CHAPTER 1 –DEVELOPOMENT CONTENT

 What development promises- Different people have different goals.

 Income and other goals
 National Income
 How to compare different countries and states?
 Income and other criteria
 Public facilities
 Sustainability of development

OBJECTIVE

 Sensitizing the child about the rationale for overall human development in our
country, which include the rise of income, improvements in health and education
rather than income.
 It is necessary to raise question in minds of the children whether the increase in
income alone is sufficient for a nation.
 To enable the learner to understand better about the themes and by bringing them
closer to their real-life situations.
 How and why people should be healthy and provided with education.

TEACHING AIDS

 Soft board, green board, Power Point Presentations.

KEY CONCEPTS

DEVELOPMENT Development means the growth of an economy along with improvement in non-economic
goals such as health, education, peace, etc.
DIFFERENT GOALS Development or progress does not mean the same thing for every individual. Each individual has
his own idea of development. For example, development for a farmer might be irrigation facilities;
for an unemployed youth it may mean employment opportunities, etc.
CONFLICTING GOALS What may be development for some may become destruction for some others. Example :
Industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams would displace the natives of a region
by submerging their land.
MIX OF GOALS For development, people do look at a mix of goals-which not only focus on seeking/earning more
income but also on non-material aspects like equal treatment, respect of other, dignity of labour
ETC
INFANT MORTALITY It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live
RATE (OR IMR) children born in that particular year.

LITERACY RATE It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
NET ATTENDANCE It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of
RATIO total number of children in the same age group.

SUSTAINABILITY OF Sustainability of development involves finding ways for continuous development without the risk
DEVELOPMENT of running out of resources or causing irreparable damage to environment.
Level 1

Answer the following questions:

1. Human Development Report is published by?

(a) UNDP

(b) World Bank

(c) IMF

(d) WHO

2. Pick out the correct meaning listed below to define ‘average income’.

(a) Average income of the country means the total income of the country.

(b) The average income in a country is the income of only employed people.

(c) The average income is the same as per capita income.

(d) The average income includes the value of property held.

3. Which one of the following statements defines ‘Literacy Rate’?

(a) Total literate population divided by total population

(b) Total literate population divided by literate population

(c) Proportion of illiterate population in the 18 and above age group.

(d) It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 years and above age group.

4. Explain Conflicting goals with the help of an example.

Conflicting Goals refer to the goals of different people, that often tend to clash against each
other. Some examples of conflicting goals include –

(a) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and also expects that he
should have a share in household work. However, her brother may not like this.

(b) Many industrialists, in order to get more electricity, want more dams to generate hydro-
electricity. The construction of these dams submerge the land on which they are built.
However, the tribal and displaced people resent this because their lives are disrupted. Instead,
they may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their lands.
5. Mention the components of Human Development Index.

The three basic components of HDI to know about the development of the countries is as
under:

1.Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity

2.Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds
weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with
one-third weighting).

3.Standard of living, as measured by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per
capital at purchasing power parity.

6. How do you calculate BMI?

Body Mass Index is a simple calculation using a person’s height and weight. The formula is
BMI = kg/m2 where kg is a person’s weight in kilograms and m2 is their height in metres
squared. A BMI of 25.0 or more is overweight, while the healthy range is 18.5 to 24.9. BMI
applies to most adults 18-65 years.

7. Kerala has low Infant Mortality Rate because:

(a) it has good climatic condition

(b) it has adequate infrastructure

(c) it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities

(d) it has poor net attendance ratio

8. Countries with per capita income of US$ ………... per annum and above in 2017, are
called rich countries?

(a) 12,126

(b) 11246

(c) 12056

(d) 10056

9. Mention the development goal of any landless rural labourers?

Landless rural labourers struggle a lot to make their living. The biggest development which is
the only motive of these labourers is increased number of days with better wages. The
maximum they can work, the more they can earn and improve their conditions for better food
and health.
10. Per Capita Income is calculated in ………. for all countries?

(a) Pounds

(b) Euros

(c) Dollars

(d) Rupees

11. Income alone is not a completely adequate indicator of development of a country.

Give anyone reason with regard to this statement?

Per Capita Income is not an adequate indicator of economic development for the following
reasons :

-It is an average amount of the total income which means it can't show the actual income
status of a country.

-Only Per Capita Income cannot indicate the development of a country alone.

-It needs other criterion to judge the economic development like literacy rate .

-Health status of the citizen is also another criteria for indicating the economic development.

-Distribution of income amongst rich and poor class people is not reflected in the concept of
per capita income.

II. DEFINE/WRITE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS:

a. National Income

National income is defined as the total value of all the goods and services produced within a
country plus net income coming from abroad

b. Literacy Rate

It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.

c. Infant Mortality Rate

It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000
live children born in that particular year.

d. Net Attendance Ratio

It is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
e. HDI

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key
dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a
decent standard of living.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Explain with the help of an example why the issue of sustainability important for
development?

The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in

tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate
after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development
that a country may have achieved. This is because, in the future, those resources will not be
available for further progress.

Sustainable development means that a development should meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs –

(i) It is felt that the economic growth and industrialization have led to reckless exploitation of
natural resources. Sustainability promotes a rational use of natural resources.

