REFERENCIAS

Universidad de Guanajuato
Campus Celaya-Salvatierra
División de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingenierías (DCSI)
Licenciatura en Ingeniería Civil
A continuación, se mostrarán los siguientes artículos relacionados con la palabra clave

“PUSHOVER”.
Los artículos que son Open Access llevan incluidos un apartado con las referencias que se
encontraron en el documento.
Unbiased simplified seismic Nafeh, A.M.B., O'Reilly, G.J. 2022

fragility estimation of non-
ductile infilled RC structures
Infilled reinforced concrete (RC) buildings represent a prevalent taxonomy class in the
Mediterranean region. Many were constructed before proper seismic provisions and detailing
were enforced meaning they typically possess non-ductile failure mechanisms. Therefore, their
simple but adequate seismic fragility estimation remains a challenge for the research community
and practitioners. Moreover, their performance quantification can typically require
characterisation via detailed numerical models that capture salient behaviour features, which
involves extensive non-linear dynamic analyses with large computational burden. In this regard,
an unbiased seismic fragility estimation methodology for the simplified assessment of infilled
RC frame structures is described for both collapsing and non-collapsing scenarios. Its
development is using extensive cloud analyses carried out with a large set of oscillators
representative of the infilled RC frame's structural behaviour to permit the well-established
pushover-based methods to be adopted in practice. The result is a novel set of empirical
relationships relating the seismic behaviour of these typologies to their pushover curve
parameters to allow practitioners to perform an accurate risk assessment and verification in an
expedited manner. The choice of average spectral acceleration as the intensity measure used to
characterise the fragility parameters for these relationships is shown to present notable
advantages in reducing bias compared with other existing approaches. The results are validated
via comparison with a detailed hazard-consistent assessment of case studies from a database
of three-dimensional archetype building models. These were also developed here to capture the
temporal evolution of building codes and architectural features of the building class in Italy.
Numerical and full-scale test Li, J.-X., Zhang, X.-H., McClure, 2022
case studies on post-elastic G.
performance of transmission
towers
Post-elastic capacity of transmission tower is critical for the realistic assessment of tower
vulnerability under the extreme loading conditions. This paper first presented a series of
numerical simulations of a lattice transmission tower section under torsional (longitudinal) or
bending (transverse) loading in both static and dynamic scenarios. From the results of the
numerical simulations, four prototypes of lattice transmission towers were constructed and
tested for the investigation of the post-elastic performances of the towers under different loading
conditions. The tests results showed that there existed significant post-elastic strength reserve
of the tower under investigation. For the towers tested in this research, the post-elastic strength
reserve was 1.22 for flexure-torsion (i.e. tower under longitudinal loading) governed by
diagonals, and 1.37 for bending (i.e. tower in transverse loading) governed by inelastic buckling
of the main legs. Diagonal members affected the failure modes of transmission towers and their
connection design may be a weak link in the development of their post-elastic capacity.
Cyclic behavior of bridge Ou, Y.-C., Wu, J.-W., Yuniati 2022

columns with partially Pratiwi, A.
unbonded seven-wire steel
strands to increase post-yield
stiffness
A new method of increasing post-yield stiffness of bridge columns to reduce the residual
displacement after large earthquakes is proposed. In the proposed method, partially unbonded
unstressed seven-wire steel strands are used as elastic element to increase the post-yield
stiffness of the column. Three large-scale column specimens were tested using lateral cyclic
loading to investigate the seismic performance of the proposed column. Test results showed
that the use of the unstressed partially unbonded steel strands effectively increased the post-
yield stiffness ratio of a conventional bridge column from −0.3% to 6.4%, which exceeded the
5% post-yield stiffness ratio that has been shown in the literature to reduce the residual
displacement significantly. Test results also showed that the post-yield stiffness could not be
maintained when the strands started to bulge in compression. The ultimate drift was slightly
reduced from 5.76% to 4.77%. The use of fully bonded strands further increased the post-yield
stiffness ratio to 8.8%. However, the ultimate drift ratio was greatly reduced to 2.84%. To predict
the behavior of the proposed column under lateral load, a pushover model was developed. The
strain of the partially unbonded strand was calculated based on deformation compatibly with
the longitudinal deformed steel bar. The effect of anchorage slip was considered. Comparison
with the test results showed that the proposed model captured well the envelope response of
the proposed column.
Development of a Macro- Roosta, S., Liu, Y. 2022

Model for concrete masonry
infilled frames
Masonry walls, when built to infill a frame structure, have been shown to have a significant effect
on the strength, stiffness, and seismic properties of the frame structure. The accurate
consideration of this effect is crucial in lateral behavior analysis of the infilled frame structures,
especially under the seismic loading condition. This study proposes a new macro-model in an
effort to developing a practical and rational approach for evaluating the masonry infill
contribution in the design of masonry infilled frames. This model accounts for the compressive
and shear behavior of the masonry infill as well as the infill effect on the bounding frame.
Compressive behavior was represented through compressive struts located in the diagonal
direction connecting loaded corners of the infill. Two sets of three struts were used to replace
the top and bottom half of the masonry infill. The shear behavior of the infill was captured
through a shear spring connecting the two sets of struts at the center of the infill. The struts
and shear spring were configured in a serial manner such that both compressive and shear
sliding failure can be predicted. The constitutive laws assigned to the struts and spring were
based on consideration of orthotropic properties of masonry and experimental observations. This
model was verified against the test results of masonry infilled masonry frames obtained in this
study and of masonry infilled RC frames reported in the literature. Both monotonic pushover and
quasi-static cyclic analyses were considered in the model verification. The results showed that
the proposed model is capable of simulating the in-plane response of infilled frames of both
materials and in both loading conditions adequately.
Equivalent frame idealization Cattari, S., D'Altri, 2022

of walls with irregular A.M., Camilletti,
openings in masonry D., Lagomarsino, S.
buildings
Within the framework of modelling of unreinforced masonry structures, the equivalent frame
(EF) approach is widely used for the seismic assessment. However, the definition of modelling
rules for the EF idealization of walls is not always straightforward. Such rules are typically
applied a priori and they can strongly affect the seismic response. This paper aims to investigate
the reliability of four existing rules for the a priori identification of the geometry of the piers, i.e.
the elements in charge of resisting the horizontal and vertical loads. This constitutes the first
main issue within the EF idealization of walls. Continuum finite element (FE)-based numerical
solutions are considered as reference to assess the reliability of EF approach for a number of
irregular masonry walls case studies. The investigated irregularity deals with the presence of
openings with different height at the same storey or the presence of small openings. The critical
comparison between FE and EF solutions is made in terms of (i) pushover curves, (ii) damage
patterns, (iii) generalized forces, and (iv) drift values at scale of single elements. The results
herein achieved allow to provide practical recommendations for the EF walls idealization. In
particular, some existing rules for the a priori identification of the geometry of piers already
appeared to work properly, while specific precautions appeared to be needed for other rules or
in specific cases, which have been identified. More specifically, the rules that may lead to very
squat piers appeared to be particularly problematic since may produce a significant
underestimation of the ultimate displacement capacity at least when compared to the one
estimated by the FE model, assumed as reference solution in the paper. Finally, in the case of
small openings, results suggest how the most reliable solution consists of neglecting them in
the EF idealization process. To support analysts in this choice, some preliminary indications on
the dimensions that identify “small openings” are also provided in the paper.
Experimental and numerical Badri Benam, M., Farahmand 2022

analyses of seismic behavior Azar, B., Veladi, H.
of concrete shear wall with
opening accompanied by steel
frame and eccentric encased
steel braces
Reinforced concrete shear walls with the steel reinforced concrete frames is a common lateral
force resisting structural system that is applied high-rise steel buildings in various forms. In this
study, seismic behavior of two reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls with openings accompanied
by steel reinforced concrete (SRC) on scale of 1/3 were investigated. One of the shear walls
consisted of a steel truss reinforced concrete (STRC) with a specified eccentricity in each story
level and its end was connected to the bracing's steel beam. Both of the shear walls were
coincidentally subjected to specific constant gravity load and cyclic load. Behavior assessment
of shear walls included determination of the failure mode cracking pattern, loading capacity,
strength, stiffness and dissipated energy with respect to generated deformations. Results
revealed that the shear wall with encased steel brace (ESB) was more effective in terms of all
the mentioned parameters compared to SRC wall. In the following, pushover curves for shear
walls were investigated using finite element (FE) models and confidentiality of analytical models
and prediction of behavior of these walls were verified based on real prototypes. Finally, effects
of axial gravity load variations on FE models of both shear walls were evaluated. This study can
be useful in applied structural engineering because of applying eccentric braces in openings of
a reinforced composite shear wall.
Bidirectional energy-based Soleimani, S., Moghadam, 2022

pushover procedure as a fast A.S., Aziminejad, A.
approach to establish
approximate IDA curves under
biaxial seismic excitations: an
evaluation for medium- and
high-rise buildings
This paper evaluates the accuracy of bidirectional energy-based pushover (BEP) procedure in
predicting approximate incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) results for medium- and high-rise
structures. BEP provides approximate IDA curves under the simultaneous effect of the two
horizontal components of ground motions and is applicable to both symmetric- and asymmetric-
plan buildings. The method has already proven useful in low-rise buildings, and this study aims
to evaluate its suitability for mid- and high-rise structures. Six steel structures were considered
in this evaluation in two groups of 9- and 20-story buildings, with each group consisting of a
symmetric, a one-way asymmetric, and a two-way asymmetric-plan building. The assessment
was performed for 22 pairs of far-field ground motion records. The results revealed that the
accuracy of the method was satisfactory to produce approximate IDA curves for all structural
models. The method had similar accuracy in the asymmetric models as it did in the symmetric
models, although the accuracy showed a tendency to decrease as the height of the building
increased. BEP also provided reasonable estimates of the demands in both 'flexible' and 'stiff
sides' of the asymmetric buildings as well as the demands over the height of the buildings.
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Displacement-based seismic Nettis, A., Iacovazzo, 2022

performance assessment of P., Raffaele, D., Uva, G., Adam,
multi-span steel truss bridges J.M.
Simplified mechanics-based approaches for the seismic performance analysis are used for the
risk assessment of large bridge portfolios. This study evaluates the applicability and effectiveness
of displacement-based assessment (DBA) and nonlinear static procedures for multi-span railway
steel truss bridges. Although built in the first part of the last century, these historical bridges
are currently in service within the European railway networks, and their seismic performance is
poorly investigated in the literature. Direct DBA algorithms and pushover-based procedures
aimed at seismic performance assessment and fragility analysis of bridges are presented and
tested within a set of case studies parametrically generated by using an archetype steel truss
bridge. The first part of this study focuses on the seismic analysis of steel braced towers which,
in many situations, compose the substructure of steel truss multi-span bridges. A simplified
pseudo-pushover and an accurate equivalent viscous damping formulation are proposed to be
used for the approximate performance displacement assessment of these structural
components. The second part discusses the accuracy of the investigated approaches for multi-
span steel truss bridges through comparisons with nonlinear time history analysis. The results
of the parametric analysis are used to propose recommendations for an appropriate DBA
or pushover-based strategy for the deterministic performance assessment and fragility analysis
with reference to the damage state of the supporting towers or bridge serviceability in terms of
superstructure transverse deformation.
Analytical and numerical Tatar, A., Dowden, D.M. 2022

investigation of a low-damage
uplift friction damper for self-
centering cross-laminated
timber rocking walls
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) rocking wall systems have gained considerable attention in recent
years as a potential Seismic-Force Resisting System for mass timber construction in regions of
moderate to high seismic risk. It is well understood that CLT rocking walls do not provide any
measurable amount of ductile energy dissipation on their own but instead rely on energy
dissipation through their connections. A common approach has been to provide replaceable
metallic yielding elements or structural fuses located at the base of the wall or the vertical
interface between coupled walls. However, hysteretic yielding dampers are susceptible to both
strength and stiffness degradation. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a newly
proposed Uplift Friction Damper (UFD) as an alternative to hysteretic dampers installed at the
base of CLT rocking walls. The proposed UFDs provide stable energy dissipation and enhanced
self-centering capability. This paper presents details of the UFD device along with analytical and
continuum finite element numerical models that inform the kinematic response of the UFD.
Furthermore, the tunability of the UFD device is investigated by changing select governing
parameters of the UFD in a limited parametric study. First, the fundamental response of a single
UFD device is presented to inform the basic local response. Next, the system response of the
UFD installed on a SC-CLT wall is investigated through cyclic pushover analyses using continuum
finite element models. Results show that the amount of energy dissipation depends primarily on
the inclination angle of the friction interface, stiffness of the bolt-disc springs providing the
normal clamping force, and coefficient of friction between the sliding interfaces.
Seismic fragility and post- Wang, J.H., Sun, Y.P. 2022

earthquake reparability of
concrete frame with low-bond
high-strength reinforced
concrete column
To further study the global seismic behaviour and post-earthquake reparability of RC building
frames with the proposed self-centring columns with low-bond high-strength reinforcements
(LBHSRs), incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) of five-floor and ten-floor frame archetypes under
excitation by twenty ground motions (GMs) was performed. First, the pushover results indicated
that the use of LBHSR could substantially improve the yield and ultimate lateral drift of both
the archetypes, although the archetype had a smaller longitudinal reinforcement ratio (LR) of
the LBHSR and similar seismic resistance. The dynamic response results indicated that the
archetype with LBHSRs exhibited a smaller residual story lateral drift although the effectiveness
of the use of LBHSR to reduce seismic response was not apparent for the archetype subjected
to a low-intensity earthquake. The seismic fragility results showed that LBHSR was more effective
for preventing seismic collapse than for attaining the immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS),
and collapse prevention (CP) limit states. Furthermore, the higher the LR, the lower was the
likelihood of seismic collapse. The fragility curves of the residual story lateral drifts indicate that
the use of LBHSR can significantly mitigate the residual deformation in the DS1, DS2, and DS3
damage states. Moreover, the effectiveness increases with the increase in the LR and earthquake
intensity. Comparisons of residual story lateral drifts between the predicted results and IDA
results indicated that the present calculation models are not suitable for predicting residual
deformation. The model needs to be studied further.
Nonlinear finite and discrete Occhipinti, G., Caliò, I., D’Altri, 2022
element simulations of multi- A.M., (...), Milani, G., Spacone,
storey masonry walls E.
This paper reports the results of different finite and discrete element simulations on a well-
known benchmark of an unreinforced plane masonry structure. Namely, the case study concerns
a five floor structural wall, located at the interior of a masonry building, situated in “via Martoglio”
in the city of Catania (Italy). The numerical simulations aim to investigate the structural response
of the wall subjected to seismic actions by means of a non-linear static analyses. The role of
reinforced concrete floor beams within URM walls, their influence on the spandrel elements
capacity and the approximation that can affect the model, if the concrete beam non linearity is
not engaged, are considered. The benchmark is investigated considering three different
structural layouts that have been analysed by means of four numerical approaches. The
modelling strategies that have been considered are adaptive NURBS kinematic limit analysis,
planar discrete macroelements DME, continuum nonlinear FEM methods and a nonlinear FEM
micro-modelling. The results are compared in terms of capacity curves and damage mechanism
for each structural layout. As a result, pushover curves and damage patterns appear
considerably influenced by the concrete floor beams and their mechanical behaviour. All the
considered models denote satisfactory agreement in term of strength and collapse mechanisms,
some minor differences are observed in terms of global ductility.
Simplified Predictive Aldabagh, S., Hossain, 2022

