Chemistry

Class 1

By Richa Sharma
 Thermodynamics
Thermochemistry
→ Notes revision

→ NCERTcompletion - ① ←> one

chapter
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#hermodyn_amics
wilt its
Thermodynamics deals in
energy
various
forms
& their interconversion during
a
physical or chemical change .
It provides
knowledge feasibility of process
a
the of

lendeethegiicnsetqconditions
Basic terms used in Thermodynamics .

the universe chosen for

Part
system
:
of called
thermodynamics study
is

system .

the universe other

Surrounding
Part
of
:

called
than system is

surrounding .

between system &

Boundary :
separation is called boundary
surrounding
.

it could be real or
imaginary
 Managenary boundary
real ←#- system surrounding
boundary
constant
lRigidboundary# : volume is .

dem'
③ Of
Non
=
-

rigid bouetdarwgce.gg .
balloon) ,
volume is
variable
piston type
container .

-
Ai egtherenos :
flask ,

No heat transfer across

wall ( wall is non conductor heat)
of
-

Diathermic walls that transfer can take

Fross wall ( conductor of
heat )

#:
that A system can

openings
:
D well
eocckange matter
as

is
as
energy
with its surroundings
called open systems
.

energy flow
is
2) closedsystemeo only
possible between system
&
surrounding .
 ③ Isolated system : Both

energy
& matter erchange
is absent between system &
surrounding
matter

may
03mF
Em closedsystem
Isolated
open system system
P¥ whose value
Intensive properties : Properties
remains constant on

division in
part
any of
the
system .
e.
g.
Pressure , temperature , density , viscosity ,

heat
tension molar specific ,

surface ,

volume
Molarity , specific .

whose value
E×Ñroperties_constant
Properties :
division
remain
on
of
doesnot
system .

internal
Mass -

volume , enthalpy ,
entropy ,

eg ,
.

energy ,
heat
capacity converted
be
NOTED Extensive properties can

into intensive properties by defining

mole e- Molar
them free ⇐ per gram .

g- mass
,
 molar heat
specific , specific

sta-YT.ee#I
Certain measurable properties are required
to
define
the state
of
a
thermodynamic
called state
system .

properties
These are

variables state
functions
or

state
state
functions depends only of
on

the does not depend path of on

system &
attained
which state is
the process by
.

state function depends

Therefore change
in

states the

only on initial final of &

system .

volume internal
e.
g.
Pressure , temperature ,
,

Cs )
energy
(E) ,
enthalpy
cut ,
entropy , free
(G)
energy
.

Ncte : change
in state
function during
like etc is not
DX DT
a
process ,

state functions .

Path function : working heat ,

 Modes
of energy ecchange between system
& surroundings :

function It
Dwork_ ( w) : work is a
path .

is ordered
form
or
organised
mechanical Cecpansion =P DD
form of energy
work
.ws electrical
→
( nfE)-
faraday 's
constant

{moles ↳ emf
↳ no .

Gravitational
cmgh)
convention
According to Iupac .

Give)
woek done on
the
system
the system c- ive )
work done
by

Coeternal force> ✗ distance

÷4gE%j§
work ( w)
-
=

Pert

wow -
noo ]×÷ "

m# a)✗

w =
-
Reassure)edeenae×A×d_
=
-
Peet DV

W = -

J Pert du

Vi

Peet constant
Y)
= .

=
- Pert cuz -

If
 2)Heated Defined : as the
form
of energy
that is
transferred across

a
virtue
boundary by random of temperature a

difference Let is unorganised or

)
form of energy
heat given to systems
the + we

heat taken from

the
systems -
ve

.#
Fire . It

is law
of
conservation
of energy according
which neither be created
to energy
can

converted
nor destroyed but can be
from
to total
one
form
another .
The energy
the universe Cisolated system) is

of
constant .

t w
Ez =
E
,
t
q
or
DE=qtwT
for
closed
system only
heat
q
→

w s work
in internal energy
DE =

change
NDU
 Enthalpy : St is a

thermodynamic defined
function chemical
to

study heat changes in a

reaction at constant pressure .

tt-u_pv@D.H =
qp
DE Ordu =
que
P volume
Tm a
process
at constant ,
of
work done
will change & is
system
given
as .

(
work done
by
W= - PSV the
system
law thermodynamics
Using first of
PSV
DU qp
-

Uz - O
,
=
Ap
-
P ( vz -
V
, )
( vz -
o
, ) t P ( vz -
v )
,
=
qp

④ Phd+ -

@ ,
+ PV, ) =
qp

H DH
qp =
Hz -

, =

Enthalpy is also a state function .

DH DU
qp ; q
=
=
✓
 DEH Enthalpy of products
-

reactants
enthalpy q
Den = E ( Mmoducts)
.
S Cnieactanb)
-

Exothermic reactions Du Tve we

q=
=
-
-

M H Reactants
Profits
combustion reactions
e
op
-

Haber 's
2N (
Nags
it
32cg ,
→
By ,
process
-
x -

Endothermic reactions sitting quire

H p > HR

g)
cops
Nzg g)
,
t Oz
→ 2 NO
cap HHMI
→ znz
Hug, tyg,
-
at standard conditions :
Enthalpy change
-

)
( 25°C )
-0
298K
T =
Deh
P = latin t
.

L standard
enthalpy change
( bar neat in or standard heat
of
reaction
 Thermochemical equation
about heat
clearly informs state
change in a nation physical
&
of
all reactants & products .

I Nag,
t
Ik g) → Nog ,

+90 25 KT
Dan
-

(endothermic
18005 KJ
t Oz Dan
Nzcg
2N
→
0cg
=

,
) g)
#

Enthalpyqaompouud
: is
enthalpy
of
an element in its most stable
naturally
state at standard conditions
occurringtaken =D
& is as
zero [ Dsoematiosh
elements
Standard states some
.

of
graphite

BEIIM.fi/p5Yoniteisnafauy
C →
chg,
S Rhombic
→
neg ,

the
(
* most stable is
it is not naturally occurring
black but
)
 Pazz 0
;
n
-8cg #
,
O

-0
n =
O
Is es ,

#m

I beg ,
t
tack cop →
Hey, am .

µq to not '=o

Deh-E EN
products
- E M Reactants

Arno = E nonce - O

-0
Den
-0
Evince
Df n
=
=

⑨ By convention dftintcaqfo
-
Heat reaction
-
of
csfn -9
@

1) standard
heat
of formation ,

-0

; Df
H
Ces graphite)
,
-12
Hug )→ Chugs
(
Es
,
diamond)
t 2K →
chugs Dyn=¢
 Heat evolved or absorbed

when mole
one
of any
its elements
compound is
formed from
in their standard states .

-
-0
combustion
Don
:
② standard
heat
of

The heat evolved when i mole

of any
burnt
completely
in access
substance is

( generally)
-0
Dan
of arygen
. = ⇐

Don
cm
gf 202cg concept 220g ,
→
,

HQ
2
CM ,
t
402cg ,
→
202cg ,
T 4
hooey by
g

Dzn⑦=2Dch-