(ii) Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. But if we use more than what is
replenished by nature, then we would be overusing this resource.

(iii) Once the non-renewable resources would be exhausted we won’t be able to use them in
future. So, using the resources judiciously will help in maintaining the sustainability of
development of our ecosystem.

2. Explain, in what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development different from the one used by the World Bank?
As the world bank uses per capita income to measure the development. But it does not gives
the clear picture of the country.
That is why nowadays UNDP changed the criteria and adopted -human development index.
This human development index is prepared on the basis of this criteria-
1) Education facilities
2) Health facilities
3) Living standard
4) Real per capita income

3. “Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well” Do you
agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.

Yes, we agree with the statement that money cannot buy all the goods and services that one
needs to live well because of the following reasons.

Money can buy things that can be one factor on which our life depends like food. But the
quality of non-material things like freedom, security and respect cannot be bought with
money.
We cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines and peace with money.
Schools, colleges, parks, hospitals, etc. are the facilities which cannot be run individually.
There has to be a collective effort of team work between the government or society in
providing these to the general public.

4. Explain how does the World Bank classify the different countries of the world?

The World Bank assigns the world’s economies to four income groups—low, lower-middle,
upper-middle, and high-income countries. The classifications are updated each year on July1

5. Explain common developmental goals? Give any two suitable examples of common
developmental goals.

There are certain goals which are same and common for all. These are common
developmental goals that people have not only about better income but also about other
important things in life. More income or more material goods do not always provide us good
quality of life. There are other aspect such as equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity
to learn, good working condition, pollution free atmosphere, job security and good social life
which are very important for a good quality of life. Money or material things that one can buy
with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But quality of our life also depends on non-
material things, for example - the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but
means a lot to us.

6. List the economic and non-economic factors determining development.

Economic factors:

(i) Availability of national resources in abundance.

(ii) Adequate availability of capital.

(iii) Progress in science and technology.

(iv) Entrepreneurial ability.

(v) Human resource development.

(vi) Growth of population.

Non-Economic factors:

(i) Spread of education.

(ii) Desire for material betterment.

(iii) Social institutions like caste system, joint family system.

(iv) Political conditions of a country.

7. What is Human Development Index? Which organization measures the HDI?

Explain the three major indicators of the HDI.

Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank
countries based on the level of social and economic development. The HDI makes it possible
to track changes in development levels from time to time and to compare development levels
in different countries. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover overall
development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles. The
organization that measures the HDI is the United Nations.

The three basic components of HDI to know about the development of the countries is as
under:

1.Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity

2.Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds
weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with
one-third weighting).

3.Standard of living, as measured by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per
capital at purchasing power parity.

8. “While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities.” Explain with
example.

Averages are useful for comparison but still hides disparities means that as the average of
everything gives us the mean value for comparison but it does not tell us anything about the
uniformity or the contribution of each n everyone involved in that average.

for ex. as we know that in our country some are very rich and some are very poor but in
counting the per capita income the incomes of both are calculated which gives us a value that
each one of the people earns that much but in real some may be very low and some may be
earning very high from that minimum value. which is a drawback of averages.
Level 2

1. “Though the level of income is important, it is an inadequate measure of the level of

development.” Justify the statement.

Yes, we agree though the level of income is important, it is an inadequate measure of the
level of development because of the following reasons.

Money can buy things that can be one factor on which our life depends like food. But the
quality of non-material things like freedom, security and respect cannot be bought with
money.

We cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines and peace with money.
Schools, colleges, parks, hospitals, etc. are the facilities which cannot be run individually.
There has to be a collective effort of team work between the government or society in
providing these to the general public.

2. Explain with the help of an example to show that two persons or groups of persons
may seek things which are conflicting.

Conflicting goals : What may be development for some, may become destruction for some
others. For example, industrialists may want dams for electricity but such dams would
displace the natives of the region.

3. In the question given below, there are two statements marked as Assertion (A) and
Reason Read the statements and chose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Different people have different development goals.

Reason (R): People want freedom, equality, security and respect

Options:

(a)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

4. Body Mass Index (BMI) is easy to calculate. In this weight is taken in kilograms (kg) and
height in meters. Divide the weight in kg by the square of the height. The number you get is
called BMI. Then, take if a girl student is 14 years and 8 month old and the BMI is 15.2, then
she is undernourished. Similarly, if the BMI of a boy aged 15 years and 6 months is 28, then
he is overweight.

4.1. If BMI of 14 years and 8 months old girl is 16 above then the girl is:

(a) Malnourished
(b) Normal

(c) Immune system is weak Underweight

(d) Underweight

4.2. While calculating BMI height is taken in which of the following unit:

(a) Centimetres

(b) Inches

(c) Meters

(d) Millimetres

4.3. Which of the following is correct formulae of BMI :

(a) Divide the weight by square of height in centimetres

(b) Divide the weight in kg by square of height in meters

(c) Divide the weight in pounds by square of height in meters

(d) Divide the weight in kg by square of height in millimetres

Level 3

1. Find out present sources of energy used by people in India. What could be the possibilities
fifty years from now?
2. “Different persons can have different developmental goals” support this statement with an
Example.

3. There are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot in our lives.
Mention a few such things.