Expressions of Drift Limit F., Alam, M.S.
States for Reinforced Concrete
Circular Bridge Columns
A critical component of performance-based design (PBD) is the quantification of damage states
in terms of engineering demand parameters (EDPs). One of the most widely used EDPs to define
damage states of reinforced concrete bridge columns is the drift ratio. Here, a fiber-based
numerical model was validated by comparing its damage predictions against experimental
results for large-scale tests of reinforced concrete columns subjected to reversed cyclic loading.
The Monte Carlo sampling technique was adopted to generate 1,000 well-confined and flexure-
dominated concrete columns, each having a unique combination of aspect ratio, axial-load ratio,
longitudinal and spiral reinforcement ratios, and concrete and reinforcing steel yield strengths.
The columns were analyzed numerically under static pushover loading, and the drift ratios
corresponding to various strain limits were recorded. The resulting data were fit to mathematical
expressions through machine learning-based symbolic regression. The proposed simplified
expressions well predicted the drift ratios obtained from the numerical analysis with a minimum
square of the correlation coefficient of 0.88. Also, the predicted drift ratios from the proposed
expressions were comparable to those measured experimentally at key damage states, such as
concrete cover spalling, concrete core crushing, and bar buckling. In particular, the predictions
of the proposed expression at rebar buckling, which was based on a reinforcing steel tensile
strain of 0.05, were more accurate than two widely used expressions found in the literature.
Finally, the application of the proposed expressions within the context of PBD was demonstrated
by a numerical example. The proposed simplified expressions are not intended to
replace pushover or nonlinear time history analyses as part of the PBD, but rather provide
approximate predictions of the limit states, which would significantly facilitate the development
of appropriate preliminary designs, especially at early design stages. In addition, since the
predictions of the proposed expressions were validated using previous experimental data, they
can serve as a benchmark for the bridge engineering community when determining the limit
states of reinforced concrete columns through numerical analyses.
Rapid seismic damage-state Nguyen, H.D., LaFave, 2022

assessment of steel moment J.M., Lee, Y.-J., Shin, M.
frames using machine
learning
The damage state assessment of buildings after an earthquake is an essential and urgent task
that typically requires significant manpower and time for the resilience of a city-scale society.
This study aims to develop machine learning (ML) models for the rapid seismic damage-state
assessment of steel moment frames, which was never tried before to the authors’ knowledge.
Eight ML models were examined for this purpose, including K-nearest neighbors, naïve Bayes,
decision tree, random forest (RF), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), extreme gradient boosting
(XGBoost), light gradient boosting, and category boosting. The combination of 468 steel moment
frames from the database in DesignSafe cyberinfrastructure and 240 ground motions yielded a
total of 112,320 data points. The steel moment frames have a wide variety of geometric
configurations (e.g., number of stories from 1 to 19, number of bays from 1 to 5, bay width from
6.1 to 12.19 m), and applied loads (i.e., three cases of dead load and two cases of live load).
Nonlinear time history analyses were conducted using OpenSees to produce a comprehensive
dataset for the training and testing of the ML models. A reliable procedure to define the damage
states of steel moment frames was suggested based on pushover analysis. Damage states of
steel moment frames were categorized following the tag definitions (i.e., green, yellow, and red)
in ATC-20. Spectral accelerations at five selected periods (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 s) for the given ground
motions and at the first three natural periods of the steel frames were used as input variables
for the ML models. From the results, the RF model is suggested for the prediction of the seismic
damage states of steel moment frames. The RF model could accurately predict 98% of the
assigned tags in the testing dataset. In contrast, the AdaBoost (88%) and naïve Bayes (90%)
models displayed the lowest performance. Among the four boosting methods considered, the
XGBoost model (97%) exhibited the highest performance. Furthermore, Shapley additive
explanations (SHAP) method was used to inspect the importance of input variables on the
prediction. It was found that the spectral accelerations at 1 and 2 s strongly influence the
prediction, likely because the first natural periods of the considered steel frames fall in the range
of 1–2 s. Finally, to provide convenient access to engineers, a graphical user interface based on
the developed RF model was created. This study places a pioneering step for the application of
machine learning to the rapid damage assessment of building structures.
A Procedure for Performing Baiguera, M., Rossetto, 2022

Nonlinear Pushover Analysis T., Robertson, I.N., Petrone, C.
for Tsunami Loading to ASCE
7
The new ASCE 7-16 Chapter 6 offers a comprehensive and practical methodology for the design
of structures for tsunami loads and effects. While it provides prescriptive tsunami loading and
design requirements, Chapter 6 also allows for the use of performance-based nonlinear analysis
tools. However, the specifics of load application protocol and system and component evaluation
for such a nonlinear approach are not provided. This paper presents a procedure for performing
nonlinear static pushover analysis for tsunami loading within the framework of the ASCE 7-16
standard. Through this approach, the user can both estimate the effective systemic lateral load-
resisting capacity of a building and the local component demand. This enables the identification
of deficiencies in structural elements with respect to the ASCE 7-16 standard acceptance criteria.
To demonstrate the procedure, a prototypical reinforced concrete multistory building exposed to
high tsunami hazard on the US Northwest Pacific Coast is assessed. This is a building with
sufficient height to provide last-resort refuge for people having insufficient time to evacuate
outside the inundation zone. The results of the nonlinear static pushover analyses show that the
structural system has sufficient lateral strength to resist ASCE 7-16 prescribed tsunami loads,
but fails the checks for component-based loading, with the exterior ground-story columns
observed to fail in flexure and shear. The example demonstrates that use of the tsunami
nonlinear static analysis procedure allows the identification of structural deficiencies such that
a targeted strengthening of the building can be conducted (i.e., flexural and shear strengthening
of the seaward and inland columns for the case study building presented), leading to significantly
reduced costs.
An improved first-mode-based Worku, A.M., Hsiao, P.-C. 2022

pushover analytical procedure
for assessing seismic
performance of special
moment resisting frame
building structures
With the aim of performance-based design of building structures, nonlinear response history
analysis (NRHA) procedures are required to reliably obtain the realistic responses of the
buildings which, however, involve much complex procedures and reduce the feasibility of the
practical uses. Nonlinear static procedure (NSP) analysis conventionally solely based on the first-
mode of the structure are typically adopted in the design practice for approximately assessing
seismic performances. Modal pushover analysis (MPA) and other modified NSP procedures were
developed to include the higher-mode-effects in the NSP analysis, while they are still not feasible
for the general practical uses. The study proposed a relatively simple procedure, named the
modified first-mode-based pushover analysis (MFPA), for accurately assessing various seismic
performances of steel buildings under MCE-level events through a single-step pushover process
with a novel load pattern until a target displacement. Against mathematical approaches, a wide
range of model building cases, including five-, ten-, fifteen-, and twenty-story buildings of special
moment resisting frames (SMRFs) with two types of story heights were designed and examined
in the study to verify the validity of the MFPA procedures. The results verified that the proposed
MFPA procedures enabled to consistently more accurately assess the peaks and distributions of
the inter-story responses of buildings obtained by the NRHA compared to other NSP and MPA
approaches, and form an alternative method for the practical applications.
Pseudostatic analysis for Chiou, J.-S., Fu, Y.-W., Lee, Y.- 2022
seismic responses of W.
extended piles considering
inertial and kinematic effects
This study proposes a pseudostatic approach for analyzing the seismic response of an extended
pile under inertial and kinematic loadings. A structure–pile–soil pushover model is established.
In the model, the inertial loading is simulated as a static force that is applied at the pile head,
and the kinematic loading is simulated by imposing a ground displacement profile on the pile–
soil interaction springs. This approach, based on a dynamic structure–pile–soil interaction model,
comprises three aspects: inertial loading, kinematic loading, and combination of inertial and
kinematic loadings. For the inertial loading, the capacity spectrum method is applied to obtain
the maximum acceleration of the superstructure mass, using a weighted motion that combines
contributions of excitations at various soil depths and an equivalent system damping ratio in
terms of linear viscous damping, radiation damping, and hysteretic damping. For the kinematic
loading, the ground displacement profile corresponding to the maximum ground surface
displacement is analyzed through ground response analysis. For the combined action of inertial
and kinematic loadings, because their maximum effects may not occur simultaneously, we
construct the relationships of participation factors with the ratio of the excitation frequency to
the system frequency. Examples are used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed
method.
Novel post-tensioned rocking El-Hawat, O., Fatahi, 2022

piles for enhancing the B., Taciroglu, E.
seismic resilience of bridges
The rocking pile foundation system is a relatively new design concept that can be implemented
in bridges to improve their seismic performance. This type of foundation prevents plastic damage
at the bridge piers and the foundation system, which are difficult to repair and can lead to
collapse. However, lack of adequate energy dissipation in this type of foundation can result in
large deck displacements and subsequent catastrophic failures of the bridge. The present study
proposes a novel foundation system that integrates post-tensioned piles with the rocking
foundation to simultaneously prevent plastic hinging at the piers and reduce the deck
displacements during severe earthquakes. The effectiveness of the proposed foundation system
is investigated and compared against the rocking pile and conventional fixed-base foundation
systems using identical bridge configurations. Three-dimensional finite element models of these
bridges were developed to capture possible nonlinear behavior of the bridge as well as soil-
structure interaction effects. Six strong earthquakes with both horizontal components were
selected and scaled to the appropriate seismic hazard level with a return period of 2475 years.
Static pushover and nonlinear time-history analyses were then performed to compare the
dynamic response of the bridges, including deck displacements, pier and pile inertial forces, and
other nonlinear behavior experienced by the structure. The results reveal that by integrating the
post-tensioned piles with the rocking foundation, the deck displacements were reduced to an
acceptable limit without subjecting the bridge to any damage. In contrast, the bridge with the
fixed base foundation experienced extensive damage at the piers, and the bridge with the rocking
foundation experienced substantial deck displacements that ultimately led to unseating,
resulting in the collapse of both bridges. It was therefore concluded that the proposed rocking
foundation system with post-tensioned piles is the superior alternative and can be implemented
in practice as an attractive solution due to the seismic protection it offers.
Extent and hierarchy of Tawadros, H.W.S., Farag, 2022

seismic induced inelastic M.M.N., Mehanny, S.S.F.
demands in the substructure
system of bridges on piled
foundation crossing
waterways
The effect of the exposed length of piles supporting bridges crossing waterways on the spread
of inelasticity along the pile shaft compared with the extent of plasticity in the body of the
column, and hence on the precedence of the formation of plastic hinges in the substructure
system is of paramount importance. Plastic hinges may form ideally and preferably at the bottom
of the column just above the pile cap, or undesirably either at the pile’s head or at any other
section within the pile be it along its free/exposed length immersed in water or its embedded
part in soil. A set of bridges are designed according to Eurocode for multiple configurations with
various relative stiffness between the column and the group of piles featuring partly exposed
shaft. Pushover as well as time history inelastic analyses under a set of ten earthquake records
are performed accounting for soil-structure interaction. Results demonstrate that it is likely in
some cases characterized by a remarkable increase in the flexural stiffness of the column relative
to the group of piles to have spread of inelasticity and plastic hinges forming in piles prior to
the column. This is undesirable for a robust, reliable and resilient seismic design as devised by
universal design standards for bridges on piled foundation. While there is no clear consensus
on the most effective corrective measure to such undesirable response, a few proposed remedial
design actions have been formulated in order to preclude (or at least improve the behavior for
the case featuring) plastic hinges deplorably forming in the piles prior to the base of the column.
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structure interaction in liquefied and laterally spreading ground. Earthq Spectra 29:733–
755. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000156
EN 1992-1-1 EC2 (2004) Design of concrete structures. Part 1–1: general rules and rules for
buildings. Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels
EN 1998-1 EC8-1 (2005) Design of structures for earthquake resistance. Part 1: general rules,
seismic actions and rules for buildings. Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels
EN 1998-2 EC8-2 (2005) Design of structures for earthquake resistance, part 2: bridges. Comité
Européen de Normalisation, Brussels
Farag MMN, Mehanny SSF, Bakhoum MM (2015) Establishing optimal gap size for precast beam
bridges with a buffer-gap-elastomeric bearings system. Earthq Struct 9(1):195–219
Farag MMN, Mehanny SSF, Kohrangi M, Vamvatsikos D, Bakhoum MM (2019) Precast beam
bridges with a buffer-gap-elastomeric bearings system: uncertainty in design parameters and
randomness in ground records. ASCE J Bridge Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-
5592.0001396
Fragiadakis M, Diamantopoulos S (2020) Fragility and risk assessment of freestanding building
contents. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3276
Guirguis JEB, Mehanny SSF (2013) Evaluating codes criteria for regular seismic behavior of
continuous concrete box girder bridges with unequal height piers. ASCE J Bridge Eng 18(6):486–
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extended pile-shaft-supported bridge structures. Earthq Spectra 20:1057–
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Evaluating the Effect of the Fujii, K. 2022

Various Directions of Seismic
Input on an Irregular
Building: The Former Uto City
Hall
A nonlinear time-history analysis of the main building of the former Uto City Hall is carried out
using the recorded acceleration of the foreshock, considering various directions of seismic input.
Then the nonlinear first modal response is calculated from the results of pushover analysis to
investigate the effect of the various directions of seismic input on the first modal response of
this building. The main findings of the study are (a) the angle of incidence where the peak drift
at the “flexible” side column is the largest is close to that where the peak equivalent
displacement of the first modal response is largest, (b) the equivalent velocity of the maximum
momentary input energy of the first modal response is clearly related to the peak equivalent
displacement of the first modal response, and (c) the evaluated maximum momentary input
energy of the first modal mass per unit mass agrees well with the linear elastic momentary
input energy spectrum of the seismic input.
Seismic Risk Assessment of Belletti, B., Martinelli, 2022

Existing RC Frame-Buildings with E., Michelini, E., Tavano,
Shear Walls M., Vecchi, F.
In Italy, Reinforced Concrete (RC) core structural systems, formed by RC walls and frames,
represent a common solution for existing multi-story buildings designed only for gravity loads.
However, the most of the available studies on seismic assessment of existing RC buildings are
focused on framed structures, and engineering demand parameters (EDPs) for the construction
of fragility curves are in turn calibrated for RC frames. The presence of the core significantly
modifies the global behaviour of the building, producing torsional effects and structural
irregularities. For these reasons, the EDPs commonly adopted for framed structures (such as
the inter-story drift) and the corresponding damage threshold levels could be not appropriate
for core structural systems and possible alternative solutions should be explored. The problem
is treated in this work by considering a reference case study, represented by an existing six-
story RC framed building with a stairwell core, whose position is asymmetric in plan. The
structural behaviour of the building is studied by performing pushover analyses on a finite
element model including both geometric and mechanical non-linearity. Different EDPs are
considered for the construction of fragility curves and the obtained results are compared to
verify their suitability to the case of core structural systems.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Kostinakis, 2022

Accidental Eccentricity in K., Athanatopoulou, A.
Capturing the Effects of Irregular
Masonry Infills
Masonry infills are often used for the construction of reinforced concrete buildings in many
counties with high seismicity. For these buildings it is very common to place the infills non-
uniformly in order to fulfil functional reasons, something which can lead to significant
irregularities. Such irregularities may cause important increase of the seismic vulnerability, or
even in some cases disproportionate structural damage or collapse. Modern seismic codes
suggest that these irregularities may be taken into consideration by increasing by a factor of 2.0
the accidental eccentricity’s effects. The present paper investigates the effectiveness of these
code provisions in capturing the effects of the infills’ irregularities. To accomplish this aim, a
multi-storey 3-dimensional R/C building with irregularly placed masonry infills is examined. The
seismic assessment of the building is carried out using the Nonlinear Pushover Analysis
according to the EC8 provisions. Two different structural models are investigated: (a) the
masonry infills are modelled as diagonal struts and (b) model that does not take into account
the infills, but the accidental eccentricity is increasing by a factor of 2.0, as EC8-1 proposes.
Then, a comparison between the two models is carried out in order to examine the effectiveness
of the accidental eccentricity in capturing the effects of the irregular infills. Useful results are
derived concerning the effectiveness of the specific code provisions.
Seismic Capacity of EC8 Barbagallo, F., Bosco, 2022

Compliant RC Frames with M., Ghersi, A., Marino,
Irregular Vertical Distribution of E.M., Rossi, P.P.
Stiffness
It is well established that structural irregularity in elevation affects the seismic response of
buildings and that it should be considered in design. Early studies on irregularity in elevation
were devoted to discriminating which method of analysis was more appropriate to design
irregular structures. More recently, many studies were devoted to judging the effectiveness of
nonlinear static procedures in evaluating the seismic response of regular and irregular
structures. Only few studies have focused on the detrimental impact that the irregularity in
elevation may have on the structural response. In this paper, the seismic response of a wide set
of RC frames with different heightwise distribution of stiffness is evaluated by pushover analysis.
Hence, the seismic performance of the frames with irregularity in elevation is compared with
that of the regular ones. The results have shown that, if capacity design criteria are used to size
structural members, story collapse mechanism is never achieved and frames with irregular
distribution of stiffness exhibit a suitable seismic performance even if designed by the reference
(unreduced) behaviour factor.
Multidirectional Lateral Loads and Cantagallo, C., Pellegrini, 2022

Combination Rules in Pushover F.A., Spacone, E., Camata, G.
Analysis
Nonlinear pushover analyses are widely used today for the seismic analysis of existing
structures. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the multidirectional seismic load and
the combination rules in the pushover analysis of reinforced concrete structures. In order to
consider concurrent seismic effects on 3D models, current seismic codes indicate that elements
and components shall be verified considering the seismic demand derived from the same
combination rules used in linear dynamic analyses (SRSS or 30% rule). In this study, the above
code provision is applied to the pushover analyses performed on several irregular reinforced
concrete structures and the results are compared upon application of the lateral loads in
different directions. The seismic demand in terms of shear demand and inter-story drift are
calculated with the N2 method applying the seismic force both along the conventional structural
directions x and y and along incident angles θi varying between 0° and 360° with steps of 22.5°.
In order to verify the validity of the multidirectional lateral load application and the code-
conforming combination rules, the structural demands obtained from the
different pushover analyses are compared with those computed by Non-Linear Time History
Analyses (NLTHA) performed by using suites of twenty pairs of both real and generated ground
motion records.
Seismic Enforced Displacement- Makarios, T.K., Bakalis, A.P. 2022

Based Pushover Analysis on
Irregular In-Plan R/C Multi-storey
Buildings
A new Displacement-Based procedure of documented pushover analysis on irregular in-plan,
multi-storey reinforced concrete (r/c) buildings, is presented here in detail. According to the
proposed procedure, a displacement vector applies on each floor-diaphragm relative to the
“Capable Near Collapse Principal System” of the multi-storey building. This vector consists of
two translational components along the horizontal principal axes and a rotational one about the
vertical axis. Appropriate invariant patterns of the enforced displacements that drive the building
directly to the Near Collapse (NC) state are proposed through an extensive parametric nonlinear
response history analysis (N-LRHA). The new pushover procedure is verified on a torsionally-
flexible, double-asymmetric, multi-storey, r/c building against the seismic demand obtained from
the N-LRHA at the NC state. The comparison clearly shows that the proposed enforced-
displacement pushover procedure can fully capture the inelastic floor torsional/translational
response and the higher-mode effects. It also provides reliable results for the peak inter-storey
drifts throughout the building as well as a good prediction of the plastic mechanism.
Identifying buildings with high Binici, B., Yakut, A., Canbay, 2022
collapse risk based on samos E., Akpinar, U., Tuncay, K.
earthquake damage inventory in
İzmir
Samos Earthquake caused the collapse of about fifty buildings in İzmir city center, resulting in
over 120 fatalities. The response spectra of the ground motions at the soft soil sites in Izmir
revealed that the spectral accelerations in the period range of 0.5–1.5 s are similar to the
spectral accelerations defined by the response spectrum corresponding to the 72-year return
period. Despite experiencing accelerations lower than those defined by the Turkish Code design
spectrum (475-year return period), significant damage was observed due to the deficiencies of
the building stock. Several factors such as soft story, lack of code-compliant transverse steel
reinforcement, and low concrete strength have contributed to the devastating loss. Studies in
the last two decades on deformation capacity estimation of RC columns showed that key
parameters for collapse drift limits are the axial load ratio (i.e., axial force demand to capacity
ratio) and transverse reinforcement amount. Most of the collapsed buildings in the past Turkish
earthquakes had low concrete strength resulting in high column axial load ratios with limited
drift capacity. In order to identify the collapse of vulnerable buildings, a simple procedure is
proposed based on vertical and lateral pushover analysis results. The method relies on
estimating the average axial load ratios of the most critical columns and their seismic drift
demands. An axial load ratio-drift demand limit state model was developed to identify the
buildings with high collapse risk. The model was validated with the damaged buildings in İzmir
after the Samos earthquake to capture the buildings with poor performance even under service
level earthquakes. The proposed model is practical as it only requires the floor plan and concrete
compressive strength. It is found to be legitimately accurate to identify and prioritize the
buildings prone to collapse.
Multivariate analysis of regular Camacho, V.T., Lopes, 2022

and irregular RC bridges and M., Oliveira, C.S.
characterization of earthquake
behaviour according to stiffness-
based indexes
Seismic design of bridges in some respects is more complex than other structures especially
due to, in some cases, the a priori unknown shape of the displacement profile of the structure.
Bridges of irregular nature and of a certain length can have transversal horizontal displacement
profiles (THDP) of the deck that are very dependent on higher frequency modes. Furthermore,
the THDP might change significantly during the earthquake action, due to loss of stiffness of
some elements rather than others. This makes most nonlinear static pushover methods
inaccurate and introduces difficulties in the seismic design of these structures. In this study,
several RC bridges which vary in length and irregularity, are analysed with nonlinear dynamic
analysis and optimized via genetic algorithms with performance and cost as objectives in the
longitudinal and transversal directions separately. The optimized solutions are analysed in terms
of their effective stiffness and compared with each other. The results show correlation between
the displacement of the stiffer piers and the overall effective stiffness of the structure. This
correlation is closely linked to other parameters such as the relative stiffness index. The results
and the parameters allow to identify cases in which the bridges develop “long bridge behaviour”
in the THDP of the bridge, and also in which situations the longitudinal and transversal peak
displacement of critical piers are similar, which is useful knowledge to optimize seismic design
in terms of cost and performance. Practical recommendations for the optimization of the seismic
design of irregular bridges are offered.
Review of buckling restrained Shah, B.S., Panchal, V.R. 2022

braces for earthquake resistant
design of industrial structures in
India
India had already witnessed devastating earthquakes in past and may witness even higher
intensity of earthquakes in the future. The industrial structures are highly irregular structures
and hence they are more vulnerable to earthquakes. The earthquake resistant design related
codal provisions are revised recently in India. The conventional structural systems of moment
resisting frame and conventional brace are not the most efficient systems for earthquake
resistant design. In this paper, buckling restrained braces (BRB) are reviewed for the industrial
structures in India. In the study, heavy silo supporting structure is analysed using conventional
braces and BRBs. Total six nos. of analytical models are generated and response reduction factor
are evaluated using pushover analysis. BRB is not yet codified in the Indian Standards. For
implementation of the system in the country, codification is required for standardisation. The
more research is required to eliminate the full scale testing requirements of BRB.
Identifying damage mechanisms Suzuki, A., Fujita, T., Kimura, 2022

of gymnasium structure damaged Y.
by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake
based on biaxial excitation
During the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, gymnasium buildings sustained unexpected structural
damage, preventing their use as evacuation shelters. This study examines one such severely
damaged structure with fewer connections between the steel roof and reinforced concrete
columns. Results of eigenvalue, pushover, and seismic response analyses elucidate the observed
structural damage. The out-of-plane deformation is prominent because of the slight constraint
at the column top, leading to severe damage at the column base. Moreover, a parametric study
of the peak ground acceleration suggests that the biaxial excitation produces different failure
modes of column top connections from those under uniaxial excitation. Moreover, variation of
the failure mechanisms is evidenced by the variety of seismic motions with a broad range of
frequency characteristics. Pushover analysis results demonstrated the predictability of initial
connection failure. However, discrepancies between results of the pushover and seismic
response analyses became greater with subsequent connection failures. The column base
damage can be assessed accurately based on uniaxial pushover and seismic response analyses.
Investigating the effects of Rooshenas, A. 2022

masonry infill panels on high-rise
structures
In modern Pushover analyzes, as well as irregular structural forms, consideration of the effect
of higher modes is critical. For this purpose and in the same direction as the companion paper,
this study extends prior work by attempting to examine three available 15-, 20- and 25-story
high-rise geometrically irregular concrete buildings. This study, also takes into account the
effects of masonry infill panels. The examined variables include the layout of the infill panels
and investigating the results of the adaptive pushover analyzes associated with each case. The
results of the more precise nonlinear dynamic analysis are the reference required to review and
compare pushover analysis responses, which they show a significant difference between the
results and the placement layout of the masonry panels. The most important conclusion of this
study is that in irregular RC structures infilled with masonry panels or walls, it is necessary to
consider not only the location of the center of mass, but also the location of the center of
stiffness (rigidity) of the structure, or in another words, the influence of infill panel layouts on
MRF response (i.e. eccentricity between the center of mass and stiffness). Furthermore, it is
necessary to consider the main mode of oscillation. Finally, as the main characteristic of this
study, the outcomes of the Simple Lateral Mechanism Analysis (SLaMA) procedure show that
layouts of the infill panels can play a major role in this method.
Overturning of the façade in de Felice, G., Fugger, 2022

single-nave churches under R., Gobbin, F.
seismic loading
The out-of-plane collapse of the façade represents one of the major threats and the most
frequent cause of damages of churches due to strong earthquakes. Due to the slenderness of
the façade and the lack of adequate connections to the side walls and the wooden roof, the
seismic action can trigger the overturning. A detailed assessment is therefore required to judge
whether or not to intervene. This paper presents an approach for the seismic assessment of the
stability of the façade, through a discrete element model based on a photographic survey, with
the aim of representing the actual geometry and arrangement of the stone units and their effects
on the kinematics of the overturning. The collapse mechanism is simulated with both, quasi-
static pushover and dynamic pulse-based analyses and the results compared to those of
conventional rigid-body kinematics. The proposed approach is then applied to seven masonry
churches that suffered severe damages during the 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake and the
failure mode provided by the analyses is compared to the damages caused by the earthquake.
The method is able to give a reliable estimate of the expected failure mechanism, taking into
account the quality of the masonry and the connections to the side walls, while also providing
the seismic acceleration required to trigger the motion and the ultimate displacement beyond
which collapse occurs.
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Seismic performance assessment Ghasemi, M., Zhang, 2022

of steel frames with slack cable C., Khorshidi, H., Sun, L.
bracing systems
Slack cable collapse prevention system is a cost-effective and simple method for seismic
upgrading of existing structures. In this study, the effectiveness of adding slack cables to 2, 4,
8, and 12-story steel frames are assessed. The pushover analyses were performed to evaluate
the general behavior of the original and braced frames. Considering 22 pairs of far-field ground
motion records per FEMA P695, the nonlinear time-history analyses, as well as Incremental
Dynamic Analyses (IDAs), were conducted. The maximum compression force of the first story
columns, base shear demand, and the Collapse Margin Ratio (CMR) were determined and
compared for original and braced frames. The fragility curves were developed and compared for
the structures. Obtained results show that the slack cables postpone the collapse of the frames
without increasing the initial stiffness of the structure. The average of maximum values of
column axial force for the frames with slack cables are close to original frames, while it has a
considerable increase in typical cable brace system cases. All original frames exceed the 10%
probability when subjected to Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE). However, the probability
of collapse for the braced structures in MCE decreased significantly to less than 10%. A
significant improvement in the collapse safety could be observed in the braced frames. The slack
cable technique has demonstrated almost similar performance to the typical cable braces and
even superior protection in terms of structural column axial forces and base shear.
Seismic Damage Assessment of Benkhellat, S., Kada, 2022

Reinforced Concrete Grain Silos O., Seghir, A., Kadri, M.
This paper deals with seismic performance and damage assessment of concrete grain silos. An
existing large silo is taken as a case study to conduct the numerical analyses. A global damage
index based on target displacement is proposed to quantify numerically different damage states
of the structure. To this aim, the classical N2 method is extended to adaptive multimodal to
evaluate seismic performance of the structure for increasing pic ground acceleration levels with
taking into account degradation of stiffness and modification of modal characteristics. The
seismic capacity of the silo is evaluated, as an averaged curve, by conducting pushover and
several incremental dynamic analyses using artificial and recorded accelerograms. The seismic
demand is derived from the design spectrum of the Algerian seismic code (RPA 2003). The
target displacement is determined by taking into account both the participation of the dominant
modes, and the degradation of the structure's modal characteristics. The nonlinear behavior of
the structure's walls is modeled by using nonlinear multilayered shell elements. The effect of
the stored granular material is included through distributed equivalent masses. It is found that
when the structure modal characteristics are updated as its stiffness is degraded, the target
displacement is correctly computed. Whereas, it wrongly grows indefinitely, with increasing PGA,
when constant modal characteristics of the intact structure are assumed, as usually done. The
proposed global damage index is compared to three existing reliable indices. It better reflects
the different damage states of studied silo.
Experimental study and numerical Nagender, T., Parulekar, 2022

simulation of seismic behaviour of Y.M., Selvam,
corroded reinforced concrete P., Chattopadhyay, J.
frames
One of the major durability issues of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures is the steel
reinforcement corrosion. Its effect needs to be evaluated on the lateral load capacity of the
structures for understanding their seismic performance. In the present paper, the precise FE
modelling and simulation of corroded RC frames subjected to lateral loads and its validation
with full scale shake table tests on corroded RC frames is demonstrated. The rebar corrosion is
induced in RC frames by accelerated impressed current technique and shake table tests are
performed by simulating real time earthquakes with increasing excitation till failure of the frames
is achieved. The tests showed that there was higher degradation of the frequency of the corroded
structure with respect to pristine structure with increase in earthquake excitation levels.
Numerical simulation of the tests is carried out using 2D micro-modelling, incorporating the
effect of bond strength reduction, reduction in rebar diameter and decrease in mechanical
properties of corroded steel in the model. Nonlinear static pushover analysis is performed to
evaluate load displacement characteristics of the corroded and uncorroded frames and the
results are compared with dynamic pushover obtained from shake table tests. It was observed
that compared to un-corroded frame there is 13% reduction in the failure load due to earthquake
excitation for the 7.5% corroded frame and numerical results for 10% corroded frame showed
22% reduction in the lateral load carrying capacity.
Assessment on the deflection Mahmoudi, M., Jalili Sadr 2022

amplification factor of steel Abad, M.
buckling-restrained bracing
frames
Researchers in the field of earthquake engineering are always looking for new ways to improve
the seismic behavior of structures. The buckling-restrained brace (BRB) is one of these exciting
innovations that are employed to increase the ductility capacity of traditional steel braced frames.
Understanding the nonlinear response of these novel systems in estimating maximum
displacements due to an earthquake has been of significant importance for structural designers.
Accordingly, this research is carried out to study of deflection amplification factor (Cd) in BRBs,
which have recently been presented in seismic design provisions as one of the seismic lateral-
resisting systems. To this end, five 3-, 5-, 7-, 10-, and 15-story BRBs are modeled in the software
framework of OpenSees. Ground motion simulation is performed by selecting several scaled
earthquake records, and the values of elastic and ultimate displacements of structural systems
are computed through pushover and nonlinear time-history analyses. The results showed that
the deflection amplification factor suggested within famous building codes (such as ASCE-7-16)
compared to the obtained values is, in some cases, for certainty; conversely, it is underestimated
under some conditions. In fact, the findings indicate that the magnitude of Cd in these systems
is strongly related to the height of the building.
Experimental Testing of Variable Fateh, A., Hejazi, F. 2022

Stiffness Bracing System for
Reinforced Concrete Structure
under Dynamic Load
This study reports the development of variable stiffness bracing (VSB) system as the lateral
resisting element for RC-framed structures subjected to dynamic load. This device can enhance
the lateral stability of structures against dynamic loading. The developed VSB device includes a
nonlinear leaf spring, which provides variable stiffness characteristics to the system and can be
considered a passive structural control system because it is independent of any external power
source. A new design for the VSB of structures is proposed, and a prototype is fabricated and
installed in an RC frame subjected to dynamic experimental tests. The effect of VSB
implementation in an RC frame under dynamic loading is evaluated and compared with a bare
frame. Furthermore, the numerical study includes pushover and time history analyses to assess
the seismic performance of the developed VSB device. The results of the experimental test and
numerical simulation confirmed the efficiency of the developed VSB device as a
resisting/retrofitting technique for RC-framed structures. The ductility trend, overall stiffness,
and final capacity of the frame improved when the VSB was implemented in the frame. Given
that the VSB device can be simply fabricated and installed in an RC frame, the VSB device can
also be used as an alternative for increased lateral stability and energy dissipation tendency in
new RC-framed buildings. Furthermore, this device can be used as a rapid retrofitting strategy
for existing RC buildings.
Suitability of Height Amplification Derakhshan, H., Nakamura, 2022

Factors for Seismic Assessment of Y., Griffith, M.C., Ingham, J.M.
Existing Unreinforced Masonry
Components
The suitability of ‘design’ height amplification factors (HAF) for the purpose of seismic
assessment of existing non-structural unreinforced masonry (URM) components with known
strength was evaluated through a numerical study. Four building typologies were included that
represented pre-1940 URM construction in Australia and New Zealand. Through pushover and
incremental dynamic analyses, the effects of diaphragm flexibility and nonlinear building
response on floor accelerations were studied. It was found that Australia/New Zealand code
procedures include significant inelastic building behaviour that reduces HAF. An interpretation
was made on the applicability of the assumptions in the context of assessing non-structural
URM components.
Seismic Assessment of Bakalis, A.P., Makarios, T.K. 2022

Asymmetric Single-Story RC
Buildings by Modified Pushover
Analysis Using the “Capable Near
Collapse Centre of Stiffness”:
Validation of the Method
A modification procedure on the standard pushover analysis for single-story asymmetric RC
buildings, based on the “Capable Near Collapse Principal Reference System”, has been proposed
recently. According to this procedure, the lateral static floor loading is applied eccentrically to
the mass centre, using inelastic dynamic eccentricities plus any accidental ones. In this work,
variations of a single-story building, about the static eccentricity and the torsional sensitivity, are
examined, to verify this new pushover procedure comparing with the results of N-LRHA. The
results of this parametric investigation show that the proposed procedure can safely predict the
building’s stiff and flexible-side displacements.
System Identification and Seismic Aytulun, E., Soyoz, 2022

Performance Assessment of a S., Karcioglu, E.
Stone Arch Bridge
This paper presents system identification and seismic performance assessment of a masonry
arch bridge located on the railway route which is on the northeastern part of Turkey. Forty-one
masonry arch bridges were registered as historical and needed to be preserved on the route.
On the other hand, the railway line passes through North Anatolian Fault, resulting in high
seismic demand on bridges. Therefore, seismic assessment of the bridges was carried out by
finite element analysis; however, masonry structures such as stone arch bridges have significant
uncertainties in terms of material properties, boundary conditions, and modeling assumptions.
As a result, it becomes almost unavoidable to perform dynamic identification tests to validate
finite element models (FEM). Modal properties of 12 bridges such as modal frequencies, mode
shapes, and modal damping ratios were identified through vibration measurements collected
under ambient conditions, impact loading, and train passage. Based on identified modal
parameters, FEM of the bridges were updated to obtain actual values of Young’s modulus of
masonry and soil. FEM updating procedure was performed by minimizing the difference between
experimental and analytical modal properties. Afterwards, seismic performance assessment of a
representative bridge was carried out using ANSYS software. Two different nonlinear approaches
were considered, namely, pushover and nonlinear time history (NLTH) analyses. In the analyses,
macro-modeling approach was followed to develop homogenized behavior of stone and mortar.
It was found that mass proportional pushover analysis gave similar results to NLTH in terms of
seismic performance. The other significant point was that modeling soil medium reflects the
actual behavior of the bridge in the sense that artificial stress concentrations do not occur at
the pier base. It was also observed that tensile strength capacity was reached on spandrel walls
which may result in a probable failure.
Steel plate shear walls with large Hajimirsadeghi, M.R., Fanaie, 2022
disconnected lengths of web plate N.
to vertical boundary element
Steel plate shear walls as lateral load resisting systems provide resistance to seismic and wind
forces in buildings. The partial length connection web plate to vertical boundary element steel
plate shear walls, which lacks the connection at the middle height of VBE has been recently
introduced by researchers. This novel steel shear wall was proposed as a key approach so as to
reduce column's significant demand due to resistance of web plate diagonal yielding in
conventional steel plate shear walls. In this survey the design of the proposed shear walls with
regard to large value of not connected length ratio of web plate to vertical boundary element
was considered. Development of the tension field action across the entire width of the proposed
shear walls considering different panel aspect ratios and various number of stories were
investigated by establishing 27 numerical models (3 groups of 9 groups) using finite element
Abaqus software. The available experimental data was used to validate the modeling
methodology. The pushover analyses were performed for all the models. Finally, based on the
presented numerical investigation, the equations governing the system, including panel shear
strength and the angle of inclination of the tensile field, which are valid for not connection length
ratio larger than thirty percent, were analytically developed.
A new energy balance-based He, Z., Yang, H., Zhu, J., Pang, 2022
method for evaluating seismic Y.
performance of isolated bridges
under near-fault ground motions
This paper aims to evaluate the seismic performance of isolated bridges under near-fault ground
motions based on Energy Balance Method (EBM). This method invokes the concept of energy
balance into the modal pushover analysis to assess the nonlinear behavior of lead rubber
bearings on bridge piers. In EBM, the energy-based capacity curve is firstly obtained by
the pushover analysis, while the demand curve is estimated based on the synthetic near-fault
record. The target performance criterion can be derived by intersecting the capacity curve with
the demand curve. The present paper also proposes the design method for seismic isolation
based on the concept of EBM. The case study of an example isolated bridge at a near-fault site
is used to illustrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the EBM. The results from this method are
evaluated and compared with those from the nonlinear time-history analysis. Results show that
the energy-based EBM is found to be able to evaluate the seismic performance of the pier
isolated with lead rubber bearings under near-fault ground motions, which can be used as an
effective alternative for rapid assess the seismic performance of isolated bridges The results
also indicate that the EBM cannot only effectively evaluate the seismic responses of isolated
bridges, but also can effectively estimation of the effect of isolation bearing in reducing the
displacement and damage of piers.
Seismic behavior of dual buckling- Gholami, M., Zare, E., Gorji 2021
restrained steel braced frame Azandariani, M., Moradifard,
with eccentric configuration and R.
post-tensioned frame system
The buckling-restrained steel braced frames with eccentric configurations (BRBFEs) have high
energy dissipation capacities and an architectural advantage to create openings. However, recent
investigations have shown that after the earthquake at the MCE hazard level, the residual drift
in buildings with buckling-restrained steel braced frames (BRBF) is remarkable. In the present
study, to reduce the residual drift in a BRBFE system, it has been suggested to add a post-
tensioned frame (PTF) in parallel and create a BRBFE-PTF combined system. Moreover, a method
has been proposed to design this combined system. In this method, the values of the two
parameters of the self-centering ratio and cable cross-section area are selected arbitrarily. Then,
after verifying the modeling, the pushover, cyclic, and time-history analyses of the prepared
numerical models were performed. The results showed that if appropriate values were selected
for the self-centering ratio and cable cross-section area, the proposed system had the desirable
seismic performance in maximum drift demand and residual drift.
Seismic reliability implied by Baltzopoulos, G., Grella, 2021

behavior-factor-based design A., Iervolino, I.
Force-based seismic design involves the reduction of elastic spectra by introducing a behavior
factor, q. This approach is widespread in engineering practice; however, recent studies have
shown that structures consistently designed at different sites will not share the same level of
seismic risk, which can be defined as the annual rate of the structure failing to meet a seismic
performance objective, despite seismic actions having the same exceedance return period at all
sites. This paper investigates whether the definition of site-specific q factors can lead to uniform
risk across sites characterized by varying levels of seismic hazard, based on the pushover curves
of bare frame reinforced concrete buildings. These pushover curves are used to establish the
backbones of equivalent single degree of freedom systems with varying lateral resistance. These
systems are fictitiously placed at several Italian sites and their seismic failure risk is computed
by integrating their fragility, assessed by means of incremental dynamic analysis, with each site's
hazard curve. By assuming an arbitrary risk threshold, the same for all sites, the corresponding
lateral strength leading to said threshold is determined and the corresponding behavior factor
is back calculated. As expected, risk-targeted q factors tend to increase with decreasing seismic
hazard and are highly sensitive to the shape of the hazard curve beyond the design return
period. Coupled with the fact that at low hazard sites lateral strength is determined by detailing
for gravity-load design and minimum code requirements, rather than seismic design actions, the
results suggest that q factor-based design is unsuitable for warranting territorially uniform
seismic safety, yet it may be suitable for setting an upper-bound to the annual failure probability.
A new pushover procedure for Kheirollahi, M., Abedi, 2021

estimating seismic demand of K., Chenaghlou, M.R.
double-layer barrel vault roof with
vertical double-layer walls
Recent investigations indicate that pushover methods have been widely applied for the seismic
evaluation of common structures, whereas a limited number of researches have been conducted
for the pushover analyses of space structures. In this study, a new and an appropriate approach,
named the Dynamic Load Pattern-Based Pushover Analysis (DLP-PA), has been proposed for
predicting the seismic demands of walled double-layer barrel vault roofs, referred to herein as
DLRWs. In this method, invariant lateral and vertical force distributions are obtained by averaging
the level forces from linear time history analyses of the space structures for a set of ground
motions. In this procedure, the seismic demands are finally obtained by enveloping the results
of conventional first-mode and the DLP-PA approaches. Numerical models with different
geometric properties have been employed to study the efficiency of the proposed analysis
method. The responses of models, using the proposed pushover analysis, are compared with
incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) results. Also, the responses have been compared with those
of the modal pushover analysis (MPA), extended N2 (EN2), modified consecutive
modal pushover (MCMP), a single-analysis multi-mode pushover (SMP) and non-adaptive
displacement-based pushover (NADP) procedures. The obtained results demonstrate that DLP-
PA approach provide good estimation of seismic demand parameters.
Nonlinear seismic analysis of Zampieri, P., Tetougueni, 2021

masonry bridges under multiple C.D., Pellegrino, C.
geometric and material
considerations: Application to an
existing seven-span arch bridge
Resilient infrastructure is nowadays attracting attention when designing new infrastructure
projects. However, many countries around the world still have a large stock of existing transport
infrastructure, such as railways and roads. In particular, masonry bridges are significantly
widespread in Europe. These bridges, built a long time ago could suffer structural damage due
to earthquakes, as their design in the past did not take this into account. The issue becomes
critical because the scientific world still lacks cutting-edge monitoring techniques and calculation
tools to accurately assess the integrity of existing bridges. These steps are fundamental before
any maintenance activities are developed by infrastructure managers. In this study, the seismic
behaviour of a seven-span masonry arch bridge is intensively investigated in order to provide
new insights into the seismic vulnerability analysis of existing masonry bridges. In particular,
parametric analyses are carried out to assess the effect of haunching, fill, and pier cross-section
types on the seismic capacity of multi-span masonry bridges. Interesting observations were
made on the change in ductility, capacity, and stiffness of the structure when the studied
parameters are modified.
Modelling of mid-rise concrete Soares, M.M., Palermo, 2021

shear walls reinforced with D., Cortés-Puentes, W.L.
superelastic shape memory
alloys: Nonlinear analysis
The response of hybrid Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-steel reinforced concrete shear walls
containing Nickel-Titanium superelastic SMA as alternative reinforcement in the plastic hinge
region was investigated using nonlinear finite element modelling. The hybrid wall system
promotes self-centering and significant reduction of permanent deformations. Two types of
conventional steel-reinforced concrete shear walls were designed for a prototype 10-storey office
building according to the current Canadian concrete design standard, assuming two distinct
seismic design scenarios. A moderately ductile shear wall was designed for a moderate seismic
zone in eastern Canada, whereas a ductile shear wall was designed for a high seismic zone in
western Canada. Equivalent, hybrid SMA-steel reinforced concrete shear walls were defined
following the design of the two conventional shear walls, in terms of geometry and reinforcement
layout. Full-scale, two-dimensional finite element models were developed to assess
the pushover and hysteretic responses of the walls. Similarities in wall cross-section and yield
force capacity of the steel and SMA reinforcement permitted a comparison between the walls,
including strength, stiffness, self-centering, and energy dissipation capacities. The results
indicate similar lateral strength and displacement capacities, and superior restoring capacity of
the SMA-reinforced walls in comparison to the steel-reinforced walls. Furthermore, a preliminary
study was conducted to investigate the effect of the SMA-bar length in the ductile wall due to
concentration of damage near the base of the wall. Lengths corresponding to approximately
50% and 20% of the original SMA length were considered. Based on the analyses, a satisfactory
response could be achieved with shorter SMA reinforcing bars, which reduces the quantity of
SMA reinforcement without significant loss in self-centering capacity.
A transfer Bayesian learning Ierimonti, L., Cavalagli, 2021

methodology for structural health N., Venanzi, I., García-Macías,
monitoring of monumental E., Ubertini, F.
structures
A critical aspect in structural health monitoring (SHM) applied to civil engineering structures is
the lack of diagnostic labels able to assign a damage class to the measured data. In this context,
a semi-supervised learning methodology, designated as transfer Bayesian learning (TBL), is
proposed with the main objective of labeling post-processed data in a probabilistic way by
selecting a limited number of informative elements. The proposed method allows to define multi-
class labels by making use of a surrogate model (SM) of the structure considering specific
damage-sensitive mechanical parameters. The methodology is applied in a monumental
building, the Consoli Palace, located in Gubbio, central Italy. The structure is instrumented with
several sensors in order to measure vibrations, temperature and possible variation of existing
cracks’ amplitudes. Several nonlinear pushover analyses are carried out on a calibrated finite
element (FE) model to use them in conjunction with Engineering judgment for the definition of
the damage-sensitive regions. The SM, consisting of a simplified model that continuously
exchanges information with the physical reality observed through the measurement system, is
then used as a class classifier by means of a sensitivity damage chart (SDC). Finally, a Bayesian
model updating of the damage-dependent parameters allows the probabilistic damage
identification.
A multi-mode displacement-based Daei, A., Zarrin, M. 2021

pushover (MDP) procedure for
seismic assessment of buildings
A new enhanced multi-modal pushover procedure based on the structural dynamic theory with
a straightforward and easy-to-use algorithm is developed in this study for estimating the
structural demands. The proposed method, which is called the multi-mode displacement-
based pushover (MDP) procedure, consists of multiple single-run non-
adaptive pushover analyses conducted using a range of enhanced displacement-based lateral
load patterns proposed herein. These lateral load distributions are constructed by numerically
adding and subtracting the modal displacement vectors modified using modification factors that
are a function of the effective modal participating mass ratio (αn). The final seismic demands in
the proposed procedure are computed by enveloping the results obtained by several single-
run pushover analyses. The MDP procedure has the ability to account for the higher mode effects
into responses, sign reversal in the modal load vectors due to the contribution of higher modes
as well as the non-concurrency of the maximum modal responses. Less computational effort
and time cost, compared to the adaptive methodologies, is another advantage of the proposed
procedure. The accuracy and efficiency of the MDP procedure in estimating the structural
demands are validated by applying it on three steel special moment frames (SMFs) with different
heights. The results demonstrate that the proposed procedure is successful in predicting the
critical seismic demands with acceptable accuracy.
Evaluation of RC Moment Frames Nouri, G., Chardoli, 2021

Designed Based on Proposed H., Habashi, S., Keyvani, J.
Energy-Based Design Method
This study presents an energy-based procedure for the design of RC frames under earthquake
strong motions. For this purpose, three RC frames having 4, 8, and 12 stories that were used in
FEMA P695 were selected. The code-based designed frames were analyzed and redesigned
employing the proposed energy-based procedure. A comparison was conducted between the
performance of the code-based and energy-based designed models. Results reveal that the
energy-based models appeared to perform more effectively under strong ground motions in
terms of more optimized use of beam capacity for dissipation of energy, higher ductility values,
and more uniform distribution of plastic hinges in height of structure. Comparison
of pushover curves showed that ductility value in energy-based frames increases nearly 1.5-2.0
times the ductility of code-based frames. Calculated hysteretic energy demand in energy-based
frames is also proved to decline by 50% in lower stories and, instead, the contribution of upper
stories is increased. The same pattern for distribution of interstory drift ratio is also observed.
Numerical procedures for the Gobbin, F., de Felice, 2021

analysis of collapse mechanisms G., Lemos, J.V.
of masonry structures using
discrete element modelling
Earthquake damage in historic masonry buildings is generally caused by the collapse of
individual portions that become detached form the structure and fail by overturning. These
mechanisms are mainly governed by the discrete nature and geometry of the block units.
Analyses based on explicit micro-modelling in which each block is considered separately are
therefore of increasing importance. This paper offers a robust tool for the seismic assessment
of masonry structures under either, quasi-static or dynamic loading. Algorithms for performing
dynamic pulses and pushover analyses through the Discrete Element Method are developed and
described, taking into account the actual discrete nature and geometry of masonry. A numerical
procedure is proposed that automatically detects the collapse mode and follows the evolution
of the analysis until collapse. The implemented method is able to give a reliable estimate of the
expected failure mechanism, providing the seismic acceleration required to trigger the motion
and the ultimate displacement beyond which the collapse occurs. Finally, the implemented
algorithms are applied to two case studies and the results are compared with the traditional
analysis based on rigid-block kinematics to outline the features and potentialities of the
proposed approach.
Shake-table response simulation Calò, M., Malomo, 2021

of a URM building specimen using D., Gabbianelli, G., Pinho, R.
discrete micro-models with
varying degrees of detail
Recent technological advances have enabled earthquake engineering researchers to develop
numerical models of increasing complexity, capable of duly reproducing even the smallest
structural detail. In the case of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures, however, because of
their discrete and heterogeneous nature, computational performance tends to decrease
exponentially as a function of the adopted refinement level, thus confining the applicability of
advanced micro-models, according to which each masonry unit is typically modelled separately,
to reduced-scale problems. To enable their use at a building scale, and benefit from considering
simultaneously out-of-plane failures, local wall-diaphragm interaction and collapses, researchers
often need to decrease the level of detail of specific members or sub-structures. In the current
literature, however, the influence of the abovementioned simplifications on the quality of micro-
modelling predictions has been only marginally investigated so far, while code-based guidelines
are missing. To start addressing such knowledge gap, the dynamic response of a shake-table-
tested full-scale URM building specimen has been simulated in this work using a very detailed
micro-model, and the results obtained were then compared with those of nominally identical
models in which, however, the idealisation of some specific structural elements has been
purposely simplified. Aimed at further extending the impact of this study, pushover analyses
were also performed using the same models. Preliminary outcomes, which may serve as a
reference to develop more informed, effective and targeted multi-scale micro-modelling
strategies in the future, indicate that: (i) maximum base shear predictions tend to be less
impacted by the introduction of modelling simplifications, (ii) despite requiring more labour, the
explicit representation of the brickwork pattern generally led to better results in terms of
predicted damage propagation, failure mechanisms and displacement capacity, (iii) using
equivalent membranes, as opposed to modelling each component of timber diaphragms,
provided acceptable results, making it a plausible alternative for practical applications of micro-
modelling approaches.
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General Substitute Frame Model Soleimani, R., Hamidi, H. 2021

(GSF) for efficient estimation of
seismic demands of steel and RC
moment frames
This paper proposes an approach to simplify 2D moment-resisting frames (with equal or non-
equal bay lengths) to an equivalent single-bay framed MDOF model. This model, named the
General Substitute Frame (GSF), is a promising development of the recently introduced
Substitute Frame (SF) model by the authors that was restricted to equal-bay moment frames.
The proposed GSF model which resolves the limitation of the SF model is applicable for both
the steel and RC moment frames from low-rise to high-rise buildings. In order to evaluate the
accuracy of the GSF model rigorously, a combination of 24 full-frame 2D moment frames
including 4-, 12-, and 20-story buildings was designed and the results of nonlinear dynamic
analyses were compared with their corresponding GSF models in terms of engineering demand
parameters. In addition, modal and pushover analyses were also performed. Earthquake ground
motions employed in this study include mild far-fault, moderate far-fault, and severe near-fault
records selected by the Conditional Spectrum method. To accurately perform the required
analyses, OpenSEES software was used, and 3600 runs of nonlinear time history analysis have
been carried out. Based on the results of the analyses, it was demonstrated that the GSF model
could predict the seismic response of moment frames well enough into both the linear and
nonlinear ranges with high accuracy and can be a reliably practical substitution for moment-
resisting frames. Moreover, the GSF model can be easily extracted from the primary full-frame
based on the proposed equations.
Proposal for an equivalent frame Casagrande, D., Doudak, 2021

model for the analysis of multi- G., Vettori, M., Fanti, R.
storey monolithic CLT shearwalls
The paper presents a simple yet robust frame model to be used as an alternative to continuous
2D or 3D finite element models for the purpose of analyzing multi-storey cross-laminated timber
(CLT) shearwalls with openings when subjected to lateral loads. The proposed model is
applicable to monolithic CLT walls and takes into account the mechanical interaction between
wall segments and lintel/parapet elements as well as the non-linear behaviour of the mechanical
anchors, while the contribution of the vertical load is omitted. Pushover numerical analyses were
conducted on the proposed equivalent frame model (EFM) and 2-D finite element model, and
the results showed good agreement between the two models along the entire force-
displacement curves. The failure conditions were found to be consistent in all cases, and the
distribution of the internal forces were found to be reasonable. The proposed EFM was also
compared with published test results on CLT shearwalls and the fit was deemed reasonable,
with a slight tendency to underestimating the ultimate capacity of the shearwalls.
Seismic performance evaluation Mao, C., Wang, Z. 2021

of a self-centering precast
reinforced concrete frame
structure
The seismic performance of a five-story, four-bay, self-centering precast reinforced concrete
frame (SC-RCF), which was redesigned using the direct displacement-based design method, was
analytically investigated. The analytical model of the overall structure was developed in
OpenSees. The multi-spring contact element was adopted to simulate gap open-close behavior
at connection interfaces. The limit states of external mild steel dampers and unbonded post-
tensioning strands were considered. Static pushover analyses were performed up to the roof
drift of 10%. The nonlinear dynamic responses under four groups of ground motions (with
different fault distances and site conditions) at six hazard levels (from the service to the very
rare earthquake (VRE)) were compared. Incremental dynamic analyses were implemented to
quantify the structural collapse risk. The results showed that the structural responses of SC-RCF
were satisfactory under all levels of earthquakes. The collapse safety of the structure under
earthquakes up to VRE1 was adequate, while the structure would collapse to a large extent
under VRE2 and VRE3.
A practical bond-based Zhang, N., Gu, Q., Huang, 2021

peridynamic modeling of S., Xue, X., Li, S.
reinforced concrete structures
Peridynamics has been increasingly used for the study of damage and failure behaviors of
reinforced concrete (RC) structures, e.g., cracking, fragmentation, and interface debonding due
to its strong capacity in analyzing discontinuous problems. This paper presents a practical bond-
based peridynamics (BPD) modeling for simulating complicated nonlinear behaviors of RC
structures. A novel coupled axial-shear interaction (ASI) bond-slip model is developed to
simulate the relative slip and interface damages between the concrete and steel, while the
complicated behaviors of concrete and steel are simulated using one-dimensional nonlinear
material constitutive models. The BPD framework and the ASI algorithm are implemented in an
open source finite element software OpenSees, allowing the advantage of its abundant nonlinear
material libraries. The BPD modeling is verified by three application examples, i.e., a uniaxial
tension and compression test of concrete specimens, a plain round steel bar pull-out test and
a pushover analysis of an RC column, and cracking behaviors are analyzed. The results
demonstrate the strong capacity of the enhanced BPD modeling in simulating the damage
behavior for RC structures, e.g., the strength deterioration, stiffness degradation and pinch effect
in the stress–strain response, as well as the crack developments and the bond-slips behaviors.
Longhu pagoda: Advanced De Iasio, A., Wang, P., Scacco, 2021

numerical investigations for J., Milani, G., Li, S.
assessing performance at failure
under horizontal loads
As an important historical building type for human beings, ancient masonry pagodas have key
research significance. They are widely diffused in China, and they are tower-like masonry
structures, usually massive and tall. This paper takes the Longhu pagoda as a case-study: it was
built in 1342 CE, and it is the only masonry pagoda from the Yuan Dynasty. It is located in the
Sichuan Province (China), it has a square plane, and the height is about 33 m. This construction
severely suffered the so-called “2008 Sichuan Earthquake”. A full 3D model of the Longhu
Pagoda has been obtained and subsequently meshed. The FE software Abaqus/CAE has been
used for carrying out static analyses, pushover analyses and non-linear dynamic analyses. The
material non-linearities have been taken into consideration employing the so-called Concrete
Damage Plasticity (CDP) model available in Abaqus. Modal analyses have shown that FEM results
and simplified cantilever model results may agree. Pushover analyses (POs) have been
performed under different load conditions and along the four principal bending directions to
estimate the global capacities and the corresponding collapse mechanisms. Non-linear dynamic
analyses (NLDAs) allowed putting in evidence the accuracy of the results provided by
the pushover analyses; besides, they gave helpful information about the crack propagation,
confirming the damage reported on-site after the 2008 earthquake. The state of damage found
and the related failure mechanisms have been deeply commented. Moreover, some sensitivity
analyses have been performed to study the influence of some material parameters on
the pushover results. Furthermore, two fictitious 3D models of the pagoda have been created by
doubling and removing two floors to investigate the influence of the tower slenderness. The
before mentioned analyses have also been performed on such models, and the impact of the
slenderness on this structural typology has been studied. Finally, the kinematic theorem of limit
analysis has been applied, and some values of collapse acceleration have been consequently
computed using different a-priori established collapse mechanisms. The results have been
compared with FE simulations results, and the ability of limit analysis to quickly predict the
seismic vulnerability has been discussed.
Structural Performance of the Dinani, A.T., Destro Bisol, 2021

Esfahan Shah Mosque G., Ortega, J., Lourenço, P.B.
Structural assessment and seismic vulnerability of ancient masonry buildings is a difficult task
even when employing advanced specialized technical skills, which requires a complex study. This
paper aims to assess the structural and seismic safety of the Esfahan Shah Mosque in Iran by
numerically investigating the nonlinear behavior of the mosque for different scenarios and
identifying if there is a correlation between crack patterns resulting from numerical analysis,
inspection, and historical evidence. First, the numerical model of the mosque is developed and
updated using the experimental parameters obtained from a nondestructive test (NDT) campaign
that included ambient vibration and sonic testing. Second, the finite element calibrated model
is used to evaluate the structural behavior of the mosque under vertical loading, including the
influence of the soil and a sensitivity analysis varying the masonry material properties. Besides,
the paper discusses the structural behavior of radial stiffening walls that connect the inner and
outer domes of the mosque. Finally, pushover analysis was performed to assess the seismic
safety of the building and the efficiency of the structural strengthening implemented in the early
20th century. The different technical observations and analyses lead to a better understanding
of the double dome and the eyvan (a rectangular space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides,
with one end entirely open) as the most vulnerable parts of the structure, which validates the
structural strengthening of the 1930s. Yet, improving the connection between the stiffening
walls and the two domes could effectively increase the global structural performance of the
building.
Comparative assessment of finite Ravichandran, N., Losanno, 2021

element macro-modelling D., Parisi, F.
approaches for seismic analysis of
non-engineered masonry
constructions
All around the world, non-engineered masonry constructions (NECs) typically have high
vulnerability to seismic ground motion, resulting in heavy damage and severe casualties after
earthquakes. Even though a number of computational strategies have been developed for
seismic analysis of unreinforced masonry structures, a few studies have focussed on NECs
located in developing countries. In this paper, different modelling options for finite element
analysis of non-engineered masonry buildings are investigated. The goal of the study was to
identify the modelling option with the best trade-off between computational burden and
accuracy of results, in view of seismic risk assessment of NECs at regional scale. Based on the
experimental behaviour of a single-storey structure representative of Indian non-engineered
masonry buildings, the output of seismic response analysis of refined 3D models in ANSYS was
compared to that of a simplified model based on 2D, nonlinear, layered shell elements in
SAP2000. The numerical-experimental comparison was carried out under incremental static
lateral loading, whereas nonlinear time history analysis was performed to investigate the
dynamic performance of the case-study structure. Analysis results show that the simplified
model can be a computationally efficient modelling option for both nonlinear static and dynamic
analyses, particularly in case of force-based approaches for design and assessment of base
isolation systems aimed at the large-scale seismic vulnerability mitigation of NECs.
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A simplified normalized multi- Zarrin, M., Daei, A., Heydary, 2021

mode nonlinear static procedure T.
(NMP) for seismic performance
evaluation of building structures
The current work presents a simplified multi-mode nonlinear static procedure based on
normalizing the deformation demands (called NMP) for estimating the seismic demands of
structures with significant higher mode effects. The proposed procedure is conceptually based
on the extended N2 (where N stands for nonlinear analysis and 2 for two mathematical models)
method (Kreslin and Fajfar in Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 40:1571–89,
2011). However, the modal combination procedure used in the proposed method to take the
higher mode effects into account is different. The NMP procedure generally encompasses two
major steps. First, the structure is pushed using a conventional pushover procedure, namely the
basic N2 method, the first-mode pushover analysis, or a pushover analysis with a triangular or
a uniform load pattern, which mostly controls the responses at the lower part of the structures.
Second, the modal story displacements and drifts computed based on the modal response
analysis concept for all the modes of interest are algebraically added. These combined responses
are normalized based on the predetermined target displacement. The final responses are the
envelope of the results obtained from the two aforementioned steps. The approach used in the
second step can preserve the signs of modal responses. Therefore, the effects of sign reversal
due to the contribution of higher modes are included in the proposed method. Moreover, the
NMP procedure mitigates the computational burden compared to nonlinear response history
analysis or adaptive pushover procedures. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed
procedure in estimating the seismic demands of structures, it is applied to two sets of steel
structures including three special moment frames (SMFs) with 6-, 12-, and 18-story heights, and
a 12-story SMF with soft stories as the first set and the 9-, and 20-story SAC steel moment
frames as the second set. Comparing the results of the NMP procedure with those obtained by
the nonlinear response history analysis (NL-RHA) as the benchmark solution and two
other pushover approaches, including a conventional first-mode-based pushover analysis and
the extended N2 method, demonstrate the sufficiency of the NMP procedure in accurately
estimating the global and local response quantities.
A variational rigid-block modeling Portioli, F.P.A., Godio, 2021

approach to nonlinear elastic and M., Calderini, C., Lourenço,
kinematic analysis of failure P.B.
mechanisms in historic masonry
structures subjected to lateral
loads
Displacement-based methods contained in recent standards for seismic safety assessment
require the determination of the full nonlinear pushover curve for local failure mechanisms in
historic masonry structures. This curve should reflect both the initial elastic behavior and the
rigid body behavior after the activation of rocking. In this work, a rigid block model is proposed
for the displacement-based seismic assessment of local collapse mechanisms of these
structures. Masonry is modeled as an assemblage of two-dimensional rigid blocks in contact
through frictional interfaces. Two types of contact models are formulated to capture, respectively,
the pre and postpeak branches of the pushover curve: a unilateral elastic contact model,
capturing the initial nonlinear behavior up to the force capacity of the structure, corresponding
to the activation of the collapse mechanism, and a rigid contact model with finite friction and
compressive strength, which describes the rigid-body rocking behavior up to the attainment of
the displacement capacity of the structure. Tension-only elements are also implemented to
model strengthening interventions with tie-rods. The contact problems associated with the
elastic and rigid contact models are formulated using mathematical programming. For both
models, a sequential solution procedure is implemented to capture the variation of the load
multiplier with the increasing deformation of the structure (P–Δ effect). The accuracy of the
modeling approach in reproducing the pushover curve of masonry panels subjected to horizontal
seismic loads is evaluated on selected case studies. The solution is first tested against hand
calculations, existing analytical models, and distinct element simulations. Then, comparisons
against experimental tests follow. As a final application, the failure mechanism
and pushover curve of a triumphal masonry arch are predicted by the model and its seismic
assessment is performed according to codified force- and displacement-based methods,
demonstrating the adequacy of the proposed tool for practice.
Use of timber panels to reduce seismic vulnerability of 2021

the seismic vulnerability of concrete frame structures
concrete frame structures
This paper discusses a seismic retrofit method that is intended for reinforced concrete (RC)
frame structures and that sees the replacement of the existing masonry infills with timber
structural panels. The intervention is aimed at enhancing the overall behaviour of the buildings
without modifying the original concrete structural system. In the presented research over 200
finite-element models comprising bare, masonry-infilled and retrofitted single-storey single-bay
frames were subjected to nonlinear static analyses. The response of the timber-infilled frames
was then optimised, thus enabling the definition of a few simple design rules to guide the
implementation of the retrofit system. Subsequently, the efficacy of the proposed solution was
further investigated by applying the timber-based retrofit to an entire case-study building
modelled via finite elements and subjected to nonlinear static pushover analysis. The
comparison of the results obtained for the building in the original and retrofitted configurations
indicates that the proposed system can favour the development of ductile behaviours and
improve the seismic response of RC frame structures significantly.
Analytical study of tessellated Syed, M., Moeini, M., Okumus, 2021

structural-architectural reinforced P., (...), Ross, B.E., Kleiss,
concrete shear walls M.C.B.
This paper studies the lateral behavior of a reinforced concrete tessellated structural-
architectural (TeSA) shear wall system. TeSA walls are made of prefabricated repetitive tiles and
have the ability to localize damage which occurs under extreme loading. A TeSA wall is intended
for architectural interest, automated construction, reconfiguration, disassembly, and reuse. This
study focuses on TeSA tiles that are topologically interlocking in two directions. Nonlinear finite
element analysis is used to study the monotonic pushover behavior of TeSA walls with different
edge tile configurations and a comparison is made thereof with a conventional reinforced
concrete shear wall. The results indicate that the strength of TeSA walls is not significantly
affected by the configuration of edge tiles. Damage progression in tiles and the number of
damaged tiles that need to be replaced are also presented at different drift ratios. The study
shows that reinforcement ratio substantially affects the wall lateral capacity. Finally, a simplified
cross-sectional analysis procedure is proposed to provide a lower and upper bound estimate of
the lateral capacity of TeSA walls.
Assessment of seismic collapse Amin, J., Gondaliya, 2021

probability of RC shaft supported K., Mulchandani, C.
tank
The present study investigates the response reduction factor and seismic vulnerability of
reinforced concrete shaft supported elevated tanks. Twenty-one prototypes of elevated tanks
covering wide range of distinct sizes and heights are designed using appropriate Indian codes.
The pushover analysis of finite element models is carried out to obtain the response reduction
factor from the approximated bilinear pushover curve. The outcome of study shows that the tank
capacity and shaft height are critical parameters influencing response reduction factor and its
components. Hence, it is advised not to use the code specified unique values of response
reduction factor for all tanks, regardless of their size and height for their desired seismic
performance. The seismic vulnerability of the shaft stagging corresponding to various damage
states has been also evaluated. The increase in the size of the tank reduces its lateral
deformation capacity but increases the seismic fragility compared to tanks of smaller size. The
probability of undergoing complete damage for seismic hazard corresponding to design basic
and maximum considered earthquake level for code-conforming tanks is found to be less than
10%, and 30% respectively. The tanks of large sizes designed in conformity with standards are
observed more susceptible to seismic forces compared to tanks of small and medium sizes.
Introducing an efficient Broujerdian, V., Ghamari, 2021

compound section for steel shear A., Abbaszadeh, A.
wall using flat and corrugated
plates
This paper presents a combination of corrugated and flat plates to construct a seismically
efficient compound section for steel shear walls. To assess the efficiency of the proposed section,
a numerical and parametrical study was conducted using Finite Element (FE) software ABAQUS.
The parametrical study included 45 different FE models consisting of three section types, five
different length-to height ratios, and three values of plate thickness. The pushover analysis was
performed for all the models. Both geometric and material nonlinearity have been considered
in the analyses. The available experimental data was used to validate the FE modeling. The
results indicated that the proposed wall improves the seismic parameters of the conventional
steel plate shear wall. Besides the improvement of elastic stiffness, ultimate strength, and energy
absorption capability, the proposed wall also reduces stress in the main frame. By reducing the
imposed stress in the main frame, the ductility demand is reduced. As a result, a more
economical system is achieved. Moreover, the necessary equations were suggested to achieve
the push-over curve without requiring FE modeling, representing proper accordance with the FE
results.
Replaceability evaluation method Men, J., Deng, D., Lan, 2021

of shear link for RCS hybrid frame T., Xiong, L., Ren, R.
A reinforced concrete column and steel beam (RCS) hybrid frame structure with replaceable
members was proposed in this paper. Non-linear pushover analyses were conducted to
investigate the overall mechanical performance of the proposed structural system. Based on the
residual deformation of replaceable links after an earthquake, a method for evaluating the
replaceability of members of the RCS hybrid frame was proposed. The acceptable residual inter-
storey drift and residual rotation drift at the end of the link were adopted as the two indices in
this method. Numerical models and full-scale experiments were performed to systematically
investigate the stress and deformation of the entire section of the replaceable steel links. The
residual deformation was shown to increase with an increase in the inter-storey drift (θ) and
decrease with an increase in the length ratio. Then the control values of the acceptable residual
deformation indices were determined through a statistical analysis of the residual deformation
of links with different length ratios and link-column connection modes: when the residual inter-
storey drift was less than 0.0048 rad and the residual rotation drift at the end of the links was
less than 0.0074 rad, the link could be easily replaced. These findings can provide reference for
similar structural designs.
Seismic limit states for reinforced Ahmed, B.F., Dasgupta, K. 2021

concrete bridge pile in sand
Lateral responses of a pile are governed by its mutual interaction with the supporting soil, known
as the Pile-Soil Interaction (PSI), which in turn influences its structural limit states. The present
study evaluates the seismic limit states for bridge pile in sand, while incorporating the parametric
influences of pile and soil assessed through PSI. Such influences have not been dealt with in
the past, except for the p (soil-pile reaction) – y (pile deflection) responses (though with only
few pile parameters). Pile cross sectional size, grades of concrete and reinforcement, longitudinal
and transverse reinforcement ratios, axial load ratio and the sand effective friction angle are
observed to affect the PSI and consequently the limit states. Thus, limit states are proposed as
parameterised expressions, generated through regression on the limit state data obtained by
analysing the damage model (developed herein) for the pile-soil system samples generated over
wide ranges of the influential parameters. These expressions, validated through the compliance
with the expected trends and a fair agreement with a test result, can be readily used to obtain
the expected values of the limit states over a broad range of parametric combinations and
without requiring analysis repetition. These, in turn, can contribute to reliable estimation of
fragility of a bridge system with the given properties for its pile foundation.
A new genetic algorithm-based Di Trapani, F., Sberna, 2021

framework for optimized design A.P., Marano, G.C.
of steel-jacketing retrofitting in
shear-critical and ductility-critical
RC frame structures
Design of seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete (RC) structures compares structural safety
on the one hand, and costs on the other. Steel-jacketing (SJ) is a very common and effective
retrofitting technique, used to provide additional ductility and shear capacity to concrete
members. However, its application is associated with significant invasiveness and noticeable
economical and downtime costs limiting its sustainability. In this paper a new specific
optimization framework addressing the minimization of seismic retrofitting-related costs is
developed and presented. A new genetic algorithm routine is defined by developing modified
genetic operators capable of addressing retrofitting optimization both for RC structures with
ductility-critical and shear-critical RC columns, including additional shear demand due to infill-
frame interaction. The framework provides the position of the column to retrofit and amount of
steel-jacketing reinforcement so that the intervention costs are minimized. Applications of the
framework are finally proposed with different case study structures. Results will show that the
proposed approach is sufficiently general and robust to handle structural configuration having
significantly different structural deficiencies and also that sustainability of retrofitting
intervention is achievable by means of artificial intelligence aided optimization.
Structural score to quantify the Palagala, V.Y., Singhal, V. 2021

vulnerability for quick seismic
assessment of RC framed
buildings in India
Seismic vulnerability assessment of existing RC frame buildings is important for evaluating their
performance to future earthquakes and accordingly plan risk mitigation strategies. Preliminary
assessment technique is commonly used to quickly assess the vulnerability based on a sidewalk
survey of a building. Majority of existing techniques only provide qualitative results which
generally lead to difficulty in classifying building as vulnerable or not. A preliminary assessment
method based on HAZUS has been developed for RC frame buildings designed as per Indian
standards considering seismicity, soil conditions, frame-type and irregularities as main variables.
The proposed technique provides both qualitative and quantitative assessment in a more
engineered way by assigning a structural score to a building, which essentially defines its
probability of collapse. Nonlinear-static pushover analysis has been performed on certain
archetype buildings using open source software (OpenSEES) to develop the structural score of
a building. Most commonly observed irregularities such as open ground storey, severe vertical
irregularity, short-column and plan irregularity are considered for evaluating the structural score.
The proposed structural score helps in taking a step forward to quickly quantify the vulnerability
of RC framed buildings in India.
Investigation on the interaction Bai, J., Chen, H., Jin, S. 2021

between BRBs and the RC frame
in BRB-RCF systems
Due to the different mechanical behavior of buckling-restrained braces (BRB) and reinforced
concrete frames (RCF), their coupled work in dual structural systems (BRB-RCFs) is complicated,
especially their earthquake responses. A series of structures with different numbers of stories
and different story shear ratios equipped with BRBs were designed and tested in simulation.
Static nonlinear pushover analysis and cyclic loading were simulated to investigate the
interaction between BRBs and RCFs. The capacity curves, the story distributions of shear force,
axial forces on the columns, strength and stiffness, lateral displacement, interstory drift ratios
and hysteresis behavior were evaluated. Adding BRBs in a RCF was found to alter the story
distribution of shear force and to significantly increase the axial demands on RC columns in
BRB-braced bays. The yield strength, initial elastic stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of
BRB-RCF structures are all greater than the sum of the contributions from the braces and the
frames independently. That synergistic interaction cannot be ignored in design.
Substructure Modeling and Wu, B., Tan, Q., Shi, P., 2021
Loading-Control Techniques for (...), Sun, J., Lehman, D.E.
the Test of a Full-Scale Spatial RC
Frame with Buckling-Restrained
Braces Subjected to Bidirectional
Loading
To investigate the performance of reinforced-concrete frames with buckling restrained braces
(RCF-BRB) subjected to bidirectional earthquakes, a full-scale two-story RCF-BRB was tested
using substructured pseudodynamic (PsD), quasistatic, and pushover techniques. This paper
focuses on the structural modeling for the substructured PsD tests, and the control and
measurement issues of the bidirectional loading system. To make a credible reproduction of the
structural response using substructured PsD technique, an overlap modeling technique together
with tuning the mass of the lamped-mass model and stiffness of the numerical substructure
was employed to reduce errors caused by the incomplete boundary condition. The outer-loop
control method based on Newton's iteration method was introduced for the loading system, with
the data from external displacement sensors as the feedback to avoid errors caused by possible
gaps in the connection parts of the loading system. The redundancy issue, caused by the
actuators outnumbering the degrees of freedom of the floor to be controlled, is addressed with
a force-displacement mixed control technique. The three of four actuators were controlled in
displacement mode, whereas the redundant one was in force mode. The force command to the
redundant actuator was determined with the optimization criteria to minimize the loads relative
to the capacities of the actuators. The working range of the displacement sensors is investigated
using numerical and geometric approaches. Failure examples from numerical simulation and
experiment were shown to emphasize the importance of proper arrangement of displacement
sensors. A rearrangement of the displacement sensors was proposed for the pushover test to
enlarge the working range. Time-history results of the prototype structure using the calibrated
finite-element model show that the PsD substructure test results could represent seismic
responses of the prototype structure. The measured mass-center displacements accurately
tracked the target displacements throughout the test, indicating the effectiveness of the loading
control and measuring system.
Probabilistic Seismic Response Xie, Y., Zheng, Q., Roblee, C., 2021
and Capacity Models of Piles for (...), Padgett, J.E., Desroches,
Statewide Bridges in California R.
This study develops the probabilistic seismic response and capacity models for the broad
collection of standard pile designs that are routinely incorporated into bridges in California. A
review of the state bridge inventory indicates considerable variations in design details for
different standard pile types used across multiple eras. For each pile type, fiber-section-based
pile models attached with p-y soil springs are built to incorporate nonlinear behaviors of soil
materials, a wide array of heterogeneous soil profiles, full-range damage states of piles, and
realistic connection details between piles and footings (i.e., pile caps). Moreover, force-
displacement responses of pile-soil systems under a large number of pushover analyses are
regressed as response models consisting of five parameters [termed as response five parameter
(R5P) models], which can capture all essential behaviors of laterally-loaded piles. Capacity
damage states and limit state models are defined for different pile types by linking pile global
responses to fiber-scale material behaviors at plastic hinge locations. Procedures are further
provided to expand R5P models to pile foundation models at the regional scale, taking into
account the pile group effect and capacities of pile cap backfills. R5P models for all distinct pile
types are further summarized in an Excel workbook to facilitate their practical implementations.
In general, this study provides a comprehensive and consistent set of response and capacity
models to quantify the seismic damage potential of regional pile foundations, as well as to
capture their dynamic interplays with other crucial bridge components, such as columns and
abutment components. The proposed pile models are expected to significantly enhance the
existing modeling capability toward improved seismic risk assessment of California's bridge
infrastructure.
Seismic fragility analysis of Pan, H., Li, C., Tian, L 2021

transmission towers considering
effects of soil-structure interaction
and depth-varying ground motion
inputs
Transmission towers are critical components of electrical transmission systems, whose damage
and failure during earthquakes may cause extensive economic losses and significantly hinder
the post-seismic rehabilitation. Seismic fragility analyses of pile-supported transmission towers
are usually performed without regard for the influences of soil-structure interaction (SSI) and
the site amplification of ground motions from the pile end to ground surface, which may lead
to inaccurate structural performance evaluation results. In this context, the present study
numerically investigates the seismic fragility of a typical pile-supported transmission tower
considering SSI and depth-varying ground motion (DVGM) inputs. Specifically, a three-
dimensional finite element model of the transmission tower is created in ABAQUS software, and
SSI is simulated by adopting soil springs at the end of pile nodes. The three-dimensional DVGMs
are stochastically synthesized to be used as seismic inputs. Moreover, the pushover analysis is
employed to identify the threshold values of different limit states of the transmission tower.
Then, probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDMs) are developed by nonlinear time history
analyses and linear regression fitting, which are used to generate fragility curves. Furthermore,
parameter studies are carried out to discuss the effects of SSI, DVGMs and structural parameter
uncertainties on the seismic fragilities. Numerical results show that the seismic fragilities of the
transmission tower can be affected substantially by the above mentioned three influencing
factors. This research is expected to serve as an exploration to reliably and effectively evaluate
the seismic fragility of a transmission tower with SSI.
Identifying and selecting critical Steneker, P., Wiebe, L 2021

connections for seismic response
of steel moment resisting frames
In seismically designed steel moment resisting frames, it is well known that the system-level
behavior does not lead to equal rotation demands on all beam-column connections, yet this
observation from analysis has rarely been turned into a tool for design. In this regard, this paper
examines the differences in seismically induced deformation demands on beam-column
connections in steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRFs), with the goal of identifying critical beam-
to-column connections for which changes to their local hysteretic behavior result in a significant
change in the global probability of collapse of the frame. First, collapse fragility curves are
developed for three-, six- and 12-story MRFs using reduced beam section (RBS) connections,
representing current practice. The maximum rotation demands on the beam-to-column
connections at each level are examined, and connections that exceed a specified mean annual
frequency of exceeding the rotation at which their strength begins to degrade are defined as
critical to the global performance of the frame. Next, to confirm the definition of these
connections as critical, collapse fragility curves are developed for a set of frames that have high-
performance low-damage self-centering sliding hinge joint (SCSHJ) connections at only the
locations defined as critical, while having low-ductility pre-Northridge (PRENORTH) connections
with lower rotational capacity at all other locations. Even with a limited number of connections
with high ductility, these mixed connection frames surpass the performance of the frames with
only RBS connections and achieve essentially the same system collapse performance as frames
with SCSHJ connections at all locations. A simplified pushover analysis method for identifying
critical connections is proposed and compared to the results obtained from the non-linear time
history dynamic analyses. Finally, a process for selecting these critical connections is introduced,
using a Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD) procedure to give a designer control over
their locations. This paper is useful to both researchers and practitioners who seek to identify
or select particular connections where increases in rotation capacity would have the greatest
influence on the overall frame performance, whether for retrofit applications or to maximize the
benefit of selectively applying emerging connection details that offer enhanced performance.
Integrated framework to Pirchio, D., Walsh, K.Q., Kerr, 2021

structurally model unreinforced E., (...), Ciocci, L., Sorrentino, L.
masonry Italian medieval
churches from photogrammetry
to finite element model analysis
through heritage building
information modeling
A novel, integrated framework is proposed to assess the vulnerability of a case study
unreinforced masonry (URM) Italian church by applying interacting modern tools including
unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), “structure from motion” (SfM) photogrammetric survey
equipment and software, and finite element method (FEM) analysis software in a complete
heritage building information model (HBIM). The FEM model was used to perform both a modal
response spectrum analysis and a validation pushover using stiffness adaptation analysis (SAA)
to investigate the global behavior of the church and to identify the most critical local mechanisms
for collapse potential. Once the most vulnerable components of the church were identified,
macro-block analysis was used to estimate the capacity of these collapse mechanisms. Macro-
block analysis is well established in the field and was proposed for use as one step in the
proposed integrated framework with the aim of providing a holistic methodology that is
sophisticated enough to identify the most vulnerable elements of URM churches, but also
practical and efficient enough to be applied by practitioners. Traditionally, obtaining the
necessary geometric information to correctly conduct the macro-block analysis of such complex
buildings requires time-demanding and expensive surveying campaigns. Furthermore, accurately
and precisely identifying the local failure mechanisms most influential to macro-block behavior
is numerically demanding. The novelty of the current research detailed herein regards a
proposed comprehensive seismic vulnerability analysis of historic URM churches with increased
efficiency and accuracy of surveying and capacity modeling using modern tools in a fashion
approachable by practitioners.
Calibration of CSCM model for Xu, S., Wu, P., Liu, Z., Wu, C. 2021
numerical modeling of
UHPCFTWST columns against
monotonic lateral loading
The objective of this study is to calibrate continuous surface cap model (CSCM) for ultra-high-
performance concrete (UHPC), and then to investigate the structural behavior of UHPC filled
thin-walled steel tubular (UHPCFTWST) column against monotonic lateral loading via numerical
simulation of nonlinear pushover analysis. The parameters of CSCM model for UHPC were
derived via fitting experimental data of a series of tests on UHPC under uniaxial/triaxial states.
Subsequently, a detailed 3D FE (finite element) model of UHPCFTWST column against monotonic
lateral loading was developed and validated. After that, the effect of main design parameters,
including steel ratio, steel grade, axial compression ratio, dosage of steel fiber, and bonding
strength, on the structural behavior of UHPCFTWST column against monotonic lateral loading
was investigated via a parametric study based on the FE model. Eventually, the axial pressure-
moment (P-M) interaction diagram of a specified UHPCFTWST column was derived to illustrate
the sectional response. Comparisons of the lateral behavior of UHPCFTWST column with that of
normal strength concrete (NSC) filled steel tubular (NSCFST) column were also made for better
illustrations. It indicates that the lateral load capacity and ductility were both improved with the
increase of steel ratio, whereas the increase of steel grade improved the lateral load capacity
but reduced the ductility owing to the increase of yield drift ratio. Moreover, the increase of axial
compression ratio improved the lateral load capacity but significantly degraded the ductility.
Although the increase of the dosage of steel fiber improved the lateral load capacity and ductility,
but a suitable volume ratio should be specified in consideration of the cost. The comparisons
with NSCFST column indicated the advantage and potential of UHPC application to concrete
filled steel tubular (CFST) column with a thinner steel tube and a higher grade of steel. The P-
M interaction diagram of UHPCFTWST column exceeds that of NSCFST column by a large extent,
which indicates a greater safety redundancy.
On the accuracy of enhanced Daei, A., Poursha, M. 2021

pushover procedures for seismic
performance evaluation of code-
conforming RC moment-resisting
frame buildings subjected to
pulse-like and non-pulse-like
excitations
In this paper, the applicability and validity of enhanced pushover procedures in estimating the
seismic demands of mid- and high-rise reinforced concrete (RC) building frames under pulse-
like near-fault ground motions having forward-directivity and fling-step effects as well as non-
pulse-like near-fault and far-fault ground motions are assessed through the comparison with
the nonlinear response history analysis (NL-RHA). The enhanced pushover procedures including
the modal pushover analysis (MPA), force-based adaptive pushover (FAP), displacement-based
adaptive pushover (DAP), extended N2 method (EN2), single-run multi-mode pushover (SMP),
and non-adaptive displacement-based pushover (NADP) procedures, as well as a
conventional pushover method based on the first mode of the structure, are performed. To this
end, three plan-symmetric buildings including the 9-, 12-, and 18-story RC frames designed in
accordance with the provisions of ASCE 710 and ACI 318-14 are examined. The engineering
demand parameters considered are the interstory drift ratios and story shears, which are
representatives of the deformation and force demands, respectively. Additionally, the seismic
performance of the RC buildings is assessed using the conventional and the enhanced multi-
modal pushover procedures in accordance with the systematic evaluation scheme of the ASCE
41-17 standard. The comparative evaluation demonstrates that the accuracy of the NSPs varies
with the type of the ground motions. Some methods result in satisfactory performance for pulse-
like ground motions, some for non-pulse-like ones, and some for both of them. All in all, the
MPA, EN2, and SMP procedures provide a relatively better prediction of the seismic demands of
RC building frames.
Influence of buried depth on Chen, Z., Fan, Y., Jia, P. 2021

seismic capacity of underground
subway stations through
performance-based evaluation
Buried depth is an important physical factor that affects the seismic performance of
underground structures yet remains scarcely considered in existing seismic design. This paper
aims to determine the influence of buried depth variation on the seismic capacity of underground
subway stations in the framework of performance-based seismic design with particular focus on
the influence on the inter-storey drift ratio limit. A brief introduction is presented to determine
the performance level of subway station structures based on the pushover method. The
influence of buried depth on the seismic performance index (inter-storey drift ratio) of subway
station structures is investigated, as well as its influence on the shear distribution and failure
mode of the key structural component, that is the middle column. It is found that the inter-
storey drift ratio limit generally decreases with increasing buried depth and the station ductility
worsens. The failure mode of the middle column changes from large eccentric compression to
small eccentric compression with increasing buried depth owing to increased axial compression.
The results are applied to estimate an optimum buried depth that improves the overall safety
of subway station structures.
An Energy-Based Approach To Merter, O., Ucar, T. 2021

Determine The Yield Force
Coefficient Of Rc Frame
Structures
This paper proposes an energy-based approach for estimating the yield force coefficient of
reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures. The procedure is mainly based on the energy balance
concept and it considers the nonlinear behavior of structures. First, an energy modification factor
is defined to consistently obtain the total energy of the equivalent elastic-plastic single-degree-
of-freedom (SDOF) system. Then, plastic energy is formulated as functions of the several
structural parameters such as the natural frequency, the strength reduction factor and the yield
displacement. Consequently, the plastic energy formulation is derived for multi-degree-of-
freedom (MDOF) systems and the yield force coefficient is determined by equating the plastic
energy relation to the work needed to push the structure from the yield displacement up to the
maximum displacement monotonically. The validity of the energy-based approach is assessed
on several RC frame structures by means of nonlinear static pushover analysis considering both
material and geometrical nonlinearity. A modification factor is proposed for the yield force
coefficient to consider the strain-hardening effects in lateral forces. Moreover, the modified
energy-based yield force coefficients are correlated to practical design by using the ductility
ratios imposed by Turkey Building Earthquake Code and a quite good agreement is observed.
Estimation of inter-story drifts at Pejovic, J.R., Serdara, N.N. 2021

onset of damage states for RC
high-rise buildings
In this paper, a detailed probabilistic seismic damage analysis of RC high-rise buildings was
performed and as a result, the damage states (DSs) and appropriate performance levels (PLs)
were defined in a quantitative manner. DSs were quantified using inter-story drift, where the
drifts were determined at the onset of each DS. The analysis was performed on three RC high-
rise buildings: 20-story, 30-story and 40-story with core wall structural system. Probabilistic
seismic damage analysis was performed for 60 earthquake records, recorded on rock and stiff
soil, and scaled to two intensity levels associated with probability of exceedance, 10 % in 50
years - 475-year return period (10%/50) and probability of exceedance, 2 % in 50 years -2475-
year return period (2%/50). In addition to these analyses for estimation the damage index,
nonlinear static pushover analyses (NSPAs) were performed using different modal combination
patterns. Large deviations among the pushover curves for individual considered modal
combination patterns were observed. In order to adequately select the parameters for
calculating damage index, an analysis of drifts and shear forces for individual modal combination
patterns was performed. The functional dependencies between inter-story drifts and damage
index were derived using the regression analysis. Based on the derived dependencies, the values
of inter-story drifts at the onset of considered DSs for high-rise buildings were proposed.
Seismic performance of knee- Li, P., Wang, Z. 2021

braced steel frame with hinged
joints | [铰接隅撑钢框架抗震性能
研究]
Rigid joints are usually adopted for the beam-to-column moment connections of the
conventional steel. These beam-to-column joints have excellent flexural stiffness, but are
vulnerable to brittle fracture under severe earthquakes due to lack of ductility. Researchers have
put forward a variety of ways to solve this problem, such as using the semi-rigid joint, reinforcing
the connections or reducing the beam section. This paper proposes a simplified beam-to-column
connection-hinge joint. The connection is achieved by changing the force transfer mode of beam
and column joints and setting knee brace at the joint for provideing suffcient the lateral stiffness
of the frame, so that the failure mode of the structure can be controlled. The moment-resisting
frames and knee-braced frames of different stories are designed, including three stories, three
stories and eight stories. Pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis are carried out, and
the bearing capacity, lateral stiffness, ductility and story drift are compared between the frames.
The results indicated that the knee-braced steel frame has the same lateral stiffness as the
moment-resisting steel frame, and presents slightly higher bearing capacity. The story drifts of
the knee-braced steel frame under severe earthquakes are smaller than moment-resisting frame.
As to the failure mode, plastic hinge occurs at the beam-to-column joint in the moment-resisting
steel frame while the plastic area is transferred to the connection between the knee-brace and
the beam in the knee-braced steel frame.
Performance of a reinforced Tagle, S.J., Jünemann, 2021

concrete wall building subjected R., Vásquez, J., de la Llera,
to sequential earthquake and J.C., Baiguera, M.
tsunami loading
This paper investigates the behavior of a typical Chilean reinforced concrete wall building under
sequential earthquake and tsunami actions using a double pushover analysis approach. A real
concrete wall structure that was damaged after the Mw=8.8 2010 Maule earthquake is
considered as a case study building and a simplified nonlinear finite element model of a fictitious
slice of the building is subjected to earthquake and tsunami loading in sequence. The analysis
of the building under these loadings consists of three stages: the structure is first subjected to
seismic loading by means of a pushover analysis until a specific damage state is reached; then
a pushover with the same load pattern but in the opposite direction is applied until the shear at
the base is zero; and finally, the building is subjected to tsunami loading by means of a variable
depth pushover analysis until the maximum capacity is reached. Different tsunami load cases
are considered in this study, varying the Froude number and the direction of the tsunami loading.
The results show that the tsunami response of the building is mainly dependent on the Froude
number of the tsunami flow; however, when the seismic damage is severe, the tsunami capacity
of the building is found to be reduced. This is more likely to occur when the effect of the tsunami
increases the damage previously induced by the earthquake in the same direction.
A multi-surface interface model Pari, M., Van de Graaf, 2021

for sequentially linear methods to A.V., Hendriks, M.A.N., Rots,
analyse masonry structures J.G.
In the finite element modelling of masonry structures, the micro-modelling technique of

differentiating the continuum into a linear elastic bulk, and interfaces representing non-linear
joints is common. However, this approach of simulating cracking-crushing-shearing failure
possibilities in interfaces, typical of damage in masonry, also poses numerical stability issues
due to the quasi-brittle nature of the failure. In this regard, the article proposes the use of
numerically robust sequentially linear procedures and a suitable discretised tension-shear-
compression failure model for interfaces. Sequentially linear solution procedures describe the
nonlinear response of a specimen/structure through a sequence of scaled linear analyses, each
of which represents locally applied damage increments, using secant-stiffness based discretised
constitutive relations called saw-tooth laws. The constitutive formulation proposed herein
includes a tension cut-off criterion combined with a uniaxial discretised softening law, a Coulomb
friction criterion with a discretised cohesion softening law, and a compression cut-off criterion
combined with a uniaxial discretised hardening–softening law. It is presented for both two-
dimensional (2D) line interfaces and three-dimensional (3D) planar interfaces. The applicability
of these formulations are illustrated using 2D and 3D models of a pushover analysis on a squat
unreinforced masonry wall. The simulations are made using Sequentially Linear Analysis (SLA)
and the Force-Release method, which are total (load-unload) and incremental sequentially linear
methods respectively. The clear global softening in the force–displacement evolution and the
localised brittle shear failure observed in the experiment are reproduced well and in a stable
manner.
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Collapse risk of controlled rocking Steele, T.C., Wiebe, L.D.A. 2021

steel braced frames considering
buckling and yielding of capacity-
protected frame members
The response in the higher modes of controlled rocking steel braced frames (CRSBFs)
significantly increases the frame member forces during earthquakes relative to those from a
first-mode pushover analysis. Previous research has generally assumed that these large
demands must be addressed either by designing frame members for the full elastic force
demands or by mitigating the higher mode response by providing multiple nonlinear
mechanisms. However, the minimum required design forces for structural elements have not
been assessed through collapse fragility analysis. To address this need, this paper investigates
the influence of member buckling and yielding on the collapse capacity of 3-storey, 6-storey and
12-storey buildings. For each building height, five frames are designed based on multiplying the
estimated higher-mode forces by a different amplification factor, defined as γHM, and adding
these to the forces expected from a first-mode pushover analysis, with γHM=0,1.0, 1.5, 2.25, and
3.0. The collapse performance for each design is evaluated using multiple stripe analysis for
conditionally selected ground motions considering both the first-mode and second-mode periods
independently and using a model in which frame member buckling and yielding are included.
Neglecting the higher-mode forces (i.e. using γHM=0) for design is only acceptable for the 3-
storey and 6-storey buildings when a response modification factor of R=8 is used. Increasing
γHM reduces the collapse risk, and designing for γHM=3.0 yields similar collapse probabilities
compared to when frame member buckling and yielding are not modelled. Based on the results
of this study, using γHM=1.0 is recommended for reliable collapse prevention during a 2%-in-
50-year event, which represents a reduction of up to 50% relative to the elastic design forces
that have been recommended by a variety of authors in previous studies.
Evaluation Of Response Mashhadiyan, 2021

Modification Factor And Energy M., Madandoust, R., Jamshidi,
Absorption Of Buckling-Restrained M.
Braced Rc Frames | [Valutazione
Del Fattore Di Risposta E
Dell’Assorbimento Di Energia Per
Telai In C.A. Con Diagonali Ad
Instabilita’ Impedita]
Nowadays, Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF) are mainly used as lateral load-resisting
systems in seismic areas. Two characteristics of higher energy dissipation capacity and lack of
existence of buckling behavior have been caused that buckling-restrained brace to be a better
alternative to conventional bracing. In this study, the response modification factor (R-factor) and
other parameters of buckling of Reinforced Concrete Frame (RCF) with BRB bracing (RCF-BRB)
have been investigated. The (R-factor) is a function of different parameters, which to determine
these coefficients, the nonlinear static pushover analysis in accordance with ATC-19 and two
methods of equal energy and Priestley & Paulay were used to evaluate the plastic behavior of
RCF with and without BRB bracing. The result showed that the lateral stiffness of RCF-BRB
decreases with increasing the number of stories so that in the number of high stories, the lateral
stiffness of RCF-BRB becomes very close to the lateral stiffness of the RCF.
Simulation of seismic collapse of Meigooni, F.S., Mollaioli, F. 2021

simple structures with energy-
based procedures
Characterization of structural collapse is one of the key components of performance based
earthquake engineering (PBEE) design. Usually, in seismic codes, the point of dynamic structural
collapse due to earthquakes is based on parameters approaching subjective threshold values.
Instead, energy-based formulations have raised as a more physical and robust approach in
understanding the balance between the seismic energy input into the systems and the structural
energy dissipated. In this paper a comparison between different energy-based methodologies is
shown. Particularly, the formulation of a kinetic energy-based methodology is proposed and
compared with the gravitational and intrinsic energy-based procedures, and with the results of
the pushover analysis. The results show that the collapse state evaluated with the kinetic energy-
based criterion is compatible with gravitational energy-based collapse technique in which its
results were verified through some experimental tests. While in gravitational energy based
method the amount of gravitational force should necessarily be significant, the proposed kinetic
energy procedure predicts collapse point regardless of gravitational force. It also predicts local
damage and hinge formation reasonably. The methods were investigated using single-degree
systems (SDOFs) and a three story steel frame. According to outcomes, the proposed procedure
can be used as an acceptable method for determination of collapse time, drift, and local damage.
Model Type Effects on the Lachanas, C.G., Vamvatsikos, 2021

Estimated Seismic Response of a D.
20-Story Steel Moment Resisting
Frame
Finite-element models of varying sophistication may be employed to determine a building's
seismic response with increasing complexity, potentially offering a higher fidelity at the cost of
the computational load. To account for this effect on the reliability of performance assessment,
model-type uncertainty needs to be incorporated as distinct to the uncertainty related to a given
model's parameters. At present, only placeholder values are available in seismic guidelines.
Instead, we attempt to quantify them accurately for a modern 20-story steel moment-resisting
frame. Different types of three-dimensional (3D), two-dimensional (2D) multibay, and 2D single-
bay multidegree-of-freedom models are investigated, together with their equivalent single-
degree-of-freedom ones, to evaluate the model dependency of the response both within each
broad model category, as well as among different categories. In conclusion, ensemble values
are recommended for the uncertainty in each model category showing that for the perfectly-
symmetric perimeter-frame P-Δ sensitive building under investigation, the uncertainty stemming
from 3D versus 2D or distributed versus lumped plasticity models is lower than the governing
record-to-record variability.
Assessment and design Cedrón, F., Elghazouli, A.Y. 2021

considerations for single layer
cylindrical lattice shells subjected
to seismic loading
This paper examines the main considerations related to the seismic design and assessment of
single layer steel cylindrical lattice shells, and offers recommendations for their practical
application. Geometric configurations covering a wide range of rise to span ratios are considered
within the investigation. An insight into the relative influence of seismic loading on shell design,
in comparison to gravity conditions, is firstly provided through the use of digital parametric
engineering procedures. This is followed by linear elastic response assessments which are used
to propose a simplified procedure for estimating the internal seismic forces for the purpose of
member sizing in early design stages. Suitable approaches for pushover analysis are then
discussed and used to identify inherent plastic mechanisms. The results of incremental nonlinear
dynamic analysis, using a suite of fourteen records, are also employed in order to validate the
findings and to further assess the ultimate response under realistic seismic loading conditions.
Based on the findings, representative ranges for behaviour factors and displacement
modification coefficients are derived alongside discussions on their implementation within
codified seismic design procedures. Apart from providing recommendations for simplified design
approaches, the assessments presented in this paper can also be used to support detailed
performance based guidelines as well as for informing geometry and size optimisation
strategies.
Improving seismic behavior using Zare Golmoghany, M., Zahrai, 2021

a hybrid control system of friction S.M.
damper and vertical shear panel
in series
In this paper to improve the seismic behavior of structures and decrease structural earthquake
damages, a new hybrid control system is proposed consisting of Friction Damper and Vertical
Shear Panel (HFD-VSP) in series. The new system benefits of two-level energy dissipation such
that in moderate earthquakes friction damper (FD) as the first fuse operates while in strong
earthquake both FD and Vertical Shear Panel (VSP) dissipate energy. FD can eliminate the
shortcoming of VSP in terms of ductility and low cycle fatigue. FD and VSP are modeled in
ABAQUS and related numerical results are compared to those of previous experimental studies
for verification purposes. Pushover and cyclic loadings are conducted for two models. The
hysteresis curves show symmetric two-level behavior with stable strength and stiffness by
increasing the ductility ratio of 87.3%. To study the performance of the HFD-VSP, seismic analysis
and incremental dynamic analysis, IDA, are applied to two 5-story buildings with and without
hybrid dampers. Maximum drift and maximum roof displacement decrease by 17.4% and 17.1%
on average under earthquakes. Average IDA results show that first mode spectral acceleration
at HFD-VSP is 1.14 times that of the frame with just VSP. The drift and spectral acceleration of
the collapse prevention level increase 33.3% and 28%. The proposed system using FD and VSP
performed better than the vertical shear panel against an extensive range of earthquakes as
well as the mainshock with strong foreshocks and aftershocks.
Influence of abutment straight Zheng, Q., Yang, C.-S.W., Xie, 2021

backwall fracture on the seismic Y., (...), DesRoches, R., Roblee,
response of bridges C.
Field reconnaissance reports reveal the seismic vulnerability of bridge abutment foundations. To
reduce the time and cost of postearthquake repair, modern seismic design specifications allow
abutment backwalls to fracture before the supporting abutment foundations reach their
maximum strength. This design strategy enables abutment backwalls to function as a fuse, thus
protecting the abutment foundations from experiencing excessive forces and damage. This paper
introduces a new abutment modeling scheme to capture the shear fracture mechanism of
straight backwalls in seat abutments. To this end, a backwall connection spring is developed
and incorporated into a spring system that simulates the behavior of various abutment
components. The importance of considering the backwall fracture is examined by reviewing
conventional modeling methodologies for abutments and building companion numerical models.
Static pushover and incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) were conducted for two bridges
(single- and two-span) modeled by both the proposed and conventional abutment modeling
schemes. Moreover, component-level fragility curves are developed using IDA results. The
comparisons show that the conventional abutment modeling schemes significantly overestimate
abutment foundation damage and underestimate the likelihood of deck unseating, column
damage, and bearing displacement in the passive direction. Conversely, the proposed modeling
scheme is able to capture the essential seismic responses of various components in seat
abutment bridges. The consideration of backwall fracture in the modeling of abutment
components enables a more rational seismic response assessment of bridges with backwalls,
which are likely to be damaged during earthquakes, particularly for bridges which are seismically
designed to protect abutment foundations.
An updated consecutive modal Zarrin, M., Poursha, 2021

pushover (UCMP) procedure for M., Gharabaghi, A.R.M.
estimating the ductility level
earthquake design demands of
jacket offshore platforms
According to API- RP-2EQ/ISO 19901-2:2004(E), the static pushover method is allowed to be

utilized for the abnormal level earthquake (ALE) design check of jacket type offshore platforms
(JTOP) under the effects of earthquake ground motions. Therefore, the pushover method can be
employed to check the ductility adequacy of JTOP structures under ALE (the ductility level
earthquake in the previous versions of the API). In this paper, two modifications to the
consecutive modal pushover (CMP) procedure are proposed in order to take into account the
progressive changes in the dynamic characteristics of JTOP structures as well as the effects of
higher modes on the seismic demands of JTOPs. The first modified procedure is called the
updated consecutive modal procedure (UCMP), in which the load pattern for the second mode
is updated at the beginning of the second stage of the CMP procedure based on the inelastic
state of the structure at the end of the first stage. The UCMP procedure conceptually introduces
a great advantage over the current enhanced pushover procedures as it considers the change
of the dynamic characteristics in the applied load pattern, while it maintains the non-adaptive
nature of the CMP method. The second modified procedure, that is called the adaptive-alfa
consecutive modal pushover (ACMP) procedure, is proposed to define the displacement
increments for the two-stage UCMP procedure based on the instantaneous effective modal
participating mass ratio (α). The proposed methods are applied to two case study JTOP models,
and the predicted seismic demands are compared with those from the benchmark nonlinear
time history (NTH) analyses. A suite of earthquake records, selected based on the ductility level
response spectrum, is used for the NTH analysis. The results show that notable improvements
are achieved by the UCMP method in estimating the seismic demands of the lower braced stories
of the jacket, where the effects of higher modes are expected to be more significant. Therefore,
it is recommended to utilize the UCMP method when a trade-off between the accuracy of
the pushover analysis and its simplicity is of interest. Moreover, the ACMP method produces an
excellent prediction of the seismic demands at the lower stories of the jacket, and provides
satisfactory estimations at the foundation part. Consequently, this method is proposed as a
rigorous one to be utilized in the design phase of the fixed offshore platforms for the ductility
level earthquake check.
Application of the SP-BELA Borzi, B., Faravelli, M., Di Meo, 2021

methodology to RC residential A.
buildings in Italy to produce
seismic risk maps for the national
risk assessment
This article deals with the application of an analytical methodology for the large-scale
vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete frame buildings in Italy. This methodology is
known in the technical literature with the acronym SP-BELA (Simplified Pushover-Based
Earthquake Loss Assessment) and has been adopted by the Eucentre research group to
contribute to the production of the seismic risk maps in Italy, published in the National Risk
Assessment document. The Italian maps were elaborated using the IRMA platform (Italian Risk
MAps), which is a web platform developed by Eucentre. The IRMA platform is only addressed to
the scientific community who can use it to share data, methods, and models for the evaluation
of the seismic risk in Italy (Borzi et al. in Piattaforma IRMA Italian Risk MAps, 2018; Dolce et al.
in Mappe di rischio per il territorio Italiano, 2019a; Faravelli et al. in Italian platform for seismic
risk and damage scenario evaluation, 2019a, Borzi et al. in Bull Earthq Eng, 2020, Dolce et al.
Bull Earthq Eng, 2020). SP-BELA defines the non-linear behaviour of a random population of
buildings through a simplified pushover and a displacement-based procedure. Specifically,
displacement capacity limits are identified on the pushover curve and then they are compared
with the displacement demand from a response spectrum of each building in the random
population. In this way, it is possible to define the probability of exceedance of the damage
limits and hence generate the fragility curves. Then, the resulting curves have been calibrated
by comparing the damage data observed on the reinforced concrete buildings with the damage
analytically calculated with SP-BELA for the earthquakes of Molise 2002 and L’Aquila 2009. The
final curves have been uploaded into the IRMA platform and used to produce damage maps for
the entire national territory.
Territorial seismic risk assessment Betti, M., Galano, L., Lourenço, 2021
of a sample of 13 masonry P.B.
churches in Tuscany (Italy)
through simplified indexes
Among heritage buildings, masonry churches are complex structures often characterized by an
open plan layout with slender perimeter walls. Their vulnerability to earthquakes is frequently
increased by the absence of adequate connections between the various parts of the structural
complex, together with the presence of thrusting horizontal elements such as masonry vaults
and timber roofs. In this paper, the vulnerability and the seismic risk of thirteen masonry
churches located in Tuscany (Italy) have been analysed with simplified methods to establish a
first screening of the risk of this heritage typology. The methods are that proposed by Lourenço
and Roque in 2006 and the so-called first level of analysis (LA-1), introduced by the Italian code.
For one of these churches, the Basilica of San Francesco in Arezzo, the analyses of second (LA-
2) and third (LA-3) level have been also performed according to the same code. The results
highlight the contribution of the simplified approaches to establish a first selection of the
priorities for subsequent investigations and, if needed, proper interventions. Approximately one-
half of the churches composing the sample have the normalized simplified indexes lower than
one, indicating the need of further investigations. For the Basilica of San Francesco the results
of LA-2 level of analysis confirm the conclusions obtained with the more simplified procedures,
while a criticism is highlighted with the LA-3 approach when the N2 method is adopted in
combination with a pushover methodology of analysis.
State-of-the-art investigation of Gravett, D.Z., Markou, G. 2021

wind turbine structures founded
on soft clay by considering the
soil-foundation-structure
interaction phenomenon –
Optimization of battered RC piles
Nonlinear dynamic modelling of full-scale wind turbine structures and soil-structure interaction
considerations using the 3D detailed approach is the most accurate method of investigating the
mechanical response of these structures, but not yet feasible due to numerous reasons. The two
main numerical problems that do not allow for this type of analysis to be performed, are the
numerical instabilities that immerse during the dynamic analysis and the excessive
computational demand. This work will present the computational response of a newly developed
algorithm that is used herein to perform modal analysis of wind turbine structures for the
investigation of soil-foundation-structure interaction phenomenon. An extensive numerical
investigation is presented that foresees the performance of modal and pushover analysis on a
wind turbine structure that has an 80 m steel tower and is founded on different soil profiles.
The 3D detailed models constructed herein consider the effect of soil-foundation-structure
interaction by discretizing for the first time the superstructure, pile foundation and soil domains
through 8-noded hexahedral elements, achieving maximum modelling accuracy. The soil
material properties used in this research work derived from an onsite geotechnical investigation
performed for the needs of the WindAfrica project. After validating the ability of the proposed
modelling approach to capture the mechanical behaviour of reinforced concrete foundations
through the use of experimental data found in the international literature, the optimum
inclination of battered piles was studied through an excessive numerical parametric
investigation. Based on the numerical findings, the optimum inclination of the battered piles was
that of 10 degrees, where the failure of the wind turbine structure was found to be located at
the base of the steel tower due to local buckling.
Simplicity versus accuracy trade- Gentile, R., Galasso, C. 2021

off in estimating seismic fragility
of existing reinforced concrete
buildings
This paper investigates the trade-off between simplicity (modelling effort and computational
time) and result accuracy in seismic fragility analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) frames. For
many applications, simplified methods focusing on “archetype” structural models are often the
state-of-practice. These simplified approaches may provide a rapid-yet-accurate estimation of
seismic fragility, requiring a relatively small amount of input data and computational resources.
However, such approaches often fail to capture specific structural deficiencies and/or failure
mechanisms that might significantly affect the final assessment outcomes (e.g. shear failure in
beam-column joints, in-plane and out-of-plane failure of infill walls, among others). To overcome
these shortcomings, the alternative response analysis methods considered in this paper are all
characterised by a mechanics-based approach and the explicit consideration of record-to-record
variability in modelling seismic input/demands. Specifically, this paper compares three different
seismic response analysis approaches, each characterised by a different refinement: 1) low
refinement - non-linear static analysis (either analytical SLaMA or pushover analysis), coupled
with the capacity spectrum method; 2) medium refinement - non-linear time-history analysis of
equivalent single degree of freedom (SDoF) systems calibrated based on either the SLaMA-based
or the pushover-based force-displacement curves; 3) high refinement - non-linear time-history
analysis of multi-degree of freedom (MDoF) numerical models. In all cases, fragility curves are
derived through a cloud-based approach employing unscaled real (i.e. recorded) ground motions.
14 four- or eight-storey RC frames showing different plastic mechanisms and distribution of the
infills are analysed using each method. The results show that non-linear time-history analysis
of equivalent SDoF systems is not substantially superior with respect to a non-linear static
analysis coupled with the capacity spectrum method. The estimated median fragility (for different
damage states) of the simplified methods generally falls within ±20% (generally as an under-
estimation) of the corresponding estimates from the MDoF non-linear time-history analysis, with
slightly-higher errors for the uniformly-infilled frames. In this latter cases, such error range
increases up to ±32%. The fragility dispersion is generally over-estimated up to 30%. Although
such bias levels are generally non-negligible, their rigorous characterisation can potentially
guide an analyst to select/use a specific fragility derivation approach, depending on their needs
and context, or to calibrate appropriate correction factors for the more simplified methods.
Quantifying the ductility-related Tesfamariam, S., Skandalos, 2021

force modification factor for 10- K., Goda, K., (...), Bitsuamlak,
story timber-rc hybrid building G., Popovski, M.
using fema p695 procedure and
considering the 2015 nbc seismic
hazard
In this work, a 10-story uncoupled (10S-U) hybrid seismic force resisting system, consisting of
cross-laminated timber (CLT) walls and reinforced concrete (RC) beams, is considered. Required
design ductility factor Rd, in congruence with the National Building Code of Canada, was
developed using FEMA P695 collapse risk procedure. Two trial Rd factors, Rd=2 and Rd=3, were
first used to design the hybrid building for seismicity of Vancouver, BC, and 3D numerical models
were developed in Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSees) finite
element framework. The energy dissipation of the structural system was enhanced using
buckling restraining brace hold-downs and energy dissipator connection between the panels.
The rocking response mechanism governed and, as a result, the cyclic pushover results show
recentering capability. A suitable set of 30 ground motion records that reflect the seismic hazard
of Vancouver, British Columbia, was selected in congruence with the 2015 National Building
Code of Canada (NBC). Using incremental dynamic analysis, the collapse risk and collapse
margin ratios were obtained to check the suitability of the two proposed Rd factors. The Rd=2
factor was shown to be acceptable for the 10S-U structural system.
Seismic performance of steel Torres-Rodas, P., Flores, 2021

moment frames considering the F., Pozo, S., Astudillo, B.X.
effects of column-base hysteretic
behavior and gravity framing
system
This paper presents a parametric study conducted on five Steel Moment Frames (SMFs) varying
in height (2-, 4-, 8-, 12-, and 20- story) to assess the interactive effect of the column base
hysteretic behavior, continuous gravity columns and partially restrained gravity beam-column
connections in their seismic performance. The frame response is examined through sophisticated
Nonlinear Time History (NTH) and Nonlinear Static Pushover (NSP) analyses conducted as per
FEMAp695 methodology. For each SMF, a range of base connection strengths (and their
corresponding rotational stiffnesses) accompanied by different levels of gravity columns rigidity
and gravity connection strengths are assigned, resulting in a total of 80 model simulations. Two
collapse/failure limit states are formulated for the assessment 1) sidesway collapse defined as
per FEMAp695; and 2) column-base connection failure, defined as base rotations exceeding a
0.05 rad threshold. Results from the simulations indicate that the gravity framing system
profoundly affects the behavior of the SMFs analyzed by reducing their probability of collapse.
In this manner, the seismic demands for the design of column-base connections can be reduced
safely, incorporating their high deformation capacity as part of the energy dissipative
mechanisms. Potential design implications are discussed, and limitations, as well as lines for
future research, are outlined.
Investigation of the seismic Sanches, R., Tao, J., Fathieh, 2021

performance of braced low-, mid- A., Mercan, O.
and high-rise modular steel
building prototypes
For buildings with repeatable units, modular construction provides an alternative to traditional
on-site construction. Modular steel buildings (MSBs) are composed of prefabricated volumetric
modules that are produced in a controlled environment such as a factory to be transported and
assembled on-site to form a larger, permanent building. Although the studies on the dynamic
behavior of modular buildings are limited to up to 10-story MSBs, the recently completed 32-
story MSB in New York showcased the applicability of this type of construction beyond mid-rise
structures. Additionally, in the National Building Code of Canada both the ductility modification
factor and the overstrength modification factor are determined based on the type of the seismic
force resisting system, regardless of the building height. Previous studies indicated that
neglecting the correlation between these design factors and the height of the building could
lead to inadequate design as the building height increases. The current paper assesses the
seismic design factors and the seismic performances of 6-, 12, and 32-story MSBs by means
of pushover analyses and bi-directional nonlinear time history analyses. The seismic
performance is evaluated in terms of interstory drift, residual drift, and base
shear. Pushover curves indicated that both overstrength and ductility factors decrease as the
height of the building increases. Data from the time history analysis revealed that high-rise MSBs
tend to exceed collapse prevention limit and develop column plastic hinges under severe ground
motions. On the other hand, the residual drift ratio was found to be more pronounced in low- to
mid-rise MSBs.
Pushover-based probabilistic Cao, X.-Y., Feng, D.-C., Wu, G. 2021

seismic capacity assessment of
RCFs retrofitted with PBSPC BRBF
sub-structures
A new external retrofitting sub-structure is introduced in this paper, namely, precast bolt-
connected steel-plate reinforced concrete buckling-restrained-brace-frame (PBSPC BRBF). The
numerical model is proposed considering the joint mechanical behavior, postcast concrete
effects, and interfacial shear performance, and the results are validated via an experimental
study. The probabilistic seismic capacity assessments (PSCAs) are performed on the deficient
reinforced concrete frames (RCFs) retrofitted with PBSPC BRBFs based on a pushover method.
The structural and load uncertainties (e.g., the material parameter and load value) are analyzed,
and the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) method is adopted for the 1-span-3-story, 3-span-6-
story and 5-span-8-story frames, respectively. The histograms, probability density functions
(PDFs) and PSCA curves for all conditions are provided, and the average median values or
logarithmic standard deviations (SDs) are recommended. The sensitivity analysis is also
performed, and the tornado diagrams and stack columns are presented. The research provides
the thresholds of damage measures for different limit states of the RCFs retrofitted with the
external sub-structures, and the corresponding conclusions can be further combined with
probabilistic seismic demand analyses to constitute the integrated fragility framework.
Fragility analysis of rectangular Salami, M.R., Afsar Dizaj, 2021

and circular reinforced concrete E., Kashani, M.M.
columns under bidirectional
multiple excitations
This paper presents a numerical investigation on seismic performance of reinforced concrete
(RC) cantilever columns under unidirectional and bidirectional excitations. The influence of cross-
sectional geometry and multiple excitations have been examined in this study. An advanced
nonlinear finite element model is employed to model different failure modes of RC columns
under seismic excitation. The model simulates degradation of materials under cyclic loading,
including inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation of longitudinal reinforcement. A
series of monotonic pushover and incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) are conducted on
hypothetical rectangular and circular columns. Proposing a unique algorithm, an existing
inclusive damage index is implemented to quantify the different sources of damage including
flexural, shear and reinforcement slippage damage under bidirectional excitation. Ground motion
records are carefully selected using conditional mean spectrum (CMS) to generate as-recorded
real mainshock and aftershock (MSAS) sequences. Results show that multiple bidirectional
excitations significantly increase the damage that accumulates in RC columns. Moreover, inelastic
buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation of longitudinal bars have an evident contribution to
the failure of RC columns. It is also found that the rectangular column is more prone to collapse
under bidirectional loading in comparison to circular section. The analyses results show that the
impact of bidirectional excitation on the seismic performance of the studied cantilever columns
is considerable. This implies that seismic performance assessment of RC structures using
unidirectional excitation can be biased.
Nonlinear numerical assessment Gómez, M.A., