‌‌community.‌  ‌
(b) Stolen‌  ‌or‌  ‌embezzled‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌proceeds,‌  ‌or‌  ‌f ruits‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a. The‌  ‌Executive‌  ‌Judge‌  ‌and‌  ‌Vice‌  ‌Executive‌  ‌Judges‌  ‌of‌‌  offense;‌‌or‌  ‌ The‌  ‌executing‌  ‌officer’s‌  ‌prior‌  ‌knowledge‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌‌ 
Regional‌‌Trial‌‌Courts,‌M ‌ anila‌‌and‌‌Quezon‌‌City‌,  ‌‌ ‌ intended‌‌in‌‌the‌‌warrant‌‌is‌‌relevant.‌  ‌
(c) Used‌  ‌or‌  ‌intended‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌u sed‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌means‌  ‌of‌  ‌committing‌  ‌an‌‌ 
b. filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌PNP,‌  ‌the‌  ‌NBI,‌  ‌The‌  ‌Presidential‌‌  offense.‌  ‌ The‌‌
  owner‌‌  or‌‌
  occupant‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ place‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ searched‌‌ is‌‌ irrelevant‌‌ 
Anti-Organized‌  ‌Crime‌  ‌Task‌  ‌Force‌  ‌(PAOC-TF)‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  and‌‌need‌‌not‌‌be‌‌named‌‌in‌‌the‌‌warrant.‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌
Reaction‌‌Against‌‌Crime‌‌Task‌‌Force‌‌(REACT-TF)‌‌   ‌
A‌  ‌designation‌  ‌or‌  ‌description‌  ‌that‌  ‌points‌  ‌out‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌ 
1. A‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌sweeping‌  ‌authority‌  ‌empowering‌  ‌a ‌‌
c. with‌‌the‌‌RTCs‌‌of‌‌Manila‌‌and‌‌Quezon‌‌City.‌‌   ‌ searched‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌exclusion‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌others‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌on‌  ‌inquiry‌‌ 
raiding‌‌ party‌‌ to‌‌ undertake‌‌ a ‌‌fishing‌‌ expedition‌‌ to‌‌ confiscate‌‌ any‌‌ 
unerringly‌  ‌leads‌  ‌the‌  ‌peace‌  ‌officers‌  ‌to‌  ‌it,‌  ‌satisfies‌  ‌the‌‌ 
The‌‌  applications‌‌   shall‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌personally‌‌   endorsed‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌ Heads‌‌  and‌‌  all‌‌
  kinds‌‌  of‌‌ evidence‌‌ or‌‌ articles‌‌ relating‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌crime.‌‌ Objects‌‌ 
constitutional‌  ‌requirement‌  ‌of‌  ‌definiteness.‌  ‌(‌People‌‌   v.‌‌
  Tuan‌‌   y ‌‌
of‌‌
  the‌‌  said‌‌ agencies‌, ‌‌for‌‌ the‌‌ search‌‌ of‌‌ places‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ particularly‌‌  taken‌‌   not‌‌  specified‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  search‌‌  warrant‌‌  should‌‌ be‌‌ restored‌‌ to‌‌ 
Baludda‌) ‌ ‌
described‌‌   therein,‌‌
  and‌‌   the‌‌
  seizure‌‌
  of‌‌
  property‌‌   or‌‌ things,‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌  the‌‌owner.‌  ‌
issue‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrants,‌‌  if‌‌
  justified,‌‌  which‌‌  may‌‌  be‌‌
  served‌‌   in‌‌
  places‌‌  4. A‌  ‌general‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌or‌  ‌arrest‌‌
  warrant‌‌   that‌‌
  is‌‌
  NOT‌‌ 
outside‌  ‌the‌  ‌territorial‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌of‌  ‌said‌  ‌courts.‌  ‌(‌A.M.‌  ‌No.‌‌  Sec‌‌4.‌‌   Requisites‌‌for‌‌issuing‌‌search‌‌warrant‌  ‌ particular‌‌  as‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  arrested‌‌  or‌‌
  the‌‌
  property‌‌   to‌‌ be‌‌ 
99-20-09-SC‌) ‌ ‌ A‌‌search‌‌warrant‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌issue‌e‌ xcept‌‌   ‌ seized.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌fact‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌application‌  ‌involves‌‌
  a ‌‌“special‌‌  1) upon‌‌probable‌‌c ause‌‌   ‌ It‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌that‌  ‌allows‌  ‌the‌  ‌seizure‌  ‌of‌  ‌one‌‌
  thing‌‌
  under‌‌
  a ‌‌warrant‌‌ 
criminal‌  ‌case”‌  ‌excludes‌  ‌it‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌compelling‌  ‌reason‌‌  describing‌  ‌another‌  ‌and‌  ‌gives‌  ‌the‌‌   officer‌‌   executing‌‌
  the‌‌  warrant‌‌ 
requirement‌u ‌ nder‌‌Section‌‌2,‌‌Rule‌‌126.‌‌(L ‌ aud‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ 2) in‌‌connection‌‌with‌‌one‌‌s pecific‌‌offense‌‌   ‌ the‌‌discretion‌‌‌over‌‌which‌‌items‌‌to‌‌take.‌  ‌
3. Special‌  ‌Commercial‌  ‌Courts‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Cities‌  ‌of‌  ‌Manila,‌  ‌Quezon,‌‌  3) to‌‌b e‌d
‌ etermined‌‌personally‌‌‌by‌‌the‌‌judge‌‌   ‌ 5. A‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌need‌  ‌not‌  ‌describe‌  ‌the‌  ‌items‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌
  seized‌‌
  in‌‌ 
Makati‌  ‌and‌  ‌Pasig‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrants‌  ‌applicable‌‌  precise‌‌   and‌‌
  minute‌‌  detail.‌‌  The‌‌
  warrant‌‌ is‌‌ valid‌‌ when‌‌ it‌‌ enables‌‌ 
nationwide,‌‌for‌‌commercial‌‌law‌‌cases.‌  ‌ 4) after‌  ‌examination‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌oath‌  ‌or‌  ‌affirmation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  the‌‌ police‌‌ officers‌‌ to‌‌ readily‌‌ identify‌‌ the‌‌ properties‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ seized‌‌ 
complainant‌‌and‌‌the‌‌witnesses‌‌h e‌‌may‌‌produce,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
and‌‌   leaves‌‌
  them‌‌ with‌‌ ‌no‌‌ discretion‌‌ regarding‌‌ the‌‌ articles‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ 
4. Venue‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌‌ 
5) particularly‌  ‌describing‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌searched‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  seized.‌‌The‌‌description‌‌must‌‌be‌  ‌
jurisdictional.‌  ‌The‌  ‌issue‌  ‌of‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌should‌‌ 
have‌  ‌been‌  ‌filed‌  ‌in‌  ‌RTC-Iriga‌  ‌City‌  ‌or‌  ‌RTC-Naga,‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌one‌‌  things‌‌to‌‌b e‌‌seized‌‌which‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌anywhere‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌ a. As‌‌specific‌‌as‌‌the‌‌circumstances‌‌will‌‌ordinarily‌‌allow;‌  ‌
involving‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌because‌  ‌the‌  ‌power‌  ‌to‌  ‌issue‌  ‌a ‌ ‌special‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌ b. Expresses‌  ‌a ‌ ‌conclusion‌  ‌of‌  ‌fact‌  ‌— ‌ ‌not‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌— ‌ ‌by‌‌ 
criminal‌  ‌process‌  ‌is‌  ‌inherent‌  ‌in‌  ‌all‌  ‌courts.‌  ‌(‌Pilipinas‌  ‌Shell‌‌
  v.‌‌ 
1. Probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌for‌‌  the‌‌  issuance‌‌  of‌‌  a ‌‌search‌‌  warrant‌‌  means‌‌  which‌‌the‌‌peace‌‌officers‌‌may‌‌be‌‌guided;‌‌and‌  ‌
Romars‌‌International‌) ‌ ‌
the‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌facts‌  ‌and‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌which‌  ‌would‌‌  c. Limits‌  ‌the‌  ‌things‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌seized‌  ‌which‌  ‌bear‌  ‌direct‌‌ 
5. In‌  ‌certain‌  ‌cases‌  ‌when‌  ‌no‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌has‌  ‌yet‌  ‌been‌  ‌filed,‌‌  lead‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reasonably‌  ‌discreet‌  ‌and‌‌   prudent‌‌
  man‌‌
  to‌‌
  believe‌‌
  that‌‌
  an‌‌  relation‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌for‌  ‌which‌‌
  the‌‌
  warrant‌‌
  is‌‌
  being‌‌ 
any‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌issue‌‌  a ‌‌search‌‌  warrant‌‌  even‌‌  though‌‌  it‌‌  has‌‌  no‌‌  offense‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌committed‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌objects‌  ‌sought‌  ‌in‌‌  issued.‌  ‌
jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌allegedly‌  ‌committed,‌  ‌provided‌‌  connection‌‌with‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌are‌‌in‌‌the‌‌place‌‌to‌‌be‌‌searched.‌  ‌
that‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌requirements‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌‌
  of‌‌
  such‌‌
  warrant‌‌   are‌‌  These‌‌prevent‌e‌ xploratory‌s‌ earches.‌  ‌
present.‌‌(P ‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Castillo‌) ‌ ‌ 2. There‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌
  ‌substantial‌‌
  basis‌‌
  ‌for‌‌
  the‌‌
  judge‌‌
  to‌‌
  determine‌‌ 
6. Ownership‌‌   is‌‌
  of‌‌
  no‌‌ consequence.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌ sufficient‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ 
probable‌‌cause.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌3.‌‌  Personal‌‌property‌‌to‌‌be‌‌seized‌  ‌ against‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌  ‌directed‌  ‌has‌  ‌control‌  ‌and‌‌ 
3. A‌‌
  ‌description‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  place‌‌
  to‌‌  be‌‌
  searched‌‌ is‌‌ sufficient‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌  possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌property‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌be‌‌seized.‌  ‌
A‌  ‌search‌‌ warrant‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ issued‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ search‌‌ and‌‌ seizure‌‌ of‌‌ ‌personal‌‌  officer‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌can,‌  ‌with‌  ‌reasonable‌‌
  effort,‌‌
  ascertain‌‌ 
property:‌  ‌ 7. In‌  ‌Columbia‌‌   Pictures,‌‌
  Inc.‌‌
  v.‌‌
  CA‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  Court‌‌
  settled‌‌
  that‌‌
  a ‌‌search‌‌ 
warrant‌‌ that‌‌ covers‌‌ several‌‌ counts‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌certain‌‌ specific‌‌ offense‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 142‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

does‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌violate‌  ‌the‌  ‌one-specific-offense‌  ‌rule.‌  ‌(‌Laud‌  ‌v.‌‌  3) in‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter,‌  ‌two‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌of‌  ‌sufficient‌‌
  age‌‌  h. Search‌‌of‌‌vessels‌‌and‌‌aircrafts;‌‌and‌  ‌
People‌) ‌ ‌ and‌‌discretion‌r‌ esiding‌‌in‌‌the‌‌same‌‌locality.‌  ‌
i. Inspection‌  ‌of‌  ‌buildings‌  ‌and‌  ‌other‌  ‌premises‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
8. A‌‌
  search‌‌  warrant‌‌   fulfills‌‌
  the‌‌
  requirement‌‌   of‌‌ particularity‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌  NOTE:‌‌  Even‌‌  if‌‌ the‌‌ barangay‌‌ officials‌‌ were‌‌ not‌‌ present‌‌ during‌‌ the‌‌ initial‌‌  enforcement‌‌of‌‌fire,‌‌sanitary‌‌and‌‌building‌‌regulations.‌  ‌
description‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ things‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ seized‌‌ when‌‌ the‌‌ things‌‌ described‌‌  search,‌  ‌the‌  ‌search‌  ‌was‌  ‌witnessed‌  ‌by‌  ‌accused-appellants‌‌ 
are‌‌  limited‌‌
  to‌‌
  those‌‌   that‌‌
  ‌bear‌‌ a ‌‌direct‌‌ relation‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ offense‌‌  themselves,‌‌   hence,‌‌ the‌‌ search‌‌ was‌‌ valid‌‌ since‌‌ the‌‌ rule‌‌ that‌‌ "two‌‌  2. Routine‌  ‌baggage‌  ‌inspections‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌by‌  ‌port‌  ‌authorities,‌‌ 
for‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌  ‌being‌  ‌issued.‌  ‌(‌Worldwide‌  ‌Web‌‌  witnesses‌‌   of‌‌  sufficient‌‌   age‌‌   and‌‌   discretion‌‌   residing‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌ same‌‌  although‌  ‌done‌  ‌without‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrants,‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌unreasonable‌‌ 
Corporation‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ locality"‌‌   must‌‌   be‌‌
  present‌‌   applies‌‌   only‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  absence‌‌   of‌‌
  either‌‌  searches‌  ‌per‌  ‌se.‌  ‌Constitutional‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌protecting‌  ‌privacy‌‌ 
the‌
  l
‌ awful‌   o
‌ ccupant‌   o
‌ f‌
  t
‌ he‌   p
‌ remises‌   o
‌ r‌  a
‌ ny‌  m
‌ ember‌   ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌  should‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌   so‌‌
  literally‌‌
  understood‌‌   so‌‌
  as‌‌
  to‌‌ deny‌‌ reasonable‌‌ 
9. Objects‌  ‌of‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌commerce‌  ‌confiscated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌ 
family.‌‌(P ‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Punzalan‌) ‌ ‌ safeguards‌‌   to‌‌ ensure‌‌ the‌‌ safety‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ traveling‌‌ public.‌‌ (‌Libo-on‌‌ 
enforcement‌‌   of‌‌
  RA‌‌  9165‌‌  that‌‌
  are‌‌  the‌‌
  property‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌third‌‌ person‌‌ 
Dela‌‌Cruz‌‌v.‌‌People‌,‌‌Leonen,‌‌J‌) ‌ ‌
are‌‌
  subject‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  returned‌‌   to‌‌ the‌‌ lawful‌‌ owner‌‌ who‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ liable‌‌  Sec‌‌9.‌‌  Time‌‌of‌‌making‌‌search‌  ‌
for‌  ‌the‌  ‌unlawful‌  ‌act.‌  ‌But‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌‌
  court‌‌
  may‌‌
  not‌‌
  release‌‌   such‌‌  SEARCH‌‌INCIDENT‌‌TO‌‌A‌‌LAWFUL‌‌ARREST‌  ‌
objects‌‌pending‌‌trial‌‌and‌‌before‌‌judgment‌.‌‌(‌PDEA‌‌v.‌‌Brodett‌) ‌ ‌ The‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌must‌  ‌direct‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌b e‌  ‌served‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌day‌‌
  time‌, ‌‌‌unless‌‌ ‌the‌‌ 
1. It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌reasonable‌‌exercise‌‌of‌‌the‌‌State’s‌‌police‌‌power‌‌to‌‌protect‌‌   ‌
affidavit‌  ‌asserts‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌property‌  ‌is‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌‌ 
Sec‌‌5.‌‌  Examination‌‌of‌‌complainant;‌‌record‌  ‌ ordered‌‌ to‌‌ b e‌‌ searched,‌‌ in‌‌ which‌‌ case‌‌ a ‌‌direction‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ inserted‌‌ that‌‌ it‌‌  a. law‌‌
  enforcers‌‌  from‌‌
  the‌‌
  injury‌‌
  that‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  inflicted‌‌ on‌‌ 
be‌‌served‌‌at‌‌any‌‌time‌‌of‌‌the‌‌day‌‌or‌‌night.‌  ‌ them‌‌by‌‌a‌‌person‌‌they‌‌have‌‌lawfully‌‌arrested;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
The‌‌judge‌‌must,‌‌b efore‌‌issuing‌‌the‌‌warrant,‌‌   ‌
1) personally‌‌examine‌‌   ‌ Sec‌‌10.‌‌  Validity‌‌of‌‌search‌‌warrant‌  ‌ b. evidence‌‌from‌‌being‌‌destroyed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌arrestee.‌‌   ‌
2) in‌‌the‌‌form‌‌of‌s‌ earching‌‌questions‌‌and‌‌answers‌,  ‌‌ ‌ A‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌valid‌  ‌for‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌its‌  ‌date.‌‌  It‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌to‌  ‌ensure‌  ‌the‌  ‌safety‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌arresting‌  ‌officers‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
3) in‌‌writing‌‌and‌‌u nder‌‌oath,‌‌   ‌ Thereafter‌‌it‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌void.‌  ‌ integrity‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  evidence‌‌ under‌‌ the‌‌ control‌‌ and‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ reach‌‌ 
4) the‌  ‌complainant‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌h e‌  ‌may‌  ‌produce‌  ‌on‌  ‌facts‌‌  of‌‌the‌‌arrestee.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌13.‌‌  Search‌‌incident‌‌to‌‌lawful‌‌arrest‌  ‌
personally‌‌known‌‌to‌‌them‌‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 2. The‌  ‌law‌  ‌requires‌  ‌that‌  ‌there‌  ‌be‌  ‌first‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lawful‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌before‌  ‌a ‌‌
A‌  ‌person‌  ‌lawfully‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌searched‌  ‌for‌‌ dangerous‌‌ weapons‌‌ or‌‌ 
5) attach‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌record‌  ‌their‌  ‌sworn‌‌ statements,‌‌ together‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌  search‌‌can‌‌be‌‌made‌‌—‌‌the‌‌process‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌reversed.‌  ‌
anything‌  ‌which‌  ‌may‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌b een‌  ‌u sed‌  ‌or‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌proof‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
affidavits‌‌submitted.‌  ‌
commission‌‌of‌‌an‌‌offense‌‌without‌‌a‌‌search‌‌warrant.‌  ‌ Nevertheless,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌substantially‌  ‌contemporaneous‌  ‌with‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ an‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌can‌  ‌precede‌  ‌the‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌police‌  ‌have‌  ‌probable‌‌ 
NOTES‌‌ON‌E
‌ XCEPTIONS‌T
‌ O‌‌THE‌‌SEARCH‌‌WARRANT‌‌ 
1. The‌  ‌examination‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌probing‌  ‌and‌  ‌exhaustive‌, ‌ ‌not‌‌  cause‌‌to‌‌make‌‌the‌‌arrest‌‌at‌‌the‌‌outset‌‌of‌‌the‌‌search.‌  ‌
REQUIREMENT‌  ‌
merely‌‌routinary,‌‌general,‌‌peripheral,‌‌perfunctory‌‌or‌p
‌ ro‌‌forma‌.‌  3. Immediate‌‌   Reach‌‌  and‌‌ Control‌‌ Rule‌. ‌‌The‌‌ provision‌‌ limits‌‌ the‌‌ 
1. These‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌  ‌well-recognized‌  ‌instances‌  ‌where‌  ‌warrantless‌‌ 
The‌‌  judge‌‌
  must‌‌
  not‌‌
  simply‌‌
  rehash‌‌
  the‌‌  contents‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ affidavit‌‌  search‌‌to‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌
searches‌‌and‌‌seizures‌‌are‌‌allowed:‌  ‌
but‌  ‌must‌  ‌make‌‌
  his‌‌
  own‌‌
  inquiry‌‌
  on‌‌  the‌‌
  intent‌‌
  and‌‌  justification‌‌  a. For‌‌dangerous‌‌weapons;‌  ‌
a. Warrantless‌‌search‌‌incidental‌‌to‌‌lawful‌‌arrest;‌  ‌
of‌‌the‌‌application.‌  ‌
b. For‌  ‌anything‌  ‌which‌  ‌may‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌used‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
b. Seizure‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌in‌‌“p
‌ lain‌‌view‌”;‌  ‌
Sec‌‌8.‌‌  Search‌‌of‌‌house,‌‌room,‌‌or‌‌premises,‌‌to‌‌be‌‌made‌‌  commission‌‌of‌‌an‌‌offense;‌‌or‌  ‌
in‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌two‌‌witnesses‌  ‌ c. Search‌‌of‌‌a‌‌moving‌‌vehicle;‌  ‌
c. For‌  ‌anything‌  ‌which‌  ‌constitutes‌  ‌proof‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
No‌‌search‌‌of‌‌a‌‌h ouse,‌‌room,‌‌or‌‌any‌‌other‌‌premise‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌made‌e‌ xcept‌‌   ‌
d. Consented‌‌warrantless‌‌search;‌  ‌ commission‌‌of‌‌an‌‌offense.‌  ‌
1) in‌‌the‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌lawful‌‌occupant‌‌thereof‌‌or‌‌   ‌ e. Customs‌‌search;‌  ‌ 4. It‌‌
  becomes‌‌
  the‌‌  duty‌‌ and‌‌ right‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ arresting‌‌ officer‌‌ to‌‌ conduct‌‌ 
2) any‌‌member‌‌of‌‌h is‌‌family‌‌or‌‌   ‌ f. Stop‌‌and‌‌frisk‌‌or‌‌Terry‌‌searches;‌  ‌ a‌‌
  warrantless‌‌  search‌‌   ‌not‌‌
  only‌‌
  on‌‌   the‌‌
  person‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  suspect‌‌   but‌‌ 
also‌‌within‌‌the‌‌permissible‌‌area‌‌within‌‌the‌‌latter’s‌‌reach‌. ‌ ‌
g. Exigent‌‌and‌‌emergency‌‌circumstances;‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 143‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

A‌  ‌valid‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌allows‌  ‌the‌  ‌seizure‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌or‌  ‌dangerous‌‌  3. It‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ police‌‌ officer‌‌ who‌‌ should‌‌ observe‌‌ facts‌‌ that‌‌ would‌‌ lead‌‌  (2) the‌‌search‌‌must‌‌not‌‌be‌‌discriminatory;‌‌   ‌
weapons‌‌   either‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌ person‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ one‌‌ arrested‌‌ or‌‌ ‌within‌‌ the‌‌  to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reasonable‌  ‌degree‌  ‌of‌  ‌suspicion‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person.‌  ‌The‌  ‌police‌‌  (3) as‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  purpose‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  search,‌‌
  it‌‌
  must‌‌ be‌‌ confined‌‌ to‌‌ 
area‌‌of‌‌his‌‌immediate‌‌control‌. ‌ ‌ officer‌  ‌should‌  ‌not‌  ‌adopt‌  ‌the‌  ‌suspicion‌  ‌initiated‌  ‌by‌  ‌another‌‌  ensuring‌‌public‌‌safety;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
person‌. ‌ ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌to‌  ‌justify‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌   suspected‌‌ 
5. The‌‌  arresting‌‌   officers‌‌
  served‌‌   the‌‌  warrant‌‌   of‌‌  arrest‌‌   without‌‌ any‌‌  (4) the‌  ‌courts‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌convinced‌  ‌that‌  ‌precautionary‌‌ 
be‌  ‌stopped‌  ‌and‌  ‌reasonably‌  ‌searched.‌  ‌Anything‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌  ‌this‌‌ 
resistance‌‌   from‌‌   Valeroso.‌‌   They‌‌   placed‌‌   him‌‌   immediately‌‌ under‌‌  measures‌‌   were‌‌ in‌‌ place‌‌ to‌‌ ensure‌‌ that‌‌ no‌‌ evidence‌‌ was‌‌ 
would‌‌   be‌‌
  an‌‌
  infringement‌‌   upon‌‌   one’s‌‌  basic‌‌
  right‌‌
  to‌‌ security‌‌ of‌‌ 
their‌  ‌control‌  ‌by‌  ‌pulling‌  ‌him‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   bed,‌‌   and‌‌  bringing‌‌  him‌‌  planted‌‌against‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
one’s‌‌person‌‌and‌‌effects.‌  ‌
out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌room‌  ‌with‌  ‌his‌  ‌hands‌  ‌tied.‌  ‌The‌  ‌cabinet,‌  ‌which‌‌   was‌‌ 
To‌  ‌emphasize,‌  ‌the‌  ‌guidelines‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌‌ 
locked,‌  ‌could‌  ‌no‌  ‌longer‌  ‌be‌  ‌considered‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌  ‌"area‌  ‌within‌‌   his‌‌  CHECKPOINTS‌  ‌
privately-owned‌  ‌cars‌. ‌ ‌Neither‌  ‌are‌  ‌they‌‌
  applicable‌‌   to‌‌
  moving‌‌ 
immediate‌  ‌control"‌  ‌because‌  ‌there‌‌   was‌‌
  no‌‌  way‌‌   for‌‌  him‌‌
  to‌‌
  take‌‌ 
1. Checkpoints‌‌are‌‌allowed‌‌under‌‌exceptional‌‌circumstances.‌  ‌ vehicles‌‌   dedicated‌‌
  for‌‌
  private‌‌
  or‌‌
  personal‌‌   use,‌‌ as‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ of‌‌ 
any‌  ‌weapon‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌  ‌destroy‌  ‌any‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌that‌  ‌could‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌‌ 
taxis.‌‌(‌Saluday‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌
against‌‌him.‌  ‌ 2. For‌‌
  as‌‌
  long‌‌
  as‌‌  the‌‌
  vehicle‌‌ is‌‌ neither‌‌ searched‌‌ nor‌‌ its‌‌ occupants‌‌ 
subjected‌‌  to‌‌
  a ‌‌body‌‌  search,‌‌
  and‌‌  the‌‌
  inspection‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ vehicle‌‌ is‌‌  8. The‌‌
  Court‌‌
  now‌‌ holds‌‌ that‌‌ ‌the‌‌ cases‌‌ adhering‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ doctrine‌‌ 
Thus,‌  ‌the‌  ‌search‌  ‌exceeded‌  ‌the‌  ‌bounds‌  ‌of‌  ‌what‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  that‌  ‌exclusive‌  ‌reliance‌  ‌on‌  ‌an‌  ‌unverified,‌  ‌anonymous‌  ‌tip‌‌ 
limited‌‌to‌‌a‌‌visual‌‌search,‌‌said‌‌routine‌‌checks‌‌are‌‌proper.‌  ‌
considered‌‌as‌‌an‌‌incident‌‌to‌‌a‌‌lawful‌‌arrest.‌‌(V
‌ aleroso‌‌v.‌‌CA‌) ‌ ‌ cannot‌  ‌engender‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌that‌  ‌permits‌  ‌a ‌‌
3. Routine‌‌ checks,‌‌ when‌‌ conducted‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌‌FIXED‌‌ area‌, ‌‌are‌‌ even‌‌ less‌‌ 
6. The‌  ‌marijuana‌  ‌was‌  ‌found‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌black‌  ‌bag‌  ‌in‌  ‌Calantiao’s‌‌  warrantless‌‌   search‌‌ of‌‌ a‌‌ moving‌‌ vehicle‌‌ that‌‌ goes‌‌ beyond‌‌ a ‌‌
intrusive‌‌and‌‌are‌‌permissible.‌  ‌
possession‌  ‌and‌  ‌within‌  ‌his‌  ‌immediate‌  ‌control.‌  ‌He‌  ‌could‌  ‌have‌‌  visual‌  ‌search‌  ‌— ‌ ‌which‌  ‌include‌  ‌both‌  ‌long-standing‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
easily‌‌  taken‌‌
  any‌‌
  weapon‌‌   from‌‌  the‌‌
  bag‌‌
  or‌‌
  dumped‌‌   it‌‌
  to‌‌ destroy‌‌  4. Searches‌  ‌here‌  ‌are‌  ‌valid‌  ‌for‌  ‌as‌  ‌long‌  ‌as‌  ‌they‌  ‌are‌  ‌warranted‌  ‌by‌‌  most‌  ‌recent‌  ‌jurisprudence‌  ‌— ‌ ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌   the‌‌
  prevailing‌‌   and‌‌ 
the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌inside‌  ‌it.‌  ‌As‌  ‌the‌  ‌black‌  ‌bag‌  ‌containing‌  ‌the‌‌  exigencies‌  ‌of‌  ‌public‌  ‌order‌  ‌and‌‌   are‌‌
  conducted‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌way‌‌
  least‌‌  controlling‌‌line‌‌of‌‌jurisprudence‌.  ‌‌ ‌
marijuana‌  ‌was‌  ‌in‌  ‌Calantiao’s‌  ‌possession,‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌‌  intrusive‌‌to‌‌motorists.‌  ‌ In‌‌
  ‌Comprado‌, ‌‌‌Cogaed‌, ‌‌and‌‌   ‌Veridiano‌, ‌‌the‌‌   Court‌‌
  has‌‌ held‌‌ that‌‌ 
permissible‌  ‌area‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌apprehending‌  ‌officers‌  ‌could‌  ‌validly‌‌  5. NB:‌  ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌nothing‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌that‌  ‌authorizes‌‌  mere‌‌   reliance‌‌   on‌‌
  information‌‌   relayed‌‌ by‌‌ an‌‌ informant‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ 
conduct‌  ‌a ‌ ‌warrantless‌  ‌search‌  ‌incident‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lawful‌  ‌arrest.‌‌  checkpoint-manning‌  ‌policemen‌  ‌to‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌‌   occupant‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌car‌‌  suffice‌‌   to‌‌
  provide‌‌  a ‌‌genuine‌‌
  reason‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  police‌‌  to‌‌
  conduct‌‌   a ‌‌
(‌People‌‌v.‌‌Calantiao‌‌y‌‌Dimalanta‌)‌  ‌ to‌  ‌get‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  vehicle‌‌
  for‌‌
  a ‌‌search‌‌
  of‌‌
  both‌‌
  his‌‌
  body‌‌
  and‌‌  the‌‌  warrantless‌  ‌search‌  ‌and‌  ‌seizure.‌  ‌In‌  ‌other‌  ‌words,‌  ‌information‌‌ 
SEARCH‌‌OF‌‌MOVING‌‌VEHICLES‌  ‌ vehicle.‌  ‌ from‌  ‌an‌  ‌informant‌  ‌is‌  ‌mere‌  ‌suspicion‌  ‌that‌  ‌does‌‌   not‌‌
  validate‌‌   a ‌‌
stop‌  ‌and‌  ‌frisk‌  ‌search.‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Sapla‌  ‌y ‌ ‌Guerrero‌, ‌ ‌June‌‌ 
1. Or‌‌  the‌‌  ‌Carroll‌‌   Doctrine‌, ‌‌or‌‌ the‌‌ warrantless‌‌ search‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌moving‌‌  6. In‌  ‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Johnson‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌Court‌‌   declared‌‌   ‌airport‌‌  ‌searches‌‌   as‌‌ 
2020‌) ‌ ‌
vehicle‌  ‌that‌‌   is‌‌
  justified‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌  ground‌‌   that‌‌
  it‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  practicable‌‌  outside‌  ‌the‌  ‌protection‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   search‌‌
  and‌‌   seizure‌‌   clause‌‌   due‌‌
  to‌‌ 
to‌  ‌secure‌‌   a ‌‌warrant‌‌   because‌‌   the‌‌  vehicle‌‌   can‌‌  be‌‌  quickly‌‌
  moved‌‌  the‌‌   lack‌‌
  of‌‌  an‌‌  expectation‌‌   of‌‌
  privacy‌‌   that‌‌ society‌‌ will‌‌ regard‌‌ as‌‌  PLAIN‌‌VIEW‌‌DOCTRINE‌  ‌
out‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  locality‌‌   or‌‌  jurisdiction‌‌   in‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ warrant‌‌ must‌‌ be‌‌  reasonable.‌‌   ‌
1. The‌‌elements‌‌are:‌‌   ‌
sought.‌  ‌ Similarly,‌‌   in‌‌  ‌Dela‌‌  Cruz‌‌
  v.‌‌
  People,‌‌ the‌‌ Court‌‌ described‌‌ ‌seaport‌‌ 
a. a‌  ‌prior‌  ‌valid‌  ‌intrusion‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌valid‌ 
2. Here,‌‌  police‌‌
  officers‌‌
  are‌‌ ‌limited‌‌ only‌‌ to‌‌ routine‌‌ checks‌‌ where‌‌  searches‌  ‌as‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌searches‌  ‌on‌‌   the‌‌
  ground‌‌   that‌‌   the‌‌
  safety‌‌ 
warrantless‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌police‌  ‌are‌  ‌legally‌‌ 
the‌‌examination‌‌of‌‌a‌‌vehicle‌‌is‌‌limited‌‌to‌v‌ isual‌‌inspection‌. ‌ ‌ of‌‌the‌‌traveling‌‌public‌‌overrides‌‌a‌‌person's‌‌right‌‌to‌‌privacy.‌‌   ‌
present‌‌in‌‌the‌‌pursuit‌‌of‌‌their‌‌official‌‌duties;‌‌   ‌
In‌‌
  People‌‌   v.‌‌
  Breis‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  Court‌‌ also‌‌ justified‌‌ a ‌‌‌bus‌‌ search‌‌ owing‌‌ 
However‌, ‌‌an‌‌   ‌extensive‌‌ ‌search‌‌ becomes‌‌ permissible‌‌ only‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌  b. the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌was‌  ‌inadvertently‌  ‌discovered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
to‌‌the‌‌reduced‌‌expectation‌‌of‌‌privacy‌‌of‌‌the‌‌riding‌‌public.‌  ‌
officers‌  ‌made‌  ‌it‌  ‌upon‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌, ‌ ‌i.e.‌  ‌upon‌  ‌a ‌ ‌belief,‌‌  police‌‌who‌‌have‌‌the‌‌right‌‌to‌‌be‌‌where‌‌they‌‌are;‌  ‌
reasonably‌  ‌arising‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌circumstances‌‌   known‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  seizing‌‌  7. Aside‌  ‌from‌  ‌public‌  ‌transport‌  ‌buses,‌  ‌any‌  ‌moving‌  ‌vehicle‌  ‌that‌‌ 
officer,‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌automobile‌  ‌or‌  ‌other‌  ‌vehicle‌  ‌contains‌  ‌an‌  ‌item,‌‌  similarly‌‌   accepts‌‌   passengers‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ terminal‌‌ and‌‌ along‌‌ its‌‌ route‌‌  c. The‌  ‌illegality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌immediately‌‌ 
article‌  ‌or‌  ‌object‌  ‌which‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌seizure‌  ‌and‌‌  is‌‌likewise‌‌covered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌following‌‌guideline.‌‌   ‌ apparent‌;‌‌and‌‌   ‌
destruction.‌  ‌ (1) the‌‌manner‌‌of‌‌the‌‌search‌‌must‌‌be‌‌least‌‌intrusive;‌‌   ‌ d. "plain‌  ‌view"‌  ‌justified‌  ‌mere‌  ‌seizure‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌‌ 
without‌‌further‌‌search‌; ‌ ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 144‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

2. Where‌‌   the‌‌  object‌‌   seized‌‌ was‌‌ inside‌‌ a‌‌ closed‌‌ package,‌‌ the‌‌ object‌‌  b. which‌‌  leads‌‌


  him‌‌   reasonably‌‌ to‌‌ conclude‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ light‌‌ of‌‌  1. Occurs‌  ‌when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌gives‌  ‌a ‌ ‌LEA‌  ‌permission‌  ‌to‌  ‌search‌  ‌in‌‌ 
itself‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌in‌  ‌plain‌  ‌view‌  ‌and,‌  ‌therefore,‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌seized‌‌  his‌‌experience‌‌   ‌ areas‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌such‌  ‌person‌  ‌has‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reasonable‌  ‌expectation‌  ‌of‌‌ 
without‌‌a‌‌warrant.‌  ‌ privacy.‌  ‌
c. that‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌activity‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌afoot‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
However‌, ‌ ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌package‌  ‌proclaims‌  ‌its‌  ‌contents‌, ‌ ‌whether‌  ‌by‌‌  persons‌  ‌with‌  ‌whom‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌dealing‌  ‌may‌‌
  be‌‌
  armed‌‌  and‌‌  2. To‌‌constitute‌‌a‌‌waiver,‌‌it‌‌must‌‌first‌‌appear‌‌that‌  ‌
its‌‌
  distinctive‌‌   configuration,‌‌   its‌‌
  transparency,‌‌  or‌‌
  if‌‌
  its‌‌ contents‌‌  presently‌‌dangerous,‌‌   ‌
a. The‌‌right‌‌exists;‌  ‌
are‌‌
  obvious‌‌   to‌‌  an‌‌
  observer,‌‌
  then‌‌   the‌‌
  contents‌‌
  are‌‌
  in‌‌ plain‌‌ view‌‌ 
d. where‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌  ‌investigating‌  ‌this‌‌
  behavior‌‌
  he‌‌ 
and‌‌may‌‌be‌‌seized.‌  ‌ b. The‌  ‌person‌  ‌involved‌  ‌had‌  ‌knowledge,‌  ‌either‌  ‌actual‌‌
  or‌‌ 
identifies‌  ‌himself‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌policeman‌  ‌and‌  ‌makes‌‌ 
constructive,‌‌of‌‌the‌‌existence‌‌of‌‌such‌‌right;‌‌and‌  ‌
Also,‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  package‌‌
  is‌‌
  such‌‌  that‌‌ an‌‌ experienced‌‌ observer‌‌ could‌‌  reasonable‌‌inquiries,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
infer‌‌
  from‌‌   its‌‌
  appearance‌‌   that‌‌ it‌‌ contains‌‌ the‌‌ prohibited‌‌ article,‌‌  c. The‌  ‌said‌  ‌person‌  ‌had‌‌
  an‌‌
  actual‌‌
  intention‌‌
  to‌‌
  relinquish‌‌ 
e. where‌  ‌nothing‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌initial‌  ‌stages‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌encounter‌‌ 
then‌‌the‌‌article‌‌is‌‌deemed‌‌in‌‌plain‌‌view.‌  ‌ the‌‌right.‌  ‌
serves‌  ‌to‌  ‌dispel‌  ‌his‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌fear‌  ‌for‌  ‌his‌  ‌own‌  ‌or‌‌ 
3. Inadvertence‌  ‌Requirement.‌  ‌It‌  ‌means‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌must‌‌  other’s‌‌safety,‌‌   ‌ 3. The‌  ‌consent‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌voluntary‌, ‌ ‌unequivocal‌, ‌ ‌specific‌  ‌and‌‌ 
NOT‌  ‌have‌  ‌known‌  ‌in‌  ‌advance‌  ‌the‌‌
  location‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  and‌‌  intelligently‌  ‌given‌, ‌ ‌uncontaminated‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌duress‌  ‌or‌‌ 
he‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌protection‌  ‌of‌  ‌himself‌  ‌and‌  ‌others‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
discovery‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌anticipated.‌  ‌ coercion.‌  ‌
area‌‌   to‌‌
  conduct‌‌   a ‌‌carefully‌‌  limited‌‌   search‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  outer‌‌ clothing‌‌ 
Plain‌‌   view‌‌
  doctrine‌‌  is‌‌ inapplicable‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ police‌‌ officers‌‌ did‌‌ not‌‌  of‌‌
  such‌‌   persons‌‌   in‌‌  an‌‌
  attempt‌‌  to‌‌
  discover‌‌ weapons‌‌ which‌‌ may‌‌  Consent‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌lightly‌  ‌inferred,‌  ‌but‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌shown‌  ‌by‌‌ 
just‌‌
  accidentally‌‌  discover‌‌   the‌‌
  evidence‌‌   but‌‌
  ‌actually‌‌  searched‌‌  be‌‌used‌‌to‌‌assault‌‌him.‌  ‌ clear‌‌
  and‌‌   convincing‌‌   evidence.‌‌   It‌‌
  cannot‌‌
  be‌‌ inferred‌‌ ‌from‌‌ mere‌‌ 
for‌‌it.‌  ‌ silence‌. ‌ ‌
2. Serves‌‌a‌‌dual‌‌purpose‌  ‌
This‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌may‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌  ‌to‌  ‌extend‌  ‌a ‌ ‌general‌‌  4. Relevant‌  ‌to‌  ‌this‌  ‌determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌voluntariness‌  ‌are‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a. The‌  ‌general‌  ‌interest‌  ‌of‌  ‌effective‌  ‌crime‌  ‌prevention‌‌ 
exploratory‌  ‌search‌  ‌from‌  ‌one‌  ‌object‌  ‌to‌  ‌another‌  ‌until‌‌  following‌  ‌characteristics‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  person‌‌
  giving‌‌
  consent‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌ 
and‌‌detection‌;‌‌and‌  ‌
something‌‌incriminatory‌‌at‌‌last‌‌emerges.‌  ‌ environment‌‌in‌‌which‌‌consent‌‌is‌‌given:‌‌   ‌
b. The‌  ‌safety‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌police‌  ‌officer‌  ‌to‌  ‌take‌  ‌steps‌  ‌to‌‌  a. the‌‌age‌‌of‌‌the‌‌consenting‌‌party;‌‌   ‌
4. Immediately‌  ‌Apparent‌  ‌Requirement‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌incriminating‌‌ 
assure‌‌   himself‌‌
  that‌‌   the‌‌
  person‌‌
  whom‌‌   he‌‌  deals‌‌
  with‌‌ is‌‌ 
nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌apparent‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer,‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌‌  b. whether‌  ‌he‌  ‌or‌  ‌she‌  ‌was‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌public‌  ‌or‌  ‌secluded‌‌ 
not‌  ‌armed‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌deadly‌  ‌weapon‌  ‌that‌  ‌could‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌‌ 
moment‌  ‌of‌  ‌seizure,‌  ‌had‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌to‌  ‌connect‌  ‌it‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌ location;‌‌   ‌
against‌‌him.‌  ‌
crime‌‌‌without‌‌the‌‌benefit‌‌of‌‌an‌‌unlawful‌‌search‌‌or‌‌seizure.‌  ‌
c. whether‌  ‌he‌  ‌or‌‌
  she‌‌
  objected‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  search‌‌
  or‌‌
  passively‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌test‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌officer‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌‌
  the‌‌
  existence‌‌  of‌‌ 
It‌‌
  requires‌‌  merely‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ seizure‌‌ be‌‌ presumptively‌‌ reasonable‌‌  looked‌‌on;‌  ‌
probable‌‌   cause‌‌   because‌‌  no‌‌   full‌‌   arrest‌‌
  is‌‌
  made.‌‌ But‌‌ it‌‌ cannot‌‌ be‌‌ 
assuming‌‌   a ‌‌‌nexus‌‌
  ‌exists‌‌
  between‌‌  a ‌‌viewed‌‌ object‌‌ and‌‌ criminal‌‌  d. his‌‌or‌‌her‌‌education‌‌and‌‌intelligence;‌‌   ‌
mere‌  ‌suspicion.‌  ‌It‌  ‌has‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌genuine‌  ‌reason‌. ‌ ‌(‌see‌‌ 
activity.‌  ‌
Comerciante‌) ‌ ‌ e. the‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌coercive‌‌police‌‌procedures;‌‌   ‌
5. Under‌  ‌this‌  ‌doctrine,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌legitimate‌  ‌expectation‌  ‌of‌‌ 
4. There‌‌  must‌‌
  be‌‌
  ‌concrete‌‌  facts‌‌
  or‌‌ those‌‌ specific‌‌ and‌‌ articulable‌‌  f. the‌‌belief‌‌that‌‌no‌‌incriminating‌‌evidence‌‌will‌‌be‌‌found;‌  ‌
privacy‌  ‌and‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌search‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌meaning‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
facts‌‌
  which,‌‌
  taken‌‌  together‌‌  with‌‌
  rational‌‌   inferences‌‌ from‌‌ those‌‌ 
Constitution.‌  ‌ g. the‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌the‌‌police‌‌questioning;‌  ‌
facts,‌‌reasonably‌‌warrant‌‌the‌‌intrusion.‌  ‌
TERRY‌‌SEARCHES‌‌or‌‌STOP‌‌AND‌‌FRISK‌  h. the‌  ‌environment‌‌
  in‌‌
  which‌‌
  the‌‌
  questioning‌‌
  took‌‌
  place;‌‌ 
5. The‌‌
  officer‌‌
  must‌‌
  have‌‌
  his‌‌
  own‌‌
  suspicion‌‌ and‌‌ not‌‌ merely‌‌ adopt‌‌  and‌‌   ‌
1. Where‌‌a‌‌police‌‌officer‌‌   ‌ those‌‌of‌‌another.‌‌(P
‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Cogaed‌‌y‌‌Romana‌,‌‌Leonen,‌‌J‌) ‌ ‌
i. the‌  ‌possibly‌  ‌vulnerable‌‌
  subjective‌‌
  state‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌ 
a. observes‌‌unusual‌‌conduct‌‌   ‌ CONSENTED‌‌SEARCHES‌  consenting.‌  ‌
CANINE‌‌SNIFF‌‌TEST‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 145‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

1. In‌‌
  ‌Jardines‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  use‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌trained‌‌   drug-detection‌‌   dog‌‌ to‌‌ sniff‌‌ for‌‌  Sec‌‌14.‌‌  Motion‌‌to‌‌quash‌‌a‌‌search‌‌warrant‌‌or‌‌to‌‌suppress‌‌  This‌  ‌liability‌  ‌is‌  ‌separate‌  ‌and‌  ‌distinct‌  ‌from‌  ‌any‌  ‌criminal‌‌ 
narcotics‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ front‌‌ porch‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌private‌‌ home,‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ absence‌‌ of‌‌  evidence;‌‌where‌‌to‌‌file‌  ‌ liability‌‌that‌‌may‌‌arise‌‌from‌‌the‌‌RPC:‌  ‌
consent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌homeowner,‌‌requires‌‌a‌‌search‌‌warrant.‌  ‌
A‌  ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌q uash‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌and/or‌  ‌to‌  ‌suppress‌  ‌evidence‌‌  a. Violation‌‌of‌‌domicile‌‌(‌Art‌‌128‌);‌  ‌
2. However‌, ‌ ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌dog-sniff‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌airport,‌  ‌then‌  ‌a ‌ ‌warrantless‌‌  obtained‌  ‌thereby‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌in‌  ‌and‌  ‌acted‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌only‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌  b. Search‌‌
  warrant‌‌  maliciously‌‌   obtained‌‌
  and‌‌
  abuse‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌ 
search‌‌
  is‌‌
  permissible.‌‌   The‌‌  sniff‌‌   merely‌‌ reveals‌‌ the‌‌ presence‌‌ or‌‌  where‌‌the‌‌action‌‌has‌‌been‌‌instituted.‌‌   ‌ service‌‌of‌‌those‌‌legally‌‌obtained‌‌(A
‌ rt‌‌129‌);‌ 
absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌narcotics.‌  ‌Thus‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌sui‌  ‌generis‌  ‌and‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌‌ 
If‌  ‌no‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌‌ h as‌‌ b een‌‌ instituted,‌‌ the‌‌ motion‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ f iled‌‌ in‌‌ and‌‌  c. Searching‌‌domicile‌‌without‌‌witnesses‌‌(A
‌ rt‌‌130‌).‌  ‌
constitute‌‌a‌‌“search.”‌  ‌
resolved‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌that‌  ‌issued‌  ‌the‌  ‌search‌  ‌warrant.‌  ‌However‌, ‌ ‌if‌  ‌such‌‌ 
In‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌Place‌, ‌ ‌however,‌  ‌the‌  ‌seizure‌  ‌had‌  ‌become‌‌  court‌  ‌failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌resolve‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌subsequently‌‌ 
unreasonable‌  ‌since‌‌   it‌‌
  took‌‌
  the‌‌
  agents‌‌
  a ‌‌great‌‌
  length‌‌
  of‌‌  time‌‌
  — ‌‌ filed‌‌in‌‌another‌‌court,‌‌the‌‌motion‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌resolved‌‌by‌‌the‌‌latter‌‌court.‌  Rule‌‌114.‌‌Bail‌  ‌
90‌  ‌minutes‌  ‌— ‌ ‌to‌‌  possess‌‌   the‌‌
  luggage‌‌
  before‌‌  the‌‌
  dog‌‌  sniff‌‌
  had‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Bail‌‌defined‌  ‌
been‌‌conducted.‌  ‌
1. The‌  ‌legality‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌seizure‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌contested‌  ‌ONLY‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌party‌‌  Bail‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌security‌  ‌given‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌release‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌in‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
3. In‌  ‌Edmond‌, ‌ ‌because‌  ‌the‌  ‌checkpoint‌  ‌program’s‌  ‌primary‌‌ 
whose‌  ‌rights‌‌   have‌‌   been‌‌
  impaired‌‌   thereby,‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌
  objection‌‌   to‌  law,‌  ‌f urnished‌  ‌by‌  ‌h im‌  ‌or‌‌ a ‌‌b ondsman,‌‌ ‌to‌‌ guarantee‌‌ his‌‌ appearance‌‌ 
purpose‌  ‌was‌  ‌indistinguishable‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌general‌  ‌interest‌  ‌in‌‌ 
an‌‌
  unlawful‌‌   search‌‌   and‌‌
  seizure‌‌   is‌purely‌‌
   personal‌‌ and‌‌ cannot‌‌  before‌  ‌any‌  ‌court‌  ‌as‌  ‌required‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌conditions‌  ‌hereinafter‌‌ 
crime‌‌control,‌‌the‌‌checkpoints‌‌violated‌‌the‌‌Fourth‌‌Amendment.‌  ‌
be‌‌availed‌‌of‌‌by‌‌third‌‌parties.‌  ‌ specified.‌  ‌Bail‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌given‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌  ‌corporate‌  ‌surety,‌  ‌property‌‌ 
However,‌‌   ‌as‌‌
  to‌‌ the‌‌ validity‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌canine‌‌ sniff‌‌ test,‌‌ the‌‌ US‌‌ SC‌‌ ruled‌‌  bond,‌‌cash‌‌deposit,‌‌or‌‌recognizance.‌  ‌
2. When‌  ‌order‌  ‌quashing‌‌   the‌‌
  warrant‌‌   a ‌‌proper‌‌   subject‌‌   of‌‌  an‌‌ 
that‌  ‌the‌  ‌mere‌  ‌use‌  ‌of‌  ‌narcotics-detection‌  ‌dogs‌  ‌to‌  ‌sniff‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
appeal.‌‌   Where‌‌   the‌‌
  search‌‌   warrant‌‌   is‌‌
  issued‌‌   as‌‌ an‌‌ incident‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌ NOTES‌  ‌
exterior‌‌of‌‌cars‌‌do‌‌not‌‌constitute‌‌a‌‌“search.”‌  ‌
pending‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌case,‌  ‌the‌  ‌quashal‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌‌ 
1. The‌‌right‌‌to‌‌bail‌‌is‌‌a‌‌constitutional‌‌right:‌  ‌
4. In‌‌
  ‌Caballes‌, ‌‌a ‌‌warrantless‌‌
  dog‌‌
  sniff‌‌
  of‌‌ a ‌‌vehicle‌‌ is‌‌ permissible‌‌  merely‌‌interlocutory‌.‌‌Thus,‌‌an‌‌appeal‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌proper‌‌remedy.‌  ‌
at‌  ‌routine‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌traffic‌  ‌stops‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌stop‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌‌  All‌  ‌persons,‌  ‌except‌  ‌those‌  ‌charged‌  ‌with‌  ‌offenses‌‌ 
On‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌hand,‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌‌   applied‌‌   for‌‌  and‌‌ 
unreasonably‌‌   prolonged.‌‌
  Here,‌‌
  the‌‌
  dog‌‌ sniff‌‌ occurred‌‌ while‌‌ the‌‌  punishable‌  ‌by‌  ‌reclusion‌  ‌perpetua‌  ‌when‌  ‌evidence‌‌ 
issued‌  ‌in‌  ‌anticipation‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌  ‌yet‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌, ‌ ‌the‌‌ 
accused‌‌was‌‌stopped.‌  ‌ of‌‌
  guilt‌‌   is‌‌
  strong‌, ‌‌shall,‌‌ before‌‌ conviction,‌‌ be‌‌ bailable‌‌ 
quashal,‌‌   and‌‌
  denial‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  MR,‌‌  ends‌‌  the‌‌  judicial‌‌   process.‌‌   Here,‌‌ 
by‌  ‌sufficient‌  ‌sureties,‌  ‌or‌  ‌be‌‌   released‌‌   on‌‌  recognizance‌ 
This‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌  ‌contrast‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  of‌‌
  ‌Rodriguez‌‌   where‌‌  the‌‌  search‌‌  appeal‌‌is‌‌proper‌. ‌ ‌
as‌‌
  may‌‌   be‌‌  provided‌‌   by‌‌
  law.‌‌
  The‌‌  right‌‌   to‌‌
  bail‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ 
was‌  ‌invalidated‌  ‌because‌  ‌the‌  ‌dog‌  ‌sniff‌  ‌added‌  ‌time‌‌   to‌‌  the‌‌  stop.‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌most‌  ‌important‌  ‌effect‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌exclusion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌‌  be‌  ‌impaired‌  ‌even‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌privilege‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌writ‌  ‌of‌‌ 
The‌‌
  routine‌‌   check‌‌
  was‌‌   already‌‌ done‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ canine‌‌ dog‌‌ arrived‌‌ 
obtained‌‌   from‌‌  being‌‌ used‌‌ against‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ whose‌‌ rights‌‌ were‌‌  habeas‌‌   corpus‌‌ is‌‌ suspended.‌‌ ‌Excessive‌‌ bail‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ 
minutes‌‌after.‌  ‌
violated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌search,‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌being‌  ‌the‌  ‌proverbial‌‌   and‌‌  required.‌  ‌
THERMAL‌‌IMAGING‌‌DEVICE‌  ‌ jurisprudential‌‌“‌fruit‌‌of‌‌the‌‌poisonous‌‌tree‌.”‌  ‌
2. The‌‌rule‌‌is‌‌thus‌‌stated‌‌as‌  ‌
1. In‌  ‌Kyllo‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌US‌  ‌SC‌  ‌ruled‌  ‌that‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌government‌  ‌uses‌  ‌a ‌‌ 4. The‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌individual’s‌  ‌rights‌  ‌also‌  ‌inevitably‌‌   results‌‌ 
GR‌:‌ ‌A ‌ ‌person‌  ‌shall,‌  ‌before‌  ‌conviction,‌  ‌be‌  ‌accorded‌  ‌the‌‌ 
device‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌‌  not‌‌  in‌‌
  general‌‌   public‌‌
  use,‌‌  to‌‌
  explore‌‌   details‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌ into‌  ‌civil,‌  ‌criminal,‌  ‌and‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌charges‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌ 
right‌‌to‌‌bail.‌  ‌
private‌  ‌home‌  ‌that‌  ‌would‌  ‌previously‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌unknowable‌‌  erring‌‌officer.‌  ‌
without‌  ‌physical‌  ‌intrusion,‌  ‌the‌  ‌surveillance‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌“search,”‌‌
  and‌‌  EXC‌:‌ ‌Unless‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌charged‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌capital‌  ‌offense‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
5. The‌‌   aggrieved‌‌   have‌‌  the‌‌
  right‌‌
  to‌‌
  seek‌‌  damages‌‌   by‌‌ separate‌‌ civil‌‌ 
is‌‌presumptively‌‌unreasonable‌‌without‌‌a‌‌warrant.‌  ‌ evidence‌‌of‌‌guilt‌‌is‌‌strong‌. ‌ ‌
action.‌  ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌concept‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌ 
independent‌‌ civil‌‌ action‌‌ for‌‌ violation‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌person’s‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌  3. The‌  ‌test‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌‌   evidence‌‌   establishes‌‌   guilt‌‌
  beyond‌‌ 
secure‌  ‌in‌  ‌his‌  ‌person,‌  ‌house,‌  ‌papers,‌  ‌and‌  ‌effects‌  ‌against‌‌  reasonable‌‌   doubt‌‌   but‌‌
  rather‌‌ whether‌‌ it‌‌ shows‌‌ evident‌‌ guilt‌‌ or‌‌ a ‌‌
unreasonable‌‌searches‌‌and‌‌seizures.‌‌(A ‌ rt‌‌32[9]‌‌of‌‌the‌‌NCC‌) ‌ ‌ great‌‌presumption‌‌of‌‌guilt.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 146‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

4. It‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌not‌‌
  meant‌‌
  to‌‌
  cover‌‌   the‌‌ civil‌‌ liability‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ accused.‌‌ It‌‌ may‌‌  10. Bail‌‌   of‌‌
  those‌‌
  not‌‌  yet‌‌  charged.‌‌   ‌Any‌‌
  person‌‌  in‌‌
  custody‌‌  who‌‌ is‌ 
First,‌  ‌we‌  ‌note‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌State's‌  ‌power‌  ‌to‌  ‌deprive‌  ‌an‌‌ 
however‌  ‌be‌  ‌applied‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌payment‌‌   of‌‌
  fines‌‌   ‌and‌‌
  costs‌‌
  while‌‌  not‌  ‌yet‌  ‌charged‌  ‌in‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌apply‌  ‌for‌‌
  bail‌‌
  with‌‌
  any‌‌
  court‌‌
  in‌‌ 
individual‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌liberty‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌necessarily‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to‌  ‌criminal‌‌ 
the‌‌excess‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌returned.‌(‌ Sec‌‌14)‌  ‌ the‌  ‌province,‌  ‌city,‌  ‌or‌  ‌municipality‌  ‌where‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌held‌. ‌ ‌(Sec‌‌ 
proceedings.‌  ‌Respondents‌  ‌in‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌such‌‌ 
17[c])‌  ‌
5. The‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌bail‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌high‌  ‌enough‌  ‌to‌  ‌assure‌  ‌the‌‌  as‌‌deportation‌‌and‌‌quarantine,‌‌have‌‌likewise‌‌been‌‌detained.‌  ‌
presence‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌   when‌‌
  so‌‌
  required,‌‌   but‌‌
  it‌‌
  should‌‌
  be‌‌
  no‌‌  11. Effect‌  ‌of‌‌   failure‌‌
  to‌‌  appear‌‌   at‌‌
  the‌‌   trial‌. ‌‌‌Unjustified‌‌
  failure‌‌
  to‌‌ 
Second,‌  ‌to‌  ‌limit‌  ‌bail‌  ‌to‌  ‌criminal‌‌   proceedings‌‌   would‌‌   be‌‌
  to‌‌
  close‌‌
  our‌‌ 
higher‌‌than‌‌is‌‌reasonably‌‌calculated‌‌to‌‌fulfill‌‌this‌‌purpose.‌  ‌ appear‌‌   despite‌‌
  due‌‌
  notice‌‌   shall‌‌ be‌‌ deemed‌‌ a ‌‌waiver‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ right‌‌ 
eyes‌  ‌to‌‌
  our‌‌  jurisprudential‌‌   history.‌‌   Philippine‌‌  jurisprudence‌‌   has‌‌
  not‌‌ 
to‌  ‌be‌  ‌present‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌may‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌in‌  ‌absentia‌. ‌ ‌(Sec‌‌ 
6. The‌  ‌accused‌  ‌has‌  ‌NO‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌bail‌  ‌when‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌charged‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌‌ limited‌‌   the‌‌
  exercise‌‌   of‌‌   the‌‌  right‌‌
  to‌‌
  bail‌‌
  to‌‌
  criminal‌‌  proceedings‌‌ only.‌‌ 
2[c])‌  ‌
capital‌  ‌offense‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌guilt‌  ‌is‌‌
  strong.‌‌   In‌‌  This‌  ‌Court‌  ‌has‌  ‌admitted‌  ‌to‌  ‌bail‌  ‌persons‌  ‌who‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌involved‌  ‌in‌‌ 
this‌  ‌case,‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌action‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judge‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌cancel‌  ‌the‌  ‌bail‌‌  The‌  ‌bondsmen‌  ‌may‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌him‌  ‌or,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌written‌  ‌authority‌‌  criminal‌  ‌proceedings.‌  ‌In‌  ‌fact,‌  ‌bail‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌‌ 
instead‌‌of‌‌increasing‌‌it.‌  ‌ endorsed‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌certified‌  ‌copy‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  undertaking,‌‌  cause‌‌   him‌‌
  to‌‌  jurisdiction‌  ‌to‌  ‌persons‌  ‌in‌  ‌detention‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌‌ 
be‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌‌police‌‌
  officer‌‌  or‌‌  any‌‌
  other‌‌
  person‌‌
  of‌‌
  suitable‌‌  administrative‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌taking‌  ‌into‌  ‌cognizance‌  ‌the‌‌ 
7. Applicant‌  ‌for‌  ‌Bail‌  ‌MUST‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌Custody.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌fugitive‌  ‌may‌‌   not‌‌ 
age‌‌and‌‌discretion.‌‌(S ‌ ec‌‌23‌) ‌ ‌ obligation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌under‌  ‌international‌  ‌conventions‌‌ 
apply‌  ‌for‌  ‌bail‌  ‌unless‌  ‌he‌  ‌gives‌  ‌himself‌  ‌up‌  ‌first‌  ‌so‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌ 
to‌‌uphold‌‌human‌‌rights.‌  ‌
placed‌‌under‌‌the‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌the‌‌law.‌  ‌ 12. Sec‌  ‌3 ‌‌of‌‌   Rule‌‌   114‌‌  provides‌‌   that‌‌
  No‌‌   person‌‌  under‌‌
  detention‌‌   by‌‌ 
legal‌‌   process‌‌   shall‌‌ be‌‌ released‌‌ or‌‌ transferred‌‌ except‌‌ upon‌‌ order‌‌ 
Custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌  ‌required‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌can‌‌
  act‌‌
  on‌‌
  an‌‌  OBLIGATION‌‌AND‌‌RIGHT‌‌OF‌‌THE‌‌BONDSMAN‌  ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌or‌  ‌when‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌admitted‌  ‌to‌  ‌bail.‌  ‌Indubitably,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
application‌‌   for‌‌
  bail,‌‌  but‌‌   is‌‌ NOT‌‌ required‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ adjudication‌‌ of‌‌ 
power‌  ‌to‌  ‌order‌  ‌the‌  ‌release‌  ‌or‌  ‌transfer‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌under‌‌  1. Shall‌  s‌ urrender‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌for‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌‌ 
other‌‌reliefs‌‌sought‌‌by‌‌the‌‌defendant.‌  ‌
detention‌  ‌by‌  ‌legal‌  ‌process‌  ‌is‌  ‌vested‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌not‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  judgment.‌(‌ Sec‌‌2[d])‌  ‌
The‌  ‌mere‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌bail‌  ‌constitutes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌waiver‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  provincial‌  ‌government,‌  ‌much‌  ‌less‌  ‌the‌  ‌governor.‌  ‌(‌Ambil‌  ‌v.‌‌  2. May‌‌   arrest‌‌  the‌‌
  accused,‌‌   or,‌‌ upon‌‌ written‌‌ authority‌‌ endorsed‌‌ on‌‌ 
defense‌‌of‌‌lack‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌person‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ Sandiganbayan‌) ‌ ‌ a‌‌
  certified‌‌
  copy‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ undertaking,‌‌ cause‌‌ him‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ arrested‌‌ by‌‌ 
Thus‌,‌‌the‌‌grant‌‌of‌‌bail‌‌requires‌  ‌ BAIL‌‌IN‌‌EXTRADITION‌‌PROCEEDINGS‌  ‌ a‌  ‌police‌  ‌officer‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌person‌  ‌of‌  ‌suitable‌  ‌age‌  ‌and‌‌ 
discretion.‌(‌ Sec‌‌23)‌  ‌
a) Jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌person;‌‌AND‌  ‌ Government‌‌of‌‌the‌‌US‌‌v.‌‌Purganan‌  ‌
b) Custody‌o‌ ver‌t‌ he‌‌person.‌  ‌ 3. Becomes‌  ‌the‌  ‌jailer‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌   and‌‌
  is‌‌
  subrogated‌‌
  to‌‌
  all‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Accordingly‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌‌   best‌‌  serve‌‌   the‌‌
  ends‌‌  of‌‌
  justice,‌‌
  we‌‌
  believe‌‌  and‌‌
  so‌‌ 
rights‌‌   and‌‌
  means‌‌   which‌‌ the‌‌ government‌‌ possesses‌‌ to‌‌ make‌‌ his‌‌ 
8. Being‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌signifies‌  ‌restraint‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌  hold‌  ‌that,‌  ‌after‌  ‌a ‌ ‌potential‌  ‌extraditee‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌or‌  ‌placed‌‌ 
control‌‌over‌‌him‌‌effective.‌  ‌
person.‌‌It‌‌includes‌‌but‌‌is‌‌not‌‌limited‌‌to‌‌detention.‌  ‌ under‌‌   the‌‌
  custody‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  law,‌‌  bail‌‌
  may‌‌  be‌‌  applied‌‌  for‌‌
  and‌‌
  granted‌‌
  as‌‌ 
an‌‌exception‌,‌‌only‌‌upon‌‌a‌c‌ lear‌‌and‌‌convincing‌s‌ howing‌  ‌ WHEN‌‌BAIL‌‌NOT‌‌REQUIRED‌  ‌
However‌, ‌ ‌an‌  ‌accused,‌‌  who‌‌  is‌‌
  confined‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  hospital,‌‌   may‌‌
  be‌ 
deemed‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌clearly‌‌  (1) that,‌‌  once‌‌
  granted‌‌  bail,‌‌
  the‌‌
  applicant‌‌
  will‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌ a ‌‌flight‌‌ risk‌‌  1. No‌  ‌bail‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌required‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌these‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌so‌‌ 
communicates‌‌his‌‌submission‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court‌‌while‌‌confined.‌  ‌ or‌‌a‌‌danger‌‌to‌‌the‌‌community;‌‌and‌  ‌ provide.‌‌(S ‌ ec‌‌16‌) ‌ ‌
9. To‌  ‌Guarantee‌  ‌Appearance‌  ‌of‌  ‌Witnesses‌. ‌ ‌Bail‌  ‌likewise‌‌  (2) that‌  ‌there‌  ‌exist‌  ‌special,‌  ‌humanitarian‌  ‌and‌  ‌compelling‌‌  2. In‌  ‌custody‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌period‌  ‌equal‌  ‌to‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌the‌  ‌possible‌‌ 
applies‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌material‌  ‌witness‌. ‌ ‌However,‌  ‌it‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌require‌‌  circumstances‌  ‌including,‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌reciprocity,‌  ‌those‌‌  maximum‌‌   imprisonment‌‌   prescribed‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ offense‌‌ charged,‌‌ he‌‌ 
prior‌‌
  custody‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  law.‌‌
  It‌‌
  is‌‌
  only‌‌
  when‌‌ the‌‌ witness‌‌ refuses‌‌ to‌‌  cited‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌highest‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌requesting‌  ‌state‌  ‌when‌  ‌it‌‌  shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌released‌  ‌immediately,‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
post‌‌bail‌‌shall‌‌he‌‌be‌‌committed‌‌to‌‌prison.‌  ‌ grants‌‌provisional‌‌liberty‌‌in‌‌extradition‌‌cases‌‌therein.‌‌   ‌ continuation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌on‌  ‌appeal.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌‌ 
maximum‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌to‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌sentenced‌‌   is‌‌ 
Bail‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌be‌  ‌required‌  ‌of‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌  ‌
destierro‌, ‌ ‌he‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌released‌  ‌after‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌days‌  ‌of‌‌ 
substitution‌‌of‌‌a‌‌criminal‌‌information‌‌(S ‌ ec‌‌14,‌‌Rule‌‌110‌) ‌ ‌
Government‌‌of‌‌Hong‌‌Kong‌‌SAR‌‌v.‌‌Olalia,‌‌Jr.‌  ‌ preventive‌‌imprisonment.‌‌(S ‌ ec‌‌16‌) ‌ ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 147‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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3. In‌‌
  cases‌‌
  filed‌‌
  with‌‌   the‌‌  MTC‌‌   or‌‌
  MCTC‌‌ for‌‌ an‌‌ offense‌‌ punishable‌‌  2. Remedy‌‌   when‌‌
  Bail‌‌
  Denied.‌‌
  Petition‌‌
  for‌‌
  ‌certiorari‌‌
  ‌if‌‌
  the‌‌ trial‌‌  The‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌may,‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌party,‌‌ 
by‌  ‌imprisonment‌  ‌of‌  ‌less‌  ‌than‌  ‌4Y-2M-1D‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌is‌‌  court‌‌committed‌‌GADALEJ.‌  ‌ review‌  ‌the‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌after‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌in‌‌ 
satisfied‌  ‌that‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌necessity‌  ‌for‌  ‌placing‌  ‌accused‌  ‌under‌‌  either‌‌case.‌  ‌
Mandamus‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌availed‌  ‌of‌  ‌to‌  ‌compel‌  ‌the‌  ‌grant‌  ‌of‌  ‌bail‌‌ 
custody,‌‌  he‌‌
  may‌‌   issue‌‌   ‌summons‌‌ instead‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌warrant‌‌ of‌‌ arrest.‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
which‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌matter‌‌ of‌‌ right.‌‌ The‌‌ probability‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ will‌‌ 
(‌Sec‌‌8[b]‌‌Rule‌‌112‌) ‌ ‌
escape‌‌   or‌‌  not‌‌
  appear‌‌   in‌‌
  trial‌‌
  is‌‌
  NOT‌‌
  a ‌‌ground‌‌  for‌‌   denial‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  1. The‌‌grant‌‌of‌‌bail‌‌is‌d
‌ iscretionary‌: ‌ ‌
Since‌‌no‌‌arrest‌‌is‌‌made,‌‌bail‌‌is‌‌not‌‌required.‌  right‌‌  to‌‌ bail.‌‌ The‌‌ proper‌‌ course‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ judge‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ INCREASE‌‌ the‌‌ 
bail‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌instead‌  ‌of‌  ‌denying‌  ‌bail,‌  ‌subject‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌   proscription‌‌  a. After‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌NOT‌‌ 
4. When‌‌   offense‌‌   charged‌‌  is‌‌
  for‌‌
  violation‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ ‌ordinance,‌‌ a ‌‌light‌‌  punishable‌  ‌by‌  ‌death,‌  ‌reclusion‌  ‌perpetua‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌life‌‌ 
against‌‌excessive‌‌bail.‌  ‌
felony‌, ‌‌or‌‌   a ‌‌criminal‌‌
  offense‌‌   punishable‌‌   by‌‌
  imprisonment‌‌   not‌‌  imprisonment.‌  ‌
exceeding‌‌   ‌6 ‌‌months‌‌   and/or‌‌   fine‌‌ of‌‌ P2K‌‌ where‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ established‌‌  3. Where‌  ‌it‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌established‌  ‌without‌  ‌objection‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
that‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌unable‌  ‌to‌  ‌post‌  ‌the‌  ‌required‌  ‌cash‌  ‌or‌  ‌bail‌‌  accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌16‌  ‌years‌  ‌old,‌  ‌it‌  ‌follows‌  ‌that,‌  ‌if‌  ‌convicted,‌‌
  he‌‌  2. Where‌  ‌to‌  ‌Apply‌‌
  After‌‌   Conviction‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  RTC.‌‌  With‌‌  the‌‌  ‌trial‌‌ 
bond.‌  ‌ would‌‌   be‌‌
  given‌‌
  "the‌‌  penalty‌‌   next‌‌   lower‌‌ than‌‌ that‌‌ prescribed‌‌ by‌‌  court‌‌
  despite‌‌  the‌‌
  filing‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌notice‌‌ of‌‌ appeal,‌‌ ‌provided‌‌ ‌it‌‌ has‌‌ not‌‌ 
law,"‌  ‌which‌  ‌effectively‌  ‌rules‌  ‌out‌  ‌the‌  ‌death‌  ‌penalty.‌  ‌It‌  ‌results‌‌  transmitted‌‌the‌‌original‌‌record‌‌to‌‌the‌‌appellate‌‌court.‌  ‌
WHEN‌‌BAIL‌‌NOT‌‌ALLOWED‌  ‌
that‌  ‌petitioner‌  ‌is‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌bail‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌matter‌  ‌of‌  ‌right‌‌  Corollarily,‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌
  records‌‌
  have‌‌
  been‌‌
  transmitted,‌‌
  then‌‌
  file‌‌ with‌‌ 
1. A‌  ‌person‌  ‌charged‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌capital‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌or‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌‌  (‌Bravo,‌‌Jr.‌‌v.‌‌Borja‌) ‌ ‌ the‌‌appellate‌c‌ ourt.‌  ‌
punishable‌  ‌by‌  ‌reclusion‌  ‌perpetua‌‌   ‌or‌‌
  life‌‌
  imprisonment,‌‌   when‌‌ 
evidence‌  ‌of‌  ‌guilt‌  ‌is‌  ‌strong,‌  ‌regardless‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌stage‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Sec‌‌5.‌‌  Bail,‌‌when‌‌discretionary‌  ‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌convicting‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌ 
criminal‌‌prosecution.‌‌(S ‌ ec‌‌7)‌  ‌ ‌ changed‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌from‌  ‌non-bailable‌  ‌to‌‌ 
xxxx‌  ‌
bailable,‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌bail‌  ‌can‌  ‌only‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌and‌‌ 
2. After‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌conviction‌‌has‌‌become‌‌final.‌‌(S
‌ ec‌‌24‌) ‌ ‌ Should‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌grant‌  ‌the‌  ‌application,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌‌  resolved‌‌by‌‌the‌a ‌ ppellate‌c‌ ourt.‌  ‌
continue‌  ‌on‌  ‌provisional‌  ‌liberty‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌‌ 
3. After‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌has‌‌commenced‌‌to‌‌serve‌‌sentence.‌‌(S
‌ ec‌‌24‌) ‌ ‌ 3. Bail‌  ‌Pending‌  ‌Appeal‌  ‌Where‌  ‌Penalty‌  ‌Imposed‌  ‌Exceeds‌  ‌6 ‌‌
under‌‌the‌‌same‌‌b ail‌‌subject‌‌to‌‌the‌‌consent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bondsman‌. ‌ ‌
Sec‌‌4.‌‌  Bail,‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right;‌‌exception‌  ‌ Years.‌‌‌This‌‌contemplates‌‌of‌‌2‌‌situations:‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌imposed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌imprisonment‌  ‌exceeding‌‌ 
All‌  ‌persons‌  ‌in‌‌ custody‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ admitted‌‌ to‌‌ b ail‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌matter‌‌ of‌‌ right,‌‌ with‌  six‌  ‌(6)‌  ‌years‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌denied‌  ‌bail‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌h is‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌  a. If‌  ‌NONE‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  conditions‌‌
  under‌‌   the‌‌
  3rd‌‌
  paragraph‌‌   of‌‌ 
sufficient‌  ‌sureties,‌  ‌or‌  ‌released‌  ‌on‌  ‌recognizance‌  ‌as‌  ‌prescribed‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌‌ or‌‌  cancelled‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌a ‌ ‌showing‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution,‌  ‌with‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  Section‌  ‌5 ‌ ‌are‌  ‌present,‌  ‌the‌  ‌grant‌  ‌of‌  ‌bail‌  ‌is‌  ‌still‌‌ 
this‌‌Rule‌‌   ‌ accused,‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌or‌‌other‌‌similar‌c‌ ircumstances‌: ‌ ‌ discretionary‌  ‌but‌  ‌authorizes‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌  to‌‌
  use‌‌
  the‌‌
  less‌‌ 
stringent‌‌sound‌‌discretion‌‌approach;‌  ‌
(a) before‌‌or‌‌after‌‌‌conviction‌‌by‌‌the‌‌MTC,‌‌and‌  ‌ (a) That‌  ‌h e‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌recidivist,‌  ‌quasi-recidivist,‌  ‌or‌  ‌habitual‌‌ 
delinquent‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌h as‌  ‌committed‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌aggravated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  b. However‌, ‌ ‌if‌  ‌ONE‌‌
  or‌‌
  more‌‌
  is‌‌
  present,‌‌  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  has‌‌
  no‌‌ 
(b) before‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌not‌‌ punishable‌‌ by‌‌  circumstance‌‌of‌‌reiteration;‌  ‌ option‌‌but‌‌to‌d ‌ eny‌‌or‌‌revoke‌b ‌ ail‌‌pending‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
death,‌‌reclusion‌‌perpetua,‌‌or‌‌life‌‌imprisonment.‌  ‌
(b) That‌  ‌h e‌  ‌h as‌  ‌previously‌  ‌escaped‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌legal‌  ‌confinement,‌‌  Sec‌‌8.‌‌  Burden‌‌of‌‌proof‌‌in‌‌bail‌‌application‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌ evaded‌  ‌sentence,‌  ‌or‌  ‌violated‌  ‌the‌  ‌conditions‌  ‌of‌‌ h is‌‌ b ail‌‌ without‌ 
1. Bail‌‌is‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌right‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌situations:‌  ‌ valid‌‌justification;‌  ‌ At‌  ‌the‌  ‌h earing‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌in‌‌ 
custody‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ commission‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ offense‌‌ punishable‌‌ by‌‌ death,‌‌ reclusion‌‌ 
a. Before‌‌‌conviction‌‌by‌‌the‌‌municipal‌‌courts;‌  ‌ (c) That‌  ‌h e‌  ‌committed‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌while‌  ‌under‌  ‌probation,‌‌ 
perpetua,‌  ‌or‌  ‌life‌  ‌imprisonment,‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌burden‌  ‌of‌‌ 
parole,‌‌or‌‌conditional‌‌pardon‌; ‌ ‌
showing‌‌that‌‌evidence‌‌of‌‌guilt‌‌is‌‌strong‌.‌  
b. After‌‌‌conviction‌‌by‌‌the‌‌municipal‌‌courts;‌‌and‌  ‌
(d) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌of‌  ‌h is‌  ‌case‌  ‌indicate‌‌ the‌‌ probability‌‌ of‌‌ 
The‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌presented‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌h earing‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌considered‌ 
c. Before‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌by‌  t‌ he‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  n
‌ ot‌‌  flight‌‌‌if‌‌released‌‌on‌‌b ail;‌‌or‌  ‌
automatically‌  ‌reproduced‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial,‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌either‌  ‌party,‌‌ 
punishable‌  ‌by‌  ‌death,‌  ‌reclusion‌  ‌perpetua‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌life‌‌ 
(e) That‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌u ndue‌  ‌risk‌  ‌that‌  ‌h e‌‌ ‌may‌‌ commit‌‌ another‌‌ c rime‌‌  the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌recall‌  ‌any‌  ‌witness‌  ‌for‌  ‌additional‌  ‌examination‌  ‌u nless‌  ‌the‌‌ 
imprisonment.‌  ‌
during‌‌the‌‌pendency‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appeal.‌  ‌ latter‌‌is‌‌dead,‌‌outside‌‌the‌‌Philippines,‌‌or‌‌otherwise‌‌u nable‌‌to‌‌testify.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 148‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

NOTES‌  ‌ (d) Character‌‌and‌‌reputation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused;‌  ‌ ➔ Within‌  ‌10‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌performing‌  ‌such‌  ‌act,‌  ‌accused‌‌ 
(e) Age‌‌and‌‌h ealth‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused;‌  ‌
shall‌‌submit‌‌compliance‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
1. Hearing‌  ‌is‌  ‌MANDATORY‌  for‌  ‌bail‌  ‌applications‌  ‌involving‌  ‌a ‌‌
capital‌  ‌offense.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌public‌‌
  prosecutor’s‌‌
  recommendation‌‌   of‌‌
  bail‌‌  (f ) Weight‌‌of‌‌the‌‌evidence‌‌against‌‌the‌‌accused;‌  ‌ ➔ Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌so‌  ‌shall‌  ‌cancel‌  ‌the‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌cause‌  ‌his‌‌ 
is‌  ‌not‌  ‌material‌  ‌in‌  ‌deciding‌  ‌whether‌  ‌to‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌mandatory‌‌  re-arrest‌‌and‌‌detention‌(‌ Sec‌‌11)‌  ‌
(g) Probability‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌appearing‌‌at‌‌the‌‌trial;‌  ‌
hearing‌‌or‌‌not.‌  ‌
c. Cash‌‌deposit;‌  ‌
(h) Forfeiture‌‌of‌‌other‌‌b ail;‌  ‌
The‌  ‌fact‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌interposed‌  ‌no‌  ‌objection‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
➔ With‌  ‌the‌  ‌nearest‌  ‌collector‌  ‌of‌  ‌internal‌  ‌revenue‌  ‌or‌‌ 
application‌‌   for‌‌
  bail‌‌
  by‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ relieve‌‌ the‌‌ judge‌‌ of‌‌  (i) The‌  ‌fact‌  ‌that‌  ‌accused‌  ‌was‌  ‌a ‌ ‌f ugitive‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌justice‌  ‌when‌‌ 
provincial,‌‌   city,‌‌
  or‌‌
  municipal‌‌
  treasurer‌‌   or‌‌
  the‌‌
  clerk‌‌
  of‌‌ 
the‌‌duty‌‌to‌‌set‌‌the‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌bail‌‌for‌‌hearing.‌  ‌ arrested;‌‌and‌  ‌
court‌‌where‌‌case‌‌is‌‌pending.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌duty‌  ‌to‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌matter‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌reposed‌‌  (j) Pendency‌‌of‌‌other‌‌cases‌‌where‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌on‌‌b ail.‌  ‌
➔ Accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌discharged‌‌
  upon‌‌
  submission‌‌
  of‌‌
  certificate‌‌ 
upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌‌   because‌‌  judicial‌‌   discretion‌‌   is‌‌
  the‌‌
  domain‌‌  Excessive‌‌bail‌‌s hall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌required.‌  ‌ of‌  ‌deposit‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌written‌  ‌undertaking‌  ‌showing‌‌ 
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge.‌  ‌(see‌  ‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Gako,‌  ‌Jr.‌, ‌ ‌Narciso‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Sta.‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ compliance.‌‌(Sec‌‌14)‌  ‌
Romana-Cruz‌) ‌ ‌
2. The‌  ‌bail‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌is‌  ‌separate‌  ‌and‌  ‌distinct‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌initial‌‌  SECTION‌‌   3.‌‌
  A.M.‌‌
  No.‌‌
  12-11-2-SC.‌‌   ‌When‌‌  Amount‌‌   of‌‌
  Bail‌‌
  may‌‌ be‌‌  ➔ Section‌  ‌14‌  ‌specifies‌  ‌the‌  ‌persons‌  ‌with‌  ‌whom‌  ‌a ‌ ‌cash‌‌ 
Reduced‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌financial‌  ‌ability‌  ‌to‌‌  bail‌‌
  bond‌‌  may‌‌  be‌‌
  deposited,‌‌   namely:‌‌   ‌the‌‌  collector‌‌ of‌‌ 
hearing‌‌to‌‌determine‌‌the‌‌existence‌‌of‌‌probable‌‌cause.‌  ‌
post‌‌   the‌‌   amount‌‌   of‌‌
  bail‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌  court‌‌  initially‌‌
  fixed,‌‌  he‌‌
  may‌‌
  ‌move‌‌  internal‌  ‌revenue‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌provincial,‌  ‌city‌  ‌or‌‌ 
Thus,‌  ‌to‌  ‌grant‌  ‌bail‌  ‌because‌‌  the‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  prosecution‌‌   is‌‌  for‌  ‌its‌  ‌reduction‌, ‌‌submitting‌‌   for‌‌
  that‌‌
  purpose‌‌   such‌‌  documents‌‌   or‌‌  municipal‌  ‌treasurer.‌  ‌A ‌‌judge‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌   authorized‌‌   to‌‌ 
weak‌  ‌in‌‌
  a ‌‌hearing‌‌   to‌‌  determine‌‌  probable‌‌
  cause,‌‌
  is‌‌
  grave‌‌
  abuse‌‌  receive‌‌  the‌‌
  deposit‌‌ of‌‌ cash‌‌ as‌‌ bail‌‌ nor‌‌ should‌‌ such‌‌ 
affidavits‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌the‌  ‌reduction‌  ‌he‌  ‌seeks.‌  ‌The‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌of‌‌ 
of‌‌discretion‌‌on‌‌the‌‌part‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judge.‌  ‌ cash‌‌be‌‌kept‌‌in‌‌his‌‌office.‌(‌ ‌see‌‌Lachica‌) ‌ ‌
this‌‌motion‌‌shall‌‌enjoy‌‌priority‌‌in‌‌the‌‌hearing‌‌of‌‌cases.‌  ‌
d. Recognizance.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌An‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌of‌‌   record‌‌  entered‌‌   into‌‌
  before‌‌ 
3. Duties‌  ‌of‌  ‌trial‌  ‌judge‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌bail‌  ‌in‌  ‌offense‌‌  SECTION‌  ‌4,‌  ‌supra‌. ‌ ‌Order‌  ‌Fixing‌  ‌the‌  ‌Amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌Bail‌‌  some‌‌   court‌‌
  duly‌‌
  authorized‌‌   to‌‌
  take‌‌
  it,‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌ condition‌‌ to‌‌ do‌‌ 
punishable‌‌by‌‌RP,‌‌Life‌‌Imprisonment‌‌or‌‌Death‌  ‌ Unappealable.‌‌   — ‌‌The‌‌
  order‌‌
  fixing‌‌
  the‌‌ amount‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ bail‌‌ shall‌‌ ‌not‌‌  some‌‌ particular‌‌ act,‌‌ such‌‌ as‌‌ appearance‌‌ during‌‌ trial.‌‌ Allowed‌‌ in‌‌ 
(a) Notify‌‌the‌‌prosecutor‌‌of‌‌the‌h
‌ earing‌; ‌ ‌ be‌‌subject‌‌to‌‌appeal.‌  ‌ the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌  ‌
(b) Conduct‌‌a‌‌hearing;‌  ‌ NOTES‌‌ON‌‌FORMS‌‌OF‌‌BAIL‌  ‌ 1. A‌  ‌person‌  ‌in‌  ‌custody‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌period‌  ‌equal‌  ‌to‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌‌ 
(c) Decide‌  ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌of‌  ‌guilt‌  ‌of‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌‌  a. Corporate‌‌surety;‌  ‌ than‌  ‌the‌  ‌minimum‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌penalty‌‌ 
strong‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌summary‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  prescribed‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged,‌  ‌without‌‌ 
➔ Furnished‌  ‌by‌  ‌any‌  ‌domestic‌  ‌or‌  ‌foreign‌  ‌corporation,‌‌ 
prosecution;‌‌and‌  ‌ application‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌ISLaw‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌modifying‌‌ 
licensed‌‌as‌‌a‌‌surety‌‌and‌‌authorized‌‌to‌‌act‌‌as‌‌such.‌  ‌
circumstance‌, ‌‌shall‌‌ be‌‌ released‌‌ on‌‌ a ‌‌reduced‌‌ bail‌‌ or‌‌ on‌‌ 
(d) If‌‌not‌‌strong‌‌—‌‌grant‌‌bail;‌‌Otherwise,‌‌deny‌‌petition.‌  ‌ ➔ Subscribed‌‌
  ‌jointly‌‌
  by‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ and‌‌ an‌‌ officer‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  his‌‌own‌‌recognizance,‌‌at‌‌the‌‌discretion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌9.‌‌  Amount‌‌of‌‌bail;‌‌guidelines‌  ‌ corporation‌‌duly‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌BOD.‌(‌ Sec‌‌10)‌  ‌
2. When‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌‌ 
The‌  ‌judge‌  ‌who‌  ‌issued‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant‌‌ or‌‌ granted‌‌ the‌‌ application‌‌ shall‌‌ f ix‌‌ a ‌‌ b. Property‌‌bond;‌  ‌ ordinance,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌light‌  ‌felony‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌offense‌‌ 
reasonable‌  ‌amount‌  ‌of‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌considering‌  ‌primarily,‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌not‌  ‌limited‌‌ to,‌‌ the‌‌  punishable‌‌  by‌‌
  imprisonment‌‌   not‌‌ exceeding‌‌ ‌6 ‌‌months‌‌ 
➔ An‌  ‌undertaking‌  ‌constituted‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lien‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌‌ 
following‌‌factors:‌  ‌ and/or‌‌fine‌‌of‌‌P2000.‌  ‌
property.‌  ‌
(a) Financial‌‌ability‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌to‌‌give‌‌b ail;‌  3. Where‌  ‌accused‌  ‌has‌  ‌applied‌  ‌for‌  ‌probation‌  ‌pending‌‌ 
➔ Within‌‌   ‌10‌‌
  days‌‌
  from‌‌
  approval‌‌   of‌‌
  bond,‌‌
  accused‌‌ shall‌‌ 
finality‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌but‌  ‌no‌  ‌bail‌  ‌was‌  ‌filed‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) Nature‌‌and‌‌circumstances‌‌of‌‌the‌‌offense;‌  ‌ cause‌  ‌the‌  ‌annotation‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌certificate‌  ‌of‌  ‌title‌‌
  on‌‌
  file‌‌ 
accused‌‌is‌‌incapable‌‌of‌‌filing‌‌one.‌‌(Sec‌‌24)‌  ‌
with‌‌the‌‌RoD.‌  ‌
(c) Penalty‌‌for‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌charged;‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 149‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

4. In‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌youthful‌‌


  offender‌‌   held‌‌
  for‌‌
  physical‌‌  and‌‌  Sec‌‌17.‌‌  Bail,‌‌where‌‌filed‌  ‌
mental‌‌   examination,‌‌   trial,‌‌
  or‌‌
  appeal,‌‌
  if‌‌
  he‌‌
  is‌‌
  unable‌‌
  to‌‌  Thus,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌absolutely‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌to‌‌   institute‌‌  a ‌‌separate‌‌   and‌‌ 
Where‌‌to‌‌apply‌  ‌ independent‌‌   action‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ execution‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ of‌‌ forfeiture‌‌ of‌‌ 
furnish‌‌bail.‌  ‌
a‌  ‌bail‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌which‌  ‌had‌  ‌been‌  ‌previously‌‌   entered,‌‌
  and‌‌   that‌‌
  a ‌‌simple‌‌ 
GR‌:‌‌  With‌‌the‌‌court‌‌where‌‌case‌‌is‌‌pending.‌  ‌
5. In‌  ‌summary‌  ‌procedure‌,‌  ‌when‌  ‌accused‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌  motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌that‌  ‌effect‌  ‌presented‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecuting‌  ‌attorney‌‌  in‌‌  the‌‌ 
arrested‌  ‌for‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌when‌  ‌required.‌  ‌His‌‌  ➔ If‌  ‌judge‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌is‌  ‌absent,‌  ‌with‌  ‌any‌  ‌RTC,‌  ‌MTC,‌  ‌MCTC,‌  ‌MeTC‌‌  same‌‌criminal‌‌case‌‌is‌‌sufficient.‌  ‌
release‌‌
  shall‌‌
  either‌‌
  be‌‌
  on‌‌
  bail‌‌ or‌‌ on‌‌ recognizance‌‌ ‌by‌‌ a ‌‌ judge‌‌in‌‌the‌‌province,‌‌city‌‌or‌‌municipality.‌(‌ Sec‌‌17[a])‌  ‌
responsible‌  ‌citizen‌  ‌acceptable‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  court.‌‌
  ‌(Sec‌‌
  16,‌‌  Sec‌‌22.‌‌  Cancellation‌‌of‌‌Bail‌  ‌
If‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌locality‌  ‌other‌  ‌than‌  ‌where‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌‌ 
1991‌‌Rule‌‌on‌‌Summary‌‌Procedure)‌  ‌ Upon‌  ‌application‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌b ondsmen,‌  ‌with‌  ‌due‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor,‌‌ 
pending,‌  ‌bail‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌with‌  ‌any‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌of‌  ‌said‌  ‌place.‌‌
  In‌‌
  the‌‌ 
6. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌was‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌  ‌post‌  ‌bail,‌  ‌pending‌‌  absence‌‌thereof,‌‌MTC,‌‌MCTC,‌‌MeTC‌‌judge‌‌in‌‌said‌‌place.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌‌ cancelled‌‌ u pon‌‌ surrender‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ or‌‌ proof‌‌ of‌‌ h is‌‌ 
resolution‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ application‌‌ for‌‌ community‌‌ service‌‌ he‌‌  death.‌  ‌
➔ When‌  ‌grant‌  ‌of‌  ‌bail‌  ‌is‌  ‌discretionary,‌  ‌filed‌  ‌only‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
may‌  ‌also‌  ‌move‌  ‌that‌  ‌he‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌on‌  ‌temporary‌‌  The‌‌b ail‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌deemed‌‌automatically‌‌c ancelled‌‌‌u pon‌‌   ‌
where‌‌case‌‌is‌‌pending,‌‌on‌‌trial,‌‌or‌‌appeal.‌(‌ Sec‌‌17[b])‌  ‌
liberty‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌bond‌  ‌he‌  ‌posted‌‌
  or‌‌
  be‌‌  granted‌‌ 
a. acquittal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused,‌‌   ‌
recognizance.‌‌(A ‌ .M.‌‌NO.‌‌20-06-14-SC‌) ‌ ‌ ➔ When‌  ‌in‌  ‌custody‌  ‌but‌  ‌not‌  ‌yet‌  ‌charged,‌  ‌with‌  ‌any‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
b. dismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
locality‌‌where‌‌he‌‌is‌‌held.‌‌‌(Sec‌‌17[c])‌  ‌
c. execution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌conviction.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌21.‌‌  Forfeiture‌‌of‌‌bond‌  ‌ In‌  ‌all‌  ‌instances,‌  ‌the‌  ‌cancellation‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌any‌‌ 
People‌‌v.‌‌Lorredo‌  ‌ liability‌‌on‌‌the‌‌b ond.‌  ‌

In‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌US‌‌


  v.‌‌
  Carmen‌‌
  (13‌‌
  Phil.‌‌
  455),‌‌
  this‌‌
  court‌‌
  laid‌‌
  down‌‌  the‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
following‌  ‌rule:‌  ‌The‌  ‌practice‌  ‌in‌  ‌actions‌  ‌against‌  ‌sureties‌  ‌on‌‌
  criminal‌‌  1. Bench‌  ‌Warrant‌. ‌ ‌Defined‌‌   as‌‌
  a ‌‌writ‌‌
  issued‌‌
  ‌directly‌‌   ‌by‌‌
  a ‌‌judge‌‌ 
bonds,‌‌is‌‌substantially‌‌as‌‌follows:‌  ‌
to‌‌
  a ‌‌law‌‌
  enforcement‌‌   officer,‌‌  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  arrest‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌person‌‌ who‌‌ has‌‌ 
1. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌does‌‌
  not‌‌
  appear‌‌
  after‌‌
  final‌‌
  sentence‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌  been‌  ‌held‌  ‌in‌  ‌contempt,‌  ‌has‌  ‌disobeyed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌subpoena,‌  ‌or‌  ‌has‌  ‌to‌‌ 
purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌receiving‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌imposed‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  court,‌‌
  the‌‌  appear‌‌at‌‌a‌‌hearing‌‌or‌‌trial.‌  ‌
court‌‌shall‌‌make‌‌a‌‌record‌‌of‌‌this‌‌fact;‌  ‌
2. The‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌declare‌‌the‌‌bond‌‌forfeited‌; ‌ ‌ 2. An‌‌ ‌order‌‌ of‌‌ forfeiture‌‌ is‌‌ interlocutory‌‌ and‌‌ merely‌‌ requires‌‌ the‌‌ 
bondsmen‌  ‌to‌  ‌show‌  ‌cause‌  ‌why‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌should‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌ 
3. The‌‌
  court‌‌ shall‌‌ then‌‌ notify‌‌ the‌‌ said‌‌ bondsmen‌‌ and‌‌ give‌‌ them‌‌ 
thirty‌  ‌days‌  ‌within‌  ‌which‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌  ‌the‌  ‌body‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  rendered‌‌against‌‌them‌‌for‌‌the‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bond.‌  ‌
defendant;‌  ‌ The‌‌
  order‌‌   is‌‌
  different‌‌
  from‌‌
  the‌‌
  judgment‌‌  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  bond‌‌  which‌‌ is‌‌ 
4. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌bondsmen‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌present‌  ‌the‌  ‌body‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌‌  issued‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌produced‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌30-day‌‌ 
within‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌days,‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌that‌  ‌time‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌  period.‌  ‌
shall‌  ‌give‌  ‌them‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌show‌  ‌cause‌  ‌why‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌‌ 
should‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌against‌  ‌them‌  ‌for‌‌   the‌‌
  amount‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  3. Aside‌  ‌from‌  ‌forfeiture,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌issue‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bench‌‌ 
bond;‌‌and‌  ‌ warrant‌. ‌ ‌
5. If‌‌
  no‌‌  sufficient‌‌
  reason‌‌   appears‌‌  or‌‌
  is‌‌
  given‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌ bondsmen‌‌  4. Two‌‌modes‌‌the‌‌bail‌‌is‌‌Cancelled‌  ‌
for‌‌  not‌‌
  presenting‌‌   the‌‌
  body‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  defendant‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ 
specified‌  ‌above,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may‌  ‌then‌  ‌render‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌‌  a. Upon‌  ‌application‌  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  bondsmen,‌‌
  with‌‌
  due‌‌   notice‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌ 
against‌  ‌the‌  ‌said‌  ‌bondsmen‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌amount‌  ‌represented‌  ‌by‌‌  prosecutor,‌‌the‌‌bail‌‌may‌‌be‌‌cancelled‌‌upon‌‌   ‌
said‌  ‌bond,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌which‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌an‌  ‌execution‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌ 
 ‌ issued‌‌at‌‌once‌‌against‌‌said‌‌bondsmen.‌‌   ‌ i. surrender‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌or‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 150‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

arraignment‌  ‌is‌  ‌true‌  ‌ONLY‌‌


  if‌‌
  he‌‌
  voluntarily‌‌
  enters‌‌
  his‌‌
  plea‌‌
  and‌‌ 
ii. proof‌‌of‌‌his‌‌death.‌  ‌ (i) To‌  ‌appeal‌‌
  ‌in‌  ‌all‌  ‌cases‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌manner‌‌ prescribed‌‌ 
participates‌  ‌during‌  ‌trial,‌  ‌without‌  ‌previously‌  ‌invoking‌  ‌his‌‌ 
by‌‌law.‌  ‌
b. The‌‌bail‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌deemed‌a
‌ utomatically‌‌cancelled‌u
‌ pon‌‌   ‌ objections‌‌thereto.‌  ‌
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌THE‌‌RIGHTS‌‌OF‌‌THE‌‌ACCUSED‌  ‌
i. acquittal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused,‌‌   ‌
Rule‌‌115.‌‌Rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Accused‌  ‌ 1. Presumption‌‌of‌‌Innocence‌  ‌
ii. dismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
In‌  ‌all‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌prosecutions,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌presumed‌‌ 
iii. execution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌of‌‌conviction.‌  ‌ Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌at‌‌the‌‌trial‌  ‌
innocent‌‌until‌‌the‌‌contrary‌‌is‌‌proved.‌‌‌(‌Sec‌‌14[2]‌‌Art‌‌III‌) ‌ ‌
5. The‌  ‌order‌  ‌cancelling‌  ‌the‌  ‌bail‌  ‌is‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌review‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  In‌  ‌all‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌prosecutions,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
This‌‌   presumption,‌‌  being‌‌   constitutional‌‌   in‌‌ nature,‌‌ prevails‌‌ over‌‌ 
appellate‌‌court,‌m‌ otu‌‌proprio‌‌‌or‌‌on‌‌motion.‌  ‌ following‌‌rights:‌  ‌
the‌  ‌presumption‌  ‌of‌  ‌regularity‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌performance‌  ‌of‌  ‌official‌‌ 
The‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌separate‌‌ petition‌‌ for‌‌ ‌certiorari‌‌ ‌is‌‌ proscribed‌‌ and‌‌  (a) To‌  ‌b e‌  ‌presumed‌  ‌innocent‌  ‌u ntil‌  ‌the‌  ‌contrary‌  ‌is‌  ‌proved‌‌  duty.‌‌   The‌‌
  presumption‌‌   of‌‌
  regularity‌‌  obtains‌‌ only‌‌ when‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ 
contravenes‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule‌  ‌against‌  ‌multiplicity‌  ‌of‌  ‌suits‌  ‌and‌‌  beyond‌‌reasonable‌‌doubt.‌  ‌ no‌‌deviation‌‌from‌‌the‌‌regular‌‌performance‌‌of‌‌duty.‌  ‌
constitutes‌‌forum‌‌shopping.‌  ‌ (b) To‌  ‌b e‌  ‌informed‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accusation‌‌  Proof‌  ‌beyond‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌doubt.‌  ‌Does‌  ‌not‌  ‌mean‌  ‌such‌  ‌a ‌‌
Sec‌‌24.‌‌  No‌‌bail‌‌after‌‌final‌‌judgment,‌‌exception‌  ‌ against‌‌h im.‌  ‌ degree‌  ‌of‌  ‌proof‌  ‌as,‌  ‌excluding‌  ‌possibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌error,‌  ‌produces‌‌ 
(c) To‌  ‌b e‌  ‌present‌  ‌and‌  ‌defend‌  ‌in‌  ‌person‌  ‌and‌  ‌by‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌at‌‌  absolute‌‌certainty.‌  ‌
No‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b ecome‌‌ 
final.‌‌   ‌ every‌  ‌stage‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌to‌‌  Moral‌‌
  certainty‌‌ only‌‌ is‌‌ required,‌‌ or‌‌ that‌‌ degree‌‌ of‌‌ proof‌‌ which‌‌ 
promulgation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
produces‌‌conviction‌‌in‌‌an‌‌unprejudiced‌‌mind.‌  ‌
If‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌such‌  ‌f inality,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌h as‌  ‌applied‌  ‌for‌  ‌probation‌, ‌ ‌h e‌  ‌may‌‌ 
be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌temporary‌  ‌liberty‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌h is‌  ‌b ail.‌  ‌When‌  ‌no‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌was‌‌ f iled‌‌ or‌‌  Upon‌  ‌motion,‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ allowed‌‌ to‌‌ defend‌‌ h imself‌‌ in‌‌ 
The‌‌
  conviction‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ must‌‌ stand‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ strength‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌incapable‌‌ of‌‌ f iling‌‌ one,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ may‌‌ allow‌‌ h is‌‌ release‌‌ on‌‌  person‌  ‌when‌  ‌it‌  ‌sufficiently‌  ‌appears‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌that‌  ‌h e‌  ‌can‌‌ 
prosecution’s‌‌evidence,‌‌NOT‌‌on‌‌the‌‌weakness‌‌of‌‌the‌‌defense.‌  ‌
recognizance‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌custody‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌responsible‌  ‌member‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  properly‌‌protect‌‌h is‌‌right‌‌without‌‌the‌‌assistance‌‌of‌‌counsel.‌  ‌
community.‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌defense‌‌
  may‌‌  not‌‌
  even‌‌
  be‌‌
  required‌‌   to‌‌
  present‌‌   its‌‌
  evidence.‌‌ 
(d) To‌  ‌testify‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌in‌  ‌h is‌  ‌own‌  ‌b ehalf‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌‌ 
However,‌‌   once‌‌
  the‌‌
  presumption‌‌   of‌‌
  innocence‌‌   is‌‌
  overcome,‌‌   the‌‌ 
In‌  ‌no‌  ‌case‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌b e‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌h as‌  ‌commenced‌  ‌to‌‌  cross-examination‌  ‌on‌  ‌matters‌  ‌covered‌  ‌by‌  ‌direct‌  ‌examination.‌‌ 
His‌‌silence‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌in‌‌any‌‌manner‌‌prejudice‌‌h im.‌  ‌ defense‌  ‌bears‌  ‌the‌  ‌burden‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌to‌  ‌show‌  ‌reasonable‌‌ 
serve‌‌sentence.‌  ‌
doubt‌‌‌as‌‌to‌‌the‌‌guilt‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌26.‌‌  Bail‌‌not‌‌a‌‌bar‌‌on‌‌objection‌‌on‌‌illegal‌‌arrest,‌‌lack‌‌  (e) To‌  ‌b e‌  ‌exempt‌  ‌from‌  ‌being‌  ‌compelled‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌‌ 
against‌‌h imself.‌  ‌ Equipoise‌  ‌Rule.‌  ‌Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌‌ 
of‌‌or‌‌irregular‌‌preliminary‌‌investigation‌  ‌ evenly‌  ‌balanced,‌  ‌the‌  ‌constitutional‌  ‌presumption‌‌   of‌‌
  innocence‌‌ 
(f ) To‌  ‌confront‌  ‌and‌  ‌cross-examine‌  ‌the‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌against‌‌  tilts‌‌the‌‌scales‌‌in‌‌favor‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
An‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌  ‌or‌  ‌admission‌  ‌to‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌b ar‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌f rom‌‌ 
him‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial.‌  ‌Either‌  ‌party‌‌ may‌‌ u tilize‌‌ as‌‌ part‌‌ of‌‌ its‌‌ evidence‌‌ 
challenging‌‌ the‌‌ validity‌‌ of‌‌ h is‌‌ arrest‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ legality‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ warrant‌‌ issued‌‌  If‌‌
  the‌‌ inculpatory‌‌ facts‌‌ and‌‌ circumstances‌‌ are‌‌ capable‌‌ of‌‌ two‌‌ or‌‌ 
the‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌  ‌deceased,‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌or‌  ‌can‌  ‌not‌‌ 
therefor,‌  ‌or‌‌ f rom‌‌ assailing‌‌ the‌‌ regularity‌‌ or‌‌ q uestioning‌‌ the‌‌ absence‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌ more‌  ‌explanations,‌  ‌one‌  ‌of‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌consistent‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
with‌  ‌due‌  ‌diligence‌  ‌b e‌  ‌found‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines,‌‌ u navailable‌‌ or‌‌ 
preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌charge‌  ‌against‌  ‌h im,‌‌ ‌provided‌‌ that‌‌ he‌‌  innocence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌consistent‌  ‌with‌  ‌his‌‌ 
otherwise‌  ‌u nable‌  ‌to‌  ‌testify,‌  ‌given‌  ‌in‌  ‌another‌  ‌case‌  ‌or‌‌ 
raises‌‌them‌‌before‌‌entering‌‌his‌‌plea‌.‌   proceeding,‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌or‌  ‌administrative,‌  ‌involving‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  guilt,‌  ‌then‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌fulfill‌  ‌the‌  ‌test‌  ‌of‌  ‌moral‌‌ 
The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌resolve‌  ‌the‌  ‌matter‌  ‌as‌  ‌early‌  ‌as‌  ‌practicable‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌not‌‌ later‌‌  parties‌  ‌and‌  ‌subject‌  ‌matter,‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party‌  ‌having‌  ‌the‌‌  certainty‌‌and‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌sufficient‌‌to‌‌support‌‌a‌‌conviction.‌  ‌
than‌‌the‌‌s tart‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌ opportunity‌‌to‌‌cross-examine‌‌‌h im.‌  ‌
Effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌Plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌Self-defense.‌  ‌The‌  ‌burden‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌is‌‌ 
NOTE‌‌   ‌ (g) To‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌compulsory‌  ‌process‌  ‌issued‌  ‌to‌  ‌secure‌  ‌the‌‌  shifted‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌such‌  ‌defense‌  ‌by‌  ‌clear,‌‌ 
attendance‌  ‌of‌  ‌witnesses‌  ‌and‌  ‌production‌  ‌of‌  ‌other‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌in‌‌  satisfactory‌‌and‌‌convincing‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
1. This‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌new‌‌
  rule.‌‌
  Remember‌‌
  also‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌ rule‌‌ precluding‌‌ the‌‌  his‌‌b ehalf.‌  ‌
accused‌  ‌from‌  ‌questioning‌  ‌the‌  ‌legality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌after‌ 
(h) To‌‌h ave‌s
‌ peedy,‌‌impartial‌‌and‌‌public‌‌trial‌. ‌ ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 151‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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2. Right‌‌to‌‌be‌‌Informed‌‌of‌‌the‌‌nature‌‌and‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌the‌‌
  Right‌  ‌Waivable‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌an‌  ‌independent‌  ‌and‌  ‌competent‌‌  c) when‌  ‌without‌  ‌cause‌  ‌or‌  ‌justifiable‌  ‌motive,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌long‌‌ 
accusation‌  ‌ counsel‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌waived‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌presence‌  ‌of‌‌  period‌  ‌of‌  ‌time‌  ‌is‌  ‌allowed‌‌
  to‌‌
  elapse‌‌
  without‌‌
  the‌‌
  party‌‌ 
counsel.‌  ‌ having‌‌his‌‌case‌‌tried.‌  ‌
What‌  ‌is‌  ‌specifically‌  ‌required‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌acts‌  ‌or‌  ‌omissions‌‌ 
complained‌  ‌of‌  ‌as‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌‌  Competent‌  ‌and‌  ‌Independent.‌  ‌The‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌should‌  ‌be,‌‌   as‌‌
  far‌‌  The‌‌factors‌‌to‌‌consider‌‌are‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌
qualifying‌  ‌and‌  ‌aggravating‌  ‌circumstances,‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌stated‌  ‌in‌‌  as‌  ‌reasonable,‌  ‌the‌  ‌choice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌individual‌  ‌undergoing‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a) Duration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌delay;‌  ‌
ordinary‌  ‌and‌  ‌concise‌  ‌language;‌  ‌in‌‌
  terms‌‌   sufficient‌‌   to‌‌
  enable‌‌
  a ‌‌ questioning.‌  ‌
person‌  ‌of‌  ‌common‌  ‌understanding‌  ‌to‌  ‌know‌  ‌what‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌‌  b) Reason‌‌therefor;‌  ‌
Counsel‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌willing‌  ‌to‌  ‌fully‌  ‌safeguard‌  ‌the‌‌ 
being‌‌charged.‌  ‌ c) Assertion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌right‌‌or‌‌failure‌‌to‌‌assert‌‌it;‌‌and‌  ‌
constitutional‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌, ‌ ‌as‌‌   distinguished‌‌
  from‌‌ 
The‌  ‌ultimate‌  ‌aim‌  ‌is‌  ‌so‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌can‌  ‌properly‌  ‌defend‌‌  one‌  ‌who‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌  ‌merely‌  ‌giving‌  ‌a ‌ ‌routine,‌  ‌peremptory‌  ‌and‌‌  d) Prejudice‌‌caused‌‌by‌‌such‌‌delay.‌  ‌
himself.‌‌   ‌ meaningless‌  ‌recital‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌  ‌rights.‌  ‌There‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌
transmission‌  ‌of‌  ‌meaningful‌  ‌information‌  ‌from‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌to‌‌  Contrast‌‌   to‌‌
  Right‌‌  to‌‌
  Speedy‌‌   Disposition‌‌   of‌‌ Cases‌. ‌‌This‌‌ right‌‌ 
3. Right‌‌to‌‌counsel‌  ‌ extends‌  ‌to‌‌
  all‌‌
  parties‌‌
  in‌‌
  all‌‌
  cases,‌‌
  be‌‌
  it‌‌
  civil‌‌
  or‌‌
  administrative,‌‌ 
accused.‌  ‌
This‌  ‌right‌  ‌is‌  ‌available‌  ‌not‌  ‌only‌  ‌during‌  ‌trial.‌  ‌Every‌  ‌person‌‌  as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌in‌‌judicial‌‌or‌‌quasi-judicial‌‌or‌‌administrative‌‌bodies.‌  ‌
It‌‌
  means‌‌
  an‌‌
  efficient‌‌ and‌‌ truly‌‌ decisive‌‌ legal‌‌ assistance‌‌ and‌‌ ‌not‌‌ 
under‌‌custody‌‌of‌‌the‌‌law‌e‌ njoys‌‌the‌‌right.‌  ‌ Mere‌  ‌mathematical‌  ‌reckoning‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌‌
  involved‌‌
  would‌‌
  not‌‌ 
a‌‌simple‌‌perfunctory‌‌representation.‌  ‌
Any‌‌   person‌‌   ‌arrested,‌‌
  detained‌‌  or‌‌ under‌‌ ‌custodial‌‌ investigation‌‌  suffice.‌  ‌
In‌‌Administrative‌‌Cases.‌‌‌NOT‌‌indispensable.‌  ‌
shall‌‌   at‌‌
  all‌‌
  times‌‌  be‌‌
  assisted‌‌
  by‌‌  counsel.‌‌   Included‌‌  in‌‌
  this‌‌ right‌‌  Dismissal‌  ‌Based‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Right‌  ‌to‌  ‌Speedy‌‌ 
is‌‌the‌‌right‌‌to‌‌be‌‌informed‌‌of‌‌his‌‌right‌‌to‌‌counsel.‌  Custodial‌  ‌Investigation.‌  ‌Any‌  ‌questioning‌  ‌initiated‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌‌  Disposition‌‌of‌‌Cases‌.‌‌See‌‌case‌‌of‌‌Coscolluela‌  ‌
enforcement‌‌   authorities‌‌  after‌‌
  a ‌‌person‌‌   is‌‌
  taken‌‌  into‌‌ custody‌‌ or‌‌ 
The‌  ‌purpose‌‌
  of‌‌
  providing‌‌   counsel‌‌  to‌‌
  a ‌‌person‌‌  under‌‌   custodial‌‌  Approaches‌  ‌to‌  ‌Speedy‌  ‌Trial‌. ‌ ‌Our‌  ‌SC‌  ‌has‌  ‌adopted‌  ‌the‌‌ 
otherwise‌  ‌deprived‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  freedom‌‌   of‌‌
  action‌‌   in‌‌
  any‌‌
  significant‌‌ 
investigation‌‌  is‌‌
  to‌‌
  curb‌‌
  the‌‌
  police-state‌‌   practice‌‌  of‌‌
  extracting‌‌
  a ‌ balancing‌  ‌test‌, ‌ ‌in‌  ‌which‌‌
  the‌‌
  conduct‌‌
  of‌‌
  both‌‌   the‌‌
  prosecution‌‌ 
manner.‌  ‌
confession‌  ‌that‌  ‌leads‌  ‌suspects‌  ‌to‌  ‌make‌  ‌self-incriminating‌‌  and‌  ‌defense‌  ‌are‌  ‌weighed‌  ‌on‌  ‌an‌  ‌ad‌  ‌hoc‌  ‌basis.‌  ‌The‌‌ 
statements.‌  ‌ 4. Right‌‌to‌‌Speedy‌‌Trial‌  ‌ aforementioned‌‌   factors‌‌
  must‌‌
  be‌‌
  assessed‌‌  in‌‌ determining‌‌ WON‌‌ 
Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌inform‌  ‌the‌  ‌suspect‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌during‌‌  Also‌‌see‌‌‌Speedy‌‌Trial‌‌Act‌,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ the‌‌right‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌has‌‌been‌‌deprived.‌  ‌
custodial‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌attains‌  ‌significance‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌makes‌  ‌a ‌‌ Guidelines‌‌for‌‌Decongesting‌‌Holding‌‌Jails‌  ‌ Effect‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  Violation‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Right‌‌ to‌‌ Speedy‌‌ Trial.‌‌ Criminal‌‌ 
confession‌  ‌in‌  ‌writing‌  ‌without‌  ‌aid‌‌   of‌‌
  counsel‌, ‌‌and‌‌  which‌‌   is‌‌  case‌‌
  is‌‌
  dismissed‌‌   that‌‌
  is‌‌
  equivalent‌‌
  to‌‌ an‌‌ acquittal,‌‌ and‌‌ double‌‌ 
Right‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌. ‌ ‌In‌  ‌all‌  ‌criminal‌‌ 
then‌‌
  sought‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌
  admitted‌‌
  against‌‌   the‌‌ accused‌‌ during‌‌ the‌‌ trial.‌‌  jeopardy‌‌may‌‌attach.‌  ‌
prosecutions,‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ shall‌‌ enjoy‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ have‌‌ a ‌‌speedy,‌‌ 
The‌‌tainted‌‌confession‌‌is‌‌inadmissible‌‌in‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
impartial‌‌and‌‌public‌‌trial.‌  ‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌wants‌  ‌to‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌his‌‌
  right‌‌
  to‌‌
  a ‌‌speedy‌‌
  trial,‌‌
  he‌‌ 
It‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌‌
  after‌‌
  the‌‌
  investigation‌‌
  ceases‌‌  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌general‌‌   inquiry‌‌  should‌‌first‌‌ask‌‌for‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case,‌‌not‌‌for‌‌its‌‌dismissal.‌  ‌
This‌  ‌involves‌  ‌a ‌ ‌degree‌  ‌of‌  ‌flexibility.‌  ‌While‌  ‌justice‌  ‌is‌‌ 
into‌  ‌an‌  ‌unsolved‌  ‌crime‌  ‌and‌  ‌begins‌  ‌to‌  ‌focus‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌‌ 
administered‌‌  with‌‌ dispatch,‌‌ the‌‌ essential‌‌ ingredient‌‌ is‌‌ ‌orderly‌, ‌‌ The‌‌following‌‌are‌‌the‌‌pertinent‌‌time‌‌limits:‌  ‌
suspect‌‌wherein‌‌the‌‌right‌‌to‌‌counsel‌‌is‌‌triggered.‌  ‌
expeditious‌a‌ nd‌‌not‌‌mere‌‌speed‌. ‌ ‌
Police‌‌   line-up.‌‌
  It‌‌  is‌‌ NOT‌‌ part‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ custodial‌‌ inquest‌‌ since‌‌ the‌‌  a) 3‌  ‌DAYS‌  ‌— ‌ ‌from‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌information‌  ‌to‌  ‌raffling‌  ‌and‌‌ 
When‌‌Deemed‌‌Violated‌.‌‌Only‌‌when‌‌the‌‌proceedings‌‌are‌‌   ‌ referral‌‌to‌‌trial‌‌court;‌  ‌
accused‌  ‌at‌  ‌that‌  ‌stage‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌yet‌  ‌being‌  ‌investigated.‌  ‌Here,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
right‌  ‌to‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌does‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌yet‌  ‌attach.‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Pepino‌  ‌y ‌‌ a) attended‌  ‌by‌  ‌vexatious,‌  ‌capricious,‌  ‌and‌  ‌oppressive‌‌  b) 10‌‌DAYS‌‌‌—‌‌from‌‌date‌‌of‌‌raffle‌‌to‌‌arraignment;‌  ‌
Ruera‌) ‌ ‌ delays,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
c) 30‌  ‌DAYS‌‌
  ‌— ‌‌from‌‌
  arraignment‌‌  to‌‌
  pre-trial‌‌
  conference;‌‌ 
b) when‌‌   unjustified‌‌
  postponements‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial‌‌
  are‌‌ asked‌‌  or‌‌10‌‌DAYS‌‌‌if‌‌accused‌‌under‌‌preventive‌‌detention;‌  ‌
for‌‌and‌‌secured,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
20‌‌DAYS‌‌‌—‌‌time‌‌from‌‌arraignment‌‌to‌‌submit‌‌JAs;‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 152‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

People‌‌v.‌‌Gonzales‌) ‌ ‌
d) 30‌‌
  DAYS‌‌  —‌‌ not‌‌ later‌‌ than‌‌ 30‌‌ days‌‌ from‌‌ termination‌‌ of‌‌  Purpose.‌  ‌To‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌the‌  ‌State,‌  ‌with‌  ‌all‌  ‌its‌  ‌coercive‌  ‌powers‌, ‌‌
pre-trial‌‌conference‌‌to‌‌trial;‌  ‌ The‌  ‌burden‌  ‌of‌  ‌proving‌  ‌delay‌  ‌depends‌  ‌on‌  ‌whether‌  ‌delay‌  ‌is‌‌  from‌  ‌extracting‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌suspect‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌convict‌‌ 
alleged‌‌within‌‌the‌‌periods‌‌provided‌‌by‌‌law‌‌or‌‌procedural‌‌rules.‌‌   ‌ him‌  ‌and‌  ‌to‌  ‌avoid‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌such‌  ‌compulsion‌  ‌to‌‌ 
e) 180‌  ‌DAYS‌  ‌— ‌ ‌start‌  ‌of‌  ‌trial‌  ‌to‌  ‌termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌regular‌‌ 
a. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌delay‌  ‌is‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌occurred‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌‌  perjure‌‌himself‌‌for‌‌his‌‌own‌‌protection.‌  ‌
trial;‌‌or‌  ‌
given‌  ‌periods,‌  ‌the‌‌   burden‌‌  is‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  respondent‌‌  or‌‌
  the‌‌ 
60‌‌DAYS‌—
‌ ‌‌if‌‌trial‌‌by‌‌JAs;‌  ‌ accused‌t‌ o‌‌prove‌‌that‌‌the‌‌delay‌‌was‌‌inordinate.‌‌   ‌  ‌ ACCUSED‌  ‌ ORDINARY‌‌WITNESS‌  ‌
minus‌  ‌the‌  ‌excluded‌  ‌delays‌  ‌or‌  ‌postponements‌‌  b. If‌  ‌the‌  ‌delay‌  ‌is‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌to‌  ‌have‌  ‌occurred‌  ‌beyond‌  ‌the‌‌ 
specified‌‌in‌‌Sec‌‌3‌‌Rule‌‌119‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Speedy‌‌Trial‌‌Act.‌  ‌ May‌‌altogether‌‌refuse‌‌  May‌‌be‌‌compelled‌‌to‌‌take‌‌the‌‌ 
given‌‌   periods,‌‌   the‌‌  burden‌‌   shifts‌‌  to‌‌ the‌‌ ‌prosecution‌‌ ‌to‌‌ 
witness‌‌stand‌‌and‌‌claim‌‌the‌‌ 
Factors‌  ‌for‌  ‌Granting‌  ‌Continuance.‌  ‌The‌  ‌factors,‌  ‌among‌‌  prove‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌delay‌  ‌was‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌under‌  ‌the‌‌  Compelled‌‌  to‌‌take‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌ 
privilege‌‌as‌‌each‌‌question‌‌ 
circumstances‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌no‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌was‌  ‌suffered‌  ‌by‌‌  to‌‌testify‌  ‌ stand‌‌and‌‌refuse‌‌to‌‌ 
others,‌  ‌which‌  ‌a ‌ ‌justice‌  ‌or‌  ‌judge‌‌
  shall‌‌
  consider‌‌
  in‌‌
  determining‌‌  answer‌‌any‌‌and‌‌all‌‌  requiring‌‌an‌‌incriminating‌‌ 
whether‌‌to‌‌grant‌‌a‌‌continuance‌‌are‌‌as‌‌follows:‌  ‌ the‌‌accused‌‌as‌‌a‌‌result‌‌of‌‌the‌‌delay.‌  ‌ answer‌‌is‌‌shot‌‌at‌‌him‌  ‌
questions‌  ‌
If‌‌the‌‌defense‌‌has‌‌the‌‌burden‌‌of‌‌proof,‌‌it‌‌must‌‌prove‌‌   ‌
a) Whether‌‌   the‌‌
  failure‌‌  to‌‌
  grant‌‌
  such‌‌
  a ‌‌continuance‌‌   in‌‌ the‌‌ 
Only‌‌when‌‌the‌‌specific‌‌ 
proceeding‌  ‌would‌‌   be‌‌
  likely‌‌
  to‌‌
  make‌‌   a ‌‌continuation‌‌   of‌‌  1. first‌, ‌ ‌whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌motivated‌  ‌by‌  ‌malice‌  ‌or‌‌ 
Can‌‌be‌‌  question,‌‌incriminatory‌‌in‌‌ 
such‌‌  proceeding‌‌   impossible,‌‌ or‌‌ result‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌miscarriage‌‌  clearly‌  ‌only‌  ‌politically‌  ‌motivated‌  ‌and‌  ‌is‌  ‌attended‌  ‌by‌‌  At‌‌any‌‌time‌  ‌
claimed‌  ‌ character,‌‌is‌‌actually‌‌put‌‌to‌‌ 
of‌‌justice.‌  ‌ utter‌‌lack‌‌of‌‌evidence,‌‌and‌‌   ‌ the‌‌witness.‌  ‌
b) Whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌taken‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌whole‌  ‌is‌  ‌so‌  ‌novel,‌  ‌so‌‌  2. second‌,‌‌that‌‌the‌‌defense‌‌did‌‌not‌‌contribute‌‌to‌‌the‌‌delay.‌  ‌
Scope.‌  ‌Protects‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌only‌‌
  from‌‌   ‌testimonial‌‌
  compulsion‌‌ 
unusual‌‌   and‌‌ so‌‌ complex,‌‌ due‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ number‌‌ of‌‌ accused‌‌  Once‌  ‌the‌  ‌burden‌  ‌of‌  ‌proof‌  ‌shifts‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌, ‌ ‌the‌‌  or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌compelled‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌communicative‌  ‌character,‌  ‌and‌‌ 
or‌‌
  the‌‌
  nature‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ prosecution‌‌ or‌‌ otherwise,‌‌ that‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌  prosecution‌‌must‌‌prove‌‌   ‌ NOT‌‌when‌‌the‌‌body‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌proposed‌‌to‌‌be‌‌examined.‌  ‌
unreasonable‌  ‌to‌  ‌expect‌  ‌adequate‌  ‌preparation‌  ‌within‌‌ 
a. first‌, ‌ ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌followed‌  ‌the‌  ‌prescribed‌  ‌procedure‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌  Cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌non-testimonial‌  ‌compulsion‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌allowed‌‌ 
the‌‌periods‌‌of‌‌time‌‌established‌‌by‌‌this‌‌Act.‌  ‌
conduct‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  reveal,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌pieces‌‌  of‌‌
  evidence‌‌   obtained‌‌   were‌‌ 
No‌‌continuance‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌granted‌b
‌ ecause‌‌of‌‌   ‌ prosecution‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case;‌‌   ‌ all‌  ‌MATERIAL‌  ‌to‌‌   the‌‌  principal‌‌   cause‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  arrest.‌‌
  ‌A ‌‌urine‌‌ 
a) general‌‌congestion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court's‌‌calendar,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ b. second‌, ‌ ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌complexity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌issues‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  sample‌  ‌is‌‌
  immaterial‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  charge‌‌  of‌‌
  extortion‌. ‌‌(‌Dela‌‌
  Cruz‌‌   v.‌‌ 
volume‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌made‌‌the‌‌delay‌‌inevitable;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ People‌) ‌ ‌
b) lack‌‌of‌‌diligent‌‌preparation‌‌or‌‌   ‌
c. third‌, ‌ ‌that‌  ‌no‌  ‌prejudice‌‌   was‌‌
  suffered‌‌  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌  Forced‌  ‌Reenactments.‌  ‌Like‌  ‌uncounselled‌  ‌and‌  ‌coerced‌‌ 
c) failure‌‌
  to‌‌
  obtain‌‌
  available‌‌
  witnesses‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌ part‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌result‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  delay.‌‌
  (‌Cagang‌‌  v.‌‌
  Sandiganbayan‌, ‌‌ confessions,‌‌   come‌‌   within‌‌
  the‌‌
  ban‌‌  against‌‌
  self-incrimination.‌‌ It‌‌ 
public‌‌prosecutor.‌  ‌
Leonen,‌‌J,‌‌2018‌) ‌ ‌ is‌‌
  akin‌‌
  to‌‌
  making‌‌   the‌‌
  accused‌‌  to‌‌
  admit‌‌ criminal‌‌ responsibility‌‌ 
As‌  ‌per‌  ‌Section‌  ‌3 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌119,‌  ‌the‌  ‌only‌  ‌delays‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  against‌‌his‌‌will.‌  ‌
5. Privilege‌‌Against‌‌Self-incrimination‌  ‌
excluded‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌limit‌  ‌within‌  ‌which‌  ‌trial‌  ‌must‌‌  Written‌  ‌Exemplars‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌privilege‌  ‌extends‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌giving‌  ‌or‌‌ 
commence‌  ‌are‌‌   those‌‌
  resulting‌‌  from‌‌  ‌proceedings‌‌   concerning‌‌  The‌‌privilege‌‌is‌‌expressed‌‌thusly:‌  ‌ furnishing‌‌  of‌‌
  evidence.‌‌
  Writing‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  a ‌‌purely‌‌
  mechanical‌‌ act,‌‌ 
the‌‌ accused‌. ‌‌‌The‌‌ time‌‌ involved‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ proceedings‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌petition‌‌  a) No‌  ‌person‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  compelled‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌witness‌‌
  against‌‌  because‌‌it‌‌requires‌‌the‌‌application‌‌of‌‌intelligence‌‌and‌‌attention.‌  ‌
for‌‌   transfer‌‌   of‌‌
  venue‌‌
  can‌‌
  only‌‌
  be‌‌
  excluded‌‌ from‌‌ said‌‌ time‌‌ limit‌‌  himself‌‌(‌Sec‌‌17‌‌Art‌‌III‌);‌  ‌ In‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌Beltran‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Samson‌, ‌ ‌the‌‌
  witness‌‌
  is‌‌
  compelled‌‌   to‌‌ 
if‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌who‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌the‌  ‌same.‌  ‌Hence,‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌‌ 
b) In‌  ‌all‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌prosecutions,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  write‌‌ and‌‌ create,‌‌ by‌‌ means‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ act‌‌ of‌‌ writing,‌‌ evidence‌‌ which‌‌ 
case,‌‌   the‌‌ time‌‌ during‌‌ which‌‌ the‌‌ ‌petition‌‌ for‌‌ transfer‌‌ of‌‌ venue‌‌ 
entitled‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌exempt‌  ‌from‌  ‌being‌‌  does‌‌   not‌‌ exist,‌‌ and‌‌ which‌‌ may‌‌ identify‌‌ him‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ falsifier.‌‌ This‌‌ 
filed‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  private‌‌ complainant‌‌ is‌‌ pending,‌‌ cannot‌‌ be‌‌ excluded‌‌ 
compelled‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌against‌  ‌himself.‌  ‌(‌Sec‌  ‌1[e]‌‌  is‌  ‌in‌  ‌contrast‌  ‌with‌  ‌Villamor‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Summers‌, ‌ ‌since‌  ‌the‌‌  pregnancy‌‌ 
from‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌limit‌  ‌of‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌receipt‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Rule‌‌115‌) ‌ ‌ test‌‌therein‌‌sought‌‌to‌‌exhibit‌‌something‌‌already‌‌in‌‌existence.‌  ‌
pre-trial‌  ‌order‌  ‌imposed‌  ‌in‌  ‌Section‌  ‌1,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌119.‌  ‌(‌Mari‌  ‌and‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 153‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

The‌  ‌privilege‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌asserted‌  ‌in‌  ‌ANY‌  ‌proceeding.‌  ‌The‌  ‌right‌‌  8. Right‌‌to‌‌Confront‌‌and‌‌Cross-examine‌‌W itnesses‌‌
  10. Right‌‌to‌‌Appeal‌  ‌
however‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌self-executing.‌  ‌It‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌claimed‌  ‌by,‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌‌  Against‌‌Him‌  ‌
This‌‌
  right‌‌
  is‌‌
  statutory‌‌
  in‌‌
  nature.‌‌
  Its‌‌
  suppression‌‌ would‌‌ violate‌‌ 
behalf‌‌of‌‌the‌‌witness.‌‌The‌‌privilege‌‌may‌‌be‌‌waived.‌  ‌
It‌‌
  is‌‌  a ‌‌fundamental‌‌  right‌‌ which‌‌ is‌‌ part‌‌ of‌‌ due‌‌ process.‌‌ The‌‌ right‌‌  due‌‌process.‌  ‌
Privilege‌  ‌Inapplicable‌  ‌When‌  ‌Witness‌  ‌Given‌  ‌Immunity‌‌  is,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌personal‌  ‌one‌‌
  which‌‌   may‌‌   be‌‌
  waived,‌‌
  expressly,‌‌ 
In‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌throws‌  ‌the‌  ‌whole‌  ‌case‌  ‌wide‌‌ 
from‌  ‌Prosecution.‌  ‌The‌  ‌government‌  ‌may‌  ‌grant‌  ‌immunity‌  ‌in‌‌  impliedly‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌such‌  ‌that‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌had‌  ‌the‌‌ 
open‌  ‌for‌  ‌review‌‌  and‌‌  the‌‌  reviewing‌‌  tribunal‌‌   can‌‌
  correct‌‌
  errors‌‌ 
one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌two‌‌following‌‌forms:‌  ‌ opportunity‌  ‌to‌  ‌cross-examine‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌but‌  ‌failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌avail‌‌ 
or‌‌
  even‌‌
  reverse‌‌
  the‌‌  trial‌‌ court’s‌‌ decision‌‌ on‌‌ grounds‌‌ other‌‌ than‌‌ 
himself‌‌of‌‌it,‌‌the‌‌right‌‌is‌‌forfeited.‌  ‌
a) TRANSACTIONAL‌  ‌immunity‌  ‌— ‌ ‌aka‌  ‌“blanket”‌  ‌or‌‌  those‌‌that‌‌the‌‌parties‌‌raise‌‌as‌‌errors.‌  ‌
“total”‌  ‌immunity,‌  ‌which‌  ‌completely‌  ‌protects‌  ‌the‌‌  What‌  ‌is‌  ‌prohibited‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌to‌‌ 
witness‌  ‌from‌  ‌future‌‌
  prosecution‌‌
  for‌‌
  crimes‌‌
  related‌‌
  to‌‌  cross-examine.‌  ‌Mere‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌actual‌‌  Rule‌‌116.‌‌Arraignment‌‌and‌‌Plea‌  ‌
his‌‌testimony;‌  ‌ cross-examination‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌essence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌‌ 
cross-examine.‌‌‌(‌Ibañez‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Arraignment‌‌and‌‌Plea:‌‌how‌‌made‌  ‌
b) USE‌  ‌AND‌  ‌DERIVATIVE‌  ‌USE‌  ‌immunity‌  ‌— ‌ ‌prevents‌‌ 
the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌only‌  ‌from‌  ‌using‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness’‌  ‌own‌‌  Right‌  ‌of‌  ‌Confrontation.‌  ‌Does‌  ‌not‌  ‌apply‌  ‌in‌  ‌preliminary‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
testimony‌‌   or‌‌
  any‌‌ evidence‌‌ derived‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ testimony‌‌  investigation.‌  ‌
against‌‌the‌‌witness.‌  ‌ 1. Arraignment‌‌   is‌‌
  the‌‌ formal‌‌ mode‌‌ and‌‌ manner‌‌ of‌‌ implementing‌‌ 
The‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌for‌  ‌one‌  ‌deprived‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌opportunity‌  ‌to‌‌  the‌  ‌constitutional‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌informed‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Should‌‌ evidence‌‌ be‌‌ later‌‌ acquired‌‌ ‌independently‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  cross-examine‌‌   is‌‌
  to‌‌
  have‌‌
  the‌‌
  direct‌‌
  examination‌‌ ‌stricken‌‌ ‌from‌‌  nature‌‌and‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accusation‌‌against‌‌him.‌  ‌
witness’‌  ‌testimony,‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌may‌  ‌still‌  ‌be‌‌  the‌‌record.‌  ‌
prosecuted.‌  ‌ Its‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌apprise‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌why‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌being‌‌ 
  ‌right‌‌
The‌‌   to‌‌
  confrontation‌  ‌is‌‌  part‌‌  of‌‌  due‌‌  process‌‌  not‌‌ only‌‌  prosecuted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌State.‌  ‌
6. Right‌‌to‌‌Defend‌‌Self,‌‌to‌‌be‌‌Present‌‌at‌‌Trial,‌‌to‌‌be‌‌
  in‌‌
  criminal‌‌
  proceedings‌‌ but‌‌ also‌‌ in‌‌ civil‌‌ proceedings‌‌ as‌‌ well‌‌ as‌‌ 
Heard‌  ‌ in‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌in‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌tribunals‌  ‌with‌‌
  quasi-judicial‌‌  Absence‌‌   of‌‌
  such‌‌
  results‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌nullity‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ trial.‌‌ Accused‌‌ can‌‌ 
powers.‌‌It‌‌has‌‌a‌‌two-fold‌‌purpose:‌‌   ‌ not‌‌be‌‌tried‌‌in‌‌absentia‌‌‌without‌‌being‌‌arraigned‌‌first.‌  ‌
Either‌  ‌by‌  ‌himself‌  ‌or‌  ‌by‌  ‌counsel.‌  ‌Accused‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌ 
present‌‌at‌‌every‌‌stage‌‌of‌‌the‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌ a. primarily‌, ‌‌to‌‌
  afford‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ an‌‌ opportunity‌‌ to‌‌ test‌‌  2. Duty‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court‌‌before‌‌arraignment‌  ‌
the‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌by‌  cross-examination‌; ‌‌ a. Inform‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌of‌‌his‌‌right‌‌to‌‌counsel;‌  ‌
Upon‌‌
  motion,‌‌  the‌‌   accused‌‌
  may‌‌ be‌‌ allowed‌‌ to‌‌ defend‌‌ himself‌‌ in‌‌ 
and‌  ‌
person‌  ‌when‌  ‌it‌  ‌sufficiently‌  ‌appears‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌that‌  ‌he‌  ‌can‌‌  b. Ask‌‌him‌‌if‌‌he‌‌desires‌‌to‌‌have‌‌one;‌‌and‌  ‌
properly‌‌protect‌‌his‌‌right‌‌without‌‌the‌‌assistance‌‌of‌‌counsel.‌  ‌ b. secondarily‌, ‌ ‌to‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌to‌  ‌observe‌  ‌the‌‌ 
deportment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness.‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Sergio‌  ‌and‌‌  c. Must‌‌  assign‌‌
  a ‌‌‌counsel‌‌
  de‌‌
  oficio‌‌
  to‌‌
  defend‌‌
  him‌‌
  ‌unless‌‌ 
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌filed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌leave‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌  ‌a ‌ ‌demurrer‌  ‌to‌‌  Lacanilao‌,‌2
‌ 019‌) ‌ ‌ the‌‌accused‌  ‌
evidence‌, ‌ ‌which‌  ‌was‌  ‌granted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
i. Is‌‌allowed‌‌to‌‌defend‌‌himself‌‌in‌‌person‌‌or‌  ‌
demurrer‌  ‌was‌  ‌eventually‌  ‌denied,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌should‌  ‌still‌  ‌be‌‌  9. Right‌‌to‌‌Compulsory‌‌Process‌  ‌
given‌‌the‌‌opportunity‌‌to‌‌present‌‌his‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ ii. Has‌‌employed‌‌a‌‌counsel‌‌of‌‌his‌‌choice‌(‌ Sec‌‌6)‌  ‌
May‌  ‌be‌  ‌invoked‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌to‌  ‌secure‌  ‌the‌  ‌attendance‌  ‌of‌‌ 
7. Right‌‌to‌‌Testify‌‌as‌‌W itness‌  ‌ witnesses‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ production‌‌ of‌‌ witnesses‌‌ in‌‌ his‌‌ behalf.‌‌ This‌‌ is‌‌  3. Counsel‌d
‌ e‌‌oficio‌: ‌ ‌
Subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌cross-examination‌  ‌on‌‌
  matters‌‌
  covered‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  direct‌‌  a‌‌constitutional‌‌right.‌‌   ‌ a. Members‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bar;‌  ‌
examination.‌  ‌ Thus,‌‌   the‌‌
  accused‌‌   may‌‌  move‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌subpoena‌‌ ‌ad‌‌  b. In‌‌good‌‌standing;‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌maintains‌  ‌his‌  ‌silence‌  ‌and‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌want‌  ‌to‌‌  testificandum‌‌   or‌‌
  a ‌‌subpoena‌‌ ‌duces‌‌ tecum.‌‌ Unjustified‌‌ failure‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌‌  witness‌‌  to‌‌
  comply‌‌   may‌‌
  cause‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  issuance‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌warrant‌‌  c. By‌  ‌reason‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌  ‌experience‌  ‌and‌  ‌ability,‌  ‌can‌‌ 
testify,‌‌his‌‌silence‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌in‌‌any‌‌manner‌‌prejudice‌‌him.‌  ‌
of‌‌arrest‌‌against‌‌him.‌  ‌ competently‌‌defend‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 154‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

In‌  ‌localities‌  ‌where‌  ‌members‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌bar‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌available,‌  ‌the‌‌  After‌  ‌the‌  ‌expiration‌  ‌of‌  ‌said‌  ‌period,‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌‌  a. within‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
court‌‌may‌‌appoint‌‌any‌‌person‌  ‌ court‌  ‌is‌  ‌bound‌  ‌to‌  ‌arraign‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌or‌  ‌to‌‌  court's‌‌receipt‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case‌‌for‌‌a‌d
‌ etained‌‌accused,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
deny‌‌the‌‌motion‌‌to‌‌defer‌‌arraignment.‌  ‌
a. Resident‌‌of‌‌the‌‌province;‌‌and‌  ‌ b. within‌  ‌thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌‌
  the‌‌ 
In‌  ‌a ‌ ‌case,‌  ‌1 ‌ ‌year‌  ‌and‌‌
  10‌‌
  months‌‌
  had‌‌
  already‌‌  court‌  ‌acquires‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌(either‌  ‌by‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌or‌‌ 
b. Of‌‌good‌‌repute‌‌for‌‌probity‌‌and‌‌ability.‌  ‌
lapsed,‌‌   which‌‌ is‌‌ way‌‌ beyond‌‌ the‌‌ 60-day‌‌ limit.‌‌  voluntary‌‌surrender)‌‌over‌‌a‌n ‌ on-detained‌‌‌accused,‌‌   ‌
Counsel‌‌   ‌de‌‌
  oficio‌‌
  must‌‌   be‌‌
  given‌‌ ample‌‌ time‌‌ to‌‌ consult‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌  (‌Sps‌‌Trinidad‌‌v.‌‌Ang‌) ‌ ‌
unless‌‌  a ‌‌shorter‌‌
  period‌‌
  is‌‌
  provided‌‌
  by‌‌
  special‌‌
  law‌‌
  or‌‌ Supreme‌‌ 
accused‌  ‌as‌‌  to‌‌
  his‌‌
  plea‌‌
  before‌‌   proceeding‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  arraignment‌‌ 
The‌  ‌suspension‌  ‌of‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌beyond‌  ‌the‌‌  Court‌‌circular.‌(‌ III-8[a]‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌15-06-10-SC)‌  ‌
(Sec‌‌8)‌  ‌
60-day‌  ‌period‌  ‌is‌  ‌strictly‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌allowed.‌‌ 
The‌‌following‌‌shall‌‌be‌e
‌ xcluded‌i‌ n‌‌computing‌‌the‌‌period:‌  ‌
4. Options‌‌of‌‌accused‌‌before‌‌arraignment‌‌and‌‌plea‌  ‌ (‌Aguinaldo‌‌v.‌‌Ventus‌) ‌ ‌
a. Time‌‌of‌‌the‌‌pendency‌‌of‌‌a‌‌motion‌‌to‌‌quash;‌  ‌
a. Bill‌‌
  of‌‌
  particulars‌‌  — ‌‌to‌‌
  enable‌‌ him‌‌ to‌‌ properly‌‌ plead‌‌  c. Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌  ‌— ‌ ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌before‌  ‌entering‌  ‌his‌‌ 
and‌‌prepare‌‌for‌‌trial.‌‌The‌‌motion‌‌shall‌‌specify:‌  ‌ plea.‌‌(See‌‌Sec‌‌3‌‌Rule‌‌117‌‌‌in‌‌relation‌‌to‌S ‌ ec‌‌1)‌  ‌ b. Time‌‌for‌‌the‌‌pendency‌‌of‌‌a‌‌bill‌‌of‌‌particulars;‌‌or‌  ‌
i. The‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌defects‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌‌  d. Challenge‌  ‌the‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌or‌  ‌legality‌  ‌of‌‌  c. Other‌‌causes‌‌justifying‌‌suspension‌‌(Sec‌‌1[g])‌  ‌
information,‌‌and‌  ‌ warrant‌‌
  or‌‌
  ‌question‌‌
  the‌‌
  absence‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌preliminary‌‌  If‌‌accused‌‌pleads‌‌not‌‌guilty‌  ‌
ii. The‌‌details‌‌desired.‌(‌ Sec‌‌9)‌  ‌ investigation‌‌‌(Sec‌‌26‌‌Rule‌‌114)‌  ‌
a. He‌‌has‌‌at‌‌least‌‌15‌‌days‌‌to‌‌prepare‌‌for‌‌trial;‌  ‌
5. Effect‌‌of‌‌amended‌‌or‌‌substituted‌‌information‌  ‌
The‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌against‌  ‌an‌  ‌indictment‌  ‌that‌  ‌fails‌‌   to‌‌
  allege‌‌  b. He‌  ‌shall‌  ‌state‌  ‌whether‌  ‌he‌  ‌interposes‌  ‌a ‌ ‌negative‌  ‌or‌‌ 
the‌  ‌time‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌commission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌with‌‌  If‌  ‌substantial‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌substitution‌, ‌ ‌accused‌  ‌must‌  ‌plead‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  affirmative‌‌defense.‌  ‌
sufficient‌  ‌definiteness‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bill‌  ‌of‌‌  new‌‌information.‌  ‌
particulars‌‌   and‌‌   ‌not‌‌ a ‌‌motion‌‌ to‌‌ quash‌. ‌‌‌(‌Rocaberte‌‌  i. Negative‌  ‌— ‌ ‌prosecution‌  ‌shall‌  ‌prove‌  ‌guilt‌‌ 
v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ If‌‌only‌‌as‌‌to‌‌form,‌‌no‌‌need‌‌to‌‌retake‌‌plea.‌  ‌ beyond‌‌reasonable‌‌doubt.‌  ‌
b. Suspension‌  ‌of‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌— ‌ ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌‌  ARRAIGNMENT‌‌PROPER‌  ‌ ii. Affirmative‌  ‌— ‌ ‌modify‌  ‌the‌‌
  order‌‌
  of‌‌
  trial‌‌
  and‌‌ 
causes:‌  ‌ 1. Where?‌‌   Before‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌  where‌‌
  complaint‌‌
  or‌‌
  information‌‌
  was‌‌  require‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌
  to‌‌
  prove‌‌  such‌‌
  defense‌‌   by‌‌ 
i. Accused‌  ‌appears‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌suffering‌  ‌from‌  ‌an‌‌  filed‌‌or‌‌assigned‌‌for‌‌trial‌(‌ Sec‌‌1[a]).‌  ‌ clear‌‌and‌‌convincing‌‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
unsound‌  ‌mental‌  ‌condition‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌‌  2. How?‌  ‌
then‌  ‌order‌  ‌his‌  ‌mental‌  ‌examination,‌  ‌or‌‌  In‌  ‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Pangilinan‌, ‌ ‌appellant’s‌  ‌belated‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌was‌‌   ‌cured‌ 
confinement,‌‌if‌‌needed.‌  ‌ a. Made‌‌in‌‌open‌‌court;‌  ‌ when‌  ‌his‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌participated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌without‌  ‌raising‌  ‌any‌‌ 
b. By‌‌the‌‌judge‌‌or‌‌clerk‌‌of‌‌court;‌  ‌ objection‌‌ that‌‌ his‌‌ client‌‌ had‌‌ yet‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ arraigned.‌‌ It‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌clear‌‌ indication‌‌ 
ii. There‌‌exists‌‌a‌p
‌ rejudicial‌‌question‌;‌‌and‌  ‌
that‌‌   he‌‌
  was‌‌
  fully‌‌ aware‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ charges‌‌ against‌‌ him.‌‌ Thus,‌‌ arraignment‌‌ 
iii. There‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌review‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  c. By‌  ‌furnishing‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  after‌‌the‌‌case‌‌has‌‌been‌‌submitted‌‌for‌‌decision‌‌is‌‌proper.‌  ‌
resolution‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌ prosecutor‌‌ which‌‌ is‌‌ pending‌‌  complaint‌‌or‌‌information;‌  ‌
either‌‌at‌‌the‌‌DOJ,‌‌or‌‌the‌‌OP.‌‌   ‌ d. Reading‌  ‌the‌‌
  same‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  language‌‌
  or‌‌
  dialect‌‌
  known‌‌
  to‌‌  4. Record.‌‌   ‌Arraignment‌‌   and‌‌
  plea‌‌
  shall‌‌
  be‌‌
  of‌‌
  record,‌‌
  but‌‌ failure‌‌ to‌‌ 
him,‌‌and‌  ‌ do‌‌so‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌affect‌‌the‌‌validity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌proceedings‌(‌ Sec‌‌1[b]).‌  ‌
Period‌  ‌of‌  ‌suspension‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌exceed‌  ‌60‌‌ 
days‌‌
  from‌‌   the‌‌
  filing‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  petition‌‌ before‌‌ the‌‌  e. Asking‌  ‌him‌  ‌whether‌  ‌he‌  ‌pleads‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌or‌  ‌not‌  ‌guilty.‌‌  5. Presence‌‌of‌‌parties‌.‌‌Accused‌‌must‌‌be‌‌present.‌(‌ Sec‌‌1[b])‌  ‌
reviewing‌‌office.‌  ‌ (Sec‌‌1[a])‌  ‌ Private‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌required‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌‌ 
3. When?‌  ‌Once‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌acquired‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌‌  purposes:‌  ‌
person‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused,‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 155‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

a. Plea‌‌bargaining;‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  If‌  ‌such‌  ‌is‌  ‌disproved‌  ‌by‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌it‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌  May‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌before‌  ‌trial‌. ‌ ‌In‌  ‌Daan‌  ‌v.‌‌ 
disallowed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ Sandiganbayan‌, ‌ ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌held‌  ‌that‌  ‌plea‌  ‌bargaining‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌‌
  be‌‌ 
b. Determination‌‌of‌‌civil‌‌liabilities;‌‌and‌  ‌
done‌‌in‌‌trial‌‌proper.‌  ‌
8. The‌  ‌need‌  ‌for‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌pertains‌  ‌only‌  ‌to‌  ‌substantial‌‌ 
c. Other‌‌matters‌‌requiring‌‌his‌‌presence‌(‌ Sec‌‌1[f])‌  ‌
amendments‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌to‌  ‌formal‌  ‌amendments.‌  ‌An‌  ‌amendment‌‌  3. The‌  ‌refusal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌to‌  ‌adopt‌  ‌the‌  ‌acceptable‌  ‌plea‌‌ 
If‌‌
  private‌‌
  offended‌‌   party‌‌  fails‌‌  to‌‌
  appear‌‌   despite‌‌  due‌‌
  notice,‌‌
  the‌‌  done‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌plea‌  ‌and‌  ‌during‌‌
  trial‌‌
  does‌‌
  not‌‌  call‌‌
  for‌‌
  a ‌‌second‌‌  bargain‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌charge‌  ‌of‌  ‌Illegal‌  ‌Sale‌  ‌of‌  ‌Dangerous‌  ‌Drugs‌‌ 
accused‌  ‌may‌‌   enter‌‌
  a‌‌
  plea‌‌  of‌‌
  guilty‌‌  to‌‌
  a ‌‌lesser‌‌
  offense‌‌  with‌‌
  the‌‌  plea‌  ‌since‌  ‌the‌  ‌amendment‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌form.‌  ‌(‌Kummer‌  ‌v.‌‌  provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌A.M.‌  ‌No.‌  ‌18-03-16-SC‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌  ‌treated‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌‌
conformity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌public‌‌prosecutor‌‌only.‌(‌ Sec‌‌1[f])‌  ‌ People‌) ‌ ‌ continuing‌  ‌objection‌  ‌that‌‌   should‌‌   be‌‌  resolved‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  RTC.‌‌  This‌‌ 
6. When‌‌Plea‌‌of‌‌NOT‌‌GUILTY‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌Entered.‌  ‌ harmonizes‌  ‌the‌  ‌constitutional‌  ‌provision‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule‌  ‌making‌‌ 
9. A‌‌
  judge‌‌
  was‌‌
  found‌‌
  guilty‌‌
  of‌‌ gross‌‌ ignorance‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ law‌‌ when‌‌ he‌‌ 
power‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Court‌‌ under‌‌ the‌‌ Constitution‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ nature‌‌ of‌‌ plea‌‌ 
a. Actual‌‌plea‌‌of‌‌not‌‌guilty;‌  ‌ arraigned‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌in‌‌his‌‌chambers.‌‌(B ‌ andoy‌‌v.‌‌Jacinto,‌‌Jr.‌) ‌ ‌
bargaining‌‌   in‌‌
  Dangerous‌‌   Drugs‌‌   cases.‌‌   ‌DOJ‌‌ Circular‌‌ No.‌‌ 27‌‌ did‌‌ 
b. Accused‌‌refuses‌‌to‌‌plea;‌  ‌ Sec‌‌2.‌‌  Plea‌‌of‌‌guilty‌‌to‌‌a‌‌lesser‌‌offense‌  ‌ not‌  ‌repeal,‌  ‌alter,‌  ‌or‌  ‌modify‌  ‌the‌  ‌Plea‌‌   Bargaining‌‌   Framework‌‌   in‌‌ 
A.M.‌‌   No.‌‌
  18-03-16-SC.‌‌   DOJ‌‌  Circular‌‌   No.‌‌   27‌merely‌‌
    serves‌‌ as‌‌ an‌‌ 
c. Makes‌‌a‌c‌ onditional‌p
‌ lea‌‌(‌Sec‌‌1[c])‌; ‌ ‌ At‌‌ arraignment,‌‌ the‌‌ accused,‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ consent‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ offended‌‌ party‌‌ and‌‌ 
internal‌  ‌guideline‌  ‌for‌  ‌prosecutors‌‌   to‌‌  observe‌‌   before‌‌   they‌‌  may‌‌ 
the‌  ‌prosecutor,‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌plead‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌
d. Pleads‌‌  guilty‌‌
  but‌‌
  presents‌‌
  ‌exculpatory‌‌  evidence‌‌
  - ‌‌the‌‌  lesser‌  ‌offense‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌necessarily‌  ‌included‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged.‌‌ 
give‌  ‌their‌  ‌consent‌  ‌to‌  ‌proposed‌  ‌plea‌  ‌bargains.‌  ‌(‌Sayre‌  ‌y ‌‌
guilty‌‌plea‌‌is‌w
‌ ithdrawn‌.‌‌(Sec‌‌1[d])‌  ‌ After‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌before‌‌   trial‌, ‌‌the‌‌ accused‌‌ may‌‌ still‌‌ b e‌‌ allowed‌‌ to‌‌  Malampad‌‌v.‌‌Xenos‌,‌‌2020‌) ‌ ‌

Entering‌‌   a ‌‌plea‌‌
  of‌‌ not‌‌ guilty‌‌ cures‌‌ any‌‌ defect‌‌ to‌‌ his‌‌ arrest.‌‌ This,‌‌  plead‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌to‌  ‌said‌  ‌lesser‌  ‌offense‌  ‌after‌  ‌withdrawing‌  ‌h is‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌not‌‌  Sec‌‌3.‌‌  Plea‌‌of‌‌guilty‌‌to‌‌capital‌‌offense‌‌recipient‌‌of‌‌ 
guilty.‌‌No‌‌amendment‌‌of‌‌the‌‌complaint‌‌or‌‌information‌‌is‌‌necessary.‌  ‌
however,‌‌   ‌does‌‌  not‌‌   equate‌‌   to‌‌
  a ‌‌waiver‌‌ to‌‌ his‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ ‌question‌‌  evidence‌  ‌
the‌  ‌admissibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌procured‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌illegal‌‌  PLEA‌‌BARGAINING‌  ‌
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌pleads‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌capital‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
arrest.‌  ‌
1. Is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌process‌  ‌whereby‌  ‌the‌‌
  accused‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌  prosecution‌‌   work‌‌  a ‌‌ conduct‌  ‌a ‌ ‌s earching‌  ‌inquiry‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌  ‌voluntariness‌  ‌and‌  ‌f ull‌‌ 
Plea‌  ‌for‌  ‌leniency‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌imposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  mutually‌  ‌satisfactory‌  ‌disposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case,‌‌
  subject‌‌
  to‌‌
  court‌‌  comprehension‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌consequences‌  ‌of‌  ‌h is‌  ‌plea‌  ‌and‌  ‌require‌  ‌the‌‌ 
conditional‌  ‌plea.‌  ‌But‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌imposes‌  ‌it‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌condition‌  ‌to‌  ‌his‌‌  approval.‌  ‌ prosecution‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌h is‌  ‌guilt‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌precise‌‌ degree‌‌ of‌‌ culpability.‌‌ The‌‌ 
plea‌‌of‌‌guilt,‌‌then‌‌it‌‌becomes‌‌conditional.‌  ‌ accused‌‌may‌‌present‌‌evidence‌‌in‌‌h is‌‌b ehalf.‌  ‌
2. Accused‌  ‌may‌  ‌plead‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lesser‌  ‌offense.‌  ‌The‌  ‌court‌‌
  ‌may‌‌ 
In‌  ‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Strong,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌guilty‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  charge‌‌
  but‌‌
  denying‌‌  allow‌‌such‌‌given‌‌the‌‌following‌‌conditions:‌  ‌ NOTES‌  ‌
the‌‌   specific‌‌
  allegations‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  information‌‌   amounts‌‌ to‌‌ a ‌‌plea‌‌ of‌‌ 
a. The‌  ‌lesser‌  ‌offense‌  ‌is‌  ‌necessarily‌  ‌included‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  1. The‌‌court‌‌is‌‌mandated‌‌to:‌  ‌
not‌‌guilty.‌  ‌
offense‌‌charged;‌‌and‌  ‌ a. Conduct‌‌a‌‌searching‌‌inquiry‌  ‌
In‌  ‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Balisacan‌, ‌ ‌after‌  ‌entering‌  ‌a ‌ ‌plea‌  ‌of‌‌
  guilty,‌‌
  accused‌‌ 
- Some‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌essential‌  ‌elements‌  ‌form‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌‌  i. To‌‌ascertain‌‌the‌‌voluntariness‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plea,‌‌and‌  ‌
then‌  ‌presented‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌of‌  ‌self-defense‌‌   after‌‌
  being‌‌  allowed‌‌  to‌‌ 
the‌‌graver‌‌offense.‌  ‌
prove‌  ‌mitigating‌  ‌circumstances.‌  ‌This‌  ‌effectively‌  ‌vacated‌  ‌his‌‌  ii. Whether‌  ‌or‌  n ‌ ot‌  ‌accused‌  ‌has‌  ‌full‌‌ 
plea.‌  ‌In‌  ‌effect,‌  ‌there‌  ‌was‌  ‌no‌  ‌valid‌  ‌plea.‌  ‌Double‌  ‌jeopardy‌  ‌may‌‌  b. With‌  ‌the‌  ‌consent‌‌
  of‌‌
  BOTH‌‌
  the‌‌
  offended‌‌
  party‌‌
  and‌‌
  the‌‌  comprehension‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌consequences‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌ 
not‌‌attach.‌  ‌ prosecutor.‌(‌ Sec‌‌2)‌  ‌ plea;‌  ‌
7. When‌‌Plea‌‌of‌‌GUILTY‌‌is‌‌Entered‌  ‌ - Consent‌  ‌of‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌not‌  ‌required‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌‌  b. Require‌‌prosecution‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌
fails‌‌ to‌‌ appear‌‌ during‌‌ arraignment‌‌ despite‌‌ due‌‌ 
GR‌:‌‌  A‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌admission‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌  ‌the‌  ‌material‌‌  i. Guilt‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused;‌‌and‌  ‌
notice.‌‌(Sec‌‌1[f])‌  ‌
facts‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌information‌  ‌including‌  ‌the‌‌ 
aggravating‌‌circumstances‌. ‌ ‌ It‌  ‌is‌‌
  not‌‌
  a ‌‌matter‌‌
  of‌‌
  right‌‌
  but‌‌
  upon‌‌
  the‌‌
  sound‌‌
  discretion‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  ii. Precise‌‌degree‌‌of‌‌his‌‌culpability.‌‌and‌  ‌
court.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 156‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


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c. Ask‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌wishes‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌  ‌evidence‌‌   on‌‌  Sec‌‌5.‌‌  Withdrawal‌‌of‌‌improvident‌‌plea‌‌of‌‌guilty‌  ‌ 1. It‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌mode‌  ‌by‌  ‌which‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌assails‌  ‌the‌  ‌validity‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
his‌  ‌behalf‌  ‌and‌  ‌be‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌so‌  ‌if‌  ‌he‌  ‌so‌  ‌desires.‌‌  criminal‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information‌  ‌filed‌  ‌against‌  ‌him‌  ‌for‌‌ 
At‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌‌ ‌before‌‌ the‌‌ judgment‌‌ of‌‌ conviction‌‌ becomes‌‌ final‌, ‌‌the‌‌ court‌‌ 
(‌People‌‌v.‌‌Camay‌) ‌ ‌ insufficiency‌  ‌on‌‌   its‌‌
  face‌‌
  in‌‌
  point‌‌
  of‌‌
  law,‌‌
  or‌‌
  for‌‌
  ‌defects‌‌  ‌which‌‌ 
may‌  ‌permit‌  ‌an‌  ‌improvident‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌withdrawn‌  ‌and‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
are‌‌apparent‌‌in‌‌the‌‌face‌‌of‌‌the‌‌information.‌  ‌
2. Guidelines‌‌in‌‌the‌‌making‌‌of‌‌searching‌‌inquiry‌  ‌ substituted‌‌by‌‌a‌‌plea‌‌of‌‌not‌‌guilty.‌  ‌
2. A‌  ‌hypothetical‌  ‌admission‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌ 
a. Ascertain‌‌from‌‌accused‌  ‌ IMPROVIDENT‌‌PLEA‌‌OF‌‌GUILTY‌  ‌
information.‌  ‌
i. How‌‌he‌‌was‌‌brought‌‌into‌‌custody;‌  ‌ 1. It‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌withdrawn‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌before‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌fundamental‌  ‌test‌  ‌in‌  ‌determining‌  ‌the‌  ‌sufficiency‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
conviction‌‌becomes‌‌final.‌  ‌
ii. Whether‌  ‌he‌  ‌had‌  ‌legal‌  ‌assistance‌  ‌during‌‌  material‌  ‌averments‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌  ‌information‌  ‌is‌  ‌whether‌  ‌or‌  ‌not‌  ‌the‌‌ 
custodial‌‌and‌‌preliminary‌‌investigations;‌‌and‌  ‌ 2. Failure‌‌ to‌‌ conduct‌‌ searching‌‌ inquiry‌‌ renders‌‌ the‌‌ plea‌‌ of‌‌ guilty‌‌  facts‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌therein‌  ‌would‌  ‌establish‌‌
  the‌‌
  essential‌‌
  elements‌‌   of‌‌ 
as‌‌an‌‌improvident‌‌one.‌  ‌ the‌‌crime‌‌defined‌‌by‌‌law‌. ‌ ‌
iii. Under‌  ‌what‌  ‌conditions‌  ‌he‌  ‌was‌  ‌detained‌  ‌and‌‌ 
interrogated.‌  ‌ 3. Convictions‌‌   based‌‌   on‌‌  an‌‌
  improvident‌‌   plea‌‌
  are‌‌   set‌‌ aside‌‌ ‌only‌‌ if‌‌  4. Evidence‌  ‌aliunde‌  ‌or‌  ‌matters‌  ‌extrinsic‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  information‌‌
  are‌‌ 
such‌‌ plea‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ ‌sole‌‌ basis‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ judgment.‌‌ If‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ receives‌‌  not‌‌to‌‌be‌‌considered.‌  ‌
b. Ask‌‌  defense‌‌
  counsel‌‌
  whether‌‌
  he‌‌ has‌‌ fully‌‌ explained‌‌ to‌‌ 
additional‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌then‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌may‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌set‌  ‌aside,‌‌ 
the‌‌accused‌‌the‌‌meaning‌‌and‌‌consequences‌‌of‌‌his‌‌plea.‌  ‌ 5. It‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌OMNIBUS‌  ‌motion‌  ‌since‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌required‌  ‌that‌  ‌all‌‌ 
notwithstanding‌‌the‌‌improvidence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌plea.‌  ‌
c. Elicit‌  ‌information‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌profile‌  ‌of‌  ‌accused‌  ‌which‌‌  objections‌  ‌available‌  ‌at‌‌
  the‌‌
  time‌‌
  the‌‌
  motion‌‌   is‌‌
  filed‌‌
  should‌‌
  be‌‌ 
4. A‌‌
  plea‌‌   of‌‌
  guilty‌‌
  to‌‌
  an‌‌
  information‌‌   that‌‌  charges‌‌
  no‌‌ offense‌‌ such‌‌  invoked.‌‌   ‌
would‌‌   be‌‌
  a ‌‌trustworthy‌‌  index‌‌   of‌‌
  his‌‌
  capacity‌‌  to‌‌ give‌‌ a ‌‌
as‌‌  “‌Illegal‌‌  Possession‌‌  of‌‌ Counterfeit‌‌ Treasury‌‌ and‌‌ Bank‌‌ Notes”‌, ‌‌
free‌‌and‌‌informed‌‌plea‌‌of‌‌guilty:‌  ‌ 6. GR‌:‌‌  ‌Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌assert‌  ‌any‌  ‌ground‌  ‌before‌  ‌a ‌ ‌plea‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
does‌  ‌not‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌well‌‌ 
i. Age‌  ‌ complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌waiver‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌‌ 
recognized‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌ ‌plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌admission‌  ‌only‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
objections.‌  ‌
ii. Socio-economic‌‌status‌  ‌ material‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌information‌  ‌but‌  ‌not‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌‌ 
thus‌‌alleged‌‌constitute‌‌an‌‌offense.‌‌(P ‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Digoro‌) ‌ ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  The‌‌following‌‌are‌‌not‌‌waived‌(‌ Sec‌‌9)‌: ‌ ‌
iii. Educational‌‌background‌  ‌
5. A‌‌
  plea‌‌
  of‌‌ guilty‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ qualification‌‌ "hindi‌‌ ko‌‌ sinasadya."‌‌ The‌‌  a. That‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌charged‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌‌ 
d. Inform‌‌  accused‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌ exact‌‌ length‌‌ of‌‌ imprisonment‌‌ or‌‌  appellant's‌  ‌qualified‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌ ‌valid‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌‌  (Sec‌‌3[a]);‌  ‌
nature‌‌of‌‌the‌‌penalty.‌  ‌ guilty‌.‌‌(‌People‌‌v.‌‌De‌‌Luna‌) ‌ ‌
b. That‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌‌ 
e. Inquire‌  ‌if‌  ‌accused‌  ‌knows‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌‌
  with‌‌
  which‌‌
  he‌‌
  is‌‌  6. Counsel‌  ‌de‌  ‌officio's‌  ‌haste‌  ‌in‌  ‌proceeding‌‌   with‌‌  the‌‌  arraignment‌‌  charged‌(‌ Sec‌‌3[b]);‌  ‌
charged‌‌and‌‌fully‌‌explain‌‌to‌‌him‌‌the‌‌elements‌‌thereof.‌  ‌ falls‌  ‌short‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌standard‌  ‌mandated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌rules‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌‌ 
c. That‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌liability‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌ 
f. Questions‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌language‌  ‌known‌  ‌and‌‌  effective‌‌  and‌‌  adequate‌‌   counseling.‌‌ The‌‌ limited‌‌ time‌‌ allotted‌‌ for‌‌ 
extinguished‌(‌ Sec‌‌3[g]);‌  ‌
understood‌‌by‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ consultation‌  ‌with‌  ‌accused‌  ‌seriously‌  ‌casts‌  ‌doubt‌  ‌on‌  ‌whether‌‌ 
counsel‌  ‌de‌  ‌officio‌  ‌has‌  ‌indeed‌  ‌sufficiently‌  ‌explained‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  d. Double‌‌jeopardy‌(‌ Sec‌‌3[i]).‌  ‌
g. Judge‌‌
  must‌‌   be‌‌
  satisfied‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ truly‌‌ is‌‌ guilty.‌‌  accused‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌charged,‌  ‌the‌  ‌meaning‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌plea,‌  ‌and‌  ‌its‌‌ 
Accused‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌required‌  ‌to‌  ‌narrate‌  ‌the‌  ‌tragedy,‌  ‌or‌  7. Time‌  ‌for‌  ‌Filing.‌  ‌At‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌enters‌  ‌his‌‌ 
consequences.‌  ‌A ‌ r ‌ emand‌‌   ‌of‌‌  the‌‌  case‌‌  is‌‌  thus‌‌  proper.‌‌  (‌People‌‌  plea.‌‌(Sec‌‌1)‌  ‌
reenact‌‌it‌‌or‌‌furnish‌‌the‌‌missing‌‌details.‌  ‌
v.‌‌Bascuguin‌‌y‌‌Agquiz‌) ‌ ‌
h. The‌‌ primordial‌‌ purpose‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ avoid‌‌ ‌improvident‌‌ ‌pleas‌‌  8. GR‌:‌‌  ‌Not‌‌allowed‌‌in‌‌summary‌‌procedure.‌  ‌
of‌‌guilt.‌  ‌ Rule‌‌117.‌‌Motion‌‌to‌‌Quash‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  ‌On‌‌the‌‌ground‌‌of‌  ‌
a. Lack‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌matter;‌‌or‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 157‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

b. Failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌comply‌  ‌with‌  ‌barangay‌  ‌conciliation‌‌  (g) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌or‌  ‌liability‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  ‌ etition‌  ‌for‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌65‌  ‌not‌  ‌proper‌‌ 
P
proceedings‌  ‌(‌Sec‌  ‌18,‌  ‌1991‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌on‌  ‌Summary‌‌  extinguished‌.‌🟊 ‌ ‌ remedy.‌  ‌
Procedure‌)‌  ‌
(h) That‌‌  it‌‌
  contains‌‌
  averments‌‌ which,‌‌ if‌‌ true,‌‌ would‌‌ constitute‌‌  The‌  ‌remedy‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌movant‌  ‌to‌  ‌go‌‌
  to‌‌
  trial‌‌
  without‌‌ 
Motion‌‌to‌‌Quash‌v‌ s.‌‌‌Demurrer‌‌to‌‌Evidence‌  ‌ a‌‌legal‌‌excuse‌‌or‌‌justification.‌  ‌ prejudice‌‌
  to‌‌
  reiterating‌‌ the‌‌ special‌‌ defenses‌‌ invoked‌‌ in‌‌ 
the‌‌motion‌‌to‌‌quash.‌  ‌
(i) Double‌  ‌Jeopardy.‌  ‌That‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌previously‌‌ 
 ‌ Quash‌  ‌ Demurrer‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  ‌ ourt‌‌
C   acts‌‌
  with‌‌
  ‌grave‌‌ abuse‌‌ of‌‌ discretion‌‌ amounting‌‌ 
convicted‌  ‌or‌  ‌acquitted‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌‌
  charged,‌‌
  or‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌ 
against‌  ‌him‌  ‌was‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌or‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌terminated‌‌  to‌‌lack‌‌or‌‌in‌‌excess‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌
Before‌‌accused‌‌enters‌‌ 
When?‌  ‌ After‌‌prosecution‌‌rests‌  ‌
plea‌  ‌ without‌‌his‌‌express‌‌consent.‌🟊
‌  ‌ ‌ 4. When‌‌   motion‌‌
  is‌‌
  granted‌. ‌‌‌If‌‌
  motion‌‌ is‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌ alleged‌‌ defect‌‌ 
of‌‌
  the‌‌  information,‌‌   and‌‌
  such‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ cured,‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌ order‌‌ 
Leave‌‌of‌‌Court?‌  ‌ Not‌‌required‌  ‌ With‌‌or‌‌without‌  ‌ 🟊‌G‌ rounds‌‌not‌‌waived‌  ‌ that‌  ‌an‌  ‌amendment‌  ‌be‌  ‌made.‌  ‌If‌  ‌after‌  ‌such‌  ‌order,‌  ‌information‌‌ 
remains‌  ‌defective‌  ‌such‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌material‌  ‌averments‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌
Insufficiency‌‌of‌‌  constitute‌‌an‌‌offense,‌‌the‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌grant‌‌the‌‌motion.‌(‌ Sec‌‌4)‌  ‌
Grounds‌  ‌ Sec‌‌3‌‌Rule‌‌117‌  ‌
evidence‌  ‌ GR‌:‌‌  ‌ ourt‌  ‌shall‌  ‌only‌  ‌consider‌  ‌those‌‌
C   grounds‌‌
  stated‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  motion‌. ‌‌
GR‌:‌‌  ‌Not‌‌a‌‌bar‌‌to‌‌another‌‌prosecution‌‌for‌‌the‌‌same‌‌offense.‌  ‌
(Sec‌‌2)‌  ‌
Matters‌‌found‌‌in‌‌the‌‌  Outside‌‌of‌‌the‌‌  EXC‌:‌‌  ‌ o‌  ‌other‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information‌‌
N   can‌‌
  be‌‌
  filed‌‌
  if‌‌
  the‌‌ 
Based‌‌on‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  ‌ ourt‌  ‌will‌  ‌still‌  ‌consider‌  ‌even‌  ‌if‌  ‌not‌  ‌stated‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌if‌‌ 
C
Information‌  ‌ Information‌  ‌ ground‌‌for‌‌sustaining‌‌the‌‌motion‌‌to‌‌quash‌‌is‌‌based‌‌on:‌  ‌
ground‌‌‌is‌‌lack‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction‌‌over‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌charged.‌  ‌
If‌‌granted‌  ‌ Not‌‌a‌‌dismissal‌‌of‌‌case‌  ‌ Amounts‌‌to‌‌acquittal‌  ‌ a. Extinction‌‌of‌‌criminal‌‌liability;‌‌or‌  ‌
1. Invalid‌G
‌ rounds‌  ‌
b. Double‌‌jeopardy.‌(‌ Sec‌‌6)‌  ‌
Sec‌‌3.‌‌  Grounds‌  ‌ a. Execution‌‌of‌‌affidavit‌‌of‌‌desistance;‌  ‌
5. Matters‌  ‌of‌  ‌defense‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌raised‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash.‌‌ 
The‌  ‌accused‌  ‌may‌  ‌move‌‌ to‌‌ q uash‌‌ the‌‌ complaint‌‌ or‌‌ information‌‌ on‌‌ any‌‌ of‌‌  b. Absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause‌  ‌— ‌ ‌but‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌ground‌  ‌for‌‌ 
(‌People‌‌v.‌‌Odtuhan‌) ‌ ‌
the‌‌following‌‌grounds:‌  ‌ dismissal‌‌of‌‌case;‌  ‌
6. The‌‌   handling‌‌   prosecutor's‌‌   authority,‌‌   particularly‌‌   as‌‌ it‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ 
c. Matters‌  ‌of‌  ‌defense‌  ‌— ‌ ‌EXC‌: ‌ ‌double‌  ‌jeopardy‌  ‌or‌‌ 
‌ o‌‌not‌‌constitute‌‌an‌‌offense‌;‌‌🟊 ‌
(a) That‌‌the‌‌facts‌‌charged‌d ‌ appear‌‌   on‌‌
  the‌‌  face‌‌  of‌‌   the‌‌
  Information,‌‌   has‌‌ no‌‌ connection‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ 
extinguishment‌‌of‌‌criminal‌‌liability.‌  ‌
trial‌‌   court's‌‌   power‌‌   to‌‌   hear‌‌  and‌‌   decide‌‌   a ‌‌case.‌‌ Hence,‌‌ Sec.‌‌ 3 ‌‌(d),‌‌ 
(b) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌trying‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌‌ 
d. Absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌— ‌ ‌but‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌ Rule‌  ‌117,‌  ‌requiring‌  ‌a ‌ ‌handling‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌to‌  ‌secure‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prior‌‌ 
the‌‌offense‌‌‌charged;‌🟊
‌  ‌ ‌ ground‌‌for‌‌petition‌‌for‌‌reinvestigation.‌  ‌ written‌‌   authority‌‌   or‌‌  approval‌‌   from‌‌   the‌‌   provincial,‌‌   city‌‌ or‌‌ chief‌‌ 
(c) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌trying‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌has‌  ‌no‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌‌  2. Test‌  ‌in‌  ‌appreciating‌  ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌. ‌ ‌Whether‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌‌  state‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌before‌  ‌filing‌  ‌an‌  ‌Information‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌courts,‌‌ 
the‌‌person‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused;‌  ‌ alleged,‌  ‌if‌  ‌hypothetically‌  ‌admitted,‌  ‌would‌  ‌not‌  ‌establish‌  ‌the‌‌  may‌  ‌be‌  ‌waived‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌   through‌‌   silence,‌‌  acquiescence,‌‌ 
essential‌  ‌elements‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌as‌  ‌defined‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌without‌‌  or‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌raise‌  ‌such‌  ‌ground‌  ‌during‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌or‌  ‌before‌‌ 
(d) That‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌who‌  ‌filed‌  ‌the‌  ‌information‌  ‌had‌  ‌no‌‌ 
considering‌‌matters‌a ‌ liunde‌. ‌ ‌ entering‌  ‌a ‌‌plea.‌‌   If,‌‌
  at‌‌  all,‌‌
  such‌‌   deficiency‌‌   is‌‌
  merely‌‌   formal‌‌   and‌‌ 
authority‌‌‌to‌‌do‌‌so;‌  ‌
can‌‌   be‌‌
  cured‌‌   at‌‌
  any‌‌   stage‌‌   of‌‌ the‌‌ proceedings‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌criminal‌‌ case.‌‌ 
(e) That‌  ‌it‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌conform‌  ‌substantially‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌prescribed‌‌  Again‌, ‌ ‌as‌  ‌exceptions‌, ‌ ‌facts‌  ‌aliunde‌  ‌are‌  ‌considered‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌‌  (‌Villa‌‌Gomez‌‌v.‌‌People‌,‌‌November‌‌2020‌)  ‌‌ ‌
form‌; ‌ ‌ ground‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌double‌  ‌jeopardy‌  ‌or‌  ‌extinguishment‌  ‌of‌‌ 
criminal‌‌liability.‌  ‌ Sec‌‌7.‌‌  Former‌‌conviction‌‌or‌‌acquittal,‌‌double‌‌jeopardy‌.  ‌‌ ‌
(f) Multifariousness‌. ‌ ‌That‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌one‌  o ‌ ffense‌  ‌is‌‌ 
3. Remedy‌‌from‌‌Denial‌  ‌ NOTES‌‌ON‌‌DOUBLE‌‌JEOPARDY‌  ‌
charged‌  ‌except‌  ‌when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌single‌  ‌punishment‌  ‌for‌  ‌various‌‌ 
offenses‌‌is‌‌prescribed‌‌by‌‌law;‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 158‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

1. Sec‌  ‌21‌  ‌Art‌‌   III‌‌


  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  1987‌‌  Constitution.‌‌   ‌No‌‌   person‌‌  shall‌‌
  be‌‌  (d) Jeopardy‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌attach‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌‌defendant‌‌
  pleads‌‌
  ‌guilty‌‌  Such‌  ‌an‌‌
  act‌‌
  operates‌‌
  as‌‌
  a ‌‌‌waiver‌‌
  ‌of‌‌
  the‌‌
  defense‌‌
  of‌‌
  double‌‌ 
twice‌  ‌put‌  ‌in‌  ‌jeopardy‌  ‌of‌  ‌punishment‌  ‌for‌‌   the‌‌  ‌same‌‌   offense‌. ‌‌If‌‌  to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defective‌  ‌indictment‌‌
  that‌‌
  is‌‌
  voluntarily‌‌
  dismissed‌‌   by‌‌  jeopardy.‌  ‌
an‌  ‌act‌  ‌is‌  ‌punished‌  ‌by‌  ‌law‌  ‌and‌  ‌an‌  ‌ordinance,‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌or‌‌  the‌‌prosecution.‌  ‌
(d) Consent,‌‌to‌‌be‌‌express,‌‌must‌‌be:‌  ‌
acquittal‌  ‌under‌  ‌either‌  ‌shall‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌a ‌ ‌bar‌  ‌to‌  ‌another‌‌ 
(2) Before‌‌a‌‌court‌‌of‌‌competent‌‌jurisdiction;‌  ‌
prosecution‌‌for‌‌the‌s‌ ame‌‌act‌. ‌ ‌ (i) Positive;‌  ‌
(3) Arraignment‌‌of‌‌accused;‌  ‌
Jeopardy‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌danger‌  ‌of‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌and‌  ‌punishment‌  ‌which‌‌  (ii) Direct‌  ‌
the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌in‌  ‌a‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌incurs‌  ‌when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌valid‌‌  (4) Valid‌‌plea‌‌entered‌‌by‌‌accused;‌  ‌
(iii) Unequivocal;‌‌and‌  ‌
indictment‌‌has‌‌been‌‌found.‌  ‌ (a) Plea‌‌must‌‌be‌‌unconditional.‌‌   ‌
(iv) Requiring‌  ‌no‌  ‌inference‌  ‌or‌  ‌implication‌  ‌to‌  ‌supply‌‌ 
Primary‌‌ purpose‌‌ is‌‌ to‌‌ prevent‌‌ the‌‌ State‌‌ from‌‌ subjecting‌‌ citizens‌‌  (b) If‌  ‌accused‌  ‌upon‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌  ‌guilt,‌  ‌is‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌‌  its‌‌meaning.‌  ‌
to‌‌subsequent‌‌prosecutions.‌  ‌ evidence‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌mitigating‌  ‌circumstances,‌  ‌but‌  ‌ends‌  ‌up‌‌ 
4. Dismissals‌  ‌equivalent‌  ‌to‌  ‌acquittal‌  ‌even‌  ‌with‌  ‌consent.‌‌ 
Also‌  ‌called‌  ‌res‌  ‌judicata‌  ‌in‌  ‌prison‌  ‌grey‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌‌  justifying‌  ‌the‌  ‌killing,‌  ‌he‌  ‌effectively‌  ‌vacated‌  ‌his‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Double‌‌
  jeopardy‌‌  ‌APPLIES‌‌ ‌even‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ dismissal‌‌ is‌‌ with‌‌ express‌‌ 
double‌‌   jeopardy‌‌  prohibits‌‌
  the‌‌
  prosecution‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌crime‌‌ of‌‌ which‌‌  guilty.‌‌Thus,‌‌no‌‌valid‌‌plea‌‌has‌‌been‌‌entered.‌  ‌
consent‌‌of‌‌accused‌‌if‌‌predicated‌‌on‌‌either:‌  ‌
he‌‌has‌‌been‌‌previously‌‌convicted‌‌or‌‌acquitted.‌  ‌ What‌  ‌should‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌done‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌require‌‌   the‌‌
  accused‌‌   to‌‌ 
a. Insufficiency‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌—‌d
‌ emurrer‌;‌‌or‌  ‌
2. Double‌‌Jeopardy‌N
‌ ot‌‌Applicable‌  ‌ plead‌‌   anew‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌  charge,‌‌  or‌‌
  at‌‌
  least‌‌
  direct‌‌
  that‌‌
  a ‌‌new‌‌ plea‌‌ 
of‌  ‌not‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌be‌  ‌entered‌  ‌for‌  ‌him‌  ‌and‌  ‌conducted‌‌   a ‌‌trial‌‌
  on‌‌  b. Denial‌‌  of‌‌
  right‌‌
  to‌‌
  ‌speedy‌‌  trial‌‌
  ‌— ‌‌should‌‌ be‌‌ preceded‌‌ 
a. Administrative‌‌cases‌‌(I‌ casiano‌‌v.‌‌SB‌) ‌ ‌ by‌i‌ nsisting‌‌on‌‌a‌‌trial.‌  ‌
the‌‌merits.‌  ‌
b. There‌  ‌is‌  ‌variance‌  ‌between‌  ‌the‌  ‌elements‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌two‌‌  c. Discharge‌‌of‌‌accused‌‌as‌‌‌state‌‌witness‌. ‌ ‌
(5) Acquittal‌  ‌or‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌of‌  ‌accused,‌  ‌or‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌or‌‌ 
offenses‌‌charged.‌  ‌
termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌express‌  ‌consent‌  ‌of‌‌  5. Finality-of-acquittal‌‌doctrine‌.‌‌Purposes:‌  ‌
c. Preliminary‌‌investigation.‌  ‌ accused.‌  ‌
a. Prevents‌‌  the‌‌
  State‌‌ from‌‌ using‌‌ its‌‌ criminal‌‌ processes‌‌ as‌‌ 
3. Requisites‌  ‌ (a) First‌‌case‌‌has‌‌been‌‌validly‌‌terminated‌‌through:‌  ‌ an‌‌instrument‌‌of‌‌harassment;‌  ‌
(1) Valid‌‌indictment;‌  ‌ (i) Conviction;‌  ‌ b. Precludes‌  ‌the‌  ‌State‌  ‌from‌  ‌successively‌  ‌retrying‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(a) Sufficiency‌  ‌anchored‌  ‌on‌  ‌whether‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌is‌  ‌sustained‌‌  (ii) Acquittal;‌  ‌ accused‌‌in‌‌the‌‌hope‌‌of‌‌securing‌‌a‌‌conviction;‌‌and‌  ‌
via‌‌such‌‌indictment.‌  ‌ GR‌:‌ Finality-of-acquittal‌‌doctrine.‌  ‌ c. Precludes‌  ‌the‌  ‌State‌  ‌from‌  ‌retrying‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(b) Requisites‌‌in‌‌Sec‌‌6‌‌Rule‌‌110‌‌must‌‌be‌‌met.‌  ‌ hopes‌‌of‌‌a‌‌greater‌‌penalty.‌  ‌
EXC‌:‌‌  Prosecution‌‌is‌‌denied‌‌due‌‌process.‌‌   ‌
(i) Name‌‌of‌‌accused‌  ‌ Filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌by‌  ‌accused‌  ‌tantamount‌  ‌to‌  ‌waiver‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  right‌‌ 
(iii) Dismissal‌  ‌or‌  ‌termination‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌express‌‌ 
against‌‌double‌‌jeopardy.‌  ‌
(ii) Designation‌‌of‌‌offense‌‌given‌‌by‌‌statute;‌  ‌ consent‌o
‌ f‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
Although‌  ‌generally‌  ‌not‌  ‌reviewable,‌‌
  acquittal‌‌
  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  reviewed‌‌ 
(iii) Acts‌‌or‌‌omissions‌‌complained‌‌of;‌  ‌ (b) Thus,‌  ‌there‌  ‌attaches‌  ‌no‌  ‌double‌  ‌jeopardy‌  ‌by‌  ‌merely‌  ‌filing‌‌ 
where:‌  ‌
two‌‌informations‌‌charging‌‌the‌‌same‌‌offense.‌ 
(iv) Name‌‌of‌‌offended‌‌party;‌  ‌ a. There‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌deprivation‌  ‌of‌  ‌due‌‌
  process‌‌
  and‌‌
  when‌‌ 
(c) If‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌moves‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌alleging‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(v) Approximate‌‌date‌‌of‌‌commission‌‌of‌‌offense;‌  ‌ there‌‌is‌‌a‌‌finding‌‌of‌‌mistrial;‌‌or‌  ‌
crime‌‌   was‌‌ not‌‌ committed‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ territorial‌‌ jurisdiction‌‌ 
(vi) Place‌‌of‌‌commission.‌  ‌ of‌‌  the‌‌
  court,‌‌
  and‌‌  the‌‌
  same‌‌
  was‌‌ dismissed,‌‌ the‌‌ dismissal‌‌ is‌‌  b. There‌‌has‌‌been‌‌grave‌‌abuse‌‌of‌‌discretion.‌  ‌
with‌‌the‌‌express‌‌consent‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ 6. Double‌  ‌Jeopardy‌  ‌in‌  ‌Quasi-offenses‌. ‌ ‌In‌  ‌Ivler‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Modesto-San‌‌ 
(c) Facts‌‌alleged‌‌in‌‌Information‌‌must‌‌constitute‌‌an‌‌offense.‌  ‌
Pedro‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌emphasized‌  ‌the‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌that‌  ‌reckless‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 159‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

imprudence‌  ‌under‌  ‌Art‌  ‌365‌‌   of‌‌


  RPC‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌single‌‌  quasi-offense‌‌   by‌‌  party‌‌  ‌except‌‌
  ‌as‌‌
  provided‌‌
  in‌‌ section‌‌ 1 ‌‌(f)‌‌ of‌‌ Rule‌‌ 116.‌‌ (Sec‌‌ 
4. With‌‌  respect‌‌   to‌‌
  offenses‌‌   punishable‌‌ by‌‌ imprisonment‌‌ of‌‌ ‌more‌‌ 
itself.‌  ‌And,‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌careless‌  ‌act‌  ‌is‌  ‌single,‌  ‌regardless‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  7)‌  ‌
than‌  ‌six‌  ‌(6)‌  ‌years‌, ‌ ‌their‌‌
  provisional‌‌
  dismissal‌‌   shall‌‌
  become‌‌ 
number‌‌   of‌‌
  victims,‌‌  the‌‌
  offense‌‌   remains‌‌   one‌‌
  and‌‌  the‌‌
  same,‌‌ and‌‌ 
Where‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌satisfies‌  ‌or‌  ‌serves‌  ‌in‌  ‌whole‌‌   or‌‌  in‌‌
  part‌‌
  the‌‌  permanent‌  ‌two‌  ‌(2)‌  ‌years‌  ‌after‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  order‌‌
  without‌‌ 
cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌split‌  ‌into‌  ‌different‌  ‌crimes‌  ‌and‌  ‌prosecution.‌ 
judgment,‌  ‌he‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌credited‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌event‌  ‌of‌‌  the‌‌case‌‌having‌‌been‌‌revived.‌  ‌
Thus,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌second‌  ‌information‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌offense‌‌ 
conviction‌‌for‌‌the‌‌graver‌‌offense.‌(‌ Sec‌‌7)‌  ‌
constitutes‌  ‌double‌  ‌jeopardy‌  ‌after‌‌   the‌‌  accused‌‌   pleaded‌‌  guilty‌‌  5. Sec‌  ‌14‌  ‌AM‌  ‌No‌  ‌12-11-2-SC.‌  ‌The‌  ‌one‌  ‌or‌  ‌two-year‌  ‌period‌‌ 
on‌‌the‌‌first‌‌information.‌  ‌ 10. Meaning‌‌of‌‌SAME‌‌OFFENSE‌  ‌ allowed‌  ‌for‌  ‌reviving‌  ‌a ‌ ‌criminal‌  ‌case‌  ‌that‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌‌ 
provisionally‌‌ dismissed‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ reckoned‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ issuance‌‌ of‌‌ 
7. Cañ iza‌  ‌moved‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌Information‌  ‌on‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌that‌‌  a. Another‌‌offense‌‌charged;‌  ‌
the‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌dismissal.‌  ‌The‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌shall‌  ‌become‌‌ 
the‌  ‌allegations‌  ‌made‌  ‌therein‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌constitute‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌‌  b. An‌‌attempt‌‌to‌‌commit‌‌or‌‌a‌‌frustration‌‌thereof;‌‌or‌  ‌ automatically‌‌   permanent‌‌   if‌‌
  the‌‌
  case‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌ revived‌‌ within‌‌ 
and/or‌‌   that‌‌ the‌‌ first‌‌ Information‌‌ contained‌‌ allegations‌‌ which,‌‌ if‌‌ 
c. Any‌  ‌offense‌  ‌which‌  ‌necessarily‌  ‌includes‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌necessarily‌‌  the‌‌  required‌‌   period‌. ‌‌Such‌‌ permanent‌‌ dismissal‌‌ shall‌‌ amount‌‌ 
true,‌‌constituted‌‌a‌‌legal‌‌excuse‌‌or‌‌justification.‌‌   ‌
included‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌previous‌  to‌‌an‌‌adjudication‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case‌‌on‌‌the‌‌merits.‌  ‌
These‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌indicate‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌  ‌requisite‌  ‌in‌‌  information‌‌or‌‌complaint.‌  ‌ 6. A‌  ‌case‌  ‌is‌  ‌provisionally‌  ‌dismissed‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌following‌‌ 
double‌‌ jeopardy.‌‌ Furthermore,‌‌ and‌‌ more‌‌ importantly,‌‌ dismissal‌‌ 
Prosecution‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌act‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌prohibited.‌  ‌What‌  ‌is‌‌  requirements‌c‌ oncur:‌  ‌
of‌‌
  a ‌‌criminal‌‌   action‌‌   on‌‌
  this‌‌ basis‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ properly‌‌ considered‌‌ as‌‌ 
amounting‌  ‌to‌  ‌an‌  ‌acquittal‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌merits;‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌ ‌legal‌‌  forbidden‌‌is‌‌the‌p
‌ rosecution‌o ‌ f‌‌the‌‌same‌‌offense‌. ‌ ‌ a. the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌express‌  ‌conformity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
standpoint,‌  ‌the‌  ‌defendant‌  ‌is‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌as‌  ‌not‌  ‌having‌  ‌been‌‌  11. Identical‌‌acts,‌‌but‌‌constitute‌‌DIFFERENT‌‌OFFENSES‌  ‌ accused,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused,‌  ‌moves‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌provisional‌‌ 
charged‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  commission‌‌   of‌‌
  any‌‌   offense‌‌ whatsoever‌‌ under‌‌  dismissal‌  ‌(sin‌  ‌perjuicio)‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌case;‌  ‌or‌  ‌both‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌  ‌deficient‌  ‌information‌. ‌ ‌Consequently,‌  ‌Cañ iza's‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌‌  a. Theft‌‌of‌‌electricity‌‌under‌‌RPC‌‌&‌‌Violation‌‌of‌‌PD‌‌401;‌  ‌ prosecution‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  accused‌‌   move‌‌
  for‌‌
  its‌‌
  provisional‌‌ 
second‌‌   jeopardy‌‌   cannot‌‌   be‌‌
  sustained:‌‌   he‌‌
  effectively‌‌ waived‌‌ his‌‌  b. Illegal‌‌Recruitment‌‌&‌‌Estafa;‌  ‌ dismissal;‌  ‌
right‌  ‌to‌  ‌assert‌  ‌that‌  ‌plea‌  ‌when‌  ‌he‌  ‌moved‌  ‌to‌  ‌quash‌  ‌the‌  ‌first‌‌  b. the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌notified‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌‌
c. Violation‌‌of‌‌BP‌‌22‌‌&‌‌Estafa;‌  ‌
Information‌‌filed‌‌against‌‌him.‌‌(C ‌ añiza‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌ provisional‌‌dismissal‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case;‌  ‌
d. Direct‌  ‌bribery‌‌  under‌‌   Art‌‌
  210‌‌
  of‌‌
  RPC‌‌  & ‌‌those‌‌
  violating‌‌   Sec‌‌ 
8. In‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused,‌  ‌he‌  ‌waives‌  ‌his‌  ‌right‌  ‌not‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌  c. the‌  ‌court‌  ‌issues‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌granting‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌and‌‌ 
3(b)‌‌of‌‌RA‌‌3019.‌  ‌
subject‌‌   to‌‌
  double‌‌ jeopardy.‌‌ Thus,‌‌ appellant‌‌ could‌‌ not‌‌ have‌‌ been‌‌  dismissing‌‌the‌‌case‌‌provisionally;‌‌and‌  ‌
placed‌‌   twice‌‌ in‌‌ jeopardy‌‌ when‌‌ the‌‌ CA‌‌ modified‌‌ the‌‌ ruling‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌  Sec‌‌8.‌‌   Provisional‌‌dismissal‌  ‌
RTC‌‌   by‌‌  finding‌‌
  him‌‌ guilty‌‌ of‌‌ robbery‌‌ with‌‌ homicide‌‌ as‌‌ charged‌‌  d. the‌  ‌public‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌is‌  ‌served‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ order‌‌   of‌‌ provisional‌‌ dismissal‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ case.‌‌ (‌Los‌‌ Baños‌‌ 
in‌‌the‌‌Information‌‌instead‌‌of‌‌murder.‌‌(P ‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Torres‌) ‌ ‌
1. Contemplates‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌‌  v.‌‌Pedro‌) ‌ ‌
9. When‌  ‌double‌  ‌jeopardy‌  ‌inapplicable‌  ‌despite‌  ‌prior‌‌ 
temporary‌  ‌and‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌revived‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌period‌  ‌set‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  7. Unlike‌  ‌in‌‌   private‌‌   crimes‌‌   where‌‌   the‌‌  participation‌‌   of‌‌   the‌‌  private‌‌ 
conviction.‌  ‌
Rules‌‌of‌‌Court.‌  ‌ offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌is‌  ‌generally‌  ‌required‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌recovery‌  ‌of‌  ‌civil‌‌ 
(a) the‌  ‌graver‌  ‌offense‌  ‌developed‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌supervening‌  ‌facts‌‌  liability,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌instant‌  ‌case,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌particular‌  ‌private‌‌ 
2. A‌‌case‌‌shall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌provisionally‌‌dismissed‌‌except‌‌with‌‌   ‌
arising‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌  ‌omission‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌the‌‌  offended‌‌   party‌‌   who‌‌   can‌‌   actually‌‌   file‌‌
  the‌‌   motion‌‌   to‌‌ revive‌. ‌‌
former‌‌charge;‌  ‌ a. the‌‌express‌‌consent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌‌and‌  ‌ Hence,‌  ‌in‌  ‌some‌  ‌instances,‌  ‌as‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌  ‌case,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌arresting‌‌ 
(b) the‌  ‌facts‌  ‌constituting‌  ‌the‌  ‌graver‌  ‌charge‌‌
  became‌‌
  known‌‌   or‌‌  b. with‌‌notice‌t‌ o‌‌the‌‌offended‌‌party.‌  ‌ officer,‌‌   PO2‌‌
  Villas,‌‌   who‌‌
  filed‌‌   the‌‌   motion‌‌   to‌‌
  revive‌‌   the‌‌   case‌‌ out‌‌ 
were‌  ‌discovered‌  ‌only‌  ‌after‌  ‌a ‌ ‌plea‌  ‌was‌  ‌entered‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌  of‌  ‌his‌  ‌sense‌  ‌of‌  ‌duty‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌police‌  ‌officer‌  ‌and‌‌   compelled‌‌   by‌‌
  his‌‌ 
3. The‌  ‌provisional‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌of‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌punishable‌  ‌by‌‌ 
former‌‌complaint‌‌or‌‌information;‌‌or‌  ‌ sense‌  ‌of‌  ‌obligation‌  ‌considering‌‌   that‌‌  he‌‌
  knew‌‌   his‌‌
  absence‌‌   was‌‌ 
imprisonment‌  ‌not‌  ‌exceeding‌  ‌six‌  ‌(6)‌  ‌years‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌fine‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌‌ 
the‌  ‌cause‌  ‌why‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌was‌  ‌provisionally‌  ‌dismissed.‌‌ 
(c) the‌  ‌plea‌  ‌of‌‌
  guilty‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  lesser‌‌
  offense‌‌
  was‌‌
  made‌‌   ‌without‌‌  amount,‌  ‌or‌  ‌both,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌become‌  ‌permanent‌  ‌one‌  ‌(1)‌‌   year‌‌  after‌‌ 
(‌Saldariega‌‌v.‌‌Panganiban‌) ‌ ‌
the‌  ‌consent‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌and‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌‌  issuance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌order‌‌without‌‌the‌‌case‌‌having‌‌been‌‌revived.‌‌   ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 160‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

from‌  ‌arraignment,‌  ‌in‌  ‌time‌  ‌for‌  ‌pre-trial‌. ‌ ‌(Sec‌  ‌8[c],‌  ‌AM‌  ‌No‌‌ 
AM‌‌No‌‌12-11-2-SC.‌‌   ‌ Time-‌‌ 
NO‌  ‌ YES‌  ‌ 12-11-2-SC)‌  ‌
barred‌  ‌
Guidelines‌‌for‌‌Decongesting‌‌Holding‌‌Jails‌‌by‌‌Enforcing‌‌the‌‌Rights‌‌ 
4. Petitioners'‌‌   repeated‌‌
  failure‌‌  to‌‌
  appear‌‌  at‌‌ the‌‌ pre-trial‌‌ amounted‌‌ 
of‌‌Accused‌‌Persons‌‌to‌‌Bail‌‌and‌‌to‌‌Speedy‌‌Trial‌  ‌  ‌
to‌‌
  a ‌‌failure‌‌ to‌‌ comply‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ Rules‌‌ and‌‌ their‌‌ non-presentation‌‌ 
SECTION‌‌10.‌P
‌ rovisional‌‌Dismissal‌.‌‌—  ‌‌ ‌ of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court‌  ‌was‌  ‌essentially‌‌   due‌‌
  to‌‌
  their‌‌ 
Rule‌‌118.‌‌Pre-trial‌  ‌ fault.‌‌(T ‌ olentino‌‌v.‌‌Heirs‌‌of‌‌Laurel-Ascalon‌) ‌ ‌
(a) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌delays‌  ‌are‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌essential‌‌ 
witness‌  ‌whose‌  ‌whereabouts‌  ‌are‌  ‌unknown‌  ‌or‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌‌  Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Pre-trial;‌‌mandatory‌‌in‌‌criminal‌‌cases‌  ‌ 5. A‌  ‌stipulation‌  ‌of‌  ‌facts‌  ‌in‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOW‌  ‌expressly‌‌ 
determined‌  ‌and,‌  ‌therefore,‌  ‌are‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌exclusion‌  ‌in‌‌  sanctioned‌  ‌by‌  ‌law.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌not‌  ‌only‌  ‌during‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌but‌‌ 
determining‌‌   compliance‌‌   with‌‌
  the‌‌
  prescribed‌‌ time‌‌ limits‌‌ which‌‌  In‌  ‌ALL‌  ‌CRIMINAL‌  ‌CASES‌  ‌cognizable‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Sandiganbayan,‌  ‌RTC,‌  ‌MTC,‌‌ 
also‌‌   and‌‌ with‌‌ more‌‌ reason,‌‌ during‌‌ trial‌‌ proper‌‌ itself.‌‌ (‌People‌‌ v.‌‌ 
MeTC,‌  ‌MCTC,‌  ‌MTCC,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌after‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌and‌  ‌within‌‌ 
caused‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌to‌  ‌exceed‌  ‌one‌‌  hundred‌‌   eighty‌‌   (180)‌‌   days‌, ‌‌ Hernandez‌) ‌ ‌
thirty‌  ‌(30)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌acquires‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌‌ 
the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌provisionally‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌the‌  ‌action‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ 
express‌‌consent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌detained‌‌accused.‌  ‌
person‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌
  accused‌, ‌ ‌unless‌‌   ‌a ‌ ‌shorter‌  ‌period‌  ‌is‌  ‌provided‌  ‌for‌  ‌in‌  ‌special‌‌  Sec‌‌3.‌‌  Non-appearance‌‌at‌‌pre-trial‌‌conference‌  ‌
laws‌  ‌or‌  ‌circulars‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌  ‌Court,‌  ‌order‌  ‌a ‌ ‌pre-trial‌  ‌conference‌  ‌to‌‌ 
(b) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌delays‌  ‌are‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌essential‌‌  consider‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ accused‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ prosecutor‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ appear‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ 
pre-trial‌  ‌conference‌  ‌and‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ offer‌‌ an‌‌ acceptable‌‌ excuse‌‌ for‌‌ h is‌‌ lack‌‌ 
witness‌  ‌whose‌  ‌presence‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌by‌  ‌due‌‌  (a) plea‌‌b argaining;‌  ‌ of‌‌cooperation,‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌impose‌‌proper‌‌‌s anctions‌‌or‌‌penalties‌. ‌ ‌
diligence‌  ‌though‌  ‌his‌  ‌whereabouts‌  ‌are‌  ‌known‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
shall‌‌
  provisionally‌‌   dismiss‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ express‌‌ consent‌‌  (b) stipulation‌‌of‌‌facts;‌  ‌ Sec‌‌4.‌‌  Pre-trial‌‌order‌  ‌
of‌‌the‌‌detained‌‌accused‌‌provided:‌  ‌ (c) marking‌‌for‌‌identification‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌parties;‌  ‌
NOTES‌  ‌
(i) the‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌previously‌  twice‌‌  (d) waiver‌‌of‌‌objections‌‌to‌‌admissibility‌‌of‌‌evidence;‌  ‌
1. Duty‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Judge‌‌before‌‌pre-trial‌.‌‌The‌‌judge‌‌must‌‌study‌‌   ‌
postponed‌;‌‌and‌  ‌
(e) modification‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌trial‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌admits‌  ‌the‌‌ 
a. the‌‌allegations‌‌of‌‌the‌‌information,‌‌   ‌
(ii) there‌  ‌is‌  ‌proof‌  ‌of‌  ‌service‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌pertinent‌  ‌notices‌  ‌of‌‌  charge‌‌b ut‌‌interposes‌‌a‌‌lawful‌‌defense;‌‌and‌  ‌
hearings‌‌   or‌‌
  subpoenas‌‌   upon‌‌   the‌‌  essential‌‌ witness‌‌ and‌‌  (f ) such‌  ‌other‌  ‌matters‌  ‌as‌  ‌will‌  ‌promote‌‌ a ‌‌fair‌‌ and‌‌ expeditious‌‌ trial‌‌  b. the‌‌statements‌‌in‌‌the‌‌affidavits‌‌of‌‌witnesses‌‌and‌‌   ‌
the‌‌offended‌‌party.‌  ‌ of‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌and‌‌civil‌‌aspects‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌ c. other‌  ‌documentary‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌which‌  ‌form‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(c) For‌  ‌the‌  ‌above‌  ‌purpose,‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌or‌  ‌private‌‌
  prosecutor‌‌
  shall‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌ record‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation.‌  ‌(I-B[4],‌  ‌AM‌‌ 
first‌‌
  present‌‌  during‌‌  the‌‌
  trial‌‌
  the‌‌
  essential‌‌ witness‌‌ or‌‌ witnesses‌‌  No‌‌03-1-09-SC)‌  ‌
to‌‌the‌‌case‌‌before‌‌anyone‌‌else.‌‌   ‌ 1. Under‌‌present‌‌rules:‌  ‌
2. Agreements‌. ‌ ‌All‌  ‌agreements‌  ‌or‌  ‌admissions‌  ‌made‌  ‌or‌  ‌entered‌‌ 
An‌  ‌essential‌  ‌witness‌  ‌is‌  ‌one‌  ‌whose‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌dwells‌  ‌on‌‌   the‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  No‌‌evidence‌‌other‌‌than‌‌those‌‌presented‌‌and‌‌marked‌‌  during‌‌the‌‌pre-trial‌‌conference‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌   ‌
presence‌‌  of‌‌
  some‌‌  or‌‌ all‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ elements‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ crime‌‌ and‌‌ whose‌‌  during‌‌pre-trial‌‌are‌‌allowed‌‌to‌‌be‌‌offered‌‌during‌‌trial.‌  ‌
a. reduced‌‌in‌‌writing,‌‌and‌‌   ‌
testimony‌‌is‌‌indispensable‌‌to‌‌the‌‌conviction‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌‌  When‌‌allowed‌‌for‌‌good‌‌cause‌‌shown.‌  ‌
b. signed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌and‌‌counsel,‌‌   ‌
Withdrawal‌‌of‌‌Information‌v‌ s.‌M
‌ otion‌‌to‌‌Dismiss‌  ‌ 2. Mandatory.‌I‌ n‌‌all‌‌criminal‌‌cases‌.‌‌(see‌‌NPC‌‌v.‌‌Adiong‌) ‌ ‌
otherwise‌, ‌ ‌they‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌. ‌ ‌(I-B[8],‌‌ 
 ‌ Withdraw‌  ‌ Dismiss‌  ‌ 3. When‌‌   Held.‌‌
  Under‌‌ ‌AM‌‌ No‌‌ 12-11-2-SC‌, ‌‌the‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌ hold‌‌ the‌  AM‌‌No‌‌03-1-09-SC)‌  ‌
pre-trial‌  ‌conference‌  ‌within‌  ‌30‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌or‌‌ 
Attains‌‌finality‌‌15‌‌days‌‌  Attains‌‌finality‌‌15‌‌days‌‌  within‌‌10‌‌days‌‌‌if‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌under‌‌preventive‌‌detention.‌  ‌ All‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌recorded,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
from‌‌receipt,‌w‌ ithout‌‌  from‌‌receipt,‌w‌ ith‌‌  transcripts‌  ‌prepared‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌minutes‌  ‌signed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌parties‌‌ 
Effect‌  ‌ Should‌  ‌direct‌  ‌testimonies‌  ‌be‌  ‌presented‌  ‌through‌  ‌judicial‌‌ 
prejudice‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌refiling‌‌of‌  prejudice‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌refiling‌‌of‌  and/or‌‌their‌‌counsels.‌‌(I-B[9],‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌03-1-09-SC)‌  ‌
the‌‌information‌  ‌ the‌‌information‌  ‌ affidavits‌, ‌ ‌prosecution‌  ‌should‌  ‌submit‌  ‌such‌  ‌within‌  ‌20‌  ‌days‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 161‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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3. Effect‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌trial‌‌


  judge‌‌
  shall‌‌
  issue‌‌
  a ‌‌Pre-trial‌‌
  Order‌‌
  ‌within‌‌   ten‌‌  used‌‌against‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ d. Civil‌‌aspect‌‌of‌q
‌ uasi-offenses‌‌under‌‌Title‌‌14‌‌of‌‌RPC;‌  ‌
(10)‌‌   days‌‌ after‌‌ the‌‌ termination‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ pre-trial‌‌ ‌setting‌‌ forth‌‌ 
e. Civil‌‌aspect‌‌of‌e
‌ stafa‌‌‌and‌‌libel‌; ‌ ‌
the‌  ‌actions‌  ‌taken‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌conference,‌  ‌the‌  ‌facts‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌JUDICIAL‌‌DISPUTE‌‌RESOLUTION‌  ‌
stipulated,‌‌   the‌‌   admissions‌‌ made,‌‌ evidence‌‌ marked,‌‌ the‌‌ number‌‌  f. Civil‌‌aspect‌‌of‌t‌ heft.‌  ‌
1. Aimed‌  ‌at‌  ‌contributing‌  ‌significantly‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌of‌‌ 
of‌‌witnesses‌‌to‌‌be‌‌presented‌‌and‌‌the‌‌schedule‌‌of‌‌trial.‌‌   ‌ mediatable‌‌‌cases,‌‌thereby:‌  ‌ 4. Mediation‌‌under‌‌Continuous‌‌Trial‌  ‌
Said‌  ‌Order‌  ‌shall‌‌
  bind‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties,‌‌
  limit‌‌   the‌‌
  trial‌‌
  to‌‌
  matters‌‌   not‌‌  a. Increasing‌  ‌the‌  ‌satisfaction‌  ‌of‌  ‌litigants‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌  (a) The‌  ‌following‌  ‌cases‌  ‌shall‌‌  be‌‌
  referred‌‌   to‌‌
  mediation‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌ 
disposed‌‌ of‌‌ and‌‌ control‌‌ the‌‌ course‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ during‌‌ the‌‌ trial.‌‌  process,‌‌and‌  ‌ civil‌‌
  liability‌‌
  unless‌‌   a ‌‌settlement‌‌   is‌‌
  reached‌‌  earlier‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌ 
(I-B[10],‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌03-1-09-SC)‌  ‌ pre-trial/preliminary‌‌conference:‌  ‌
b. Helping‌‌to‌‌decongest‌‌court‌‌dockets.‌  ‌
Pre-trial‌‌in‌‌CIVIL‌v‌ s.‌C
‌ RIMINAL‌‌cases‌  ‌ (i) Crimes‌  ‌where‌  ‌payment‌  ‌may‌  ‌prevent‌  ‌criminal‌‌ 
Another‌  ‌goal‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌strengthen‌  ‌conciliation‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌pre-trial‌‌ 
 ‌ CIVIL‌  ‌ CRIMINAL‌  ‌ prosecution‌  ‌or‌  ‌may‌  ‌extinguish‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌liability,‌‌ 
stage‌‌to‌‌expedite‌‌resolution‌‌of‌‌cases.‌ 
such‌‌as‌‌violations‌‌of:‌  ‌
Initiated‌‌by‌  ‌ Motion‌e‌ x‌‌parte‌‌‌(Sec‌‌1‌‌  No‌‌need‌  ‌ 2. Judicial‌‌proceedings‌‌with‌‌JDR‌‌divided‌‌to‌2
‌ ‌‌stages‌:‌ 
(1) B.P.‌‌Blg.‌‌22;‌  ‌
Rule‌‌18)‌1  ‌ a. From‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌complaint,‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(2) SSS‌  ‌Law‌  ‌(R.A.‌  ‌No.‌  ‌1161,‌  ‌as‌  ‌amended‌  ‌by‌‌ 
Court-Annexed‌  ‌Mediation‌  ‌(CAM)‌  ‌and‌  ‌JDR‌  ‌during‌‌ 
Set‌  ‌ Not‌‌later‌‌than‌‌sixty‌‌(60)‌‌  After‌‌arraignment,‌‌and‌‌  R.A.‌‌No.‌‌8282);‌‌and‌  ‌
the‌‌pre-trial‌‌stage;‌  ‌
calendar‌‌days‌‌from‌‌the‌‌  within‌‌30‌‌days‌‌of‌‌ 
(3) PAG-IBIG‌‌Law‌‌(R.A.‌‌No.‌‌9679).‌  ‌
filing‌‌of‌‌the‌‌last‌‌  acquiring‌‌jurisdiction‌‌  ➔ GR‌: ‌ ‌The‌  ‌JDR‌  ‌judge‌  ‌shall‌‌
  not‌‌
  preside‌‌
  over‌‌
  the‌‌
  trial,‌‌
  to‌‌ 
responsive‌‌pleading‌‌  over‌‌the‌‌person‌  ‌ make‌‌parties‌‌assured‌‌and‌‌more‌‌spontaneous.‌  ‌ (ii) Crimes‌  ‌against‌  ‌property‌  ‌under‌  ‌Title‌  ‌10‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(‌supra‌)  ‌‌ ‌ Revised‌  ‌Penal‌  ‌Code‌  ‌(RPC),‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌obligation‌‌ 
➔ The‌  ‌judge‌  ‌neutrally‌  ‌evaluates‌  ‌the‌  ‌strengths‌  ‌and‌‌ 
may‌‌be‌‌civil‌‌in‌‌nature,‌‌such‌‌as:‌  ‌
weaknesses‌  ‌of‌‌   the‌‌
  case‌‌
  of‌‌
  both‌‌
  parties‌‌
  and‌‌
  persuades‌‌ 
Purpose‌  ‌ Compromise,‌‌alternative‌‌  An‌‌offer‌‌of‌‌compromise‌‌= ‌‌
the‌‌parties‌‌to‌‌enter‌‌into‌‌an‌‌amicable‌‌settlement.‌  ‌ (1) Theft‌  ‌under‌‌  Art.‌‌
  308,‌‌
  RPC,‌‌
  cognizable‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌ 
modes‌‌of‌‌dispute‌‌  implied‌‌admission‌‌of‌‌ 
first‌‌level‌‌courts;‌  ‌
resolution‌‌(Sec‌‌2[a]‌‌Rule‌‌  guilt,‌e‌ xcept‌‌‌in‌‌  ➔ Process‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌confidential‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌judge‌‌
  may‌‌
  confer‌‌ 
18)‌  ‌ quasi-offenses,‌‌or‌‌those‌‌  in‌‌confidence‌‌with‌‌the‌‌previous‌‌mediator,‌‌if‌‌any.‌  ‌ (2) Estafa‌  ‌under‌  ‌Art.‌  ‌315‌‌
  (1),‌‌
  RPC,‌‌
  except‌‌
  estafa‌‌ 
allowed‌‌by‌‌law.‌  under‌‌Art.‌‌315‌‌(2)‌‌and‌‌(3);‌  ‌
b. Pre-trial‌‌proper‌‌to‌‌trial‌‌and‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
Non-‌‌  Sanction‌‌upon‌‌  Sanction‌‌upon‌‌defense‌‌  (3) Other‌  ‌forms‌  ‌of‌  ‌swindling‌  ‌under‌  ‌Art.‌  ‌316,‌‌ 
3. Cases‌‌for‌‌JDR‌  ‌ RPC;‌  ‌
appearance‌  ‌ non-appearing‌‌party‌  ‌ counsel,‌‌or‌‌prosecutor‌  ‌
a. All‌  ‌civil‌  ‌cases‌, ‌ ‌settlement‌  ‌of‌‌
  estates,‌‌
  and‌‌
  cases‌‌
  under‌‌
  the‌‌  (4) Swindling‌‌of‌‌a‌‌minor‌‌‌under‌‌Art.‌‌317,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌
Briefs‌  ‌ Required‌  ‌ Not‌‌required‌  ‌ Rule‌‌on‌‌Summary‌‌procedure,‌e‌ xcept‌  ‌
(5) Other‌‌deceits‌u
‌ nder‌‌Art.‌‌318,‌‌RPC;‌‌and‌  ‌
i. Violation‌‌of‌‌traffic‌‌rules;‌  ‌
Record‌  ‌ Required‌  ‌ (6) Malicious‌‌mischief‌‌‌under‌‌Art.‌‌327,‌‌RPC.‌  ‌
ii. Violation‌‌of‌‌ordinances;‌  ‌
No‌‌strict‌‌warning‌  ‌ Shall‌‌be‌‌reduced‌‌in‌‌  (iii) Crimes‌‌   against‌‌
  honor‌‌  under‌‌  ‌Title‌‌
  13‌, ‌‌RPC,‌‌
  where‌‌ 
writing‌‌and‌‌signed‌‌by‌‌  iii. Others‌‌which‌‌by‌‌law‌‌may‌‌not‌‌be‌‌compromised‌  ‌ the‌‌liability‌‌may‌‌be‌‌civil‌‌in‌‌nature,‌‌such‌‌as:‌  ‌
accused‌‌or‌‌counsel,‌‌  b. Cases‌  ‌cognizable‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Lupong‌  ‌Tagapamayapa‌‌
  under‌‌
  the‌‌  (1) Libel‌‌
  ‌by‌‌
  means‌‌  of‌‌
  writings‌‌
  or‌‌
  similar‌‌
  means‌‌ 
otherwise‌‌‌they‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌  Katarungang‌‌Pambarangay‌‌Law‌; ‌ ‌ under‌‌Art.‌‌355,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌
c. Civil‌‌aspect‌‌of‌B
‌ P‌‌22‌‌cases;‌  ‌
1
‌As‌‌per‌‌the‌‌2019‌‌amendments,‌‌there‌‌is‌‌also‌‌no‌‌need‌‌for‌‌a‌‌motion.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 162‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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(2) Threatening‌‌   to‌‌


  publish‌‌   and‌‌
  offer‌‌
  to‌‌ present‌‌  The‌‌   mediation‌‌   shall‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌terminated‌‌ within‌‌ a ‌‌non-extendible‌‌  (7) Delay‌  ‌reasonably‌  ‌attributable‌‌ to‌‌ any‌‌ period,‌‌ not‌‌ to‌‌ exceed‌‌ 
such‌  ‌publication‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌compensation‌  ‌under‌‌  period‌‌   of‌‌
  thirty‌‌   (30)‌‌  calendar‌‌   days‌‌  from‌‌  the‌‌
  date‌‌ of‌‌ referral‌‌  thirty‌  ‌( 30)‌‌ days,‌‌ during‌‌ which‌‌ any‌‌ proceeding‌‌ concerning‌‌ 
Art.‌‌356,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌ by‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌PMC‌‌   Unit.‌‌
  After‌‌
  the‌‌  lapse‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  mediation‌‌  the‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌actually‌‌u nder‌‌advisement.‌  ‌
period‌‌or‌‌if‌‌mediation‌‌fails,‌‌trial‌‌shall‌‌proceed.‌  ‌ (b) Any‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(3) Prohibited‌‌   publication‌‌   of‌‌
  acts‌‌ referred‌‌ to‌‌ in‌‌ 
the‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌  ‌official‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌under‌‌   Art.‌‌  Except‌  ‌those‌  ‌cases‌  ‌mentioned‌  ‌above,‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases‌‌  ‌subject‌‌  unavailability‌‌of‌‌an‌‌essential‌‌w itness‌. ‌ ‌
357,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌ to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rule‌‌
  on‌‌
  Summary‌‌   Procedure‌‌   shall‌‌
  not‌‌  be‌‌
  referred‌‌  For‌  ‌purposes‌  ‌of‌  ‌this‌  ‌subparagraph,‌  ‌an‌  ‌essential‌‌ witness‌‌ shall‌‌ 
to‌‌mediation.‌(‌ III-9,‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌15-06-10-SC)‌  ‌ be‌  ‌considered‌  ‌absent‌  ‌when‌  ‌h is‌  ‌whereabouts‌  ‌are‌‌ u nknown‌‌ or‌‌ 
(4) Grave‌‌   Slander‌‌ (Grave‌‌ Oral‌‌ Defamation)‌‌ — ‌‌of‌‌ 
his‌  ‌whereabouts‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌b e‌  ‌determined‌  ‌by‌  ‌due‌  ‌diligence.‌  ‌He‌ 
serious‌  ‌and‌  ‌insulting‌  ‌nature‌  ‌under‌  ‌Art.‌  ‌358,‌‌ 
Rule‌‌119.‌‌Trial‌  ‌ shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌considered‌  ‌unavailable‌  ‌whenever‌  ‌h is‌  ‌whereabouts‌ 
par.‌‌1,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌
are‌  ‌known‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌h is‌  ‌presence‌  ‌for‌  ‌trial‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌b e‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌by‌‌ 
(5) Simple‌‌   Slander‌‌   (Oral‌‌
  Defamation)‌‌   — ‌‌not‌‌   of‌‌  Sec‌‌2.‌‌  Continuous‌‌trial‌‌until‌‌terminated;‌‌postponements‌  ‌ due‌‌diligence.‌  ‌
a‌‌
  serious‌‌   and‌‌
  insulting‌‌
  nature‌‌ under‌‌ Art.‌‌ 358,‌‌  (c) Any‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌mental‌‌ incompetence‌‌ 
par.‌‌2,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌ Amended‌‌by:‌A
‌ .M.‌‌No.‌‌15-06-10‌‌SC‌‌Revised‌‌Guideline‌‌for‌‌ 
or‌‌physical‌‌inability‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌t‌ o‌‌stand‌‌trial.‌  ‌
Continuous‌‌Trial‌‌of‌‌Criminal‌‌Cases‌  ‌
(6) Grave‌  ‌Slander‌  ‌by‌  ‌Deed‌  ‌— ‌ ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌serious‌‌  (d) If‌  ‌the‌  ‌information‌‌ is‌‌ dismissed‌‌ u pon‌‌ motion‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ prosecution‌‌ 
nature‌‌under‌‌Art.‌‌359,‌‌par.‌‌1,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌ Sec‌‌3.‌‌  Exclusions‌  ‌ and‌  ‌thereafter‌  ‌a ‌ ‌charge‌  ‌is‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(7) Simple‌‌   Slander‌‌
  by‌‌
  Deed‌‌   ‌— ‌‌not‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌serious‌‌  The‌  ‌following‌  ‌periods‌  ‌of‌  ‌delay‌  ‌shall‌‌ b e‌‌ ‌excluded‌‌ ‌in‌‌ computing‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌  same‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌any‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌delay‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌date‌  ‌the‌  ‌charge‌‌ 
within‌‌which‌‌trial‌‌must‌‌commence:‌  ‌ was‌  ‌dismissed‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ date‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ limitation‌‌ would‌‌ commence‌‌ 
nature‌‌under‌‌Art.‌‌359,‌‌par.‌‌2,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌
to‌  ‌run‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌subsequent‌  ‌charge‌  ‌h ad‌  ‌there‌  ‌b een‌  ‌no‌‌ 
(8) Incriminating‌  ‌innocent‌  ‌person‌  ‌under‌  ‌Art.‌‌  (a) Any‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  d
‌ elay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌other‌  ‌proceedings‌‌  previous‌‌charge.‌  ‌
363,‌‌RPC;‌  ‌ concerning‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌, ‌ ‌including‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌not‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
following:‌  ‌ (e) A‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌delay‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌is‌  ‌j oined‌  ‌for‌‌ 
(9) Intriguing‌  ‌against‌  ‌honor‌  ‌under‌  ‌Art.‌  ‌364,‌‌  trial‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌co-accused‌  ‌over‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌h as‌  ‌not‌‌ acquired‌‌ 
(1) Delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌an‌  ‌examination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌physical‌  ‌and‌‌  jurisdiction,‌  ‌or,‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌whom‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌  ‌for‌  ‌trial‌  ‌h as‌  ‌not‌  ‌run‌  ‌and‌‌ 
RPC;‌  ‌
mental‌‌condition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused;‌  ‌ no‌‌motion‌‌for‌‌separate‌‌trial‌‌h as‌‌b een‌‌granted.‌  ‌
(iv) Libel‌  ‌under‌  ‌R.A.‌  ‌10175‌  ‌(Cybercrime‌  ‌Prevention‌‌ 
(2) Delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌with‌  ‌respect‌  ‌to‌  ‌other‌‌  (f ) Any‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌a ‌ ‌continuance‌  ‌granted‌  ‌by‌‌ 
Act‌  ‌of‌  ‌2012)‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌liability‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌civil‌  ‌in‌‌ 
criminal‌‌c harges‌a‌ gainst‌‌the‌‌accused;‌  ‌ any‌  ‌court‌  ‌motu‌‌   proprio‌, ‌ ‌or‌  ‌on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌either‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌ or‌‌ 
nature;‌  ‌
(3) Delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌extraordinary‌  ‌remedies‌  ‌against‌‌  his‌  ‌counsel,‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution,‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌granted‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(v) Criminal‌  ‌negligence‌  ‌under‌  ‌Title‌  ‌14,‌  ‌RPC,‌  ‌where‌‌  interlocutory‌‌orders;‌  ‌ continuance‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌b asis‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌f indings‌  ‌set‌  ‌forth‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌order‌‌ 
the‌‌liability‌‌may‌‌be‌‌civil‌‌in‌‌nature;‌‌and‌  ‌ that‌  ‌the‌  ‌ends‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice‌  ‌served‌  ‌by‌‌ taking‌‌ such‌‌ action‌‌ outweigh‌‌ 
(4) Delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌pre-trial‌  ‌proceedings‌; ‌ ‌provided‌, ‌‌ the‌  ‌b est‌  ‌interest‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌speedy‌‌ 
(vi) Intellectual‌  ‌property‌  ‌rights‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌  that‌‌the‌‌delay‌‌does‌‌not‌‌exceed‌‌thirty‌‌( 30)‌‌days;‌  ‌ trial.‌  ‌
liability‌‌may‌‌be‌‌civil‌‌in‌‌nature.‌  ‌
(5) Delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌orders‌  ‌of‌  ‌inhibition‌, ‌‌or‌‌ proceedings‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌
(b) The‌  ‌referral‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌for‌  ‌mediation‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  ‌Philippine‌‌  relating‌  ‌to‌  ‌c hange‌  ‌of‌  ‌venue‌  ‌of‌  ‌cases‌  ‌or‌  ‌transfer‌  ‌f rom‌‌ 
Mediation‌  ‌Center‌  ‌(PMC)‌  ‌Unit‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌made‌  ‌only‌  ‌after‌‌  other‌‌courts;‌  ‌ 1. When‌‌   to‌‌
  commence‌. ‌‌‌Not‌‌
  later‌‌
  than‌‌ ‌30‌‌ days‌‌ from‌‌ termination‌‌ 
the‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌  of‌‌the‌‌pre-trial‌‌conference‌(‌ Sec‌‌8[d],‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌12-11-2-SC)‌  ‌
(6) Delay‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌a ‌ ‌f inding‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌existence‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
pre-trial/preliminary‌‌   conference.‌‌   The‌‌  court‌‌ shall‌‌ serve‌‌ the‌‌ 
prejudicial‌‌question‌;‌‌and‌  ‌ 2. Time‌‌
  to‌‌
  prepare‌‌  for‌‌ trial‌. ‌‌‌After‌‌ entering‌‌ a ‌‌‌not‌‌ guilty‌‌ ‌plea,‌‌ the‌‌ 
Order‌  ‌of‌  ‌Referral‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌PMC‌  ‌Unit‌  ‌immediately‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌ 
accused‌‌has‌‌at‌‌least‌‌15‌‌days‌‌‌to‌‌prepare.‌(‌ Sec‌‌1‌‌Rule‌‌119)‌  ‌
arraignment‌‌and‌‌the‌‌pre-trial/preliminary‌‌conference.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 163‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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3. Effect‌‌
  when‌‌  trial‌‌
  not‌‌
  within‌‌
  prescribed‌‌ period‌. ‌‌‌Information‌‌  3. Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌reinvestigation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌  3. Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌suspend‌  ‌arraignment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌‌
  of‌‌
  an‌‌ 
may‌‌
  be‌‌ dismissed‌‌ upon‌‌ motion‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ ground‌‌ of‌‌  recommending‌  ‌the‌  ‌filing‌  ‌of‌  ‌information‌  ‌once‌  ‌the‌‌  unsound‌  ‌mental‌  ‌condition‌  ‌under‌  ‌Sec.‌  ‌11‌  ‌(a),‌  ‌Rule‌‌ 
denial‌‌of‌‌right‌‌to‌‌speedy‌‌trial‌. ‌ ‌ information‌‌has‌‌been‌‌filed‌‌before‌‌the‌‌court‌  ‌ 116;‌  ‌
Prosecutor‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌burden‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌that‌  ‌delay‌‌
  ‌belongs‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌  a. if‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌is‌  ‌filed‌  ‌without‌  ‌prior‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌‌  4. Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌suspend‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
exclusions‌‌‌mentioned‌‌in‌‌Sec‌‌3.‌  ‌ court;‌‌   ‌ prejudicial‌  ‌question‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌ ‌civil‌  ‌case‌  ‌was‌  ‌filed‌‌ 
prior‌‌to‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌case‌‌under‌‌Sec.‌‌11‌‌(b),‌‌Rule‌‌116;‌  ‌
Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌dismissal‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌done‌  ‌before‌  ‌trial‌, ‌ ‌otherwise,‌‌  b. when‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌ 
deemed‌‌waived.‌(‌ Sec‌‌9)‌  ‌ required‌‌under‌‌Sec.‌‌8,‌‌Rule‌‌112;‌‌and‌‌   ‌ 5. Motion‌‌to‌q
‌ uash‌‌information‌‌on‌‌the‌‌grounds‌‌that‌  ‌
4. Continuous‌  ‌Trial.‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌shall‌‌
  continue‌‌   from‌‌  day‌‌  to‌‌
  day‌‌
  as‌‌
  far‌‌  c. when‌‌   the‌‌
  regular‌‌
  preliminary‌‌   investigation‌‌   is‌‌  a. the‌‌facts‌‌charged‌‌do‌‌not‌‌constitute‌‌an‌‌offense,‌‌   ‌
as‌  ‌practicable‌  ‌until‌  ‌terminated‌  ‌and‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌postponed‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌‌ required‌  ‌and‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌actually‌  ‌conducted,‌‌ 
b. lack‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction,‌‌   ‌
reasonable‌‌period‌‌upon‌‌good‌‌cause.‌(‌ Sec‌‌2)‌  ‌ and‌‌
  the‌‌
  grounds‌‌ relied‌‌ upon‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ motion‌‌ are‌‌ 
not‌‌
  meritorious,‌‌   such‌‌   as‌‌
  issues‌‌ of‌‌ credibility,‌‌  c. extinction‌‌of‌‌criminal‌‌action‌‌or‌‌liability,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
Trial‌  ‌should‌  ‌not‌  ‌exceed‌  ‌180‌‌
  days‌‌
  from‌‌
  the‌‌
  first‌‌
  day‌‌
  of‌‌
  trial,‌‌ 
admissibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌innocence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  d. double‌‌jeopardy.‌  ‌
except‌a‌ s‌‌otherwise‌‌authorized‌‌by‌‌the‌‌SC‌.‌‌(Sec‌‌2)‌  ‌
accused,‌  ‌or‌  ‌lack‌  ‌of‌  ‌due‌  ‌process‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌‌ 
5. A.M.‌  ‌No.‌  ‌15-06-10-SC.‌  ‌Revised‌  ‌Guidelines‌  ‌for‌  ‌Continuous‌‌  accused‌‌was‌‌actually‌‌notified,‌‌among‌‌others.‌  ‌ 6. Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌discharge‌  ‌accused‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌state‌  ‌witness‌‌ 
Trial‌  ‌of‌  ‌Criminal‌  ‌Cases.‌‌
  Trial‌‌
  shall‌‌  be‌‌
  held‌‌
  from‌‌
  ‌Monday‌‌   to‌‌  under‌‌Sec.‌‌17,‌‌Rule‌‌119;‌‌   ‌
4. Motion‌  ‌to‌‌
  ‌quash‌‌
  ‌information‌‌   when‌‌
  the‌‌  ground‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌ 
Thursday‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌courts‌‌  shall‌‌
  call‌‌
  the‌‌
  cases‌‌  at‌‌
  exactly‌‌  8:30‌‌
  A.M.‌‌  7. Motion‌‌  to‌‌
  ‌quash‌‌
  search‌‌
  warrant‌‌
  under‌‌
  Sec.‌‌ 14,‌‌ Rule‌‌ 
one‌‌of‌‌those‌‌stated‌‌in‌‌Sec.‌‌3,‌‌Rule‌‌117.‌  ‌
and‌‌2:00‌‌P.M.‌‌   ‌ 126,‌‌or‌‌motion‌‌to‌‌suppress‌‌evidence‌;‌‌and‌  ‌
5. Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌bill‌  ‌of‌  ‌particulars‌‌
  ‌that‌‌
  does‌‌
  not‌‌
  conform‌‌ 
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌THE‌‌REVISED‌‌GUIDELINES‌‌FOR‌‌CONTINUOUS‌‌TRIAL‌‌OF‌‌  8. Motion‌‌ to‌‌ dismiss‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ ground‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ case‌‌ 
to‌‌Sec.‌‌9,‌‌Rule‌‌116.‌  ‌
CRIMINAL‌‌CASES‌  ‌ is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Strategic‌  ‌Law‌  ‌Suit‌  ‌against‌  ‌Public‌  ‌Participation‌‌ 
6. Motion‌‌   to‌‌
  ‌suspend‌‌
  ‌the‌‌ arraignment‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌ grounds‌‌  (SLAPP)‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌6 ‌ ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌of‌  ‌Procedure‌  ‌for‌‌ 
Motions‌  ‌
not‌‌stated‌‌under‌‌Sec.‌‌11,‌‌Rule‌‌116.‌  ‌ Environmental‌‌Cases.‌  ‌
(a) Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌Inhibition.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Motions‌  ‌for‌  ‌inhibition‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌‌ 
7. Petition‌  ‌to‌‌
  suspend‌‌
  the‌‌
  criminal‌‌  action‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  ground‌‌ 
grounds‌  ‌provided‌  ‌for‌  ‌under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌137‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌resolved‌‌  Sec‌‌4.‌‌  Factors‌‌for‌‌granting‌‌continuance‌  ‌
of‌‌
  ‌prejudicial‌‌  question‌, ‌‌when‌‌  no‌‌
  civil‌‌
  case‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ 
immediately‌  ‌or‌  ‌within‌  ‌two‌  ‌(2)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌‌ 
filed,‌‌pursuant‌‌to‌‌Sec.‌‌7,‌‌Rule‌‌111.‌  ‌ NOTES‌  ‌
their‌‌filing.‌  ‌
(c) Meritorious‌  ‌Motions.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Motions‌  ‌that‌  ‌allege‌  ‌plausible‌‌  1. Continuance‌‌   or‌‌
  postponement‌. ‌‌‌May‌‌
  be‌‌
  granted‌‌
  if‌‌
  continuing‌‌ 
(b) Prohibited‌  ‌Motions.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌Prohibited‌  ‌motions‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌denied‌‌  the‌‌proceeding‌‌is‌  ‌
grounds‌  ‌supported‌  ‌by‌  ‌relevant‌  ‌documents‌  ‌and/or‌  ‌competent‌‌ 
outright‌‌
  ‌before‌‌
  the‌‌
  scheduled‌‌   arraignment‌‌   without‌‌   need‌‌ of‌‌ 
evidence,‌‌  ‌except‌‌
  ‌those‌‌
  that‌‌
  are‌‌
  already‌‌
  covered‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌ Revised‌‌  a. impossible,‌‌or‌  ‌
comment‌‌and/or‌‌opposition.‌  ‌
Guidelines,‌‌are‌‌meritorious‌‌motions,‌‌such‌‌as:‌  ‌
b. would‌‌result‌‌in‌‌a‌‌miscarriage‌‌of‌‌justice‌(‌ Sec‌‌4[a])‌  ‌
1. Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌determination‌  ‌of‌  ‌probable‌‌ 
1. Motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌withdraw‌  ‌information‌, ‌‌or‌‌   to‌‌  ‌downgrade‌‌ 
cause‌. ‌ ‌ When‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌taken‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌whole‌  ‌is‌  ‌so‌  ‌novel,‌  ‌unusual‌  ‌and‌‌ 
the‌  ‌charge‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌information,‌  ‌or‌‌  to‌‌
  ‌exclude‌‌ 
complex,‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌number‌  ‌of‌  ‌accused‌  ‌or‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2. Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌filed‌  ‌beyond‌‌  an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌originally‌  ‌charged‌  ‌therein,‌  ‌filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
prosecution,‌  ‌or‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌unreasonable‌  ‌to‌  ‌expect‌  ‌adequate‌‌ 
the‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)-day‌  ‌reglementary‌  ‌period‌  ‌in‌  ‌inquest‌‌  prosecution‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌result‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌reinvestigation,‌‌ 
preparation‌‌ within‌‌ the‌‌ periods‌‌ of‌‌ time‌‌ established‌‌ therein.‌‌ ‌(Sec‌‌ 
proceedings,‌  ‌or‌  ‌when‌  ‌preliminary‌  ‌investigation‌  ‌is‌‌  reconsideration,‌‌and‌‌review;‌  ‌
4[b])‌  ‌
required,‌  ‌or‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌in‌  ‌inquest‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌‌ 
2. Motion‌‌to‌q
‌ uash‌‌warrant‌‌of‌‌arrest‌; ‌ ‌
accused‌  ‌failed‌  ‌to‌  ‌participate‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌preliminary‌‌  Shall‌‌not‌‌be‌‌granted‌‌‌because‌‌of‌‌   ‌
investigation‌‌despite‌‌due‌‌notice.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 164‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
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a. congestion‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court's‌‌calendar‌‌or‌‌   ‌ Sec‌‌12.‌‌  Application‌‌for‌‌examination‌‌of‌‌witness‌‌for‌‌  Sec‌‌15.‌‌  Examination‌‌of‌‌witness‌‌for‌‌the‌‌prosecution‌  ‌


b. lack‌‌of‌‌diligent‌‌preparation‌‌or‌‌   ‌ accused‌‌before‌‌trial‌  ‌ When‌  ‌it‌  ‌satisfactorily‌  ‌appears‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌is‌  ‌too‌‌ 
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌h eld‌  ‌to‌  ‌answer‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌h e‌  ‌may,‌‌  sick‌  ‌or‌  ‌infirm‌‌ to‌‌ appear‌‌ at‌‌ the‌‌ trial‌‌ as‌‌ directed‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court,‌ 
c. failure‌‌
  to‌‌
  obtain‌‌
  available‌‌
  witnesses‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌ part‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌with‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌other‌  ‌parties,‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌w itnesses‌‌  or‌  ‌h as‌  ‌to‌  ‌leave‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌with‌  ‌no‌  ‌definite‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌  ‌returning,‌  ‌h e‌‌ 
prosecutor.‌  ‌
conditionally‌‌examined‌‌‌in‌‌h is‌‌b ehalf.‌‌The‌‌motion‌‌shall‌‌state:‌‌   ‌ may‌  ‌forthwith‌  ‌b e‌  ‌conditionally‌‌   examined‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Sec‌‌11.‌‌  Order‌‌of‌‌trial‌  ‌ case‌  ‌is‌  ‌pending.‌  ‌Such‌  ‌examination,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ presence‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ accused,‌‌ or‌‌ in‌‌ 
(a) the‌‌name‌‌and‌‌residence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌witness;‌  ‌ his‌  ‌absence‌  ‌after‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌notice‌‌ to‌‌ attend‌‌ the‌‌ examination‌‌ h as‌‌ b een‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ served‌  ‌on‌  ‌h im,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌manner‌  ‌as‌  ‌an‌‌ 
(b) the‌‌substance‌‌of‌‌h is‌‌testimony;‌‌and‌  ‌
a. Ordinarily‌  ‌ examination‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial.‌  ‌Failure‌  ‌or‌  ‌refusal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌to‌  ‌attend‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(c) that‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌is‌‌   ‌ examination‌  ‌after‌  ‌notice‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌considered‌  ‌a ‌ ‌waiver‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌statement‌‌ 
i. Prosecution‌‌‌—‌‌prove‌‌charge‌‌+‌‌civil‌‌liability;‌  ‌ (i) sick‌  ‌or‌  ‌infirm‌  ‌as‌‌ to‌‌ afford‌‌ reasonable‌‌ ground‌‌ for‌‌ b elieving‌‌  taken‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌admitted‌‌in‌‌b ehalf‌‌of‌‌or‌‌against‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
ii. Accused‌—
‌ ‌‌defense‌‌+‌‌damages,‌‌if‌‌any;‌  ‌ that‌‌h e‌‌will‌‌not‌‌b e‌‌able‌‌to‌‌attend‌‌the‌‌trial,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
NOTES‌  ‌
iii. Prosecution‌  ‌— ‌ ‌rebuttal‌  ‌+ ‌ ‌additional‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌if‌‌  (ii) resides‌  ‌more‌  ‌than‌  ‌one‌  ‌h undred‌  ‌( 100)‌  ‌kilometers‌  ‌f rom‌‌ 
1. Securing‌  ‌appearance‌  ‌of‌  ‌material‌  ‌witness‌. ‌ ‌Upon‌  ‌motion,‌‌ 
allowed;‌  ‌ the‌‌place‌‌of‌‌trial‌‌and‌‌h as‌‌no‌‌means‌‌to‌‌attend‌‌the‌‌same,‌‌or‌‌   ‌
either‌‌
  party‌‌
  may‌‌
  secure‌‌   an‌‌
  order‌‌
  from‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌‌material‌‌ 
(iii) that‌  ‌other‌  ‌similar‌  ‌circumstances‌  ‌exist‌  ‌that‌  ‌would‌  ‌make‌‌  witness‌‌to‌‌post‌‌bail‌‌‌if‌‌the‌‌court‌‌is‌‌satisfied‌‌upon‌  ‌
iv. Accused‌  ‌—‌  ‌sur-rebuttal‌  ‌+ ‌ ‌additional‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌if‌‌ 
him‌‌u navailable‌‌or‌‌prevent‌‌h im‌‌f rom‌‌attending‌‌the‌‌trial.‌‌   ‌
allowed.‌  ‌ a. Proof,‌‌or‌  ‌
The‌  ‌motion‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌supported‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌‌ ‌affidavit‌‌ ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ and‌‌ such‌‌ 
b. If‌  ‌accused‌  ‌admits‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌charge‌  ‌but‌  ‌interposes‌  ‌lawful‌‌  b. Oath‌  ‌
other‌‌evidence‌‌as‌‌the‌‌court‌‌may‌‌require.‌  ‌
defense‌‌‌—‌‌reverse‌‌trial;‌ 
Sec‌‌13.‌‌  Examination‌‌of‌‌defense‌‌witness;‌‌how‌‌made‌  ‌ That‌‌a‌‌material‌‌witness‌‌will‌n
‌ ot‌‌testify‌. ‌ ‌
c. Upon‌  ‌submission‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌deemed‌‌ 
submitted‌‌for‌‌decision‌,‌‌unless‌‌the‌‌court‌‌directs‌‌them‌‌to:‌  ‌ Should‌‌   the‌‌  witness‌‌
  refuse‌‌   to‌‌
  post‌‌
  bail,‌‌
  he‌‌
  may‌‌ be‌imprisoned‌
   
If‌  ‌the‌‌ court‌‌ is‌‌ satisfied‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ examination‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌witness‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ 
is‌  ‌necessary,‌  ‌an‌  ‌order‌  ‌will‌  ‌b e‌  ‌made‌  ‌directing‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌b e‌‌  until‌  ‌he‌  ‌complies‌  ‌or‌  ‌is‌  ‌legally‌  ‌discharged‌‌   after‌‌
  his‌‌
  testimony‌‌ 
i. Argue‌‌orally‌‌or‌  has‌‌been‌‌taken‌(‌ Sec‌‌14)‌  ‌
examined‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌ ‌specified‌  ‌date,‌  ‌time‌  ‌and‌  ‌place‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
ii. To‌‌submit‌‌written‌‌memoranda‌(‌ Sec‌‌11)‌  ‌ order‌  ‌b e‌  ‌served‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌  ‌three‌  ‌( 3)‌  ‌days‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌the‌  2. The‌  ‌use‌  ‌of‌  ‌discovery‌  ‌procedures‌  ‌is‌  ‌directed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌sound‌‌ 
scheduled‌  ‌examination.‌  ‌The‌  ‌examination‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌taken‌‌ b efore‌‌ a ‌‌‌j udge‌, ‌‌ discretion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌judge.‌  ‌The‌  ‌deposition‌‌
  taking‌‌
  can‌‌  not‌‌
  be‌‌ 
d. One-day‌  ‌examination‌  ‌of‌  ‌witness‌  ‌rule.‌  ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
or,‌  ‌if‌  ‌not‌  ‌practicable,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌member‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Bar‌  ‌in‌  ‌good‌  ‌s tanding‌  ‌s o‌‌  based‌‌nor‌‌can‌‌it‌‌be‌‌denied‌‌on‌‌flimsy‌‌reasons.‌‌(P ‌ eople‌‌v.‌‌Webb‌) ‌ ‌
strictly‌  ‌adhere‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌has‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌fully‌‌ 
designated‌  ‌by‌‌ the‌‌ j udge‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ order,‌‌ or‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ b e‌‌ made‌‌ by‌‌ a ‌‌court‌‌ 
examined‌‌in‌‌one‌‌(1)‌‌day.‌(‌ III-13[f],‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌15-06-10-SC)‌  ‌ of‌  ‌superior‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌an‌  ‌inferior‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌designated‌‌  3. For‌  ‌purposes‌  ‌of‌‌   taking‌‌  the‌‌
  deposition‌‌   in‌‌
  criminal‌‌  cases,‌‌
  more‌‌ 
e. It‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌  ‌mandatory‌‌
  for‌‌
  a ‌‌trial‌‌
  court‌‌
  to‌‌
  modify‌‌
  or‌‌
  reverse‌‌
  the‌‌  therein.‌  ‌The‌  ‌examination‌  ‌shall‌  ‌proceed‌  ‌notwithstanding‌‌ the‌‌ absence‌‌ of‌‌  particularly‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prosecution‌  ‌witness‌  ‌who‌  ‌would‌  ‌foreseeably‌‌ 
order‌  ‌of‌  ‌trial‌  ‌when‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌admits‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌but‌‌  the‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌provided‌  ‌h e‌  ‌was‌  ‌duly‌  ‌notified‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌h earing.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌written‌‌  be‌‌
  unavailable‌‌   for‌‌  trial,‌‌
  the‌‌
  testimonial‌‌   examination‌‌   should‌‌  be‌‌ 
interposes‌‌a‌‌lawful‌‌defense.‌‌   ‌ record‌‌of‌‌the‌‌testimony‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌taken.‌  ‌ made‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌court,‌  ‌or‌  ‌at‌  ‌least‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌‌
  judge,‌‌
  where‌‌
  the‌‌ 
case‌‌   is‌‌
  pending‌‌   as‌‌  required‌‌   by‌‌  the‌‌ clear‌‌ mandate‌‌ of‌‌ Section‌‌ 15,‌‌ 
A‌  ‌denial‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌reverse‌  ‌the‌  ‌Order‌  ‌of‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌is‌‌  Sec‌‌14.‌‌  Bail‌‌to‌‌secure‌‌appearance‌‌of‌‌material‌‌witness‌  ‌
Rule‌‌119.‌‌(G ‌ o‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌
interlocutory‌‌   in‌‌
  nature‌‌
  and,‌‌
  hence,‌‌ ‌not‌‌ appealable‌. ‌‌(‌People‌‌ v.‌‌  When‌  ‌the‌‌ court‌‌ is‌‌ satisfied,‌‌ u pon‌‌ proof‌‌ or‌‌ oath,‌‌ that‌‌ a ‌‌‌material‌‌ w itness‌‌ 
Marcial‌) ‌ ‌ will‌  ‌not‌‌ testify‌‌ when‌‌ required,‌‌ it‌‌ may,‌‌ u pon‌‌ motion‌‌ of‌‌ either‌‌ party,‌‌ order‌‌ 
Sec‌‌17.‌‌  Discharge‌‌of‌‌accused‌‌to‌‌be‌‌state‌‌witness‌  ‌
the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌to‌  ‌post‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌in‌  ‌such‌  ‌sum‌  ‌as‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌deemed‌  ‌proper.‌  ‌Upon‌‌  NOTES‌‌ON‌‌STATE‌‌WITNESS‌  ‌
refusal‌  ‌to‌  ‌post‌  ‌b ail,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌commit‌  ‌h im‌  ‌to‌  ‌prison‌  ‌u ntil‌  ‌h e‌‌ 
complies‌‌or‌‌is‌‌legally‌‌discharged‌‌after‌‌h is‌‌testimony‌‌h as‌‌b een‌‌taken.‌  ‌ 1. When‌‌2‌‌or‌‌more‌‌‌accused‌‌are‌‌jointly‌‌charged‌‌for‌‌an‌‌offense:‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 165‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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 ‌

GR‌:‌‌  They‌‌shall‌‌be‌‌tried‌j‌ ointly;‌  ‌ v. Said‌  ‌accused‌  ‌has‌  ‌not‌  ‌at‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌been‌‌  b. Original‌‌case‌‌is‌‌dismissed;‌  ‌
convicted‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌offense‌  ‌involving‌  ‌moral‌‌ 
Unless‌:‌ The‌  ‌court,‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌discretion,‌  ‌and‌  ‌upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  c. Accused‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌
  committed‌‌
  to‌‌
  answer‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  proper‌‌ 
turpitude.‌  ‌
prosecutor,‌‌orders‌‌a‌s‌ eparate‌‌‌trial.‌  ‌ offense.‌  ‌
6. Evidence‌‌   adduced‌‌
  in‌‌
  ‌support‌‌
  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ discharge‌‌ shall‌‌ ‌form‌‌ part‌‌ 
2. One‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌discharged‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌state‌  ‌witness‌  ‌with‌‌  Accused‌‌  shall‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌
  discharged‌‌
  if‌‌
  there‌‌
  appears‌‌ good‌‌ cause‌‌ to‌‌ 
of‌‌the‌‌trial.‌  ‌
their‌‌consent.‌  ‌ detain‌‌him.‌  ‌
7. If‌‌the‌‌motion‌‌is‌‌denied‌,‌‌his‌‌sworn‌‌statement‌‌is‌i‌ nadmissible‌. ‌ ‌
3. The‌‌prosecutor‌‌then‌‌shall:‌  ‌ Sec‌‌23.‌‌  Demurrer‌‌to‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
8. Discharge‌  ‌shall‌‌
  mean‌‌  ‌acquittal‌, ‌‌‌except‌‌
  ‌if‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌
  fails‌‌
  or‌‌ 
a. File‌‌a‌m
‌ otion‌‌for‌‌the‌‌discharge‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused;‌‌and‌  ‌ After‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌rests‌  ‌its‌  ‌case,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ may‌‌ dismiss‌‌ the‌‌ action‌‌ on‌‌ 
refuses‌‌to‌‌testify‌‌against‌‌his‌‌co-accused.‌(‌ Sec‌‌18)‌  ‌
the‌‌ground‌‌of‌‌insufficiency‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌   ‌
b. File‌‌the‌‌motion‌b
‌ efore‌‌prosecution‌‌rests‌‌‌(Sec‌‌17).‌  ‌
9. Such‌  ‌motion‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌submitted‌  ‌for‌  ‌resolution‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(1) on‌  ‌its‌  ‌own‌  ‌initiative‌  ‌after‌  ‌giving‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌the‌‌ 
4. The‌  ‌court‌  ‌will‌  ‌then‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌a ‌ ‌hearing‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecutor‌‌  termination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌hearing,‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌  ‌resolved‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌‌
opportunity‌‌to‌‌b e‌‌h eard‌‌or‌  ‌
presenting‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌and‌  ‌sworn‌  ‌statements‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌proposed‌‌  non-extendible‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌calendar‌  ‌days‌  ‌thereafter.‌‌ 
state‌‌witnesses.‌  ‌ (III-2[c],‌‌AM‌‌No‌‌15-06-10-SC)‌  ‌ (2) upon‌  ‌demurrer‌  ‌to‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌with‌  ‌or‌‌ 
without‌‌leave‌‌of‌‌court.‌  ‌
5. The‌‌following‌c‌ onditions‌m
‌ ust‌‌be‌‌met‌‌for‌‌proper‌‌discharge:‌  ‌ 10. As‌‌   an‌‌ ‌exception‌‌ ‌to‌‌ the‌‌ general‌‌ rule‌‌ requiring‌‌ corroboration,‌‌ the‌‌ 
uncorroborated‌  ‌testimony‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌state‌‌
  witness‌‌  may‌‌
  be‌‌
  sufficient‌‌  If‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌denies‌  ‌the‌  ‌demurrer‌  ‌to‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌with‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court,‌‌ 
a. 2‌‌or‌‌more‌‌‌accused‌‌are‌‌jointly‌‌charged‌‌with‌‌an‌‌offense;‌  ‌ the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌may‌  ‌adduce‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌in‌  ‌h is‌  ‌defense.‌  ‌When‌  ‌the‌  ‌demurrer‌‌ 
when‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  shown‌‌   to‌‌
  be‌‌  sincere‌‌   in‌‌
  itself‌‌
  because‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ given‌‌ 
b. Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌discharge‌  ‌is‌  ‌filed‌  ‌before‌  ‌prosecution‌‌  unhesitatingly‌  ‌and‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌straightforward‌  ‌manner‌  ‌and‌  ‌full‌  ‌of‌‌  to‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌is‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌w ithout‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌
  waives‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ 
rests;‌  ‌ to‌  ‌present‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌and‌  ‌submits‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌for‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌b asis‌  ‌of‌‌ 
details‌‌   which,‌‌  by‌‌
  their‌‌   nature,‌‌ could‌‌ not‌‌ have‌‌ been‌‌ the‌‌ result‌‌ of‌‌ 
the‌‌evidence‌‌for‌‌the‌‌prosecution.‌  ‌
c. Prosecution‌  ‌presents‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌and‌  ‌sworn‌‌
  statements‌‌  deliberate‌  ‌afterthought.‌  ‌This‌  ‌exception,‌  ‌however,‌  ‌applies‌‌   ‌only‌‌ 
of‌‌proposed‌‌state‌‌witnesses‌‌at‌‌a‌h‌ earing;‌  ‌ if‌  ‌the‌  ‌state‌  ‌witness‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌  ‌eyewitness‌  ‌since‌  ‌the‌  ‌testimony‌‌  The‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌demurrer‌  ‌to‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
would‌‌then‌‌be‌d ‌ irect‌‌evidence‌.‌‌(‌People‌‌v.‌‌Anabe‌‌y‌‌Capillan‌) ‌ ‌ specifically‌  ‌state‌  ‌its‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌and‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌‌non-extendible‌‌ 
d. Accused‌‌gives‌‌his‌c‌ onsent;‌a‌ nd‌  ‌ period‌  ‌of‌  ‌five‌  ‌(5)‌  ‌days‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌rests‌  ‌its‌  ‌case.‌  ‌The‌‌ 
11. A‌‌
  principal‌‌   by‌‌
  inducement‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌ automatically‌‌ the‌‌ most‌‌ guilty‌‌ 
prosecution‌  ‌may‌  ‌oppose‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌non-extendible‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌‌ 
e. Trial‌‌court‌‌is‌‌satisfied‌‌that:‌  ‌ in‌‌
  a ‌‌conspiracy.‌‌ As‌‌ a ‌‌rule,‌‌ for‌‌ purposes‌‌ of‌‌ resolving‌‌ a ‌‌motion‌‌ to‌‌ 
five‌‌(5)‌‌days‌f‌ rom‌‌its‌‌receipt.‌  ‌
i. There‌  ‌is‌  ‌absolute‌  ‌necessity‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌‌  discharge‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌state‌  ‌witness,‌  ‌what‌‌   is‌‌
  controlling‌‌ 
are‌‌   the‌‌ specific‌‌ acts‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ in‌‌ relation‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ crime‌‌  If‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌shall‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌the‌  ‌demurrer‌  ‌to‌‌ 
testimony‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  accused‌‌ whose‌‌ discharge‌‌ is‌‌ 
committed.‌  ‌ evidence‌  ‌within‌  ‌a ‌ ‌non-extendible‌  ‌period‌  ‌of‌  ‌ten‌  ‌(10)‌  ‌days‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌notice.‌‌ 
requested;‌  ‌ The‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌may‌  ‌oppose‌  ‌the‌  ‌demurrer‌‌ to‌‌ evidence‌‌ within‌‌ a ‌‌similar‌‌ 
A‌‌  state‌‌  witness‌‌  does‌‌
  not‌‌  need‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ found‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ the‌‌ least‌‌ guilty;‌‌  period‌‌f rom‌‌its‌‌receipt.‌  ‌
ii. The‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌other‌  ‌direct‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌available‌‌ 
he‌  ‌or‌  ‌she‌  ‌should‌  ‌not‌  ‌only‌  ‌“appear‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌   the‌‌   most‌‌   guilty.”‌‌ 
for‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌  ‌prosecution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌‌  The‌  ‌order‌  ‌denying‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌f ile‌  ‌demurrer‌  ‌to‌ 
(‌Jimenez,‌‌Jr.‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌
committed,‌  ‌except‌  ‌the‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌said‌‌  evidence‌‌ or‌‌ ‌the‌‌ demurrer‌‌ itself‌‌ s hall‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ reviewable‌‌ by‌‌ appeal‌‌ or‌‌ by‌‌ 
accused;‌  ‌ Sec‌‌19.‌‌  When‌‌mistake‌‌has‌‌been‌‌made‌‌in‌‌charging‌‌the‌‌  certiorari‌‌‌b efore‌‌judgment.‌  ‌
iii. The‌  ‌testimony‌  ‌of‌  ‌said‌  ‌accused‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌‌  proper‌‌offense‌  ‌ NOTES‌‌ON‌‌DEMURRER‌‌TO‌‌EVIDENCE‌  ‌
substantially‌  ‌corroborated‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌material‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
1. Definition‌. ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌actually‌  ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌dismiss‌  ‌filed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
points;‌  ‌
1. Mistake‌‌in‌‌charging‌‌proper‌‌offense‌  ‌ accused‌‌after‌‌prosecution‌‌rests‌‌its‌‌case.‌(‌ Sec‌‌23)‌  ‌
iv. Said‌  ‌accused‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌appear‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌the‌‌ 
most‌‌guilty‌;‌‌and‌  ‌ a. Court‌‌shall‌‌order‌‌the‌‌filing‌‌of‌‌a‌n
‌ ew‌‌information‌; ‌ ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 166‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

It‌‌
  is‌‌
  an‌‌
  objection‌‌
  by‌‌
  one‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  parties‌‌  in‌‌ an‌‌ action‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ effect‌‌  (b) The‌‌demurrer‌‌itself‌  ‌ c. Order‌‌is‌‌issued‌‌after‌‌a‌h
‌ earing‌‌‌is‌‌conducted;‌  ‌
that‌‌  the‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  which‌‌
  his‌‌
  adversary‌‌   produced‌‌   is‌‌ insufficient‌‌ 
Shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌be‌  ‌reviewable‌  ‌by‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌or‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌before‌‌  d. It‌‌seeks‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌a‌‌miscarriage‌‌of‌‌justice;‌‌and‌  ‌
in‌‌point‌‌of‌‌law‌‌to‌‌make‌‌out‌‌a‌‌case‌‌or‌‌sustain‌‌the‌‌issue.‌  ‌
judgment.‌  ‌
e. Presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌additional‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌should‌  ‌be‌‌ 
Grant‌  ‌of‌  ‌demurrer‌  ‌amounts‌  ‌to‌  ‌acquittal‌  ‌and‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌‌ 
4. WITHOUT‌‌Leave‌‌of‌‌Court.‌‌‌If‌‌demurrer‌‌is‌‌granted,‌a
‌ cquittal.‌  terminated‌  ‌within‌  ‌30‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌issuance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
appealed‌  ‌as‌  ‌it‌  ‌violates‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌of‌  ‌accused‌  ‌against‌  ‌double‌‌ 
order.‌  ‌
jeopardy‌. ‌ ‌ If‌‌
  denied,‌‌
  ‌the‌‌
  accused‌‌ waives‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ to‌‌ present‌‌ evidence‌‌ 
and‌‌submits‌‌the‌‌case‌‌for‌‌judgment‌. ‌ ‌ 4. Trial‌i‌ n‌‌absentia‌  ‌
Order‌  ‌is‌  ‌reviewable‌  ‌only‌  ‌by‌  ‌certiorari‌  ‌(Rule‌  ‌65)‌  ‌upon‌‌ 
showing‌  ‌of‌  ‌grave‌  ‌abuse‌  ‌of‌  ‌discretion‌  ‌amounting‌  ‌to‌  ‌lack‌  ‌or‌‌  Demurrer‌‌in‌‌CIVIL‌v‌ s.‌C
‌ RIMINAL‌‌cases‌  ‌ a. Accused‌‌has‌‌already‌‌been‌a
‌ rraigned‌; ‌ ‌
excess‌‌of‌‌jurisdiction.‌  ‌  ‌ Civil‌  ‌ Criminal‌  ‌ b. He‌‌has‌‌been‌‌duly‌‌notified‌‌‌of‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌hearings;‌‌and‌  ‌
Demurrer‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌or‌  ‌upon‌  ‌the‌  ‌initiative‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌  c. He‌  ‌unjustifiably‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌in‌  ‌court.‌  ‌(Sec‌  ‌14[2]‌‌ 
court.‌  ‌ Failure‌‌of‌‌plaintiff‌‌to‌‌ 
Insufficiency‌‌of‌‌  Art‌‌III‌‌1987‌‌Constitution)‌  ‌
Basis‌  ‌ show‌‌that‌‌he‌‌is‌‌ 
2. Sufficient‌  ‌Evidence‌. ‌ ‌For‌  ‌purposes‌  ‌of‌‌  frustrating‌‌   a ‌‌‌demurrer‌‌  evidence‌  ‌
entitled‌‌to‌‌relief‌  ‌ 5. Presence‌‌of‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌required‌  ‌
thereto‌‌  is‌‌
  such‌‌
  evidence‌‌   in‌‌
  character,‌‌
  weight‌‌  or‌‌ amount‌‌ as‌‌ will‌‌ 
legally‌  ‌justify‌  ‌the‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌or‌  ‌official‌  ‌action‌  ‌demanded‌‌  Leave‌‌of‌‌Court‌  ‌ Not‌‌required‌  ‌ With‌‌or‌‌without‌  ‌ a. Arraignment‌‌and‌‌plea;‌  ‌
according‌‌to‌‌the‌‌circumstances.‌  ‌ b. During‌  ‌trial,‌  ‌whenever‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌for‌  ‌identification‌‌ 
Effect‌‌of‌‌denial,‌‌to‌‌  Lost‌‌if‌‌done‌‌without‌‌  purposes;‌‌and‌  ‌
To‌‌be‌‌considered‌‌sufficient,‌‌evidence‌‌must‌‌prove:‌  ‌ Not‌‌lost‌  ‌
present‌‌evidence‌  ‌ leave.‌  ‌
a. The‌‌commission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌crime;‌‌and‌  ‌ c. At‌‌
  the‌‌
  promulgation‌‌   of‌‌
  sentence‌‌   ‌unless‌‌ it‌‌ is‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌light‌‌ 
If‌‌granted‌  ‌ Plaintiff‌‌may‌‌appeal‌  ‌ No‌‌appeal‌‌is‌‌allowed‌  ‌ offense,‌  ‌in‌  ‌which‌  ‌case‌  ‌he‌  ‌may‌  ‌appear‌  ‌by‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌or‌‌ 
b. The‌  ‌precise‌  ‌degree‌  ‌of‌  ‌participation‌  ‌therein‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  representative.‌  ‌
accused.‌  ‌ Motion‌‌of‌‌defendant.‌‌ 
Court‌‌may‌‌act‌m
‌ otu‌‌ 
3. WITH‌  ‌Leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court.‌  ‌Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌file‌‌  Upon‌  ‌ Court‌‌can‌‌not‌‌act‌‌  Rule‌‌120.‌‌Judgment‌  ‌
proprio‌  ‌
demurrer‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌filed‌  ‌within‌  ‌5 ‌ ‌days‌  ‌after‌‌  motu‌‌proprio‌  ‌
prosecution‌‌rests.‌  ‌ Sec‌‌1.‌‌  Judgment;‌‌definition‌‌and‌‌form‌  ‌
Sec‌‌24.‌‌  Reopening‌  ‌
Prosecution‌‌may‌‌oppose‌‌within‌5
‌ ‌‌days‌f‌ rom‌‌receipt.‌  ‌ Judgment‌‌
  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌adjudication‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ court‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ is‌‌ guilty‌‌ or‌‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌ not‌  ‌guilty‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌imposition‌  ‌on‌  ‌h im‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌grants‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌leave‌  ‌of‌  ‌court,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌ 
1. At‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌before‌  ‌finality‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌conviction,‌‌
  the‌‌  proper‌‌penalty‌‌and‌‌civil‌‌liability,‌‌if‌‌any.‌‌It‌‌must‌‌b e‌‌   ‌
shall‌‌file‌‌the‌d ‌ emurrer‌‌‌within‌‌10‌‌days‌‌‌from‌‌notice.‌  ‌
judge‌  ‌may,‌  ‌motu‌  ‌proprio‌  ‌or‌  ‌upon‌  ‌motion,‌  ‌with‌  ‌hearing‌  ‌in‌‌ 
Prosecution‌‌has‌1
‌ 0‌‌days‌‌‌to‌‌oppose‌‌from‌‌receipt.‌  ‌ a) written‌‌in‌‌the‌‌official‌‌language,‌‌   ‌
either‌  ‌case,‌  ‌reopen‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌to‌  ‌avoid‌  ‌a ‌ ‌miscarriage‌  ‌of‌‌ 
If‌‌demurrer‌‌is‌‌granted,‌a
‌ cquittal.‌  ‌ justice.‌‌   ‌ b) personally‌  ‌and‌  ‌directly‌  ‌prepared‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌and‌  ‌signed‌  ‌by‌‌ 
him‌‌and‌‌   ‌
If‌  ‌denied‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌presents‌  ‌evidence‌‌
  in‌‌
  his‌‌
  defense,‌‌
  then‌‌  2. The‌‌
  proceedings‌‌ shall‌‌ be‌‌ ‌terminated‌‌ within‌‌ thirty‌‌ (30)‌‌ days‌‌ 
appeals‌‌if‌‌he‌‌is‌‌convicted.‌  ‌ from‌‌the‌‌order‌‌grating‌‌it.‌(‌ Sec‌‌24)‌  ‌ c) shall‌  ‌contain‌‌ clearly‌‌ and‌‌ distinctly‌‌ a ‌‌statement‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ ‌facts‌‌ ‌and‌‌ 
3. Following‌‌requirements‌‌must‌‌be‌‌met:‌  ‌ the‌‌law‌u ‌ pon‌‌which‌‌it‌‌is‌‌b ased.‌  ‌
Order‌d
‌ enying:‌  ‌
(a) Motion‌‌
  for‌‌
  leave‌‌
  of‌‌
  court‌‌
  to‌‌
  file‌‌ demurrer‌‌ of‌‌ evidence,‌‌  a. Before‌‌judgment‌‌becomes‌‌final;‌  ‌ Sec‌‌2.‌‌  Contents‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgments‌  ‌
or‌  ‌ If‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌of‌‌conviction‌,‌‌it‌‌shall‌‌state‌‌   ‌
b. Order‌‌is‌‌issued‌m
‌ otu‌‌proprio‌,‌‌or‌‌upon‌‌motion;‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 167‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

(1) the‌  ‌legal‌  ‌qualification‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌constituted‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌acts‌‌  1) of‌  ‌the‌‌ offense‌‌ proved‌‌ which‌‌ is‌‌ included‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ offense‌‌ charged,‌‌  Sec‌‌6.‌‌  Promulgation‌‌of‌‌judgment‌  ‌
committed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌aggravating‌  ‌or‌  ‌mitigating‌‌  or‌‌   ‌
circumstances‌‌which‌‌attended‌‌its‌‌commission;‌‌   ‌ The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌promulgated‌  ‌by‌  ‌reading‌  ‌it‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
accused‌  ‌and‌  ‌any‌  ‌judge‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌‌ which‌‌ it‌‌ was‌‌ rendered.‌‌ ‌However‌, ‌‌
2) of‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌charged‌‌which‌‌is‌‌included‌‌in‌‌the‌‌offense‌‌proved.‌  ‌
(2) the‌  ‌participation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense,‌  ‌whether‌  ‌as‌‌  if‌  ‌the‌  ‌conviction‌‌ is‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌light‌‌ offense‌, ‌‌the‌‌ judgment‌‌ may‌‌ b e‌‌ pronounced‌‌ 
principal,‌‌accomplice,‌‌or‌‌accessory‌‌after‌‌the‌‌fact;‌  ‌ NOTES‌  ‌ in‌  ‌the‌  ‌presence‌  ‌of‌  ‌h is‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌or‌  ‌representative.‌  ‌When‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌is‌‌ 
(3) the‌‌penalty‌i‌mposed‌‌u pon‌‌the‌‌accused;‌‌and‌  ‌ absent‌  ‌or‌  ‌outside‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌province‌  ‌or‌  ‌city,‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌ 
1. The‌‌rule‌‌is‌  ‌
promulgated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌‌c lerk‌‌of‌‌court.‌  ‌
(4) the‌  ‌c ivil‌  ‌liability‌  ‌or‌  ‌damages‌  ‌caused‌  ‌by‌  ‌h is‌  ‌wrongful‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌‌  GR‌:‌ ‌ he‌‌
T   accused‌‌   may‌‌
  be‌‌
  convicted‌‌
  only‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  crime‌‌ with‌‌ 
omission‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌  ‌recovered‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌‌  If‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ is‌‌ confined‌‌ or‌‌ detained‌‌ in‌‌ another‌‌ province‌‌ or‌‌ c ity‌, ‌‌the‌ 
which‌‌he‌‌is‌‌charged.‌  ‌
party,‌  ‌if‌  ‌there‌‌ is‌‌ any,‌‌ ‌unless‌‌ ‌the‌‌ enforcement‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ civil‌‌ liability‌‌  judgment‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌promulgated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌executive‌‌   judge‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Regional‌‌ 
by‌‌a‌‌separate‌‌civil‌‌action‌‌h as‌‌b een‌‌reserved‌‌or‌‌waived.‌  ‌ EXC‌:‌ Rule‌‌on‌V
‌ ariance‌. ‌ ‌ Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌having‌  ‌jurisdiction‌  ‌over‌  ‌the‌  ‌place‌  ‌of‌  ‌confinement‌  ‌or‌‌ 
detention‌  ‌u pon‌‌ request‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ which‌‌ rendered‌‌ the‌‌ judgment.‌‌ The‌‌ 
In‌‌case‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌is‌‌of‌a
‌ cquittal‌,‌‌it‌‌shall‌‌   ‌ 2. Variance‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌   Mode‌‌   of‌‌
  Commission‌‌   of‌‌
  Offense.‌‌   ‌A ‌‌variance‌‌ 
court‌  ‌promulgating‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌authority‌  ‌to‌  ‌accept‌  ‌the‌‌ 
in‌  ‌the‌‌
  mode‌‌   of‌‌
  commission‌‌   of‌‌  the‌‌
  offense‌‌
  is‌‌
  ‌binding‌‌   ‌upon‌‌
  the‌‌  notice‌  ‌of‌‌ appeal‌‌ and‌‌ to‌‌ approve‌‌ the‌‌ b ail‌‌ b ond‌‌ pending‌‌ appeal;‌‌ ‌provided‌, ‌‌
(1) state‌‌whether‌‌the‌‌evidence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌prosecution‌‌   ‌
accused‌‌   if‌‌
  he‌‌
  fails‌‌
  to‌‌
  object‌‌  to‌‌ evidence‌‌ showing‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ crime‌‌  that‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ trial‌‌ court‌‌ convicting‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ changed‌‌ the‌‌ 
(a) absolutely‌‌failed‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌the‌‌guilt‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌or‌‌   ‌ was‌‌committed‌‌in‌‌a‌‌different‌‌manner‌‌than‌‌what‌‌was‌‌alleged.‌  ‌ nature‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌non-bailable‌  ‌to‌  ‌b ailable,‌  ‌the‌  ‌application‌  ‌for‌‌ 
The‌‌  variance‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  a ‌‌bar‌‌
  to‌‌
  conviction‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ crime‌‌ charged‌‌ in‌‌  bail‌‌can‌‌only‌‌b e‌‌f iled‌‌and‌‌resolved‌‌by‌‌the‌a ‌ ppellate‌c‌ ourt.‌  ‌
(b) merely‌‌failed‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌h is‌‌guilt‌‌b eyond‌‌reasonable‌‌doubt.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌information.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌proper‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌give‌‌ notice‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ ‌personally‌‌ ‌or‌‌ 
In‌‌either‌‌case,‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌shall‌‌   ‌ through‌  ‌h is‌  ‌bondsman‌  ‌or‌  ‌warden‌  ‌and‌  ‌counsel‌, ‌ ‌requiring‌  ‌h im‌  ‌to‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
3. Charging‌  ‌appellants‌  ‌with‌  ‌illegal‌  ‌possession‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌‌ 
present‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌promulgation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision.‌  ‌If‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌tried‌  ‌in‌‌ 
(2) determine‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌  ‌omission‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌liability‌‌  information‌  ‌filed‌  ‌against‌  ‌them‌  ‌charges‌  ‌the‌  ‌crime‌  ‌of‌‌ 
absentia‌‌   ‌b ecause‌  ‌h e‌  ‌jumped‌  ‌b ail‌  ‌or‌  ‌escaped‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌prison,‌‌ the‌‌ notice‌‌ to‌‌ 
might‌‌arise‌‌did‌‌not‌‌exist.‌  ‌ importation‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌violate‌  ‌their‌  ‌constitutional‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌‌ 
him‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌served‌‌at‌‌h is‌‌‌last‌‌known‌‌address.‌  ‌
informed‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accusation‌  ‌brought‌‌ 
Sec‌‌3.‌‌  Judgment‌‌for‌‌two‌‌or‌‌more‌‌offenses‌  ‌ In‌  ‌case‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌appear‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌scheduled‌  ‌date‌  ‌of‌‌ 
against‌‌them.‌‌   ‌
When‌  ‌two‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌are‌  ‌charged‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌single‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌‌  promulgation‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌despite‌  ‌notice,‌  ‌the‌  ‌promulgation‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌ 
The‌  ‌rule‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌‌variance‌‌
  between‌‌
  the‌‌
  offense‌‌  made‌‌   ‌
information‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌  ‌object‌  ‌to‌  ‌it‌  ‌before‌  ‌trial‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌court‌‌ 
charged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information,‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌proved‌  ‌or‌‌ 
may‌‌   ‌ 1) by‌‌recording‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌in‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌docket‌‌and‌‌   ‌
established‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌as‌  ‌charged‌‌ 
1) convict‌  ‌h im‌  ‌of‌  ‌as‌  ‌many‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌as‌  ‌are‌  ‌charged‌  ‌and‌  ‌proved,‌‌  necessarily‌  ‌includes‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌proved,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌shall‌  ‌be‌‌  2) serving‌  ‌h im‌  ‌a ‌ ‌copy‌  ‌thereof‌  ‌at‌  ‌h is‌  ‌last‌  ‌known‌  ‌address‌  ‌or‌  ‌thru‌‌ 
and‌‌   ‌ convicted‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌proved‌  ‌included‌  ‌in‌  ‌that‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌‌  his‌‌counsel.‌  ‌
charged.‌‌   ‌
2) impose‌‌on‌‌h im‌‌the‌‌penalty‌‌for‌‌each‌‌offense,‌‌   ‌ If‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌is‌  ‌for‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌failure‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌to‌‌ 
setting‌‌out‌‌separately‌‌the‌‌f indings‌‌of‌‌fact‌‌and‌‌law‌‌in‌‌each‌‌offense.‌  ‌ An‌  ‌offense‌  ‌charged‌  ‌necessarily‌‌   includes‌‌  that‌‌
  which‌‌   is‌‌
  proved,‌‌  appear‌  ‌was‌  ‌without‌‌ justifiable‌‌ cause,‌‌ h e‌‌ shall‌‌ ‌lose‌‌ the‌‌ remedies‌‌ available‌‌ 
when‌  ‌some‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌essential‌  ‌elements‌  ‌or‌  ‌ingredients‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  in‌  ‌these‌  ‌rules‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌‌ judgment‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ shall‌‌ order‌‌ h is‌‌ arrest.‌‌ 
Sec‌‌4.‌‌  Judgments‌‌in‌‌case‌‌of‌‌variance‌‌between‌‌  former,‌  ‌as‌  ‌this‌  ‌is‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌or‌  ‌information,‌‌  Within‌  ‌fifteen‌  ‌(15)‌  ‌days‌  ‌from‌  ‌promulgation‌  ‌of‌  ‌judgment,‌  ‌h owever,‌‌ 
allegation‌‌and‌‌proof‌  ‌ constitute‌‌   the‌‌ latter.‌‌ Indeed,‌‌ where‌‌ an‌‌ accused‌‌ is‌‌ charged‌‌ with‌‌ a ‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ may‌‌ surrender‌‌ and‌‌ f ile‌‌ a ‌‌motion‌‌ for‌‌ leave‌‌ of‌‌ court‌‌ to‌‌ avail‌‌ 
specific‌  ‌crime,‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌duly‌  ‌informed‌  ‌not‌  ‌only‌  ‌of‌  ‌such‌‌  specific‌‌  of‌  ‌these‌  ‌remedies.‌  ‌He‌  ‌shall‌  ‌state‌  ‌the‌  ‌reasons‌  ‌for‌  ‌h is‌  ‌absence‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌‌ 
When‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌variance‌‌   ‌b etween‌‌ the‌‌ offense‌‌ charged‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ complaint‌‌  scheduled‌  ‌promulgation‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌h e‌  ‌proves‌  ‌that‌  ‌h is‌  ‌absence‌  ‌was‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌‌
crime‌  ‌but‌  ‌also‌  ‌of‌  ‌lesser‌  ‌crimes‌  ‌or‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌included‌  ‌therein.‌‌ 
or‌  ‌information‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌proved,‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌‌ as‌‌ charged‌‌ is‌‌ included‌‌ 
(‌People‌‌v.‌‌Chi‌‌Chan‌‌Liu‌) ‌ ‌ justifiable‌  ‌cause,‌  ‌h e‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌to‌  ‌avail‌  ‌of‌  ‌said‌  ‌remedies‌  ‌within‌‌ 
in‌  ‌or‌  ‌necessarily‌  ‌includes‌  ‌the‌  ‌offense‌  ‌proved,‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌‌  fifteen‌‌(15)‌‌days‌f‌ rom‌‌notice.‌  ‌
convicted‌‌   ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 168‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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Sec‌‌7.‌‌  Modification‌‌of‌‌judgment‌  ‌ 1. Before‌‌ the‌‌ finality‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌judgment‌‌ of‌‌ conviction,‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ may‌‌  7. Second‌‌   MR.‌‌   While‌‌   a ‌‌second‌‌ motion‌‌ for‌‌ reconsideration‌‌ is,‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌


avail‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌remedies:‌  ‌ general‌  ‌rule,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌prohibited‌  ‌pleading,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌sound‌‌ 
A‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌may,‌  ‌upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌, ‌ ‌b e‌‌ 
discretion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌to‌  ‌admit‌  ‌the‌‌
  same,‌‌
  provided‌‌   it‌‌
  is‌‌
  filed‌‌ 
modified‌  ‌or‌  ‌set‌  ‌aside‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌it‌  ‌b ecomes‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌or‌  ‌b efore‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌is‌‌  a. Modification‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌(‌Sec‌‌7‌‌R120‌);‌  ‌
with‌  ‌prior‌  ‌leave‌  ‌whenever‌  ‌substantive‌  ‌justice‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌better‌‌ 
perfected.‌  ‌Except‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌death‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌is‌  ‌imposed,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judgment‌‌ 
b. Reopening‌‌of‌‌the‌‌proceedings‌‌(S‌ ec‌‌24‌‌R119‌);‌  ‌ served‌‌thereby.‌‌(A ‌ storga‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌
becomes‌‌final‌  ‌ ‌
1) after‌‌the‌l‌ apse‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌for‌‌perfecting‌‌an‌‌appeal,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ c. Motion‌‌for‌‌New‌‌Trial‌‌(S‌ ec‌‌1‌‌R121‌);‌  ‌ Sec‌‌3.‌‌  Grounds‌‌for‌‌reconsideration‌  ‌
2) when‌  ‌the‌  ‌sentence‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌partially‌  ‌or‌  ‌totally‌  ‌s atisfied‌  ‌or‌‌  d. Motion‌‌for‌‌Reconsideration‌‌(s‌ upra‌);‌  ‌ The‌  ‌court‌‌ shall‌‌ grant‌‌ reconsideration‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ ground‌‌ of‌‌ ‌errors‌‌ of‌‌ law‌‌ or‌‌ 
served‌,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ fact‌‌in‌‌the‌‌judgment,‌‌which‌r‌ equires‌‌no‌‌further‌‌proceedings‌. ‌ ‌
e. Appeal‌‌from‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌(R
‌ 122‌).‌  ‌
3) when‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌h as‌  ‌waived‌  ‌in‌  ‌w riting‌  ‌h is‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌appeal,‌‌ 
2. Modification‌  ‌of‌  ‌Judgment.‌  ‌Must‌  ‌be‌  ‌upon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌  Sec‌‌6.‌‌  Effects‌‌of‌‌granting‌‌a‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌reconsideration‌  ‌
or‌‌   ‌
accused.‌‌This‌‌does‌‌NOT‌‌require‌‌a‌‌hearing.‌  ‌ The‌‌effects‌‌of‌‌granting‌‌a‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌reconsideration‌‌are‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌
4) has‌‌applied‌‌for‌p
‌ robation‌. ‌ ‌
3. Reopening.‌‌   May‌‌  be‌‌
  done‌‌
  ‌motu‌‌
  proprio‌‌
  to‌‌
  avoid‌‌
  a ‌‌miscarriage‌‌  (a) When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ ground‌‌ of‌‌ ‌errors‌‌ of‌‌ law‌‌ or‌ 
NOTES‌  ‌
of‌‌justice.‌‌This‌‌requires‌‌a‌‌hearing.‌  ‌ irregularities‌  ‌committed‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial,‌  ‌all‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌and‌‌ 
1. When‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌on‌  ‌bail‌  ‌fail‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌  ‌themselves‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌‌  evidence‌  ‌affected‌  ‌thereby‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌set‌  ‌aside‌  ‌and‌  ‌taken‌  ‌anew.‌‌ 
4. Motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌New‌  ‌Trial‌‌
  or‌‌
  for‌‌
  Reconsideration.‌‌  May‌‌
  be‌‌
  done‌‌ 
promulgation‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌judgment‌‌  of‌‌
  conviction,‌‌   they‌‌
  are‌‌
  considered‌‌  The‌‌ court‌‌ may,‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ interest‌‌ of‌‌ justice,‌‌ allow‌‌ the‌‌ introduction‌‌ 
motu‌‌proprio‌‌‌with‌‌the‌‌consent‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌
to‌‌
  have‌‌  lost‌‌  their‌‌   standing‌‌   in‌‌  court‌. ‌‌Without‌‌ any‌‌ standing‌‌ in‌‌  of‌‌additional‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
court,‌‌  the‌‌  accused‌‌   cannot‌‌
  invoke‌‌   its‌‌
  jurisdiction‌‌  to‌‌
  seek‌‌ relief.‌‌  A‌  ‌newly-discovered‌‌   evidence‌, ‌‌to‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌justifiable‌‌
  ground‌‌
  for‌‌
  a ‌‌
(b) When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌of‌‌ 
(‌Jaylo‌‌v.‌‌Sandiganbayan‌) ‌ ‌ new‌‌trial,‌‌the‌‌following‌‌requisites‌‌must‌‌concur:‌  ‌
newly-discovered‌‌   evidence‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌already‌  ‌adduced‌  ‌shall‌‌ 
a) The‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌must‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌discovered‌  ‌AFTER‌  ‌the‌‌  stand‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌newly-discovered‌  ‌and‌  ‌such‌  ‌other‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌as‌‌ 
Rule‌‌121.‌‌New‌‌Trial‌‌or‌‌Reconsideration‌  ‌ trial;‌  ‌ the‌  ‌court‌  ‌may,‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌interest‌  ‌of‌‌ justice,‌‌ allow‌‌ to‌‌ b e‌‌ introduced‌‌ 
shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌taken‌  ‌and‌  ‌considered‌  ‌together‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌‌ 
Sec‌‌1.‌‌  New‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌reconsideration‌  ‌ b) It‌  ‌could‌  ‌not‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌  ‌previously‌  ‌discovered‌  ‌and‌‌  already‌‌in‌‌the‌‌record.‌  ‌
produced‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌even‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌‌ 
At‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌before‌‌   a ‌‌judgment‌‌ of‌‌ conviction‌‌ becomes‌‌ final,‌‌ ‌the‌‌ court‌‌ may,‌‌  reasonable‌‌diligence;‌  ‌ (c) In‌‌ all‌‌ cases,‌‌ when‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ grants‌‌ new‌‌ trial‌‌ or‌‌ reconsideration,‌‌ 
on‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌   ‌or‌  ‌at‌  ‌its‌  ‌own‌  ‌instance‌  ‌b ut‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌ consent‌‌  the‌  ‌original‌  ‌j udgment‌  ‌s hall‌  ‌be‌  ‌s et‌  ‌aside‌  ‌or‌  ‌vacated‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌‌
of‌‌the‌‌accused,‌‌grant‌‌a‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌or‌‌reconsideration.‌  c) It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌new‌‌and‌‌material‌‌evidence;‌‌and‌  ‌ new‌‌j udgment‌‌rendered‌‌‌accordingly.‌  ‌

Sec‌‌2.‌‌  Grounds‌‌for‌‌new‌‌trial‌  ‌ d) If‌  ‌introduced‌  ‌and‌‌


  admitted,‌‌
  it‌‌
  would‌‌
  probably‌‌
  change‌‌ 
the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ Rule‌‌122.‌‌Appeal‌  ‌
The‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌grant‌‌a‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌on‌‌any‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌grounds:‌  ‌
5. An‌  ‌erroneous‌  ‌admission‌  ‌or‌  ‌rejection‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌‌  NOTES‌  ‌
(a) The‌  ‌errors‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌irregularities‌  ‌prejudicial‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  court‌‌   is‌‌
  not‌‌   a ‌‌ground‌‌  for‌‌
  a ‌‌new‌‌  trial‌‌ or‌‌ reversal‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ decision‌‌ 
substantial‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌h ave‌‌ b een‌‌ committed‌‌ during‌‌  if‌‌
  there‌‌   are‌‌  other‌‌   independent‌‌   evidence‌‌ to‌‌ sustain‌‌ the‌‌ decision,‌‌  1. Appeal‌‌   NOT‌‌   a ‌‌Natural‌‌ Right‌. ‌‌Nor‌‌ is‌‌ it‌‌ part‌‌ of‌‌ due‌‌ process‌‌ but‌‌ 
the‌‌trial;‌  ‌ or‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌rejected‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌‌  had‌‌
  been‌‌   admitted;‌‌   would‌‌  not‌‌  merely‌‌   a ‌‌statutory‌‌ privilege.‌‌ While‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ is‌‌ statutory,‌‌ once‌‌ it‌‌ 
have‌‌changed‌‌the‌‌decision.‌‌(P ‌ ayumo‌‌v.‌‌Sandiganbayan‌) ‌ ‌ is‌  ‌granted‌  ‌by‌‌   law,‌‌
  its‌‌
  suppression‌‌  would‌‌   be‌‌  a ‌‌violation‌‌
  of‌‌
  due‌‌ 
(b) The‌  ‌new‌  ‌and‌  ‌material‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌discovered‌‌ 
process.‌  ‌
which‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌could‌  ‌not‌  ‌with‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌diligence‌  ‌h ave‌‌ 
6. A‌‌
  new‌‌
  trial‌‌
  may‌‌
  not‌‌
  be‌‌ had‌‌ on‌‌ the‌‌ basis‌‌ of‌‌ evidence‌‌ which‌‌ was‌‌ 
discovered‌  ‌and‌  ‌produced‌  ‌at‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌and‌  ‌which‌  ‌if‌  ‌introduced‌‌  2. Any‌  ‌party‌  ‌may‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌unless‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌  ‌placed‌  ‌in‌‌ 
available‌  ‌during‌  ‌trial‌  ‌but‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌presented‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌its‌‌ 
and‌‌admitted‌‌would‌‌probably‌‌change‌‌the‌‌judgment.‌  ‌ double‌  ‌jeopardy.‌  ‌The‌  ‌subject‌  ‌of‌‌
  appeal‌‌   must‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌judgment‌‌   or‌‌ 
negligence.‌‌(S‌ enit‌‌v.‌‌People‌) ‌ ‌
NOTES‌‌ON‌‌REMEDIES‌‌AGAINST‌‌A‌‌JUDGMENT‌‌OF‌‌CONVICTION‌  ‌ final‌‌order.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 169‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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3. In‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌cases,‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌throws‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌wide‌‌  open‌‌  for‌‌  (d) No‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌is‌  ‌necessary‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌‌  1. An‌‌
  appeal‌‌   in‌‌ a ‌‌criminal‌‌ proceeding‌‌ throws‌‌ the‌‌ whole‌‌ case‌‌ open‌‌ 
review.‌  ‌When‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌appeals,‌  ‌he‌  ‌waives‌‌   his‌‌
  right‌‌
  against‌‌  Court‌  ‌imposed‌  ‌the‌  ‌death‌  ‌penalty.‌  ‌The‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌s hall‌‌  for‌  ‌review‌  ‌of‌  ‌all‌‌   its‌‌
  aspects,‌‌
  including‌‌
  those‌‌  not‌‌
  raised‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌ 
double‌  ‌jeopardy‌  ‌and‌  ‌runs‌  ‌the‌  ‌risk‌  ‌of‌  ‌being‌  ‌sentenced‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌‌ automatically‌  ‌review‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌as‌  ‌provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌Section‌  ‌10‌  ‌of‌‌  parties.‌  ‌The‌  ‌records‌  ‌show‌  ‌that‌  ‌Rodriguez‌  ‌had‌  ‌withdrawn‌  ‌his‌‌ 
penalty‌‌higher‌‌than‌‌that‌‌imposed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌court.‌  ‌ this‌‌Rule.‌  ‌ appeal‌  ‌due‌  ‌to‌  ‌financial‌  ‌reasons.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌applying‌  ‌Section‌‌ 
(e) Except‌  ‌as‌‌ provided‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ last‌‌ paragraph‌‌ of‌‌ section‌‌ 13,‌‌ Rule‌‌ 124,‌‌ all‌‌  11(a)‌  ‌of‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌122,‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌against‌  ‌and‌‌
  the‌‌
  conviction‌‌   of‌‌ 
4. Change‌  ‌of‌  ‌Theory‌  ‌on‌  ‌Appeal‌. ‌ ‌The‌  ‌rule‌  ‌is‌  ‌that‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌‌ 
other‌  ‌appeals‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌  ‌Court‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌by‌  ‌petition‌  ‌for‌‌  both‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌and‌  ‌Rodriguez‌  ‌are‌  ‌inextricably‌  ‌linked.‌  ‌Hence,‌‌ 
CANNOT‌‌   change‌‌ his‌‌ theory‌‌ on‌‌ appeal,‌‌ nor‌‌ raise‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ appellate‌‌ 
review‌‌on‌‌certiorari‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌45‌. ‌ ‌ appellant's‌  ‌acquittal,‌  ‌which‌  ‌is‌  ‌favorable‌  ‌and‌  ‌applicable‌  ‌to‌‌ 
court‌  ‌any‌  ‌question‌  ‌of‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌  ‌fact‌  ‌that‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌raised‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Rodriguez,‌  ‌should‌  ‌benefit‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter.‌  ‌(‌People‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Rodriguez‌  ‌y ‌‌
court‌  ‌below‌  ‌or‌  ‌which‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌raised‌‌   by‌‌   the‌‌  Sec‌‌5.‌‌
  Waiver‌‌of‌‌notice‌  ‌
Culo‌) ‌ ‌
parties‌‌in‌‌their‌‌pleadings.‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌appellee‌‌   ‌may‌‌
  waive‌‌
  his‌‌  right‌‌  to‌‌  a ‌‌notice‌  ‌that‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌‌ h as‌‌ b een‌‌ 
Such‌‌ issues‌‌ cannot‌‌ be‌‌ raised‌‌ because‌‌ this‌‌ would‌‌ be‌‌ offensive‌‌ to‌‌ 
Sec‌‌12.‌‌  Withdrawal‌‌of‌‌appeal‌  ‌
taken.‌  ‌The‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌court‌  ‌may,‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌discretion,‌  ‌entertain‌  ‌an‌  ‌appeal‌‌ 
the‌‌basic‌‌rules‌‌of‌‌fair‌‌play,‌‌justice‌‌and‌‌due‌‌process.‌  ‌ notwithstanding‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌give‌  ‌such‌  ‌notice‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌interests‌  ‌of‌  ‌justice‌  ‌so‌‌  Notwithstanding‌  ‌the‌  ‌perfection‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌the‌‌ RTC,‌‌ MTC‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ case‌‌ 
require.‌‌   ‌ may‌  ‌b e,‌  ‌may‌‌
  allow‌‌
  the‌‌
  appellant‌‌ to‌‌ withdraw‌‌ his‌‌ appeal‌‌ ‌BEFORE‌‌ ‌the‌‌ 
5. Factual‌‌Findings‌  ‌
record‌  ‌has‌  ‌been‌  ‌forwarded‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌clerk‌  ‌of‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌proper‌‌ 
GR‌:‌ ‌ actual‌  ‌findings‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌trial‌  ‌court,‌  ‌especially‌  ‌when‌‌ 
F
Sec‌‌6.‌‌  When‌‌appeal‌‌to‌‌be‌‌taken‌  ‌
appellate‌‌court,‌‌in‌‌which‌‌case‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌shall‌‌b ecome‌‌f inal.‌‌   ‌
affirmed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌CA,‌  ‌deserve‌  ‌great‌  ‌weight‌  ‌and‌‌
  respect‌‌  An‌‌appeal‌‌must‌‌b e‌‌taken‌‌within‌‌‌fifteen‌‌(15)‌‌days‌‌‌f rom‌‌   ‌
The‌  ‌RTC‌  ‌may‌  ‌also,‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌discretion,‌  ‌allow‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌‌ 
and‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌disturbed‌‌on‌‌appeal;‌  ‌
judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌MTC‌  ‌to‌  ‌withdraw‌  ‌h is‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌provided‌‌   ‌a ‌ ‌motion‌  ‌to‌  ‌that‌‌ 
1) promulgation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌   ‌
EXC‌:‌ ‌ nless‌  ‌there‌  ‌are‌  ‌facts‌  ‌of‌  ‌weight‌  ‌and‌  ‌substance‌  ‌that‌‌ 
u effect‌‌ is‌‌ filed‌‌ before‌‌ rendition‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ j udgment‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ c ase‌‌ on‌‌ appeal‌, ‌‌
were‌  ‌overlooked‌  ‌or‌  ‌misinterpreted‌  ‌and‌  ‌that‌  ‌would‌‌  2) from‌‌notice‌‌of‌‌the‌‌f inal‌‌order‌‌appealed‌‌f rom.‌‌   ‌ in‌  ‌which‌  ‌case‌  ‌the‌‌ judgment‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ court‌‌ of‌‌ origin‌‌ shall‌‌ b ecome‌‌ f inal‌‌ and‌‌ 
materially‌‌affect‌‌the‌‌disposition‌‌of‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌case‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌remanded‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌court‌  ‌for‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
This‌‌ period‌‌ for‌‌ perfecting‌‌ an‌‌ appeal‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ ‌suspended‌‌ ‌f rom‌‌ the‌‌ time‌‌ a ‌‌ judgment.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌3.‌‌  How‌‌appeal‌‌taken‌  ‌ motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌or‌  ‌reconsideration‌  ‌is‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌u ntil‌  ‌notice‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ order‌‌ 
overruling‌  ‌the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌shall‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌b een‌  ‌served‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌or‌  ‌h is‌‌ 
(a) The‌  ‌appeal‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ Regional‌‌ Trial‌‌ Court,‌‌ or‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ Court‌‌ of‌‌ Appeals‌‌ in‌‌  counsel‌‌at‌‌which‌‌time‌‌the‌‌b alance‌‌of‌‌the‌‌period‌‌b egins‌‌to‌‌run.‌  ‌ Rule‌‌124.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌CA‌  ‌
cases‌  ‌decided‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌‌ 
original‌  ‌jurisdiction,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌by‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌‌  N.B.‌  ‌Application‌  ‌of‌  ‌Neypes‌  ‌Doctrine‌  ‌in‌  ‌Criminal‌  ‌Cases.‌  ‌(see‌  ‌Yu‌  ‌v.‌‌  Sec‌‌8.‌‌
  Dismissal‌‌of‌‌appeal‌‌for‌‌abandonment‌‌or‌‌failure‌‌ 
court‌  ‌which‌  ‌rendered‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌order‌  ‌appealed‌  ‌f rom‌‌  Samson-Tatad‌)‌  ‌ to‌‌prosecute‌  ‌
and‌‌by‌‌serving‌‌a‌‌copy‌‌thereof‌‌u pon‌‌the‌‌adverse‌‌party.‌  ‌
Sec‌‌11.‌‌  Effect‌‌of‌‌appeal‌‌by‌‌any‌‌of‌‌several‌‌accused‌  ‌ The‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌may,‌  ‌u pon‌‌ motion‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ appellee‌‌ or‌‌ ‌motu‌‌ proprio‌‌ 
(b) The‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌decided‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  and‌  ‌with‌  ‌notice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant‌‌ in‌‌ either‌‌ case,‌‌ dismiss‌‌ the‌‌ appeal‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ 
(a) An‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌taken‌  ‌by‌  ‌one‌  ‌or‌  ‌more‌  ‌of‌  ‌several‌‌ accused‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ affect‌‌ 
Regional‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌exercise‌  ‌of‌  ‌its‌  ‌appellate‌  ‌jurisdiction‌‌  appellant‌‌   fails‌‌
  to‌‌
  file‌‌
  his‌‌  brief‌  ‌within‌  ‌the‌  ‌time‌‌ prescribed‌‌ by‌‌ this‌‌ Rule,‌‌ 
those‌  ‌who‌  ‌did‌  ‌not‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌except‌  ‌insofar‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
shall‌‌b e‌‌by‌p
‌ etition‌‌for‌‌review‌‌under‌‌Rule‌‌42‌. ‌ ‌ except‌‌where‌‌the‌‌appellant‌‌is‌‌represented‌‌by‌‌a‌‌counsel‌‌de‌‌oficio.‌  ‌
appellate‌‌court‌‌is‌f‌ avorable‌a‌ nd‌‌applicable‌‌to‌‌the‌‌latter;‌  ‌
(c) The‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌imposed‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Regional‌‌  The‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌may‌  ‌also,‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌motion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellee‌  ‌or‌‌
  motu‌‌ 
(b) The‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌aspect‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌ 
Trial‌  ‌Court‌  ‌is‌  ‌reclusion‌  ‌perpetua,‌  ‌life‌  ‌imprisonment‌  ‌or‌  ‌where‌  ‌a ‌‌ proprio,‌‌‌dismiss‌‌the‌‌appeal‌‌if‌‌   ‌
affect‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌aspect‌‌of‌‌the‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌order‌‌appealed‌‌f rom.‌  ‌
lesser‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌is‌  ‌imposed‌  ‌for‌  ‌offenses‌  ‌committed‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌‌ 
occasion‌  ‌or‌  ‌which‌  ‌arose‌  ‌out‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌occurrence‌  ‌that‌  ‌gave‌  ‌rise‌‌  (c) Upon‌  ‌perfection‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal,‌  ‌the‌  ‌execution‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌or‌‌  1) the‌‌appellant‌‌escapes‌‌f rom‌‌prison‌‌or‌‌confinement,‌‌   ‌
to‌  ‌the‌  ‌more‌  ‌serious‌  ‌offense‌  ‌for‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌of‌  ‌death,‌‌  final‌‌order‌‌appealed‌‌f rom‌s‌ hall‌‌be‌s‌ tayed‌a ‌ s‌‌to‌‌the‌‌appealing‌‌party‌. ‌ ‌
reclusion‌  ‌perpetua,‌  ‌or‌  ‌life‌  ‌imprisonment‌  ‌is‌  ‌imposed,‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌by‌‌  2) jumps‌‌bail‌‌‌or‌‌   ‌
NOTES‌  ‌
notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌in‌  ‌accordance‌  ‌with‌ 
3) flees‌‌to‌‌a‌‌foreign‌‌country‌‌during‌‌the‌‌pendency‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appeal.‌  ‌
paragraph‌‌( a)‌‌of‌‌this‌‌Rule.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 170‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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 ‌

the‌  ‌motion‌  ‌for‌  ‌reconsideration.‌  ‌No‌  ‌party‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌a ‌ ‌second‌‌  Real‌‌Object‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
Sec‌‌10.‌‌  Judgment‌‌not‌‌to‌‌be‌‌reversed‌‌or‌‌modified‌‌except‌‌  motion‌‌for‌‌reconsideration‌‌‌of‌‌a‌‌judgment‌‌or‌‌f inal‌‌order.‌  ‌
for‌‌substantial‌‌error‌  ‌ Demonstrative‌‌Object‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
Original‌‌Document‌‌Rule‌  ‌
No‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌reversed‌  ‌or‌  ‌modified‌  ‌unless‌‌ ‌the‌‌ Court‌‌ of‌‌ Appeals,‌‌  Rule‌‌125.‌‌Procedure‌‌in‌‌the‌‌SC‌  ‌
after‌  ‌an‌  ‌examination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌record‌  ‌and‌  ‌of‌‌ the‌‌ evidence‌‌ adduced‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌  Parol‌‌Evidence‌‌Rule‌  ‌
parties,‌  ‌is‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌opinion‌  ‌that‌  ‌error‌  ‌was‌  ‌committed‌  ‌which‌  ‌injuriously‌‌  Sec‌‌3.‌‌  Decision‌‌if‌‌opinion‌‌is‌‌equally‌‌divided‌  ‌ Witnesses‌  ‌
affected‌‌the‌‌substantial‌‌rights‌‌of‌‌the‌‌appellant.‌‌( H ‌ armless‌‌Error‌‌Rule‌) ‌  ‌ Disqualifications‌  ‌
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌  ‌Court‌  ‌en‌  ‌b anc‌  ‌is‌  ‌equally‌  ‌divided‌  ‌in‌‌ opinion‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ 
Sec‌‌13.‌‌  Quorum‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court;‌‌certification‌‌or‌‌appeal‌‌of‌‌  necessary‌  ‌majority‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌b e‌  ‌h ad‌  ‌on‌  ‌whether‌  ‌to‌  ‌acquit‌  ‌the‌  ‌appellant,‌‌  Executive‌‌Privilege‌  ‌
the‌  ‌case‌  ‌s hall‌  ‌again‌  ‌be‌  ‌deliberated‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌and‌  ‌if‌  ‌no‌  ‌decision‌  ‌is‌‌ 
cases‌‌to‌‌Supreme‌‌Court‌  ‌ Testimonial‌‌Privilege‌  ‌
reached‌  ‌after‌  ‌re-deliberation,‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌conviction‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌‌ 
(a) Whenever‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌f inds‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌penalty‌  ‌of‌  ‌death‌‌  court‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌reversed‌‌and‌‌the‌‌accused‌A ‌ CQUITTED‌.‌  ‌ Extrajudicial‌‌Admissions‌‌and‌‌Confessions‌  ‌
should‌‌b e‌‌imposed,‌‌the‌‌court‌‌shall‌‌   ‌ Admissions‌‌Against‌‌Interest‌  ‌
(i) render‌‌j udgment‌‌   ‌ Rule‌‌127.‌‌Provisional‌‌Remedies‌  ‌ Res‌‌Inter‌‌Alios‌‌Acta‌‌Rule‌  ‌
(ii) but‌‌refrain‌‌f rom‌‌making‌‌an‌‌entry‌‌of‌‌judgment‌‌and‌‌   ‌ Similar‌‌Acts‌‌or‌‌Previous‌‌Conduct‌‌Rule‌  ‌
Sec‌‌2.‌‌  Attachment‌  ‌
Hearsay‌‌Evidence‌‌Rule‌  ‌
(iii) forthwith‌  ‌certify‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌and‌  ‌elevate‌  ‌its‌  ‌entire‌  ‌record‌  ‌to‌‌ 
When‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌action‌  ‌is‌  ‌properly‌  ‌instituted‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌action‌  ‌as‌‌  Concept‌‌of‌‌Hearsay‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
the‌‌SC‌‌for‌‌review.‌  ‌
provided‌  ‌in‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌111,‌  ‌the‌  ‌offended‌  ‌party‌‌ may‌‌ h ave‌‌ the‌‌ property‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
(b) xxxx‌  ‌ accused‌  ‌attached‌  ‌as‌  ‌security‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌satisfaction‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌that‌‌ 
Independently‌‌Relevant‌‌Statement‌  ‌
may‌‌b e‌‌recovered‌‌f rom‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌  ‌ Exceptions‌‌to‌‌Hearsay‌‌Evidence‌‌Rule‌  ‌
(c) In‌  ‌cases‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌imposes‌  ‌reclusion‌‌   perpetua,‌‌ 
life‌  ‌imprisonment‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌ ‌lesser‌  ‌penalty,‌  ‌it‌  ‌shall‌  ‌render‌  ‌and‌  ‌enter‌‌  (a) When‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌about‌‌to‌‌abscond‌‌f rom‌‌the‌‌Philippines;‌  ‌ Opinion‌‌Rule‌  ‌
judgment‌  ‌imposing‌  ‌such‌  ‌penalty.‌  ‌The‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌appealed‌‌  Character‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
(b) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌c riminal‌‌ action‌‌ is‌‌ based‌‌ on‌‌ a ‌‌c laim‌‌ for‌‌ money‌‌ or‌‌ 
to‌  ‌the‌  ‌Supreme‌  ‌Court‌  ‌by‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌f iled‌  ‌with‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌‌ 
property‌  ‌embezzled‌  ‌or‌  ‌f raudulently‌  ‌misapplied‌‌ or‌‌ converted‌‌  Burden‌‌of‌‌Proof‌‌and‌‌of‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
Appeals.‌  ‌
to‌‌the‌‌u se‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌xxxx;‌  ‌ Presentation‌‌of‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
Sec‌‌14.‌‌  Motion‌‌for‌‌new‌‌trial‌  ‌ (c) When‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌h as‌  ‌concealed,‌  ‌removed,‌  ‌or‌  ‌disposed‌  ‌of‌‌ h is‌  Offer‌‌and‌‌Objection‌  ‌
At‌  ‌any‌  ‌time‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌appeal‌  ‌f rom‌  ‌the‌  ‌lower‌  ‌court‌  ‌h as‌  ‌b een‌  ‌perfected‌‌  property,‌‌or‌‌is‌‌about‌‌to‌‌do‌‌so;‌‌and‌  ‌ Weight‌‌and‌‌Sufficiency‌‌of‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
and‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌convicting‌  ‌the‌‌  (d) When‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌resides‌‌outside‌‌the‌‌Philippines.‌  ‌  ‌
appellant‌  ‌becomes‌  ‌final,‌  ‌the‌  ‌latter‌  ‌may‌  ‌move‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌  COURSE‌‌MATERIALS:‌‌ ‌Primary‌‌course‌‌materials‌‌are:‌‌   ‌
ground‌‌of‌n
‌ ewly-discovered‌‌evidence‌‌‌material‌‌to‌‌h is‌‌defense.‌  ‌
 ‌

(a)‌‌Laws‌‌and‌‌Rules:‌‌   ‌
EVIDENCE‌  ‌
Sec‌‌15.‌‌  Where‌‌new‌‌trial‌‌conducted‌  ‌ (1) The‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court,‌  ‌particularly‌  ‌the‌  ‌Revised‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌on‌‌ 
When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌new‌  ‌trial‌  ‌is‌  ‌granted,‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals‌  ‌may‌  ‌conduct‌  ‌the‌‌  Definition‌‌of‌‌Terms‌‌and‌‌General‌‌Principles‌  ‌ Evidence‌‌‌(Rule‌‌128-133);‌  ‌
hearing‌‌and‌‌receive‌‌evidence‌o ‌ r‌‌refer‌‌the‌‌trial‌‌to‌‌the‌‌court‌‌of‌‌origin.‌  ‌ Admissibility‌‌of‌‌Evidence‌‌and‌‌its‌‌Requisites‌  ‌ (2) The‌‌
  ‌Bill‌‌ of‌‌ Rights‌‌ under‌‌ the‌‌ 1987‌‌ Constitution,‌‌ particularly‌‌ the‌‌ 
provisions‌‌   governing‌‌ the‌‌ Rights‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ Accused‌‌ under‌‌ Custodial‌‌ 
Sec‌‌16.‌‌  Reconsideration‌  ‌ Judicial‌‌Notice‌  ‌
Investigation,‌  ‌Right‌  ‌Against‌  ‌Self-Incrimination,‌  ‌Right‌  ‌Against‌‌ 
Judicial‌‌Admissions‌  ‌
A‌‌ motion‌‌ for‌‌ reconsideration‌‌ shall‌‌ b e‌‌ f iled‌‌ within‌‌ ‌fifteen‌‌ (15)‌‌ days‌‌ ‌after‌‌  Unreasonable‌  ‌Search‌  ‌and‌  ‌Seizure,‌  ‌and‌  ‌Inviolability‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
from‌  ‌notice‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌decision‌  ‌or‌  ‌f inal‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌of‌  ‌Appeals,‌  ‌with‌‌  Legal‌‌Presumptions‌  ‌ Privacy‌‌and‌‌Communication;‌‌   ‌
copies‌  ‌served‌  ‌u pon‌  ‌the‌  ‌adverse‌  ‌party,‌  ‌setting‌  ‌forth‌  ‌the‌  ‌grounds‌  ‌in‌‌  Object‌‌Evidence‌  ‌
support‌  ‌thereof.‌  ‌The‌  ‌mittimus‌  ‌shall‌  ‌b e‌  ‌s tayed‌  ‌during‌  ‌the‌  ‌pendency‌  ‌of‌‌ 
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 171‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
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(3) Various‌  ‌special‌  ‌laws‌  ‌and‌  ‌rules‌  ‌which‌  ‌provide‌‌


  for‌‌
  evidentiary‌‌  Evidence‌‌
  ‌has‌‌  been‌‌  defined‌‌  as‌‌  the‌‌  means,‌‌ sanctioned‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ Rules‌‌  Take‌‌the‌‌case‌‌of‌O
‌ ng‌‌Chia‌‌v.‌‌Republic,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌127240,‌‌27‌‌Mar‌‌2000‌  ‌
rules‌‌such‌‌as:‌‌   ‌ of‌‌
  Court,‌‌
  of‌‌
  ascertaining‌‌
  in‌‌
  judicial‌‌ proceedings‌‌ the‌‌ truth‌‌ affecting‌‌ a ‌‌
a. Rule‌‌on‌‌Examination‌‌of‌‌a‌‌Child‌‌Witness‌  ‌ matter‌‌of‌‌fact.‌  ‌ Involves‌  ‌a ‌ ‌petition‌  ‌for‌  ‌naturalization‌‌
  filed‌‌
  by‌‌
  a ‌‌Chinaman.‌‌
  Ong‌‌
  Chia‌‌ 
b. Rules‌‌on‌‌Electronic‌‌Evidence‌  ‌ presented‌‌a‌‌truckload‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌to‌‌support‌‌his‌‌petition.‌  ‌
The‌‌following‌‌are‌‌its‌C
‌ HARACTERISTICS‌: ‌ ‌
c. Rule‌‌on‌‌DNA‌‌Evidence‌  ‌ The‌  ‌public‌  ‌prosecutor‌  ‌representing‌  ‌the‌  ‌Republic‌  ‌refused‌  ‌to‌‌ 
d. Anti-Wiretapping‌‌Act‌‌   ‌ (1) It‌‌is‌‌a‌‌means,‌‌medium‌‌or‌‌tool;‌  ‌
controvert‌  ‌the‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌of‌  ‌Ong‌  ‌Chia.‌  ‌Thus,‌  ‌the‌  ‌Court‌  ‌granted‌  ‌the‌‌ 
e. Human‌‌Security‌‌Act‌‌   ‌ Distinguish‌‌ evidence‌‌ from‌‌ proof‌. ‌‌‌Evidence‌‌ ‌refers‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ means‌‌ used‌‌  petition.‌‌ OSG‌‌ appealed‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ CA‌‌ presenting‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ first‌‌ time‌‌ pieces‌‌ of‌‌ 
f. Anti-Photo‌‌and‌‌Video‌‌Voyeurism‌‌Act‌  ‌ to‌‌
  obtain‌‌
  the‌‌
  required‌‌
  quantum‌‌   of‌‌ proof.‌‌ ‌Proof‌‌ ‌is‌‌ the‌‌ persuasion‌‌ or‌‌  evidence‌‌to‌‌controvert‌‌Ong‌‌Chia.‌‌   ‌
g. Law‌‌on‌‌Secrecy‌‌of‌‌Bank‌‌Deposits‌  ‌ conviction‌  ‌formed‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌mind‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌from‌‌ 
Ong‌  ‌Chia‌  ‌objected‌‌   to‌‌  the‌‌
  admission‌‌   of‌‌
  such‌‌
  evidence‌‌   because‌‌
  under‌‌ 
h. The‌‌Data‌‌Privacy‌‌Act‌  ‌ consideration‌‌of‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌Rules,‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌can‌  ‌not‌  ‌consider‌  ‌evidence‌‌  not‌‌
  formally‌‌
  offered‌‌ 
i. IRR‌‌of‌‌Data‌‌Privacy‌‌Act‌  ‌
(2) Should‌‌be‌‌sanctioned‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Rules;‌  ‌ and‌‌such‌‌offer‌‌must‌‌have‌‌been‌‌made‌‌during‌‌the‌‌trial.‌  ‌
i. The‌  ‌Revised‌  ‌Guidelines‌  ‌for‌  ‌Continuous‌  ‌Trial‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Criminal‌‌Cases‌  ‌ Not‌  ‌all‌  ‌information‌  ‌presented‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌
  Court‌‌
  amounts‌‌
  to‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  if‌‌  SC‌  ‌disagreed.‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌on‌  ‌Evidence‌  ‌not‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌strictly‌  ‌applied‌  ‌in‌‌ 
j. Rules‌‌on‌‌Cybercrime‌‌Warrants‌  ‌ not‌‌sanctioned‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Rules,‌‌regardless‌‌of‌‌its‌‌truthfulness.‌  ‌ naturalization‌‌proceedings‌‌such‌‌as‌‌the‌‌case‌‌at‌‌bar.‌  ‌

 ‌ This‌‌
  refers‌‌
  to‌‌
  the‌‌
  requirement‌‌
  of‌‌
  ‌competency.‌‌
  Evidence‌‌ ‌must‌‌ not‌‌ 
be‌‌excluded‌‌‌by‌‌the‌‌Rules,‌‌Constitution‌‌or‌‌some‌‌special‌‌law.‌‌   ‌ (4) Its‌‌purpose‌‌is‌‌to‌‌ascertain‌‌truth,‌‌LEGAL‌‌TRUTH;‌  ‌
NB:‌  ‌Codal‌  ‌provisions‌  ‌are‌  ‌already‌  ‌derived‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌2019‌  ‌Proposed‌‌ 
(3) Applies‌‌only‌‌in‌‌judicial‌‌proceedings;‌  ‌ Moral‌  ‌truth‌  ‌is‌  ‌when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌claim‌  ‌coincides‌  ‌with‌  ‌reality.‌  ‌If‌  ‌a ‌ ‌witness‌‌ 
Amendments‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Revised‌  ‌Rules‌  ‌on‌  ‌Evidence‌  ‌or‌  ‌A.M.‌  ‌No.‌‌ 
claims‌  ‌that‌  ‌something‌  ‌exists‌  ‌and‌  ‌is‌  ‌consistent‌‌   with‌‌
  what‌‌   actually‌‌ 
19-08-15-SC‌.‌‌Please‌‌note‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following:‌  ‌ The‌  ‌rules‌  ‌on‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌strictly‌  ‌apply‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings‌‌  happened,‌  ‌that‌  ‌is‌  ‌moral‌  ‌truth.‌  ‌But‌‌
  it‌‌
  may‌‌
  not‌‌
  necessarily‌‌   be‌‌
  ‌legal‌‌ 
(a) This‌‌is‌‌an‌‌amendment‌; ‌ ‌ before‌  ‌non-judicial‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌but‌  ‌only‌  ‌by‌  ‌analogy‌  ‌or‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌ truth.‌  ‌
(b) An‌‌entirely‌‌new‌‌provision‌. ‌ ‌ suppletory‌‌character,‌‌whenever‌‌practicable‌‌and‌‌convenient.‌  ‌
As‌‌
  lawyers,‌‌  we‌‌
  are‌‌ only‌‌ concerned‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ legal‌‌ truth.‌‌ ‌It‌‌ has‌‌ been‌‌ 
  ‌ See‌‌cases‌‌of‌J‌ inggoy‌‌Estrada‌‌v.‌‌Ombudsman‌,‌‌and‌P
‌ DIC‌‌v.‌‌Casimiro‌. ‌ ‌ defined‌‌
  as‌‌
  that‌‌
  which‌‌   the‌‌
  evidence‌‌ says‌‌ it‌‌ is.‌‌ It‌‌ may‌‌ not‌‌ necessarily‌‌ 
 ‌
coincide‌‌with‌‌reality.‌  ‌
Respondents‌  ‌objected‌  ‌to‌  ‌admission‌  ‌of‌  ‌hearsay‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌as‌  ‌per‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Definition‌‌of‌‌Terms‌‌and‌‌General‌‌Principles‌  ‌ (5) The‌‌truth‌‌ascertained‌‌must‌‌relate‌‌to‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌fact‌  ‌
Rules‌  ‌of‌  ‌Court.‌  ‌SC‌  ‌ruled‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌objections‌  ‌are‌  ‌improper‌  ‌since‌  ‌the‌‌ 
A. Evidence‌a
‌ s‌d
‌ efined‌‌   ‌ rules‌  ‌on‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌do‌  ‌not‌  ‌apply‌  ‌in‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌before‌  ‌the‌‌  Evidence‌‌   is‌‌
  only‌‌
  relevant‌‌   ‌when‌‌   there‌‌   are‌‌
  issues‌‌
  of‌‌
  fact‌‌
  ‌in‌‌
  the‌‌
  case.‌‌ 
Ombudsman.‌  ‌ Take‌  ‌judgment‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌pleadings,‌‌   or‌‌
  summary‌‌   judgment.‌‌   These‌‌   are‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌1 ‌ ‌Rule‌  ‌128.‌  ‌Evidence‌  ‌defined‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Evidence‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌means,‌‌  remedies‌‌   available‌‌   when‌‌   the‌‌
  pleadings‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ parties‌‌ do‌‌ not‌‌ present‌‌ 
sanctioned‌  ‌by‌  ‌these‌  ‌rules,‌  ‌of‌  ‌ascertaining‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌judicial‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌the‌‌  In‌  ‌appearing‌  ‌before‌  ‌administrative‌  ‌or‌  ‌quasi-judicial‌  ‌bodies,‌  ‌be‌‌  genuine‌  ‌issues‌  ‌of‌  ‌facts;‌  ‌what‌  ‌remains‌  ‌are‌  ‌legal‌  ‌issues.‌  ‌When‌‌   this‌‌ 
truth‌‌respecting‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌fact.‌  ‌ acquainted‌‌instead‌‌of‌‌their‌‌respective‌‌rules‌‌of‌‌procedure.‌  ‌ happens,‌‌   the‌‌
  Court‌‌   is‌‌
  obliged‌‌   to‌‌ dispense‌‌ with‌‌ trial,‌‌ because‌‌ trial‌‌ is‌‌ 
precisely‌  ‌required‌  ‌if‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌required,‌  ‌and‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Not‌  ‌all‌  ‌types‌  ‌of‌  ‌judicial‌  ‌proceedings‌  ‌are‌‌   governed‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌  rules‌‌
  on‌‌ 
 ‌

B. Evidence‌a
‌ nd‌P
‌ roof‌  ‌ only‌‌required‌‌if‌‌there‌‌is‌‌any‌‌factual‌‌issue‌‌to‌‌resolve.‌  ‌
evidence,‌‌   though.‌‌   As‌‌
  per‌‌
  Rule‌‌
  1 ‌‌Sec‌‌
  4,‌‌
  these‌‌
  Rules‌‌
  shall‌‌  ‌not‌‌
  apply‌‌ 
Proof‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌itself.‌  ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌proof‌  ‌only‌  ‌because‌  ‌of‌‌  to:‌  ‌
C. Factum‌P
‌ robandum‌a ‌ nd‌‌ 
evidence.‌  ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌merely‌  ‌the‌  ‌probative‌  ‌effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌and‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌  (a) E‌lection‌‌cases,‌‌   ‌ Factum‌P
‌ robans‌  ‌
consideration‌  ‌of‌  ‌persuasion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌mind‌  ‌resulting‌  ‌from‌  ‌a ‌‌ (b) L‌and‌‌registration,‌‌   ‌
consideration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ (c) C‌adastral,‌‌   ‌ Evidence‌‌relates‌‌to‌‌two‌‌types‌‌of‌‌facts‌  ‌
Proof‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌effect‌  ‌or‌  ‌result‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence,‌  ‌while‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌  (d) N‌aturalization‌‌and‌‌   ‌ (a) Factum‌‌probandum.‌‌‌The‌‌ultimate‌‌fact‌‌to‌‌be‌‌proved.‌  ‌
medium‌‌of‌‌proof.‌  ‌ (e) I‌nsolvency‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 172‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

(b) Factum‌  ‌probans.‌  ‌The‌  ‌specific‌  ‌materials‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌used‌‌


  to‌‌
  prove‌‌  (a) Object‌. ‌‌Any‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  presented‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  to‌‌
  examine,‌‌  (c) Testimonial‌. ‌ ‌Not‌  ‌limited‌  ‌to‌  ‌oral.‌  ‌More‌  ‌accurately,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌ 
the‌  ‌factum‌  ‌probandum.‌  ‌The‌  ‌evidentiary‌  ‌facts‌  ‌sought‌  ‌to‌‌  observe‌‌using‌‌the‌‌senses‌‌of‌‌the‌‌court.‌  ‌ that‌  ‌evidence‌‌   consisting‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  recollection‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  witness‌‌ 
establish‌‌the‌‌ultimate‌‌fact.‌‌   ‌ of‌  ‌past‌  ‌events‌  ‌being‌  ‌communicated‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌court.‌  ‌The‌‌ 
(i) Real‌.‌‌The‌‌very‌‌thing‌‌involved‌‌in‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌
So,‌‌in‌‌a‌‌case‌‌of‌‌rape‌  ‌ manner‌  ‌of‌  ‌communicating‌  ‌may‌  ‌vary:‌  ‌orally,‌  ‌through‌‌   sign‌‌ 
(ii) Demonstrative‌. ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌replica,‌  ‌substitute‌  ‌or‌‌  language.‌‌   Another‌‌  manner‌‌   is‌‌
  when‌‌ a ‌‌witness‌‌ is‌‌ required‌‌ to‌‌ 
Factum‌‌  representation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌real‌‌thing.‌  physically‌‌demonstrate‌‌the‌‌past‌‌event‌‌he‌‌witnessed.‌‌   ‌
probandum‌  ‌ Accused‌‌raped‌‌the‌‌victim‌  ‌
E.g.‌  ‌In‌  ‌a ‌ ‌murder‌  ‌case,‌  ‌the‌  ‌real‌  ‌object‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌‌  It‌  ‌may‌  ‌also‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌  ‌an‌  ‌affidavit.‌  ‌Such‌  ‌that‌  ‌it‌‌ 
murder‌  ‌weapon;‌  ‌a ‌ ‌demonstrative‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌could‌  ‌be‌  ‌its‌‌  contains‌  ‌the‌  ‌account‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌of‌‌   his‌‌
  recollection‌‌   of‌‌ 
Factum‌‌  Testimony‌‌of‌‌complainant;‌‌Medical‌‌report‌‌of‌‌ 
photograph.‌  ‌ past‌‌events,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌testimonial.‌  ‌
probans‌  ‌ attending‌‌physician;‌‌Object‌‌evidence,‌‌like‌‌the‌‌ 
underwear‌‌of‌‌accused‌‌found‌‌in‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌scene.‌  ‌ ATTN‌: ‌ ‌Photographs‌  ‌are‌  ‌now‌  ‌classified‌  ‌as‌  ‌documentary‌‌  (2) Direct‌‌vs‌‌Circumstantial‌  ‌
evidence.‌  ‌
Take‌‌the‌‌case‌‌of‌D
‌ ela‌‌Llana‌‌v.‌‌Biong‌  ‌ (a) Direct‌. ‌ ‌Directly‌  ‌proves‌  ‌the‌  ‌fact‌  ‌in‌‌
  issue‌‌
  without‌‌
  need‌‌
  of‌‌ 
Take‌  ‌note‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌classification‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌lie‌‌  so‌‌  much‌‌
  on‌‌  inference‌  ‌from‌  ‌other‌  ‌established‌  ‌facts.‌  ‌Textbook‌  ‌example‌‌ 
The‌  ‌case‌  ‌involves‌‌
  a ‌‌civil‌‌   action‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌  recovery‌‌  of‌‌
  damages‌‌   arising‌‌  is‌‌an‌‌eyewitness‌‌account.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌form,‌  ‌but‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌its‌  ‌PURPOSE‌  ‌for‌  ‌which‌  ‌the‌‌   evidence‌‌ 
from‌‌   tort,‌‌
  specifically,‌‌  a ‌‌vehicular‌‌ accident.‌‌ Dela‌‌ Llana‌‌ theorized‌‌ that‌ 
was‌  ‌offered.‌  ‌Like‌  ‌a ‌ ‌photograph‌‌   which‌‌  could‌‌
  be‌‌   offered‌‌
  as‌‌ 
she‌‌
  suffered‌‌   WHIPLASH‌‌   as‌‌   a ‌‌result‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  negligence‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  driver‌‌ of‌‌  (b) Circumstantial‌. ‌‌Indirectly‌‌  proves‌‌  the‌‌ fact‌‌ in‌‌ issue‌‌ and‌‌ 
demonstrative‌  ‌object‌‌   or‌‌  documentary‌‌
  evidence‌‌   depending‌‌ 
Biong.‌  ‌ may‌  ‌only‌  ‌be‌  ‌resorted‌  ‌to‌  ‌when‌  ‌other‌  ‌facts‌  ‌have‌  ‌been‌‌ 
on‌‌the‌‌purpose.‌  ‌
Thus‌, ‌‌the‌‌
  ‌factum‌‌
  probandum‌‌   is‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  negligence‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌
  driver‌‌ is‌‌  established‌‌from‌‌which‌‌it‌‌is‌‌derived.‌‌   ‌
the‌‌proximate‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌the‌‌whiplash‌‌injury.‌  ‌ EX‌: ‌‌In‌‌ a ‌‌case‌‌ for‌‌ concubinage,‌‌ the‌‌ photograph‌‌ of‌‌ accused‌‌ in‌‌ 
Basic‌  ‌facts‌  ‌must‌‌
  first‌‌
  be‌‌
  proven‌‌
  before‌‌
  this‌‌
  evidence‌‌
  may‌‌ 
sexual‌  ‌act‌  ‌with‌  ‌a ‌ ‌woman‌  ‌not‌  ‌his‌  ‌wife‌  ‌is‌  ‌offered‌  ‌in‌‌ 
Dela‌‌Llana‌‌presented‌‌the‌‌following‌f‌ actum‌‌probans‌: ‌ ‌ be‌‌inferred.‌  ‌
evidence.‌  ‌It‌  ‌could‌  ‌be‌  ‌real‌  ‌demonstrative‌  ‌to‌  ‌show‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(a) Photographs‌‌of‌‌damaged‌‌vehicle;‌  ‌ existence‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ act;‌‌ or‌‌ ‌documentary‌‌ when‌‌ the‌‌ accuracy‌‌ of‌‌  Types‌‌of‌‌circumstantial‌‌evidence:‌  ‌
(b) Testimony‌‌of‌D‌ ela‌‌Llana;‌  ‌ the‌  ‌content‌  ‌is‌  ‌being‌  ‌disputed,‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌identity‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(c) Medical‌‌certificate.‌  ‌ person‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  photograph‌‌   not‌‌
  being‌‌   the‌‌
  accused.‌‌ Under‌‌ the‌‌  (i) Antecedent‌. ‌‌Existed‌‌   ‌prior‌‌
  ‌to‌‌
  the‌‌ event,‌‌ act‌‌ in‌‌ 
As‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌medical‌  ‌certificate,‌  ‌failure‌  ‌to‌  ‌present‌  ‌the‌  ‌doctor‌  ‌who‌‌  best‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌rule‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌original‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌photo‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌‌  question,‌‌i.e.‌‌Motive‌.‌‌Others‌‌may‌‌include:‌  ‌
prepared‌‌it,‌‌renders‌‌such‌‌evidence‌‌inadmissible‌‌for‌‌being‌‌hearsay.‌  ‌ presented,‌  ‌which‌  ‌could‌  ‌take‌  ‌the‌  ‌form‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌negative‌  ‌or‌  ‌a ‌‌ ● Character‌‌of‌‌accused;‌  ‌
printout‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌photo.‌  ‌This‌  ‌time‌  ‌around,‌  ‌the‌  ‌photo‌  ‌is‌‌ 
In‌  ‌the‌  ‌final‌  ‌analysis,‌  ‌the‌‌
  ‌factum‌‌
  probans‌‌
  were‌‌
  not‌‌
  sufficient‌‌
  for‌‌
  the‌‌  ● Past‌‌convictions;‌  ‌
treated‌  ‌as‌‌   ‌documentary‌‌   evidence‌‌   because‌‌   the‌‌
  purpose‌‌   is‌‌ 
factum‌  ‌probandum‌. ‌ ‌Because‌  ‌the‌  ‌most‌  ‌important‌  ‌element‌  ‌of‌‌ 
to‌‌prove‌‌its‌‌contents.‌  ‌ (ii) Concomitant‌. ‌ ‌Exists‌  ‌contemporaneously‌‌ 
causation‌‌in‌‌torts‌‌cases‌‌was‌‌not‌‌duly‌‌proven.‌  ‌
with‌‌the‌‌event,‌‌act‌‌in‌‌question.‌  ‌
(b) Documentary‌. ‌ ‌Consist‌  ‌of‌  ‌writings,‌  ‌recordings,‌‌ 
D. Classification‌o
‌ f‌E
‌ vidence‌  ‌ Basic‌‌example‌‌is‌‌opportunity.‌  ‌
photographs‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌material‌  ‌containing‌  ‌letters,‌  ‌words,‌‌ 
This‌  ‌is‌  ‌important‌  ‌so‌  ‌you‌  ‌will‌  ‌be‌  ‌able‌  ‌to‌  ‌apply‌  ‌the‌  ‌corresponding‌‌  sounds,‌‌  numbers,‌‌   figures,‌‌
  symbols,‌‌  or‌‌
  their‌‌
  equivalent,‌‌ or‌‌  (iii) Subsequent‌. ‌ ‌Existed‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌  ‌event,‌  ‌act‌  ‌in‌‌ 
exclusionary‌  ‌rules.‌  ‌Certain‌  ‌exclusionary‌  ‌rules‌  ‌only‌  ‌apply‌  ‌to‌  ‌specific‌‌  other‌‌
  modes‌‌   of‌‌
  written‌‌ expression‌‌ offered‌‌ as‌‌ proof‌‌ of‌‌ their‌‌  question.‌‌Example‌‌is‌‌flight.‌  ‌
types‌‌of‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ contents.‌  ‌Photographs‌  ‌include‌  ‌still‌  ‌pictures,‌  ‌drawings,‌‌ 
Type‌  ‌ Example‌  ‌ Basic‌‌Fact‌‌to‌‌be‌‌Established‌  ‌
stored‌‌images,‌‌x-ray‌‌films,‌‌motion‌‌pictures‌‌or‌‌videos.‌‌   ‌
(1) Based‌‌on‌‌form‌  ‌
They‌‌are‌‌offered‌‌in‌‌evidence‌‌as‌‌proof‌‌of‌‌its‌‌contents.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 173‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


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Antecedent‌  ‌ MOTIVE‌  ‌ Prior‌‌altercation,‌‌threats‌‌made‌  ‌ Defendants‌‌   presented‌‌  experts‌‌


  on‌‌  gun-making‌‌
  who‌‌ testified‌‌ that‌‌ there‌‌  EX‌: ‌ ‌In‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌collection‌  ‌of‌  ‌sums‌  ‌of‌  ‌money,‌  ‌an‌‌ 
have‌‌
  never‌‌  been‌‌
  any‌‌
  complaint‌‌   regarding‌‌
  the‌‌
  design‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ gun‌‌ being‌‌  actionable‌  ‌document‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌promissory‌  ‌note‌  ‌is‌‌ 
Concomitant‌  ‌ OPPORTUNITY‌  ‌ Presence‌‌at‌‌the‌‌crime‌‌scene‌‌   ‌ defective.‌‌Lopez‌‌challenged‌‌the‌‌relevance‌‌of‌‌this‌‌testimony.‌  ‌ appended‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ complaint.‌‌ Rules‌‌ on‌‌ Civil‌‌ Procedure‌‌ tell‌‌ us‌‌ 
that‌  ‌when‌  ‌a ‌ ‌defendant‌  ‌denies‌  ‌the‌  ‌genuineness‌  ‌and‌  ‌due‌‌ 
The‌‌   US‌‌  SC‌‌
  ruled‌‌ that‌‌ by‌‌ logic,‌‌ common‌‌ sense,‌‌ and‌‌ human‌‌ experience,‌‌ 
execution‌‌   of‌‌ an‌‌ actionable‌‌ document,‌‌ he‌‌ should‌‌ do‌‌ it‌‌ under‌‌ 
Subsequent‌  ‌ FLIGHT‌  ‌ Disappearance‌‌after‌‌the‌‌crime‌  ‌ it‌  ‌is‌  ‌probable‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌absence‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌single‌  ‌complaint‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌past‌‌ 
oath,‌‌  or‌‌
  that‌‌  the‌‌  Answer‌‌ is‌‌ verified.‌‌ Failure‌‌ would‌‌ have‌‌ the‌‌ 
would‌  ‌tend‌  ‌to‌  ‌establish‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌design‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌   safety‌‌
  mechanism‌‌   is‌ 
OFFER‌‌OF‌‌  Offers‌‌to‌‌marry‌‌rape‌‌victim‌  ‌ effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌implied‌  ‌admission,‌  ‌and‌  ‌therefore,‌  ‌any‌  ‌evidence‌‌ 
not‌‌defective.‌  ‌
COMPROMISE‌  ‌ presented‌‌   to‌‌
  show‌‌   that‌‌
  the‌‌
  promissory‌‌   note‌‌ is‌‌ a ‌‌forgery,‌‌ is‌‌ 
IMMATERIAL,‌  ‌because‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌offered‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌a ‌‌fact‌‌   that‌‌
  is‌‌ 
Compare‌‌with‌  ‌ NOT‌  ‌in‌  ‌issue,‌  ‌because‌  ‌that‌  ‌fact‌  ‌is‌  ‌already‌  ‌impliedly‌‌ 
(3) Positive‌‌vs‌‌Negative‌  ‌
admitted.‌‌   ‌
(a) Positive‌. ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌set‌  ‌of‌  ‌facts‌  ‌exists‌  ‌or‌  ‌an‌  ‌event‌‌  State‌‌of‌‌Missouri‌‌v.‌‌Ball‌  ‌
took‌‌place.‌  ‌
The‌‌SC‌‌excluded‌‌evidence‌‌for‌‌being‌‌irrelevant.‌  ‌ The‌‌   evidence‌‌   is‌‌ RELEVANT,‌‌ though,‌‌ because‌‌ it‌‌ throws‌‌ light‌‌ 
(b) Negative‌. ‌ ‌A ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌set‌  ‌of‌‌
  facts‌‌  did‌‌
  not‌‌  exist‌‌   or‌‌
  an‌‌ 
on‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌and‌  ‌would‌‌  tend‌‌  to‌‌
  prove‌‌
  the‌‌
  probability‌‌   that‌‌ 
event‌‌  did‌‌
  not‌‌   take‌‌
  place.‌‌ Common‌‌ example‌‌ is‌‌ ‌alibi,‌‌ or‌‌  Ball‌‌
  was‌‌   arrested‌‌  6 ‌‌weeks‌‌   after‌‌
  he‌‌
  got‌‌
  out‌‌
  of‌‌
  prison.‌‌
  And‌‌
  during‌‌   his‌‌ 
defendant‌‌   did‌‌  not‌‌
  owe‌‌
  the‌‌ plaintiff‌‌ any‌‌ money‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ fact‌‌ of‌‌ 
denial.‌  ‌ arrest,‌  ‌some‌  ‌dollar‌  ‌bills‌  ‌and‌  ‌coins‌  ‌were‌  ‌recovered.‌  ‌These‌  ‌were‌‌ 
forgery‌‌is‌‌proven.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌relevant‌‌but‌‌IMMATERIAL.‌  ‌
presented‌‌   as‌‌
  evidence‌‌   to‌‌
  prove‌‌   that‌‌ Ball‌‌ was‌‌ responsible‌‌ for‌‌ a ‌‌recent‌‌ 
All‌  ‌things‌  ‌being‌  ‌equal‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌positive‌  ‌evidence‌‌  robbery.‌  ‌
(c) Competent.‌  ‌When‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌excluded‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
prevails,‌‌
  especially‌‌ if‌‌ the‌‌ witness‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ shown‌‌ to‌‌ have‌‌  This‌‌
  was‌‌   objected‌‌   to‌‌
  for‌‌
  being‌‌ irrelevant,‌‌ and‌‌ the‌‌ Court‌‌ sustained‌‌ the‌‌  Constitution,‌‌the‌‌Rules‌‌and‌‌any‌‌other‌‌special‌‌laws.‌  ‌
an‌‌ill-motive‌‌to‌‌testify‌‌falsely‌‌against‌‌the‌‌accused.‌  ‌ objection.‌‌   The‌‌   fact‌‌  that‌‌  Ball‌‌
  was‌‌ caught‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ dollar‌‌ bills‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ 
IN‌‌SUMMARY‌  ‌
shed‌  ‌light‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌  issue‌‌   of‌‌
  whether‌‌   he‌‌
  was‌‌
  responsible‌‌   for‌‌
  the‌‌
  recent‌‌ 
(4) Relevant,‌‌Material,‌‌Competent‌  ‌ (1) Object‌‌‌or‌‌‌real‌‌evidence‌‌‌are‌‌those‌‌addressed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌senses‌‌of‌‌ 
robbery.‌‌   ‌
(a) Relevant.‌  ‌Refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌that‌  ‌has‌  ‌the‌  ‌tendency‌  ‌or‌‌  the‌‌court.‌  ‌
reason‌  ‌to‌  ‌establish‌  ‌the‌  ‌probability‌  ‌or‌  ‌improbability‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ There‌‌
  is‌‌
  no‌‌
  logical,‌‌
  rational‌‌
  connection‌‌   between‌‌ Ball‌‌ being‌‌ caught‌‌ in‌‌ 
Electronic‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌or‌  ‌electronic‌  ‌data‌  ‌message‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌‌ 
fact‌  ‌in‌  ‌issue.‌  ‌It‌  ‌helps‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌resolving‌‌
  the‌‌
  issue.‌‌
  To‌‌  possession‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bills‌‌to‌‌the‌‌robbery.‌  ‌
information‌  ‌generated,‌  ‌sent,‌  ‌received‌  ‌or‌  ‌stored‌  ‌by‌  ‌electronic,‌‌ 
determine‌  ‌relevancy,‌  ‌we‌  ‌are‌  ‌to‌  ‌apply‌  ‌the‌  ‌test‌  ‌of‌  ‌logic,‌‌  It‌  ‌was‌  ‌further‌  ‌argued‌‌   that‌‌
  Ball‌‌
  could‌‌   be‌‌
  responsible‌‌  for‌‌
  the‌‌
  robbery‌‌  optical‌‌or‌‌similar‌‌means.‌  ‌
common‌  ‌sense‌  ‌or‌  ‌human‌  ‌experience.‌  ‌It‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌require‌‌  due‌‌   to‌‌
  his‌‌  dire‌‌
  financial‌‌   status‌‌ after‌‌ having‌‌ just‌‌ recently‌‌ gotten‌‌ out‌‌ of‌‌ 
Documentary‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌consists‌  ‌of‌  ‌writing‌  ‌or‌  ‌any‌  ‌material‌‌ 
absolute‌  ‌certainty‌  ‌or‌  ‌conclusivity.‌  ‌It‌  ‌merely‌  ‌requires‌‌  jail.‌  ‌SC‌  ‌rejected‌  ‌this,‌  ‌holding‌‌   that‌‌
  one’s‌‌   financial‌‌
  condition‌‌   does‌‌  not‌‌ 
containing‌  ‌letters,‌  ‌words,‌  ‌numbers,‌  ‌figures,‌  ‌symbols‌‌
  or‌‌
  other‌‌ 
probability.‌  ‌ light‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌issue‌‌on‌‌whether‌‌Ball‌‌committed‌‌the‌‌robbery.‌  ‌
modes‌‌of‌‌written‌‌expression‌‌offered‌‌as‌‌proof‌‌of‌‌their‌‌contents.‌  ‌
Lopez‌‌v.‌‌Hessen‌  ‌ Testimonial‌‌   evidence‌‌   is‌‌ an‌‌ oral‌‌ evidence‌‌ given‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ witness‌ 
It‌  ‌always‌  ‌boils‌  ‌down‌  ‌to‌  ‌logic,‌  ‌common‌  ‌sense,‌  ‌and‌‌
  human‌‌
  experience.‌‌ 
This‌  ‌involves‌  ‌an‌  ‌action‌  ‌for‌  ‌damages‌  ‌arising‌  ‌from‌  ‌an‌  ‌accidental‌‌  on‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌stand‌‌or‌‌in‌‌any‌‌proceeding.‌  ‌
This‌‌is‌‌distinguished‌‌from‌M ‌ aterial‌e‌ vidence.‌  ‌
shooting‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌rifle.‌  ‌Hessen‌‌
  went‌‌
  deer‌‌
  hunting,‌‌
  when‌‌  he‌‌
  accidentally‌  (2) Relevant‌‌evidence‌‌‌is‌‌one‌‌which‌‌has‌‌a‌‌relation‌‌to‌‌the‌‌fact‌‌in‌‌ 
shot‌‌his‌‌rifle,‌‌hitting‌‌Lopez.‌  ‌ (b) Material.‌  ‌If‌  ‌evidence‌‌
  is‌‌
  offered‌‌
  to‌‌
  prove‌‌
  a ‌‌fact‌‌
  in‌‌
  issue.‌‌
  It‌‌  issue.‌  ‌
Lopez‌  ‌sued‌  ‌Hessen‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌merchant‌  ‌who‌  ‌sold‌  ‌the‌  ‌rifle.‌  ‌Lopez‌‌  has‌‌nothing‌‌to‌‌do‌‌with‌‌the‌‌tendency‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌probability.‌  ‌ Material‌‌evidence‌‌‌is‌‌one‌‌that‌‌is‌‌directed‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌a‌‌fact‌‌in‌‌ 
attributed‌  ‌the‌  ‌accident‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌defective‌  ‌design‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌rifle’s‌  ‌safety‌‌  issue‌‌as‌‌determined‌‌by‌‌the‌‌rules‌‌on‌‌substantive‌‌law‌‌and‌‌ 
It‌‌
  is‌‌
  thus‌‌ possible‌‌ that‌‌ evidence‌‌ is‌‌ relevant‌‌ but‌‌ immaterial;‌‌ 
mechanism‌  ‌as‌  ‌it‌  ‌allegedly‌  ‌would‌  ‌move‌  ‌from‌  ‌the‌  ‌safety‌‌   position‌‌   to‌‌  pleadings.‌  ‌
or‌‌irrelevant‌‌but‌‌material.‌  ‌
the‌  ‌fire‌  ‌position.‌  ‌The‌  ‌factum‌  ‌probandum‌  ‌was‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌defective‌‌ 
Competent‌‌evidence‌‌‌is‌‌one‌‌which‌‌is‌‌not‌‌otherwise‌‌excluded‌‌ 
design‌‌was‌‌the‌‌cause‌‌of‌‌the‌‌accident.‌  ‌
by‌‌the‌‌Constitution,‌‌by‌‌law‌‌or‌‌by‌‌the‌‌rules.‌  ‌
 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 174‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

(3) Direct‌‌evidence‌‌‌proves‌‌a‌‌fact‌‌without‌‌the‌‌need‌‌to‌‌make‌‌an‌‌  However,‌‌   under‌‌   our‌‌


  jurisdiction,‌‌   relevancy‌‌
  is‌‌
  understood‌‌ in‌‌ its‌‌ broader‌‌  or‌  ‌submit‌  ‌computer‌  ‌data.‌  ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌covered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule‌  ‌on‌‌ 
inference‌‌from‌‌another‌‌fact.‌  ‌ sense,‌‌
  as‌‌
  opposed‌‌   to‌‌  its‌‌
  restrictive‌‌  concept.‌‌
  Relevancy,‌‌ in‌‌ its‌‌ restrictive‌‌  probable‌‌cause.‌  ‌
Circumstantial‌‌‌or‌‌indirect‌‌evidence‌‌‌proves‌‌a‌‌fact‌‌by‌‌making‌‌  concept,‌  ‌only‌  ‌refers‌  ‌to‌  ‌probativeness‌  ‌or‌  ‌tendency‌  ‌to‌  ‌prove‌  ‌a ‌ ‌fact‌  ‌in‌‌ 
issue.‌‌The‌‌broader‌‌sense‌‌includes‌‌both‌‌probativeness‌‌and‌‌materiality.‌  ‌ 2. Warrant‌‌
  to‌‌ ‌INTERCEPT‌. ‌‌— ‌‌Authorizes‌‌ the‌‌ applicant‌‌ to‌‌ conduct‌ 
an‌‌inference‌‌from‌‌a‌‌previously‌‌established‌‌fact.‌  ‌
surveillance‌  ‌operations‌  ‌to‌  ‌monitor,‌  ‌record,‌  ‌or‌  ‌intercept‌  ‌any‌‌ 
(4) Cumulative‌‌evidence‌‌‌is‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same‌‌kind‌‌‌and‌‌character‌‌  So‌  ‌when‌  ‌our‌  ‌rules‌  ‌speak‌  ‌of‌  ‌relevancy‌  ‌as‌  ‌requisite‌  ‌of‌  ‌admissibility,‌  ‌it‌‌ 
communication‌‌between‌‌the‌‌subjects.‌  ‌
which‌‌tends‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌the‌‌same‌‌proposition.‌  ‌ necessarily‌  ‌includes‌  ‌materiality.‌  ‌Materiality‌  ‌is‌  ‌subsumed‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌ 
broader‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌relevancy‌.  ‌‌ ‌ 3. Warrant‌‌   to‌‌
  ‌SEARCH,‌‌   SEIZE‌‌   AND‌‌   EXAMINE‌. ‌‌— ‌‌Authorizes‌‌   the‌‌ 
Corroborative‌‌evidence‌‌‌merely‌‌supplements‌‌evidence‌‌which‌‌ 
seizure‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌‌computer‌‌   or‌‌
  similar‌‌   devices‌‌
  and‌‌
  examine‌‌   the‌‌ data‌‌ 
has‌‌already‌‌been‌‌given‌‌tending‌‌to‌‌strengthen‌‌the‌‌same.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌  B. Relevancy‌‌   ‌ stored‌‌  inside.‌‌   There‌‌
  is‌‌  only‌‌  one‌‌
  warrant‌‌ but‌‌ has‌‌ two‌‌ purposes,‌‌ 
additional‌‌evidence‌‌of‌‌a‌‌different‌‌character‌‌to‌‌the‌‌same‌‌point.‌  ‌
the‌‌seizure,‌‌and‌‌examination.‌  ‌
(5) Primary‌‌evidence‌‌‌assures‌‌the‌‌greatest‌‌certainty‌‌of‌‌fact‌‌sought‌‌  Section‌  ‌3.‌  ‌Admissibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌evidence‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Evidence‌  ‌is‌  ‌admissible‌  ‌when‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌‌ 
to‌‌be‌‌proved,‌‌and‌‌which‌‌does‌‌not‌‌in‌‌itself,‌‌indicate‌‌the‌‌  relevant‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌issue‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌excluded‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Constitution‌, ‌ ‌the‌  ‌law‌  ‌or‌‌  4. Warrant‌‌   to‌‌
  ‌EXAMINE‌. ‌‌— ‌‌This‌‌ is‌‌ different‌‌ from‌‌ the‌‌ third‌‌ one‌‌ in‌‌ 
existence‌‌of‌‌other‌‌and‌‌better‌‌proof.‌  these‌‌Rules.‌  ‌ that‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌yet‌  ‌in‌  ‌possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Secondary‌‌evidence‌‌‌is‌‌any‌‌evidence‌‌other‌‌than‌‌the‌‌document‌‌  suspected‌  ‌devices,‌  ‌their‌  ‌proper‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌warrant‌  ‌to‌  ‌seize‌‌ 
 ‌
itself,‌‌e.g.‌‌a‌‌copy,‌‌recital‌‌of‌‌its‌‌contents‌‌in‌‌some‌‌authentic‌‌  and‌  ‌examine.‌  ‌But‌  ‌if‌  ‌they‌  ‌already‌  ‌have‌  ‌legal‌  ‌possession,‌  ‌they‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌4.‌  ‌Relevancy‌; ‌ ‌collateral‌  ‌matters‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌Evidence‌  ‌must‌  ‌h ave‌  ‌such‌  ‌a ‌‌ only‌‌need‌‌to‌‌apply‌‌this‌‌warrant‌‌to‌‌examine.‌ 
document,‌‌or‌‌recollection‌‌of‌‌witnesses.‌  ‌
relation‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌fact‌  ‌in‌  ‌issue‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌  ‌induce‌  ‌b elief‌  ‌in‌  ‌its‌  ‌existence‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(6) Positive‌‌evidence‌‌‌affirms‌‌that‌‌a‌‌certain‌‌state‌‌of‌‌facts‌‌does‌‌exist‌‌  non-existence.‌  ‌Evidence‌  ‌on‌  ‌collateral‌  ‌matters‌  ‌shall‌  ‌not‌  ‌b e‌‌ allowed,‌‌ ‌except‌‌  This‌‌   applies‌‌  when‌‌   the‌‌  devices‌‌  were‌‌ seized‌‌ in‌‌ a ‌‌search‌‌ incident‌‌ 
or‌‌that‌‌a‌‌certain‌‌event‌‌happened.‌  ‌ when‌  ‌it‌  ‌tends‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌reasonable‌  ‌degree‌  ‌to‌  ‌establish‌  ‌the‌  ‌probability‌  ‌or‌‌  to‌  ‌lawful‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌as‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌was‌  ‌caught‌  ‌in‌  ‌flagrante‌‌ 
improbability‌‌of‌‌the‌‌fact‌‌in‌‌issue.‌  ‌ delicto.‌‌   However,‌‌   the‌‌  law‌‌  enforcers‌‌   here‌‌
  have‌‌
  ‌no‌‌   authority‌‌ to‌‌ 
Negative‌‌evidence‌‌‌is‌‌just‌‌the‌‌opposite.‌  ‌
examine‌‌   right‌‌
  there‌‌   and‌‌   then‌‌
  the‌‌  contents‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ devices‌. ‌‌
(7) Expert‌‌‌evidence‌‌‌is‌‌derived‌‌from‌‌an‌‌expert‌‌witness‌‌or‌‌"one‌‌ 
C. Competency‌  ‌ Thus,‌  ‌they‌  ‌would‌  ‌need‌  ‌to‌  ‌apply‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌‌warrant‌‌   to‌‌
  examine‌‌ 
who‌‌belongs‌‌to‌‌the‌‌profession‌‌or‌‌calling‌‌to‌‌which‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌ 
such‌‌data.‌  ‌
matter‌‌of‌‌the‌‌inquiry‌‌relates‌‌and‌‌who‌‌possesses‌‌special‌‌  Rule‌‌on‌‌Cybercrime‌‌Warrants‌‌‌(A.M.‌‌No.‌‌17-11-03-SC)‌  ‌
knowledge‌‌on‌‌questions‌‌on‌‌which‌‌he‌‌proposes‌‌to‌‌express‌‌an‌‌  The‌‌   prevailing‌‌   doctrine‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  US‌‌
  on‌‌
  examination‌‌   of‌‌
  computer‌‌   data‌‌ 
Cybercrime‌‌Warrants‌  ‌
opinion."‌  ‌ is‌  ‌that‌  ‌if‌  ‌access‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌computer‌  ‌data‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌  ‌obtained‌  ‌by‌  ‌purely‌‌ 
 ‌
mechanical‌‌   acts,‌‌
  evidence‌‌ obtained‌‌ as‌‌ a ‌‌result‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ examination‌‌ is‌‌ 
(8) Prima‌‌facie‌‌evidence‌‌‌denotes‌‌evidence‌‌which,‌‌if‌‌unexplained‌‌  Applies‌‌only‌‌to‌‌cybercrimes.‌‌Pay‌‌attention‌‌to‌‌the‌‌4‌‌types‌‌of‌‌warrants:‌  ‌
admissible‌  ‌because‌  ‌it‌  ‌will‌  ‌not‌  ‌violate‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌‌ 
or‌‌uncontradicted,‌‌is‌‌sufficient‌‌to‌‌sustain‌‌the‌‌proposition‌‌it‌‌ 
1. Warrant‌‌to‌d‌ isclose‌‌computer‌‌data‌‌(WDCD);‌  ‌ self-incrimination.‌‌   ‌
supports‌‌or‌‌to‌‌establish‌‌the‌‌facts.‌  ‌
2. Warrant‌‌to‌i‌ ntercept‌c‌ omputer‌‌data‌‌(WICD);‌  ‌
Conclusive‌‌evidence‌‌‌is‌‌one‌‌that‌‌establishes‌‌the‌‌fact‌‌in‌‌issue‌‌  But‌‌  ‌if‌‌
  access‌‌   needs‌‌
  the‌‌
  disclosure‌‌   of‌‌
  a ‌password‌, ‌‌this‌‌
  will‌‌
  violate‌‌ 
3. Warrant‌  ‌to‌  ‌search‌, ‌ ‌seize‌  ‌and‌  ‌examine‌  ‌computer‌  ‌data‌‌ 
and‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌contradicted‌‌by‌‌any‌‌other‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ the‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌  ‌self-incrimination‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌freely‌‌ 
(WSSECD);‌  ‌
disclose‌‌   the‌‌ password.‌‌ This‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ a ‌‌purely‌‌ mechanical‌‌ act‌‌ as‌‌ it‌‌ will‌‌ 
4. Warrant‌‌to‌e‌ xamine‌c‌ omputer‌‌data‌‌(WECD).‌  ‌
 ‌

require‌‌   the‌‌  intervention‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ mental‌‌ faculties.‌‌ Thus,‌‌ the‌‌ prevailing‌‌ 


Admissibility‌‌of‌‌Evidence‌‌and‌‌its‌‌Requisites‌  ‌ Each‌‌has‌‌its‌‌own‌‌distinct‌‌purpose.‌  ‌ rule‌‌then‌‌is‌‌to‌‌determine‌‌how‌‌the‌‌access‌‌was‌‌made.‌  ‌
A. Wigmore’s‌T‌ wo‌(‌ 2)‌a
‌ xioms‌o
‌ f‌‌  1. Warrant‌‌   to‌‌
  ‌DISCLOSE‌. ‌‌— ‌‌Commands‌‌   not‌‌ the‌‌ person‌‌ suspected‌‌  With‌  ‌this‌  ‌new‌  ‌rule‌  ‌on‌  ‌cybercrime‌  ‌warrants,‌  ‌there‌‌
  seems‌‌
  to‌‌
  be‌‌
  no‌‌ 
admissibility‌  ‌ to‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌possession‌  ‌or‌  ‌control‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌computer‌  ‌data‌  ‌but‌  ‌it‌‌  distinction.‌  ‌So‌  ‌long‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌computer‌  ‌device‌  ‌comes‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌‌ 
authorizes‌  ‌the‌  ‌applicant‌  ‌to‌  ‌direct‌‌   such‌‌   person‌‌  ‌to‌‌
  disclose‌‌  possession‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌authorities‌  ‌legally,‌  ‌examination‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌data‌‌ 
Our‌‌
  rules‌‌
  only‌‌
  require‌‌  ‌relevancy‌‌ ‌and‌‌ ‌competency‌. ‌‌It‌‌ does‌‌ not‌‌ literally‌‌ 
require‌‌materiality,‌‌as‌‌requisite‌‌for‌‌admissibility.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 175‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

inside‌  ‌can‌  ‌only‌  ‌be‌  ‌done‌  ‌if‌  ‌a ‌ ‌warrant‌  ‌to‌  ‌examine‌  ‌is‌  ‌duly‌‌ 
SC‌  ‌ruled‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌police‌  ‌went‌  ‌inside‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌purpose‌  ‌of‌  ‌looking‌  ‌for‌‌ 
obtained‌. ‌ ‌ Seizure‌‌of‌‌Evidence‌‌in‌‌Plain‌‌View‌  ‌
incriminating‌  ‌evidence.‌  ‌For‌  ‌the‌  ‌plain‌  ‌view‌  ‌doctrine‌  ‌to‌  ‌operate,‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Take‌‌   note‌‌   also‌‌   that‌‌  these‌‌   warrants,‌‌ unlike‌‌ the‌‌ ordinary‌‌ ones,‌‌ have‌‌ a ‌‌ The‌‌ rationale‌‌ behind‌‌ this‌‌ is‌‌ the‌‌ impracticability‌‌ of‌‌ authorities‌‌ procuring‌‌  discovery‌‌   must‌‌   be‌‌  inadvertent‌‌   such‌‌
  that‌‌  it‌‌ should‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ specifically‌‌ 
lifespan‌‌ of‌‌ ‌10‌‌ days‌‌ and‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ further‌‌ extended‌‌ to‌‌ another‌‌ ‌10‌‌ days‌. ‌‌ search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌‌   face‌‌  of‌‌
  an‌‌  incriminating‌‌   object‌‌
  observed‌‌   directly‌‌  sought‌‌for.‌‌The‌‌dried‌‌marijuana‌‌leaves‌‌were‌‌therefore‌i‌ nadmissible‌. ‌ ‌
Also,‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌nothing‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  rules‌‌
  that‌‌
  prohibit‌‌   further‌‌   extensions.‌‌  by‌ t
‌ he‌ s
‌ eizing‌ o
‌ fficer.‌ F
‌ or‌ t
‌ his‌ t
‌ o‌ p
‌ rosper,‌ 3
‌ ‌ r
‌ equisites‌ m
‌ ust‌ b
‌ e‌ m
‌ et:‌  ‌
So‌‌
  it‌‌
  can‌‌  be‌‌ argued‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ warrant‌‌ can‌‌ be‌‌ extended‌‌ so‌‌ long‌‌ as‌‌ there‌‌  (c) Apparent‌‌   Illegality‌‌  of‌‌
  Object.‌‌ The‌‌ incriminating‌‌ nature‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
(a) Prior‌‌   Valid‌‌   Intrusion.‌‌   The‌‌   seizing‌‌   officer‌‌
  must‌‌  have‌‌   the‌‌   right‌‌ 
exists‌‌any‌‌justifiable‌‌ground.‌  ‌ object‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌apparent‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌observation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌seizing‌‌ 
where‌‌he‌‌is‌‌when‌‌he‌‌stumbled‌‌upon‌‌the‌‌incriminating‌‌object.‌  ‌
Take‌‌
  note‌‌   also‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌  rule‌‌  on‌‌  ‌VENUE‌. ‌‌Here,‌‌  there‌‌
  are‌‌   three‌‌ (3)‌‌ possible‌‌  officer.‌‌Its‌‌illegality‌‌must‌‌be‌‌obvious.‌  ‌
Take‌‌the‌‌case‌‌of‌P ‌ p‌‌v.‌‌Salanguit‌  ‌
venues:‌  ‌ Incriminating‌‌   nature‌‌   can‌‌   be‌‌
  determined‌‌   ‌by‌‌
  any‌‌
  of‌‌ the‌‌ senses‌. ‌‌
When‌‌   the‌‌ purpose‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ search‌‌ warrant‌‌ is‌‌ already‌‌ accomplished,‌‌ any‌‌  Take‌  ‌the‌  ‌case‌  ‌of‌  ‌Pp‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Claudio,‌  ‌G.R.‌  ‌No.‌  ‌72564,‌  ‌15‌  ‌Apr‌  ‌1988,‌‌ 
1. Place‌‌of‌‌commission;‌  ‌
further‌‌search‌‌‌is‌‌no‌‌longer‌‌justified.‌  ‌ where‌‌   a ‌‌plastic‌‌   woven‌‌ bag‌‌ appearing‌‌ to‌‌ contain‌‌ camote‌‌ tops‌‌ on‌‌ 
2. Place‌‌where‌‌the‌‌computer‌‌device‌‌or‌‌part‌‌thereof‌‌is‌‌located;‌‌OR‌  ‌
3. Place‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌damage‌  ‌caused‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌private‌  ‌complainant‌‌  The‌‌   case‌‌   involves‌‌   a ‌‌search‌‌   warrant‌‌   commanding‌‌ the‌‌ police‌‌ to‌‌ search‌‌  the‌  ‌top‌  ‌had‌  ‌a ‌ ‌big‌‌
  bundle‌‌   of‌‌
  plastic‌‌
  of‌‌
  marijuana‌‌   at‌‌
  the‌‌
  bottom‌‌ 
occured.‌  ‌ and‌   d
‌ etermine‌   a
‌ ‌
  q
‌ uantity‌   o
‌ f‌
  s
‌ habu‌   ‌and‌  ‌paraphernalia.‌  ‌While‌‌  since‌‌the‌‌officer‌‌recognized‌‌its‌‌smell.‌  ‌
implementing‌  ‌the‌  ‌warrant,‌  ‌police‌  ‌further‌  ‌found‌  ‌dried‌  ‌marijuanan‌‌ 
The‌‌court‌‌referred‌‌herein‌‌is‌‌the‌C ‌ ybercrime‌‌Court.‌  ‌ Search‌‌incident‌‌to‌‌a‌‌lawful‌‌arrest‌  ‌
leaves‌‌wrapped‌‌in‌‌newspaper.‌  ‌
Exclusionary‌R ‌ ules‌U
‌ nder‌t‌ he‌1
‌ 987‌‌  The‌‌   seized‌‌   marijuana‌‌   leaves‌‌   were‌‌   disregarded‌‌   for‌‌ having‌‌ been‌‌ a ‌‌fruit‌‌  This‌‌
  contemplates‌‌ a ‌‌situation‌‌ where‌‌ a ‌‌search‌‌ takes‌‌ place‌‌ after‌‌ a ‌‌
Constitution‌  ‌ of‌‌
  a ‌‌further‌‌   search.‌‌   Given‌‌  that‌‌ the‌‌ police‌‌ officers‌‌ already‌‌ knew‌‌ where‌‌  VALID‌‌arrest.‌‌It‌‌can‌‌not‌‌be‌‌the‌‌reverse.‌‌   ‌
to‌‌
  find‌‌   the‌‌ shabu‌‌ subject‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ warrant,‌‌ it’s‌‌ logical‌‌ to‌‌ assume‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ 
Right‌‌Against‌‌Unreasonable‌‌Searches‌‌and‌‌Seizure‌‌
  An‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌is‌  ‌valid‌  ‌if‌  ‌done‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌warrant‌  ‌of‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌or‌‌ 
police‌  ‌first‌‌   found‌‌   the‌‌
  shabu‌‌   and‌‌  paraphernalia.‌‌   And‌‌   after‌‌
  finding‌‌  the‌‌ 
and‌‌the‌‌Right‌‌to‌‌Privacy‌  ‌ under‌  ‌the‌  ‌recognized‌  ‌exceptions.‌  ‌Under‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌113‌  ‌Sec‌  ‌5,‌‌   there‌‌ 
items‌‌   subject‌‌   of‌‌
  warrant,‌‌   police‌‌   conducted‌‌   further‌‌   search.‌‌ And‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ 
are‌‌3‌‌instances‌‌of‌‌valid‌‌warrantless‌‌arrests‌  ‌
process,‌‌seized‌‌other‌‌items‌‌not‌‌indicated‌‌in‌‌the‌‌warrant.‌  ‌
GR‌:‌‌  Any‌‌search‌‌and‌‌seizure‌‌is‌‌invalid‌‌   ‌
(a) In‌‌flagrante‌‌delicto‌.‌‌Requires‌‌compliance‌‌with‌‌2‌‌requisites:‌  ‌
Thus,‌‌ the‌‌ further‌‌ search‌‌ can‌‌ not‌‌ be‌‌ deemed‌‌ a ‌‌valid‌‌ intrusion‌‌ since‌‌ the‌‌ 
EXC‌:‌‌  ‌ nless‌  ‌made‌  ‌pursuant‌  ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌warrant‌  ‌or‌  ‌falls‌‌
u   among‌‌
  the‌‌  purpose‌‌of‌‌the‌‌search‌‌has‌‌already‌‌been‌‌accomplished.‌  ‌ (i) Overt‌  ‌acts‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌arrested‌‌ 
recognized‌‌exceptions.‌  ‌ indicating‌‌ that‌‌ a ‌‌crime‌‌ has‌‌ just‌‌ been,‌‌ is‌‌ being‌‌ or‌‌ about‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ 
Exceptions‌‌to‌‌the‌‌Search‌‌Warrant‌‌Requirement‌  ‌ (b) Inadvertent‌  ‌Discovery.‌  ‌The‌  ‌seizing‌  ‌officer‌  s‌ hould‌  ‌not‌‌  committed;‌  ‌
specifically‌  ‌look‌  ‌for‌  ‌the‌  ‌incriminating‌  ‌object.‌  ‌Pp‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Musa‌‌ 
(1) Plain‌‌view;‌  ‌ Trail-blazed‌‌by‌‌cases‌‌such‌‌as‌‌‌Pp‌‌v.‌‌Amminudin‌  ‌
demonstrates‌‌this‌‌requirement.‌  ‌
(2) Search‌‌incident‌‌to‌‌a‌‌lawful‌‌arrest;‌  ‌ Arrest‌  ‌was‌  ‌illegal‌  ‌and‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌be‌  ‌justified‌  ‌under‌  ‌in‌‌
  flagrante‌‌
  delicto‌‌ 
A‌‌
  buy-bust‌‌   operation‌‌   was‌‌
  conducted‌‌   outside‌‌   the‌‌
  house‌‌
  of‌‌ Musa.‌‌ The‌‌  because‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌nothing‌  ‌illegal‌  ‌about‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌disembarking‌  ‌from‌‌ 
(3) Consented‌‌search;‌  ‌ poseur-buyer‌  ‌handed‌  ‌Musa‌  ‌the‌  ‌marked‌  ‌money.‌  ‌Musa‌  ‌went‌  ‌back‌  ‌to‌‌  the‌‌vessel‌‌walking‌‌on‌‌the‌‌gangplank.‌  ‌
(4) Search‌‌in‌‌checkpoints;‌  ‌ his‌‌
  house‌‌
  to‌‌  get‌‌
  the‌‌
  illegal‌‌
  drugs.‌‌
  Indeed,‌‌ he‌‌ returned,‌‌ and‌‌ then‌‌ Musa‌‌ 
delivered‌‌the‌‌shabu‌‌to‌‌the‌‌poseur-buyer.‌  ‌ Pp‌‌v.‌‌Mengote‌  ‌
(5) Terry‌‌search;‌  ‌
When‌‌   they‌‌
  conducted‌‌   a ‌‌body‌‌ search‌‌ on‌‌ Musa,‌‌ they‌‌ could‌‌ not‌‌ find‌‌ the‌‌ 
(6) Search‌‌in‌‌moving‌‌vehicles;‌  ‌ Police‌‌
  obtained‌‌  a ‌‌report‌‌
  of‌‌
  3 ‌‌persons‌‌
  acting‌‌
  suspiciously‌‌ in‌‌ an‌‌ alley.‌‌ 
marked‌‌   money.‌‌
  The‌‌   officers‌‌  thus‌‌
  barged‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  house‌‌
  to‌‌
  look‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ 
Mengote‌‌   was‌‌
  arrested‌‌ after‌‌ being‌‌ observed‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ looking‌‌ side-to-side,‌‌ 
(7) Customs‌‌search;‌  ‌ marked‌‌   money.‌‌ Lo‌‌ and‌‌ behold,‌‌ they‌‌ found‌‌ a ‌‌plastic‌‌ container‌‌ hanging‌‌ 
with‌‌his‌‌hand‌‌holding‌‌his‌‌abdomen.‌  ‌
over‌‌the‌‌kitchen‌‌which‌‌eventually‌‌yielded‌‌dried‌‌marijuana‌‌leaves.‌  ‌
(8) Search‌‌in‌‌exigent‌‌circumstances.‌  ‌ There‌‌is‌‌nothing‌‌criminal‌‌about‌‌this.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 176‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

Pp‌‌v.‌‌Sy-Chua‌  ‌ Posadas‌‌v.‌‌CA‌  ‌ People‌‌v.‌‌Vinecario,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌141137,‌‌20‌‌Jan‌‌2004‌ 


There‌  ‌was‌  ‌extensive‌  ‌bodily‌  ‌search‌‌
  on‌‌
  the‌‌
  person‌‌
  who‌‌
  suddenly‌‌
  ran‌‌  There‌‌  was‌‌  a ‌‌COMELEC‌‌ Gun‌‌ Ban.‌‌ In‌‌ a ‌‌checkpoint,‌‌ a ‌‌motorcycle‌‌ with‌‌ 3 ‌‌
An‌‌
  arrested‌‌ drug-peddler‌‌ divulged‌‌ that‌‌ his‌‌ source‌‌ of‌‌ illegal‌‌ drugs‌‌ was‌‌ 
away‌‌upon‌‌being‌‌approached‌‌by‌‌the‌‌police.‌‌This‌‌yielded‌‌contraband.‌  ‌ men‌‌
  on‌‌  board‌‌   sped‌‌
  passed‌‌
  it‌‌
  prompting‌‌ an‌‌ officer‌‌ to‌‌ whistle‌‌ them‌‌ to‌‌ 
Mr‌  ‌Chua.‌  ‌Police‌  ‌then‌‌   conducted‌‌   surveillance‌‌   on‌‌
  Chua‌‌  and‌‌
  found‌‌   the‌‌ 
People‌‌v.‌‌Manalili‌  ‌ return.‌  ‌
latter‌  ‌on‌‌
  his‌‌
  way‌‌   to‌‌
  a ‌‌hotel.‌‌
  Police‌‌  saw‌‌   Chua‌‌  disembarking‌‌   from‌‌   his‌‌ 
car,‌  ‌carrying‌  ‌with‌  ‌him‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Zest-o‌  ‌juice‌  ‌box.‌  ‌Police‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌him‌  ‌then‌‌  There‌  ‌was‌  ‌a ‌ ‌search‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌ ‌cemetery.‌  ‌When‌  ‌police‌  ‌saw‌  ‌the‌‌  One‌‌ of‌‌ them‌‌ misrepresented‌‌ himself‌‌ to‌‌ be‌‌ a ‌‌military‌‌ officer‌‌ but‌‌ failed‌‌ 
searched‌‌the‌‌box‌‌and‌‌his‌‌car,‌‌yielding‌‌contraband.‌  ‌ suspect‌  ‌walking‌  ‌wobbly,‌  ‌with‌  ‌his‌  ‌eyes‌  ‌red‌  ‌shut,‌  ‌characteristic‌  ‌of‌‌  a ‌‌ to‌‌
  present‌‌   an‌‌
  ID.‌‌   Police‌‌   noticed‌‌   a ‌‌military‌‌  backpack‌‌   and‌‌ when‌‌ asked‌‌ 
person‌  ‌high‌  ‌on‌  ‌drugs,‌  ‌they‌  ‌approached‌  ‌him‌  ‌and‌  ‌the‌  ‌suspect‌  ‌then‌‌  by‌  ‌the‌  ‌police‌  ‌to‌  ‌hand‌  ‌it‌  ‌over,‌  ‌they‌  ‌took‌  ‌turns‌  ‌in‌  ‌passing‌  ‌it‌  ‌to‌  ‌each‌‌ 
There‌‌is‌‌nothing‌‌illegal‌‌about‌‌this.‌  ‌
acted‌‌suspiciously.‌‌Police‌‌then‌‌extensively‌‌searched‌‌the‌‌suspect.‌  ‌ other.‌  ‌They‌  ‌were‌  ‌restless‌  ‌and‌  ‌fidgety.‌  ‌Acting‌  ‌on‌  ‌their‌  ‌suspicious‌‌ 
actuations,‌  ‌police‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌the‌  ‌search‌  ‌that‌  ‌yielded‌  ‌some‌‌ 
compare‌‌this‌‌with‌‌‌Pp‌‌v.‌‌Quebral‌  ‌ contraband.‌  ‌
Consented‌‌Search‌  ‌
Police‌  ‌received‌  ‌a ‌ ‌tip-off‌  ‌that‌  ‌2 ‌ ‌men‌  ‌and‌  ‌a ‌ ‌woman‌  ‌would‌  ‌meet‌  ‌at‌  ‌a ‌‌ SC‌  ‌upheld‌  ‌the‌  ‌search‌  ‌ruling‌  ‌that‌  ‌if‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌probable‌  ‌cause,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌more‌‌ 
This‌  ‌is‌  ‌based‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌principle‌  ‌of‌  ‌waiver.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌search‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌‌ 
certain‌‌   place‌‌
  for‌‌
  a ‌‌drug‌‌   deal.‌‌
  Police‌‌  dispatched‌‌   a ‌‌team‌‌ to‌‌ surveil‌‌ and‌‌  extensive‌‌search‌‌is‌‌allowed‌‌although‌‌done‌‌in‌‌a‌‌checkpoint.‌  ‌
true‌  ‌enough‌  ‌found‌‌   a‌‌
  jeepney‌‌   passing‌‌   by‌‌
  in‌‌   the‌‌
  vicinity‌‌   identified‌‌   by‌‌  intrusion‌‌   into‌‌
  the‌‌
  privacy‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  individual.‌‌
  This‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌personal‌‌ 
the‌‌informant.‌  ‌ right‌  ‌available‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌concerned,‌  ‌and‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌  ‌waived‌‌ 
Right‌‌of‌‌Persons‌‌under‌‌Custodial‌‌
 
only‌‌by‌‌the‌‌person‌‌concerned.‌‌He‌‌who‌‌invokes‌‌it,‌‌waives‌‌it.‌  ‌
Moments‌  ‌later,‌  ‌another‌  ‌vehicle‌  ‌arrived.‌  ‌The‌  ‌woman‌‌  then‌‌  handed‌‌   to‌‌  Investigation‌‌or‌‌the‌‌Miranda‌‌Rights‌  ‌
the‌  ‌man‌  ‌a ‌ ‌white‌  ‌envelope,‌  ‌prompting‌  ‌police‌‌
  to‌‌
  swoop‌‌  down‌‌  on‌‌
  the‌‌ 
People‌‌v.‌‌Damaso‌  ‌ When‌‌are‌‌these‌‌rights‌‌available‌?‌‌Only‌‌in‌‌custodial‌‌investigations.‌  ‌
suspects,‌‌seize‌‌the‌‌envelope‌‌which‌‌yielded‌‌marijuana.‌  ‌
The‌  ‌apartment‌  ‌rented‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌accused‌‌   was‌‌
  raided‌‌   by‌‌  the‌‌
  authorities.‌‌  What‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌custodial‌  ‌investigation‌? ‌ ‌It‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌stage‌  ‌wherein‌  ‌the‌‌ 
SC‌  ‌saw‌  ‌it‌  ‌differently.‌  ‌What‌  ‌happened‌  ‌here‌  ‌is‌  ‌the‌  ‌opposite‌  ‌of‌‌ 
Accused‌‌   was‌‌   not‌‌
  there‌‌
  when‌‌
  the‌‌ raid‌‌ took‌‌ place.‌‌ Police‌‌ were‌‌ allowed‌‌  investigation‌  ‌ceases‌  ‌to‌  ‌be‌  ‌a ‌ ‌general‌  ‌inquiry‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌‌
  unsolved‌‌  crime‌‌ 
Amminudin.‌‌ Here,‌‌ search‌‌ first,‌‌ arrest‌‌ later.‌‌ The‌‌ search‌‌ was‌‌ predicated‌‌ 
entry‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌househelp.‌  ‌This‌  ‌consent‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌valid.‌  ‌The‌  ‌search‌  ‌was‌‌  and‌  ‌now‌  ‌focuses‌  ‌on‌  ‌a ‌ ‌particular‌  ‌suspect‌  ‌placed‌  ‌or‌  ‌taken‌  ‌under‌‌ 
from‌‌   a ‌‌valid‌‌
  tip-off,‌‌
  sufficient‌‌ ground‌‌ for‌‌ ‌probable‌‌ cause‌‌ to‌‌ conduct‌‌ 
thus‌‌invalid‌. ‌ ‌ custody,‌  ‌and‌  ‌otherwise‌  ‌deprived‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌  ‌freedom‌  ‌of‌  ‌action‌  ‌in‌  ‌a ‌‌
the‌  ‌search.‌  ‌The‌  ‌tip-off‌  ‌was‌  ‌validated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌police‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌‌ 
significant‌  ‌way‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌officer‌  ‌who‌  ‌carries‌  ‌out‌  ‌the‌  ‌process‌  ‌of‌‌ 
when‌‌the‌‌transaction‌‌actually‌‌took‌‌place.‌  ‌
Checkpoint‌‌Search‌  ‌ investigation‌  ‌aimed‌  ‌at‌‌   eliciting‌‌   admission‌‌   from‌‌   the‌‌
  suspect.‌‌
  Thus,‌‌ 
Thus,‌‌   for‌‌
  purposes‌‌ of‌‌ warrantless‌‌ search,‌‌ probable‌‌ cause,‌‌ which‌‌ may‌‌  there‌‌are‌4‌ ‌‌requisites‌. ‌ ‌
be‌  ‌derived‌  ‌from‌‌
  a ‌‌telephone‌‌
  call,‌‌
  is‌‌
  sufficient,‌‌
  if‌‌
  of‌‌
  course‌‌
  validated‌‌  Valid‌  ‌as‌‌
  long‌‌  as‌‌
  to‌‌
  meet‌‌   the‌‌
  exigencies‌‌
  of‌‌  public‌‌
  order‌‌   and‌‌
  for‌‌ 
(1) Investigation‌‌
  should‌‌  no‌‌
  longer‌‌
  be‌‌
  a ‌‌general‌‌
  inquiry,‌‌ and‌‌ is‌‌ 
by‌‌the‌‌observation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌arresting‌‌officers‌‌on‌‌the‌‌ground.‌  ‌ as‌‌
  long‌‌
  as‌‌
  the‌‌  search‌‌ is‌‌ not‌‌ extensive‌‌ or‌‌ intrusive.‌‌ It‌‌ should‌‌ not‌‌ 
already‌a
‌ ccusatory‌; ‌ ‌
involve‌‌   the‌‌  search‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ occupants‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ vehicle,‌‌ nor‌‌ it‌‌ should‌‌ 
(ii) Personal‌‌knowledge‌‌of‌‌the‌‌arresting‌‌officer‌  ‌ allow‌‌the‌‌search‌‌of‌‌the‌‌vehicle‌‌itself.‌‌   ‌ Police‌‌line-up‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌custodial‌‌investigation.‌  ‌

(b) Hot‌‌pursuit.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌only‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌search‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌visual‌  ‌one,‌  ‌done‌  ‌outside‌  ‌the‌‌  (2) Suspect‌‌must‌‌be‌‌taken‌‌into‌c‌ ustody‌o
‌ f‌‌law.‌  ‌
vehicle.‌  ‌It‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌authorize‌  ‌the‌  ‌officers‌  ‌to‌  ‌demand‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(c) Arrest‌‌of‌‌an‌‌escaped‌‌prisoner.‌  ‌ People‌‌v.‌‌Guting‌  ‌
lowering‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  windows,‌‌   nor‌‌
  to‌‌
  demand‌‌   that‌‌
  occupants‌‌  alight‌‌ 
from‌‌the‌‌vehicle.‌  ‌ The‌  ‌son‌  ‌stabbed‌  ‌his‌  ‌father‌  ‌to‌  ‌death.‌  ‌He‌‌
  approached‌‌
  two‌‌
  policemen‌‌ 
Terry‌‌Search‌  ‌
standing‌‌across‌‌the‌‌police‌‌station‌‌and‌‌voluntarily‌‌confessed‌‌to‌‌them.‌  ‌
Exceptions‌  ‌would‌  ‌be‌  ‌when‌  ‌there‌  ‌is‌  ‌probable‌‌   cause‌‌   that‌‌  the‌‌ 
A‌‌ person‌‌ is‌‌ stopped‌‌ and‌‌ frisked.‌‌ If‌‌ the‌‌ search‌‌ of‌‌ his‌‌ body‌‌ yields‌‌ 
occupants‌  ‌are‌‌
  committing‌‌   a ‌‌crime‌‌  or‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  vehicle‌‌  contains‌‌  SC‌‌says‌‌Miranda‌‌rights‌‌are‌‌not‌‌available‌‌here.‌  ‌
positive,‌  ‌that‌  ‌person‌  ‌may‌‌  now‌‌
  be‌‌   arrested,‌‌
  under‌‌   ‌in‌‌
  flagrante‌‌ 
incriminating‌  ‌objects.‌  ‌Refer‌  ‌to‌  ‌Guanzon‌  ‌v.‌  ‌De‌  ‌Villa,‌  ‌G.R.‌  ‌No.‌‌ 
delicto‌. ‌ ‌ Under‌  ‌RA‌  ‌7438‌, ‌ ‌"custodial‌  ‌investigation"‌  ‌shall‌  ‌include‌  ‌the‌‌ 
80508.‌‌January‌‌30,‌‌1990.‌‌‌Also‌‌in‌  ‌
practice‌  ‌of‌  ‌issuing‌  ‌an‌  ‌"‌invitation‌" ‌ ‌to‌  ‌a ‌ ‌person‌  ‌who‌  ‌is‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 177‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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investigated‌  ‌in‌  ‌connection‌  ‌with‌  ‌an‌  ‌offense‌  ‌he‌  ‌is‌  ‌suspected‌‌


  to‌‌ 
People‌‌v.‌‌Guillermo‌  ‌ Witnesses‌  ‌and‌  ‌Baloloy‌  ‌were‌  ‌brought‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌judge‌  ‌for‌  ‌them‌  ‌to‌‌ 
have‌  ‌committed,‌  ‌without‌  ‌prejudice‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌liability‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
When‌  ‌Guillermo‌  ‌was‌  ‌arrested,‌  ‌he‌  ‌was‌  ‌visited‌  ‌by‌‌
  reporters.‌‌
  He‌‌
  was‌‌  subscribe‌‌  to‌‌
  their‌‌
  affidavit.‌‌
  During‌‌
  that‌‌
  proceeding,‌‌   the‌‌
  ‌judge‌‌   ‌asked‌‌ 
"inviting"‌‌officer‌‌for‌‌any‌‌violation‌‌of‌‌law.‌  ‌
interviewed,‌‌wherein‌‌he‌‌confessed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌killing.‌  ‌ Baloloy‌  ‌certain‌  ‌questions‌  ‌prompting‌  ‌Baloloy‌  ‌to‌  ‌confess.‌  ‌Such‌‌ 
People‌‌v.‌‌Lauga‌  ‌ confession‌‌was‌‌deemed‌‌inadmissible.‌  ‌
Not‌  ‌covered‌  ‌because‌  ‌the‌  ‌one‌  ‌asking‌  ‌the‌  ‌question‌  ‌were‌  ‌not‌  ‌law‌‌ 
Father‌  ‌raped‌  ‌his‌  ‌daughter.‌  ‌The‌  ‌mother‌  ‌sought‌  ‌the‌  ‌assistance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ enforcement‌‌officers.‌  ‌ Questioning‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌by‌‌
  employers‌‌
  to‌‌
  their‌‌
  employees‌‌
  ‌NOT‌‌ 
bantay-bayan.‌  ‌The‌  ‌bantay-bayan‌  ‌invited‌  ‌the‌  ‌father‌  ‌to‌‌   the‌‌
  house‌‌
  of‌‌  COVERED.‌  ‌
the‌‌barangay‌‌captain.‌‌The‌‌father‌‌confessed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌crime.‌  ‌ Who‌‌
  may‌‌  be‌‌
  regarded‌‌
  as‌‌
  law‌‌ enforcement‌‌ agents?‌‌ ‌Police‌, ‌‌
Mayor‌,‌‌Barangay‌‌Captains‌. ‌ ‌ De‌‌Castro‌‌v.‌‌People‌  ‌
The‌  ‌extrajudicial‌  ‌confession‌  ‌was‌  ‌then‌  ‌impugned‌  ‌for‌  ‌violating‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Miranda‌  ‌doctrine.‌  ‌SC‌  ‌sustained.‌  ‌He‌  ‌was‌  ‌under‌  ‌custodial‌‌  De‌  ‌Castro‌  ‌was‌  ‌accused‌  ‌of‌  ‌estafa‌  ‌thru‌‌
  falsification.‌‌
  She‌‌
  was‌‌
  made‌‌
  to‌‌ 
investigation.‌  ‌ People‌‌v.‌‌Edna‌‌Malngan‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌170470,‌‌26‌‌Sep‌‌2006‌  ‌ undergo‌  ‌disciplinary‌  ‌proceedings.‌  ‌She‌  ‌executed‌  ‌an‌  ‌extrajudicial‌‌ 
People‌‌v.‌‌Del‌‌Rosario‌  ‌ Malngan‌  ‌was‌  ‌a ‌ ‌househelp‌  ‌who‌  ‌burnt‌  ‌down‌  ‌the‌  ‌house‌  ‌of‌  ‌her‌  confession‌‌admitting‌‌culpability.‌  ‌
employer.‌‌  She‌‌
  was‌‌  identified‌‌
  by‌‌
  the‌‌
  neighbors‌‌
  and‌‌
  was‌‌ picked‌‌ up‌‌ by‌‌  De‌  ‌Castro‌  ‌can‌  ‌not‌  ‌invoke‌‌
  Miranda‌‌
  rights.‌‌
  The‌‌
  proceedings‌‌
  were‌‌
  not‌‌ 
A‌  ‌case‌  ‌for‌  ‌murder.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌witness‌  ‌positively‌  ‌identified‌  ‌the‌‌
  driver‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
the‌‌barangay‌‌captain.‌  ‌ initiated‌‌by‌‌the‌‌State‌‌but‌‌by‌‌private‌‌individuals.‌‌ADMISSIBLE!‌  ‌
getaway‌  ‌motorcycle.‌  ‌The‌  ‌driver‌  ‌was‌  ‌invited‌  ‌by‌  ‌police‌  ‌where‌  ‌he‌‌ 
confessed.‌  ‌ In‌  ‌the‌  ‌course‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌interrogation‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌barangay‌  ‌captain,‌  ‌Edna‌‌   ‌
confessed.‌  ‌SC‌  ‌rejected‌  ‌the‌  ‌confession‌  ‌as‌  ‌it‌  ‌was‌  ‌not‌  ‌done‌  ‌via‌  ‌the‌‌ 
SC‌‌  sustained‌‌   the‌‌  inadmissibility‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌
  confession‌‌
  since‌‌  the‌‌ practice‌‌ 
assistance‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌counsel.‌  ‌Barangay‌  ‌captain‌  ‌is‌  ‌considered‌  ‌as‌  ‌a ‌ ‌law‌‌  People‌‌v.‌‌Bongcarawan‌  ‌
of‌  ‌the‌  ‌police‌  ‌in‌  ‌inviting‌  ‌him‌  ‌amounted‌  ‌to‌  ‌custodial‌  ‌investigation‌‌ 
enforcement‌‌agent.‌  ‌
where‌‌his‌‌Miranda‌‌rights‌‌should‌‌have‌‌been‌‌observed‌‌and‌‌enforced.‌  ‌ Security‌  ‌employed‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌private‌  ‌employer‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌a ‌‌law‌‌
  enforcement‌‌ 
agent.‌  ‌A ‌ ‌passenger‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌vessel‌  ‌whose‌  ‌bag‌  ‌was‌  ‌searched‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Also‌  ‌includes‌  ‌public‌  ‌prosecutors‌  ‌conducting‌  ‌the‌‌ 
(3) The‌  ‌confession‌  ‌made‌  ‌must‌  ‌be‌  ‌in‌  ‌response‌  ‌to‌  ‌police‌‌  security‌‌   guard‌‌
  employed‌‌   by‌‌
  the‌‌
  shipping‌‌ firm.‌‌ Passenger‌‌ argued‌‌ that‌‌ 
preliminary‌‌investigation,‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌j‌ udges‌  ‌
interrogation‌. ‌ ‌Spontaneous‌  ‌statements‌  ‌proffered‌  ‌not‌‌  the‌‌search‌‌was‌‌illegal‌‌because‌‌it‌‌was‌‌not‌‌done‌‌with‌‌a‌‌search‌‌warrant.‌  ‌
through‌  ‌interrogation‌  ‌are‌  ‌not‌  ‌covered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Miranda‌‌ 
SC‌  ‌disagreed‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌ground‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌constitutional‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌‌ 
doctrine.‌  ‌ People‌‌v.‌‌Bokingco‌  ‌
unreasonable‌‌search‌‌and‌‌seizure‌‌does‌‌not‌‌apply.‌  ‌
Involves‌‌
  murder‌‌
  of‌‌
  a ‌‌contractor.‌‌
  During‌‌
  PI,‌‌ they‌‌ were‌‌ interrogated‌‌ by‌‌ 
People‌‌v.‌‌Andan‌  ‌ the‌‌prosecutor‌‌without‌‌assistance‌‌of‌‌counsel.‌  ‌
What‌‌types‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌are‌‌covered‌‌   ‌
Murder‌  ‌and‌  ‌rape‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌minor‌  ‌girl.‌  ‌Andan‌  ‌was‌  ‌arrested‌‌  and‌‌
  detained.‌‌  SC‌  ‌sustained‌  ‌the‌  ‌inadmissibility‌‌   of‌‌
  the‌‌  evidence‌‌
  as‌‌
  their‌‌
  confession‌‌  under‌‌the‌‌Miranda‌‌warnings?‌  ‌
When‌‌  he‌‌
  learned‌‌
  that‌‌   the‌‌
  mayor‌‌   was‌‌   in‌‌
  the‌‌
  police‌‌
  station,‌‌
  he‌‌ sought‌‌  was‌‌   done‌‌  under‌‌
  custodial‌‌   investigation.‌‌ The‌‌ suspects‌‌ were‌‌ subjected‌‌ 
an‌‌
  audience‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ mayor.‌‌ Without‌‌ being‌‌ interrogated‌‌ by‌‌ the‌‌ mayor,‌‌  to‌  ‌the‌  ‌same‌  ‌coercive,‌  ‌relentless‌  ‌and‌  ‌intimidating‌  ‌atmosphere‌  ‌as‌  ‌to‌‌  GR‌:‌‌  ‌Testimonial‌e‌ vidence,‌‌only.‌  ‌
Andan‌‌broke‌‌down‌‌and‌‌confessed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌mayor.‌  compel‌‌them‌‌to‌‌admit‌‌something‌‌that‌‌they‌‌may‌‌not‌‌have‌‌done.‌  ‌
This‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌covered‌  ‌as‌  ‌his‌‌
  confession‌‌   was‌‌
  a ‌‌spontaneous‌‌   statement‌‌  People‌‌v.‌‌Baylon‌  ‌
People‌‌v.‌‌Baloloy‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌140740,‌‌12‌‌April‌‌2002‌  ‌
done‌‌  in‌‌  an‌‌  ordinary‌‌  manner.‌‌   The‌‌ Miranda‌‌ rights‌‌ were‌‌ never‌‌ intended‌‌  Killing‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌teacher‌‌
  witnessed‌‌
  by‌‌   the‌‌
  pupil.‌‌
  The‌‌
  pupil‌‌
  described‌‌  the‌‌ 
Rape-slay‌  ‌of‌  ‌a‌  ‌minor‌  ‌girl‌  ‌where‌  ‌the‌  ‌suspect‌  ‌took‌  ‌the‌  ‌liberty‌  ‌of‌‌ 
to‌‌
  prevent‌‌   the‌‌
  suspect‌‌  from‌‌ being‌‌ truthful.‌‌ Instead,‌‌ it‌‌ was‌‌ intended‌‌ to‌‌  assailant‌  ‌as‌  ‌wearing‌  ‌a ‌ ‌hat,‌  ‌maong‌  ‌pants,‌  ‌white‌  ‌shirt,‌  ‌green‌‌ 
reporting‌‌   the‌‌
  crime‌‌ but‌‌ not‌‌ him‌‌ as‌‌ the‌‌ culpable‌‌ one.‌‌ During‌‌ the‌‌ wake,‌‌ 
avoid‌‌   the‌‌  slightest‌‌
  coercion‌‌   that‌‌
  may‌‌  compel‌‌   the‌‌
  suspect‌‌ to‌‌ admit‌‌ to‌‌  handkerchief‌  ‌wrapped‌  ‌around‌  ‌his‌  ‌neck.‌  ‌Acting‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌description‌‌ 
the‌‌
  barangay‌‌   captain‌‌  went‌‌  in‌‌
  front‌‌
  and‌‌   raised‌‌
  a ‌‌black‌‌ rope‌‌ and‌‌ asked‌‌ 
something‌‌that‌‌he‌‌never‌‌did.‌  ‌ given,‌  ‌police‌  ‌arrested‌  ‌the‌  ‌suspect.‌  ‌Suspect‌  ‌was‌  ‌stripped‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌ 
who‌  ‌its‌  ‌owner‌  ‌was.‌  ‌To‌  ‌Baloloy’s‌  ‌credit,‌  ‌he‌‌  admitted‌‌   having‌‌
  owned‌‌ 
clothing‌  ‌and‌  ‌presented‌  ‌to‌  ‌court‌  ‌to‌  ‌corroborate‌‌  the‌‌
  testimony‌‌  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
the‌‌rope.‌‌So‌‌he‌‌eventually‌‌confessed.‌  ‌
(4) The‌‌one‌‌questioning‌‌must‌‌be‌‌a‌‌law‌‌enforcement‌‌agent.‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 178‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

pupil.‌  ‌Accused‌  ‌sought‌  ‌the‌  ‌exclusion‌  ‌of‌  ‌these‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌for‌  ‌having‌‌  US‌‌v.‌‌Tan‌‌Teng‌  ‌ When‌‌   a ‌‌person‌‌ charged‌‌ with‌‌ falsification‌‌ of‌‌ documents‌‌ was‌‌ forced‌‌ to‌‌ 
been‌‌obtained‌‌without‌‌the‌‌assistance‌‌of‌‌counsel.‌  ‌ This‌‌
  involves‌‌   a ‌‌suspect‌‌   compelled‌‌   to‌‌
  submit‌‌  to‌‌ physical‌‌ tests‌‌ where‌‌  produce‌  ‌a ‌ ‌sample‌  ‌of‌  ‌his‌‌
  handwriting‌‌
  to‌‌
  compare‌‌  it‌‌
  with‌‌
  the‌‌
  alleged‌‌ 
SC‌  ‌rejected‌‌
  this‌‌
  contention‌‌
  ruling‌‌
  that‌‌
  the‌‌
  Miranda‌‌
  rights‌‌
  only‌‌
  cover‌‌  substances‌‌   emitted‌‌   by‌‌
  his‌‌  body‌‌  were‌‌  subjected‌‌ to‌‌ laboratory‌‌ tests‌‌ to‌‌  falsified‌‌document.‌  ‌
testimonial‌‌evidence‌‌and‌‌not‌‌object‌‌evidence.‌  ‌ determine‌‌   if‌‌
  he‌‌  is‌‌
  afflicted‌‌   with‌  ‌gonorrhea.‌‌  The‌‌   victim‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ acts‌‌ of‌‌  The‌  ‌SC‌  ‌sustained‌  ‌Samson’s‌  ‌objection‌‌
  holding‌‌
  that‌‌
  this‌‌
  is‌‌
  not‌‌
  purely‌‌ 
People‌‌v.‌‌Malimit‌  ‌ lasciviousness‌‌was‌‌also‌‌afflicted‌‌with‌‌gonorrhea.‌  ‌ mechanical‌  ‌since‌  ‌producing‌  ‌one’s‌  ‌handwriting‌  ‌involves‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Tan‌  ‌Teng’s‌  ‌objection‌  ‌was‌  ‌rejected‌  ‌since‌  ‌this‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌covered‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌  intervention‌‌of‌‌the‌‌mind.‌  ‌
Malimit‌  ‌was‌  ‌a ‌ ‌suspect‌  ‌for‌  ‌robbery‌  ‌and‌  ‌while‌  ‌under‌  ‌custody,‌  ‌he‌‌ 
confessed‌  ‌and‌  ‌pointed‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌location‌  ‌where‌  ‌they‌  ‌hid‌  ‌the‌  ‌stolen‌‌  privilege‌‌of‌‌self-incrimination.‌  ‌ Jaime‌‌dela‌‌Cruz‌‌v.‌‌People‌  ‌
goods.‌  ‌ Villaflor‌‌v.‌‌Summers‌  ‌ Even‌  ‌if‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌was‌  ‌taken‌  ‌by‌  ‌a ‌ ‌purely‌  ‌mechanical‌  ‌act‌  ‌but‌  ‌it‌  ‌has‌‌ 
Malimit‌  ‌sought‌  ‌the‌  ‌exclusion‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌goods‌  ‌as‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌contending‌‌  Consistent‌  ‌with‌  ‌this‌  ‌doctrine,‌  ‌an‌  ‌accused‌  ‌of‌  ‌adultery‌  ‌may‌  ‌be‌‌  absolutely‌  ‌no‌  ‌relation‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌principal‌  ‌cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌arrest‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
that‌  ‌these‌  ‌were‌  ‌procured‌  ‌in‌‌  violation‌‌  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  rights‌‌
  under‌‌
  Sec‌‌
  12‌‌
  Art‌‌  compelled‌‌   to‌‌
  submit‌‌  to‌‌
  a ‌‌pregnancy‌‌ test‌‌ to‌‌ prove‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ baby‌‌ she‌‌ is‌‌  suspect,‌  ‌it‌  ‌is‌  ‌still‌  ‌subject‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌protection‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌‌ 
III.‌  ‌SC‌  ‌rejected‌  ‌such‌  ‌an‌  ‌argument,‌  ‌applying‌  ‌the‌  ‌rule‌  ‌that‌  ‌object‌‌  carrying‌‌is‌‌sired‌‌by‌‌a‌‌man‌‌other‌‌than‌‌her‌‌husband.‌  ‌ self-incrimination.‌  ‌
evidence‌‌is‌‌not‌‌covered‌‌under‌‌the‌‌Miranda‌‌warnings.‌  ‌ People‌‌v.‌‌Vallejo‌  ‌ Here,‌‌   the‌‌ suspect‌‌ was‌‌ arrested‌‌ for‌‌ alleged‌‌ extortion‌‌ but‌‌ was‌‌ subjected‌ 
to‌‌a‌‌urine‌‌test‌‌that‌‌yielded‌‌positive‌‌results‌‌of‌‌drug‌‌use.‌‌   ‌
Rape‌  ‌and‌  ‌slay‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌minor‌  ‌child.‌  ‌DNA‌  ‌test‌  ‌was‌  ‌conducted‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌‌ 
Right‌‌Against‌‌Self-incrimination‌  ‌ In‌‌
  the‌‌ prior‌‌ cases‌‌ discussed,‌‌ the‌‌ evidence‌‌ was‌‌ related‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ principal‌‌ 
vaginal‌  ‌swab‌‌   taken‌‌  from‌‌
  the‌‌
  victim.‌‌   This‌‌
  was‌‌  compared‌‌  to‌‌
  the‌‌  DNA‌‌ 
profile‌  ‌of‌  ‌Vallejo‌  ‌which‌  ‌yielded‌  ‌a ‌ ‌positive‌  ‌match.‌  ‌This‌‌
  again‌‌  is‌‌
  not‌‌  cause‌  ‌of‌  ‌arrest,‌  ‌unlike‌  ‌in‌  ‌this‌  ‌case.‌  ‌Urine‌  ‌has‌  ‌nothing‌  ‌to‌  ‌do‌  ‌with‌‌ 
§17‌‌Art‌‌III.‌‌‌No‌‌person‌‌shall‌‌b e‌‌compelled‌‌to‌‌b e‌‌a‌‌witness‌‌against‌‌h imself.‌  ‌ extortion.‌‌Unless‌‌you‌‌use‌‌urine‌‌to‌‌extort.‌  ‌
covered‌‌by‌‌the‌‌right‌‌against‌‌self-incrimination.‌  ‌
correlate‌‌with‌‌Rule‌‌130,‌‌Sections‌‌27,‌‌29‌‌&‌‌31‌  ‌
The‌‌same‌‌principle‌‌applies‌‌as‌‌when‌‌accused‌‌is‌‌subjected‌‌to:‌  ‌ When‌‌   is‌‌
  the‌‌
  right‌‌  invocable?‌‌   What‌‌ kind‌‌ of‌‌ proceeding‌‌ is‌‌ this‌‌ invocable?‌‌ 
Section‌  ‌27.‌  ‌Admission‌‌  of‌‌
  a ‌‌party‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌act,‌  ‌declaration‌  ‌or‌  ‌omission‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌ ANY,‌  ‌as‌  ‌long‌  ‌as‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌is‌  ‌initiated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌State.‌  ‌Remember‌‌ 
(a) Fingerprinting;‌  ‌ People‌‌v.‌‌Marti‌. ‌ ‌
party‌‌as‌‌to‌‌a‌‌relevant‌‌fact‌‌may‌‌b e‌‌given‌‌in‌‌evidence‌‌against‌‌h im‌o ‌ r‌‌her‌. ‌ ‌
Section‌  ‌29.‌  ‌Admission‌  ‌by‌‌  third‌‌
  party‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌rights‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌cannot‌  ‌b e‌‌  (b) Paraffin‌‌test;‌  ‌ When‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌question‌  ‌incriminating?‌  ‌When‌  ‌the‌  ‌question‌  ‌calls‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌‌ 
prejudiced‌  ‌by‌  ‌an‌  ‌act,‌  ‌declaration,‌  ‌or‌  ‌omission‌  ‌of‌  ‌another,‌  ‌except‌  ‌as‌‌  (c) Photographing;‌  ‌ answer‌  ‌that‌  ‌may‌  ‌establish‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌liability‌  ‌or‌  ‌expose‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌  ‌to‌  ‌
hereinafter‌‌provided.‌  ‌ criminal‌  ‌prosecution‌. ‌ ‌If‌  ‌it‌  ‌only‌  ‌tends‌  ‌to‌  ‌establish‌  ‌civil‌  ‌or‌‌ 
(d) Forcing‌‌accused‌‌to‌‌strip‌‌naked‌‌to‌‌show‌‌conditions‌‌of‌‌his‌‌body;‌  ‌ administrative‌‌liability,‌‌the‌‌question‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌incriminating.‌  ‌
Section‌  ‌31.‌  ‌Admission‌  ‌by‌  ‌conspirator‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌act‌  ‌or‌  ‌declaration‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌
conspirator‌  ‌in‌  ‌furtherance‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌conspiracy‌  ‌and‌  ‌during‌  ‌its‌  ‌existence,‌‌  (e) Forcing‌‌accused‌‌to‌‌measure‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌his‌‌body‌‌for‌‌comparison.‌  ‌ Although‌‌  the‌‌
  right‌‌
  may‌‌  be‌‌
  invoked‌‌   in‌‌
  any‌‌
  proceeding,‌‌   the‌‌
  nature‌‌
  of‌‌
  the‌‌ 
may‌  ‌b e‌  ‌given‌  ‌in‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌against‌  ‌the‌  ‌co-conspirator‌  ‌after‌  ‌the‌‌ conspiracy‌  question‌‌
  propounded‌‌   is‌‌
  an‌‌
  entirely‌‌
  different‌‌
  matter.‌‌ The‌‌ right‌‌ may‌‌ only‌‌ 
These‌  ‌are‌  ‌purely‌  ‌mechanical,‌  ‌and‌  ‌not‌  ‌protected‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌‌ 
is‌‌shown‌‌by‌‌evidence‌‌other‌‌than‌‌such‌‌act‌‌of‌‌declaration.‌  ‌ be‌‌invoked‌‌against‌‌those‌‌questions‌‌that‌‌are‌‌incriminating.‌  ‌
self-incrimination.‌  ‌
If‌  ‌the‌  ‌question‌  ‌seeks‌  ‌an‌  ‌admission‌  ‌for‌  ‌a ‌ ‌crime‌  ‌that‌‌
  has‌‌
  prescribed‌‌   or‌‌ 
The‌  ‌kernel‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌privilege‌  ‌is‌  ‌testimonial‌  ‌compulsion.‌‌   Thus,‌‌   covers‌‌  The‌  ‌principle‌  ‌no‌  ‌longer‌  ‌applies‌  ‌if‌  ‌the‌  ‌process‌  ‌of‌  ‌examination‌  ‌would‌‌ 
  it‌‌
that‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌has‌  ‌already‌  ‌been‌  ‌granted‌  ‌immunity,‌  ‌this‌‌   is‌‌
  ‌no‌‌
  longer‌‌ 
generally‌‌  testimonial‌‌   evidence.‌‌   Object‌‌   or‌‌ those‌‌ that‌‌ are‌‌ purely‌‌  require‌‌
  evidence‌‌   the‌‌
  intervention‌‌  of‌‌  the‌‌ mind‌‌ or‌‌ the‌‌ mental‌‌ faculty‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ subject.‌‌ 
covered‌. ‌ ‌This‌  ‌is‌  ‌no‌  ‌longer‌  ‌incriminating‌  ‌since‌  ‌the‌  ‌person‌  ‌would‌  ‌no‌‌ 
mechanical‌‌are‌‌not‌‌covered.‌  ‌ This‌p ‌ iece‌‌of‌‌evidence‌‌is‌‌now‌‌protected.‌  ‌
longer‌‌be‌‌exposed‌‌to‌‌possible‌‌criminal‌‌liability‌‌or‌‌prosecution.‌  ‌
US‌‌v.‌‌Ong‌‌Siu‌‌Hong‌  ‌ How‌‌do‌‌you‌‌invoke‌‌the‌‌right‌‌against‌‌self-incrimination?‌  ‌
Beltran‌‌v.‌‌Samson‌  ‌
This‌  ‌involves‌  ‌compelling‌‌   a ‌‌suspect‌‌
  to‌‌  discharge‌‌
  morphine‌‌   from‌‌  his‌‌  Refuse‌‌to‌‌take‌‌  Refuse‌‌to‌‌answer‌‌ 
Proceeding‌  ‌
mouth.‌  ‌He‌  ‌invoked‌  ‌his‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌  ‌self-incrimination.‌  ‌SC‌  ‌rebuffed‌‌  witness‌‌stand‌  ‌ questions‌  ‌
him,‌‌ruling‌‌that‌‌the‌‌right‌‌applies‌‌only‌‌to‌‌testimonial‌‌compulsion.‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 179‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

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 ‌

CRIMINAL‌  ‌ ✔‌  ‌ ✔‌  ‌ SC‌‌


  reiterated‌‌   the‌‌ rule‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ manner‌‌ of‌‌ invoking‌‌ the‌‌ right‌‌ is‌‌ different‌‌  Also‌  ‌covered‌  ‌here‌  ‌is‌  ‌with‌  ‌regard‌  ‌to‌  ‌privileged‌  ‌communication‌‌ 
from‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌one‌  ‌hand,‌  ‌and‌  ‌civil‌  ‌and‌  ‌admin‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌other.‌‌  between‌‌   lawyer‌‌   and‌‌
  client.‌‌ Generally,‌‌ disclosure‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ identity‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
CIVIL‌  ‌ ✘‌  ‌ Only‌‌incriminating‌  ‌ Respondents‌‌   can‌‌   not‌‌
  refuse‌‌   to‌‌
  participate‌‌  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  deposition‌‌ taking‌‌ in‌‌  client‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌  ‌confidential.‌  ‌However,‌  ‌if‌  ‌it‌  ‌would‌  ‌lead‌  ‌to‌  ‌possible‌‌ 
the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌case‌  ‌but‌  ‌have‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌to‌  ‌not‌  ‌answer‌  ‌incriminating‌‌  criminal‌  ‌liability‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌part‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌client,‌  ‌then‌  ‌it‌  ‌becomes‌‌ 
questions.‌  ‌ confidential.‌  ‌
ADMIN‌  ‌ ✘‌  ‌ Only‌‌incriminating‌  ‌
If‌‌
  the‌‌
  one‌‌  invoking‌‌  is‌‌
  a ‌‌witness,‌‌  he‌‌
  can‌‌
  not‌‌
  altogether‌‌ refuse‌‌ to‌‌ take‌‌ the‌‌  Exclusionary‌R
‌ ules‌U
‌ nder‌S‌ pecial‌‌ 
The‌  ‌moment‌  ‌an‌  ‌incriminating‌  ‌question‌  ‌is‌  ‌propounded,‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌may‌‌  witness‌‌   stand‌‌  even‌‌
  in‌‌
  criminal‌‌
  proceedings.‌‌   Also,‌‌
  the‌‌
  witness‌‌ does‌‌ not‌  Laws‌  ‌
then‌‌be‌‌invoked‌‌and‌‌defendant‌‌may‌‌refuse‌‌to‌‌answer‌‌the‌‌question.‌  ‌ stand‌‌  on‌‌
  equal‌‌ footing‌‌ with‌‌ the‌‌ accused.‌‌ He‌‌ is‌‌ called‌‌ not‌‌ for‌‌ the‌‌ purpose‌‌ 
An‌  ‌exception‌  ‌in‌  ‌Civil‌  ‌and‌  ‌Admin‌  ‌cases‌  ‌is‌  ‌when‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌is‌‌  of‌‌him‌‌being‌‌incriminated.‌  ‌ Documentary‌S ‌ tamp‌‌Tax‌  ‌
PENAL‌‌   IN‌‌
  NATURE‌. ‌‌The‌‌   manner‌‌  of‌‌
  invoking‌‌   the‌‌ right‌‌ is‌‌ similar‌‌ to‌‌ that‌‌  Just‌  ‌like‌  ‌any‌  ‌other‌  ‌rights,‌  ‌the‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌  ‌self-incrimination‌  ‌can‌  ‌be‌‌  What’s‌  ‌the‌  ‌procedural‌  ‌effect‌  ‌of‌  ‌non-payment‌  ‌of‌  ‌DST‌? ‌ ‌Any‌  ‌taxable‌‌ 
of‌‌criminal‌‌proceedings.‌  ‌ waived,‌‌either‌‌expressly‌‌or‌‌impliedly.‌‌The‌‌implied‌‌waiver‌‌takes‌‌place‌‌   ‌ document‌‌   that‌‌
  does‌‌
  not‌‌
  comply‌‌ with‌‌ DST‌‌ is‌‌ ‌INADMISSIBLE‌‌ ‌in‌‌ evidence‌‌ 
(a) when‌‌the‌‌accused‌‌voluntarily‌‌takes‌‌the‌‌stand;‌‌or‌‌   ‌ in‌‌court.‌  ‌
Pascual‌‌v.‌‌Board‌‌of‌‌Examiners‌  ‌
(b) when‌‌   a‌‌
  witness‌‌ voluntarily‌‌ answers‌‌ an‌‌ incriminating‌‌ question;‌‌  The‌  ‌court‌  ‌however‌  ‌is‌  ‌liberal‌  ‌in‌  ‌applying‌  ‌this.‌  ‌When‌  ‌a ‌ ‌party‌  ‌fails‌  ‌to‌‌ 
Pascual‌  ‌was‌  ‌administratively‌  ‌charged‌  ‌for‌  ‌gross‌  ‌misconduct‌  ‌that‌‌ 
or‌‌   ‌ comply‌‌   with‌‌  the‌‌  DST,‌‌
  the‌‌
  court‌‌
  shall‌‌
  require‌‌  its‌‌
  compliance‌‌ first‌‌ rather‌‌ 
could‌  ‌strip‌  ‌him‌  ‌off‌  ‌his‌  ‌license.‌  ‌The‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌is‌  ‌penal‌  ‌in‌  ‌nature‌‌ 
(c) when‌‌the‌‌counsel‌‌fails‌‌to‌‌timely‌‌object.‌  ‌ than‌‌
  outrightly‌‌   excluding‌‌   the‌‌
  document.‌‌   Failure‌‌ to‌‌ comply‌‌ with‌‌ such‌‌ an‌‌ 
since‌  ‌it‌  ‌could‌  ‌possibly‌  ‌forfeit‌  ‌his‌‌
  license‌‌
  which‌‌
  is‌‌
  a ‌‌property‌‌   right.‌‌ 
Pascual‌‌may‌‌then‌‌refuse‌‌to‌‌take‌‌the‌‌witness‌‌stand.‌  ‌ Take‌‌   note‌‌
  that‌‌
  this‌‌
  waiver‌‌ is‌‌ limited.‌‌ This‌‌ only‌‌ covers‌‌ questions‌‌ related‌‌  order‌‌will‌‌then‌‌justify‌‌the‌‌exclusion‌‌of‌‌such‌‌documents‌‌in‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
to‌‌
  the‌‌  crime‌‌  as‌‌
  regards‌‌
  to‌‌
  which‌‌   the‌‌
  accused‌‌   testifies.‌‌  The‌‌  waiver‌‌ does‌‌  What‌‌are‌‌these‌‌taxable‌‌documents?‌  ‌
Cabal‌‌v.‌‌Kapunan‌  ‌
not‌‌ extend‌‌ to‌‌ other‌‌ possible‌‌ criminal‌‌ liability‌‌ not‌‌ subject‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ 
Cabal‌  ‌is‌  ‌a ‌ ‌military‌  ‌officer‌  ‌accused‌  ‌of‌  ‌violating‌  ‌the‌  ‌Anti-Graft‌  ‌and‌‌  proceeding.‌  ‌Here,‌  ‌counsel‌  ‌should‌  ‌timely‌  ‌object‌  ‌on‌‌   the‌‌  ground‌‌  that‌‌
  the‌‌  (a) Certificates‌‌of‌‌stocks;‌  ‌
Corrupt‌  ‌practices‌  ‌Act‌  ‌as‌  ‌well‌  ‌as‌  ‌Anti‌  ‌Ill-gotten‌  ‌wealth.‌  ‌He‌  ‌was‌‌  question‌‌is‌‌irrelevant‌t‌ o‌‌the‌‌fact‌‌in‌‌issue.‌  ‌ (b) Any‌‌deed‌‌reconveying‌‌real‌‌property;‌  ‌
investigated‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌Department‌  ‌of‌  ‌National‌  ‌Defense‌  ‌in‌  ‌an‌‌ 
What‌  ‌is‌  ‌protected‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌  ‌privilege?‌  ‌Testimonial,‌  ‌object,‌  ‌and‌  ‌ALSO‌‌  (c) Insurance‌‌policies;‌  ‌
administrative‌  ‌proceeding.‌  ‌There,‌  ‌he‌  ‌refused‌  ‌to‌  ‌take‌  ‌the‌  ‌witness‌‌ 
documentary.‌  ‌
stand.‌  ‌ (d) SPAs,‌‌etc.‌  ‌
SC‌‌
  sustained‌‌ Cabal’s‌‌ refusal‌‌ ruling‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ nature‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ proceeding‌‌ is‌‌  Regala‌‌v.‌‌Sandiganbayan,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌105938,‌‌20‌‌Sep‌‌1996‌  ‌
penal‌  ‌since‌  ‌it‌  ‌could‌  ‌possibly‌  ‌result‌‌
  in‌‌
  the‌‌
  forfeiture‌‌
  of‌‌
  his‌‌
  property‌‌  Secrecy‌‌of‌‌Bank‌‌Deposits‌  ‌
This‌‌  case‌‌
  involves‌‌
  the‌‌
  Coco‌‌
  Levy‌‌
  Fund.‌‌
  It‌‌
  was‌‌
  alleged‌‌
  that‌‌
  proceeds‌‌ 
by‌‌the‌‌State.‌  ‌ of‌‌the‌‌fund‌‌were‌‌funnelled‌‌to‌‌corporations‌‌of‌‌the‌‌cronies‌‌of‌‌Marcos.‌  ‌ RA‌‌1405‌‌‌An‌‌Act‌‌Prohibiting‌‌Disclosure‌‌and‌‌Inquiry‌‌into‌‌Bank‌‌Deposits.‌  ‌

During‌  ‌the‌  ‌proceedings,‌  ‌the‌  ‌government‌  ‌moved‌  ‌that‌‌   the‌‌   lawyers‌‌


  be‌‌  SEC.‌  ‌2.‌‌ ‌All‌‌ deposits‌‌ of‌‌ whatever‌‌ nature‌‌ with‌‌ b anks‌‌ or‌‌ b anking‌‌ institutions‌‌ 
‌ osete‌‌v.‌‌Lim‌ 
How‌‌about‌‌in‌R
compelled‌  ‌to‌  ‌disclose‌  ‌the‌  ‌identity‌  ‌of‌  ‌their‌  ‌principals.‌  ‌The‌  ‌lawyers‌‌  in‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines‌  ‌including‌  ‌investments‌  ‌in‌  ‌b onds‌  ‌issued‌  ‌by‌  ‌the‌‌ 
This‌  ‌is‌  ‌an‌‌
  action‌‌   for‌‌
  nullity‌‌
  of‌‌
  documents‌‌   and‌‌
  recovery‌‌  of‌‌
  property.‌‌  were‌‌  forced‌‌   to‌‌
  produce‌‌   corporate‌‌
  records‌‌   to‌‌
  establish‌‌
  the‌‌ identity‌‌ of‌‌  Government‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Philippines,‌  ‌its‌  ‌political‌  ‌subdivisions‌  ‌and‌  ‌its‌‌ 
their‌  ‌principals.‌  ‌The‌  ‌lawyers‌  ‌invoked‌  ‌right‌  ‌against‌‌  instrumentalities,‌  ‌are‌‌ h ereby‌‌ considered‌‌ as‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ ‌absolutely‌‌ confidential‌‌ 
Parallel‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌‌
  proceedings‌‌   is‌‌
  a ‌‌criminal‌‌
  action‌‌
  for‌‌
  violation‌‌
  of‌‌ 
self-incrimination,‌‌   for‌‌
  possible‌‌
  criminal‌‌   prosecution‌‌   for‌‌ violation‌‌ of‌‌  nature‌  ‌and‌  ‌may‌  ‌not‌  ‌b e‌  ‌examined,‌  ‌inquired‌‌ or‌‌ looked‌‌ into‌‌ by‌‌ any‌‌ person,‌‌ 
BP‌‌22.‌  ‌
government‌‌official,‌‌b ureau‌‌or‌‌office,‌e‌ xcept...‌  ‌
the‌‌Anti-Dummy‌‌Law.‌  ‌
In‌  ‌the‌  ‌civil‌  ‌case,‌  ‌the‌  ‌plaintiff‌  ‌sought‌  ‌the‌  ‌deposition‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
respondents‌‌   who‌‌  were‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ criminal‌‌ case.‌‌ Respondents‌‌  SC‌  ‌sustained‌  ‌the‌  ‌lawyers‌  ‌saying‌  ‌the‌‌
  right‌‌
  against‌‌
  self-incrimination‌‌  RA‌‌6426‌,‌‌Foreign‌‌Currency‌‌Deposits‌‌Act‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌   ‌
refused‌‌ to‌‌ participate‌‌ in‌‌ the‌‌ deposition‌‌ contending‌‌ that‌‌ any‌‌ testimony‌‌  covers‌‌not‌‌only‌‌testimonial‌‌but‌‌also‌‌documentary‌‌evidence.‌  ‌
that‌‌may‌‌be‌‌taken‌‌from‌‌him‌‌may‌‌surely‌‌be‌‌used‌‌in‌‌the‌‌criminal‌‌case.‌  ‌ SEC.‌  ‌8‌. ‌ ‌Secrecy‌  ‌of‌  ‌deposits‌.—The‌  ‌secrecy‌  ‌of‌  ‌deposits‌  ‌u nder‌  ‌this‌  ‌Act‌  ‌shall‌‌ 

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌ 180‌‌of‌‌232‌ 
 ‌
 ‌

Remedial‌‌Law‌‌Review‌  ‌ COMPACT‌‌REVIEWER‌  ‌ For‌‌the‌‌2020/21‌‌#BestBarEver‌ 


 ‌

devices‌  ‌such‌  ‌as‌‌


  dictaphone,‌‌
  dictagraph,‌‌
  walkie‌‌
  talkie,‌‌
  tape‌‌
  recorder,‌‌
  or‌‌ 
be‌‌governed‌‌in‌‌accordance‌‌with‌‌the‌‌provisions‌‌of‌‌RA‌‌1405.‌  ‌ Had‌  ‌Pintor‌  ‌known‌  ‌that‌  ‌someone‌  ‌else‌  ‌was‌  ‌listening‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌‌ 
any‌‌device‌‌however‌‌described.‌  ‌
conversation,‌‌   he‌‌
  would‌‌
  not‌‌
  have‌‌
  proceeded‌‌
  with‌‌
  it.‌‌
  The‌‌
  intent‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ 
We‌  ‌have‌  ‌RA‌  ‌1405,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌law‌  ‌of‌  ‌general‌  ‌application,‌  ‌which‌  ‌prohibits‌  ‌the‌‌  speaker‌‌was‌‌taken‌‌into‌‌consideration.‌  ‌
Gaanan‌‌v.‌‌CA‌  ‌
access‌  ‌or‌  ‌inquiring‌  ‌into‌  ‌the‌  ‌bank‌  ‌deposit‌  ‌without‌  ‌the‌  ‌consent‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
depositor,‌‌subject‌‌to‌e‌ xceptions‌. ‌ ‌ This‌  ‌involves‌  ‌a ‌ ‌telephone‌  ‌conversation‌  ‌between‌  ‌two‌  ‌lawyers.‌  ‌Atty.‌‌  Inadmissibility‌  ‌of‌  ‌any‌  ‌recording‌  ‌in‌  ‌violation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌Act‌  ‌only‌  ‌refers‌‌ 
Pintor‌  ‌called‌  ‌up‌  ‌Atty‌‌
  Laconico‌‌
  to‌‌
  discuss‌‌
  a ‌‌possible‌‌
  settlement‌‌   in‌‌
  a ‌‌ against‌‌  the‌‌  person‌‌
  who‌‌   did‌‌  not‌‌
  consent‌‌ to‌‌ the‌‌ recording,‌‌ or‌‌ whose‌‌ right‌‌ 
1. upon‌‌written‌‌permission‌‌of‌‌the‌‌depositor,‌‌or‌  ‌ criminal‌  ‌case.‌  ‌Unknown‌  ‌to‌  ‌Pintor,‌  ‌Laconico‌  ‌allowed‌  ‌his‌  ‌client‌  ‌to‌‌  has‌  ‌been‌  ‌violated.‌  ‌So‌  ‌that‌‌
  ‌if‌‌
  the‌‌  recording‌‌   is‌‌
  presented‌‌   against‌‌   the‌‌ 
2. in‌‌cases‌‌impeachment,‌‌or‌‌   ‌ listen‌‌to‌‌the‌‌conversation‌‌using‌‌an‌‌extension‌‌telephone‌‌line.‌  ‌ violator,‌‌it‌‌is‌a ‌ dmissible‌.‌  ‌

3. upon‌  ‌order‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌competent‌  ‌court‌  ‌in‌  ‌cases‌  ‌of‌  ‌bribery‌  ‌or‌‌  The‌‌client‌‌was‌‌prosecuted‌‌for‌‌violation‌‌of‌‌RA‌‌4200.‌  ‌
dereliction‌‌of‌‌duty‌‌of‌‌public‌‌officials,‌‌or‌  ‌ SC‌‌
  ruled‌‌
  that‌‌ the‌‌ use‌‌ of‌‌ an‌‌ extension‌‌ telephone‌‌ line‌‌ is‌‌ ‌not‌‌ prohibited‌‌  Ramirez‌‌v.‌‌CA‌  ‌
under‌‌   RA‌‌
  4200.‌‌  Applying‌‌   ‌ejusdem‌‌ generis,‌‌ the‌‌ prohibited‌‌ devices‌‌ are‌‌  Involves‌  ‌2 ‌ ‌friends,‌  ‌or‌  ‌maybe‌  ‌not‌  ‌so.‌  ‌One‌  ‌day,‌  ‌they‌  ‌had‌  ‌a ‌ ‌meeting,‌‌ 
4.in‌  ‌cases‌‌
  where‌‌   the‌‌
  money‌‌   deposited‌‌  or‌‌
  invested‌‌
  is‌‌
  the‌‌
  subject‌‌ 
used‌  ‌for‌  ‌illegal‌  ‌purposes,‌  ‌but‌  ‌an‌  ‌extension‌  ‌telephone‌  ‌line‌  ‌is‌  ‌not‌‌  Garcia‌  ‌lambasted‌  ‌Ramirez,‌  ‌calling‌  ‌her‌  ‌names,‌  ‌and‌  ‌unleashed‌  ‌her‌‌ 
matter‌‌of‌‌the‌‌litigation.‌  ‌
intended‌  ‌for‌  ‌an‌  ‌illegitimate‌  ‌purpose.‌  ‌It‌  ‌was‌  ‌a ‌ ‌common‌  ‌practice‌  ‌to‌‌  vilifying‌  ‌words‌  ‌against‌  ‌Ramirez.‌  ‌Ramirez‌  ‌got‌  ‌offended‌  ‌and‌  ‌sued‌‌ 
Another‌  ‌law‌  ‌is‌  ‌RA‌  ‌6426,‌  ‌Foreign‌  ‌Currency‌  ‌Deposits‌  ‌Act,‌  ‌a ‌ ‌law‌  ‌of‌‌ 
allow‌‌extension‌‌wires.‌  ‌ Garcia‌‌for‌‌damages‌‌arising‌‌from‌‌defamation.‌  ‌
specific‌‌
  application,‌‌ that‌‌ affords‌‌ immunity‌‌ of‌‌ a ‌‌foreign‌‌ currency‌‌ deposit‌‌ 
from‌‌ being‌‌ levied‌‌ or‌‌ attached‌‌ on‌‌ execution;‌‌ as‌‌ well‌‌ as‌‌ being‌‌ examined‌‌ or‌‌  Ramirez‌  ‌presented‌  ‌a ‌ ‌recording‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌  ‌altercation‌  ‌hoping‌  ‌to‌  ‌nail‌‌ 
Needless‌  ‌to‌  ‌state,‌  ‌RA‌  ‌4200‌  ‌does‌  ‌not‌  ‌cover‌  ‌video‌  ‌recordings.‌  ‌Not‌  ‌all‌‌ 
inquired‌  ‌to.‌  ‌There‌  ‌is‌  ‌only‌  ‌one‌  ‌exception:‌  ‌CONSENT‌  ‌of‌  ‌depositor,‌  ‌as‌‌  Garcia,‌‌but‌‌ended‌‌up‌‌being‌‌nailed‌‌by‌‌it.‌‌   ‌
communications‌‌are‌‌covered,‌‌only‌‌PRIVATE.‌  ‌
enunciated‌  ‌in‌  ‌PSB‌  ‌v.‌  ‌Senate‌  ‌Impeachment‌  ‌Court.‌  ‌Forgetting‌  ‌their‌‌  Ramirez‌‌   contended‌‌
  that‌‌  she‌‌
  could‌‌
  not‌‌ be‌‌ liable‌‌ since‌‌ she‌‌ was‌‌ a ‌‌party‌‌ 
previous‌‌ruling‌‌in‌  ‌ to‌  ‌the‌  ‌conversation.‌  ‌SC‌  ‌disagreed‌  ‌saying‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌literal‌‌
  language‌‌   of‌‌ 
Navarro‌‌v.‌‌People‌  ‌
the‌‌law‌‌says‌‌that‌‌ANY‌‌person‌‌not‌‌being‌‌authorized‌‌is‌‌liable.‌ 
Two‌  ‌reporters‌  ‌proceeded‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌police‌  ‌station‌  ‌to‌  ‌report‌  ‌the‌  ‌public‌‌ 
Salvacion‌‌v.‌‌Central‌‌Bank‌,‌‌GR‌‌No‌‌94723,‌‌21‌‌Aug‌‌1997‌  ‌
exhibition‌‌   of‌‌
  women‌‌
  in‌‌
  a ‌‌bar.‌‌
  Navarro‌‌  acted‌‌   hostile‌‌   to‌‌
  the‌‌
  reporters.‌‌ 
The‌  ‌rationale‌  ‌of‌  ‌FCDA‌  ‌is‌  ‌to‌  ‌help‌  ‌the‌  ‌PH‌  ‌economy‌  ‌by‌  ‌encouraging‌‌  Their‌  ‌conversation‌  ‌turned‌  ‌violent‌  ‌that‌  ‌resulted‌  ‌in‌  ‌the‌  ‌death‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌‌ Rape‌‌Shield‌‌Protection‌‌Rule‌‌   ‌
foreign‌  ‌investors.‌‌   The‌‌
  law‌‌   was‌‌   enacted‌‌   to‌‌
  afford‌‌
  absolute‌‌   protection‌‌  reporter.‌  ‌ Section‌  ‌6,‌  ‌Republic‌‌
  Act‌‌
  No.‌‌
  8505‌, ‌‌otherwise‌‌
  known‌‌
  as‌‌
  the‌‌
  “Rape‌‌ 
of‌‌foreign‌‌currency‌‌deposits.‌  ‌ Victim‌‌Assistance‌‌and‌‌Protection‌‌Act‌‌of‌‌1998”‌  ‌
Unknownst‌  ‌to‌  ‌Navarro,‌  ‌the‌  ‌confrontation‌  ‌was‌  ‌secretly‌  ‌recorded‌  ‌by‌‌ 
In‌  ‌this‌  ‌case,‌  ‌accused‌  ‌was‌  ‌convicted‌  ‌of‌‌
  raping‌‌
  a ‌‌Filipina‌‌  girl‌‌
  several‌‌  the‌  ‌other‌  ‌reporter.‌  ‌Navarro‌  ‌objected‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌presentation‌  ‌of‌  ‌the‌‌ 
times.‌‌ SC‌‌ said‌‌ the‌‌ accused‌‌ was‌‌ merely‌‌ a ‌‌transient.‌‌ His‌‌ deposit‌‌ did‌‌ not‌‌  SEC.‌  ‌6.‌‌ ‌Rape‌‌ Shield.‌‌ — ‌‌In‌‌ prosecutions‌‌ for‌‌ rape,‌‌ evidence‌‌ of‌‌ complainant's‌‌ 
recording‌‌as‌‌it‌‌allegedly‌‌violated‌‌RA‌‌4200.‌  ‌
past‌  ‌sexual‌  ‌conduct,‌‌ opinion‌‌ thereof‌‌ or‌‌ of‌‌ h is/‌‌ h er‌‌ reputation‌‌ shall‌‌ not‌‌ b e‌‌ 
in‌‌
  any‌‌  way‌‌  serve‌‌ the‌‌ purpose‌‌ of‌‌ the‌‌ law.‌‌ Therefore,‌‌ there‌‌ is‌‌ no‌‌ reason‌‌ 
SC‌‌
  rebuffed‌‌  him‌‌
  holding‌‌  that‌‌
  the‌‌ recorded‌‌ confrontation‌‌ was‌‌ PUBLIC,‌‌  admitted‌  ‌unless‌, ‌ ‌and‌  ‌only‌  ‌to‌  ‌the‌  ‌extent‌  ‌that‌  ‌the‌  ‌court‌  ‌f inds,‌  ‌that‌  ‌such‌‌ 
to‌‌apply‌‌the‌‌law‌‌to‌‌his‌‌benefit.‌  ‌
taking‌‌into‌‌account‌‌that:‌  ‌ evidence‌‌is‌m ‌ aterial‌‌and‌‌relevant‌‌‌to‌‌the‌‌case.‌  ‌

These‌  ‌prohibitions‌  ‌are‌  ‌imposed‌  ‌particularly‌  ‌on‌  ‌the‌  ‌bank‌  ‌officers‌  ‌and‌‌  (a) The‌‌confrontation‌‌happened‌‌in‌‌a‌‌public‌‌place;‌  ‌
Sexual‌‌Abuse‌‌Shield‌‌Rule‌‌   ‌
institutions.‌‌‌It‌‌is‌‌not‌‌a‌‌prohibition‌‌imposed‌‌on‌‌the‌‌depositor.‌  ‌ (b) It‌‌took‌‌place‌‌in‌‌the‌‌presence‌‌of‌‌many‌‌other‌‌people.‌  ‌
Section‌  ‌30,‌  ‌Rule‌  ‌on‌  ‌Examination‌  ‌of‌  ‌a ‌ ‌Child‌  ‌Witness‌, ‌ ‌A.M.‌  ‌No.‌‌ 
Anti-Wire‌‌Tapping‌‌Act‌  ‌ All‌‌these‌‌negate‌‌privacy.‌  ‌
00-4-07‌‌dated‌‌21‌‌November‌‌2000,‌‌effective‌‌15‌‌December‌‌2000‌  ‌
R.A.‌‌4200‌,‌‌otherwise‌‌known‌‌as‌‌the‌‌Wiretapping‌‌Act‌  ‌ Gaanan‌‌v.‌‌CA‌  ‌
SC‌‌ took‌‌ note‌‌ that‌‌ the‌‌ conversations‌‌ between‌‌ the‌‌ lawyers‌‌ were‌‌ private.‌‌  Section‌‌30.‌‌‌Sexual‌‌abuse‌‌shield‌‌rule‌.‌‌— ‌ ‌
This‌‌   law‌‌
  punishes‌‌   anyone‌‌   who,‌‌  without‌‌ the‌‌ permission‌‌ of‌‌ all‌‌ parties‌‌ to‌‌ 
(a) Inadmissible‌  ‌evidence‌. ‌ ‌— ‌ ‌The‌  ‌following‌  ‌evidence‌  ‌is‌  ‌NOT‌‌ 
a‌‌
  private‌‌  communication‌‌   or‌‌ spoken‌‌ words,‌‌ tap‌‌ any‌‌ wire‌‌ or‌‌ cable,‌‌ or‌‌ use‌‌  If‌‌it‌‌was‌‌only‌‌meant‌‌to‌‌be‌‌heard‌‌to‌‌a‌‌specific‌‌person,‌‌then‌‌it‌‌is‌‌private.‌  ‌
admissible‌  ‌in‌  ‌any‌  ‌criminal‌  ‌proceeding‌  ‌involving‌  ‌alleged‌  ‌child‌‌ 
any‌‌  device‌‌  to‌‌
  intercept,‌‌
  overhear,‌‌   record‌‌
  such‌‌   communication‌‌   by‌‌ using‌‌  sexual‌‌abuse:‌  ‌

 ‌

Based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Syllabus‌‌of‌D
‌ ean‌‌Monteclar,‌‌Atty.‌‌Soleng‌a‌ nd‌‌‌Dean‌‌Torregosa‌  ‌ By‌‌RGL‌  ‌

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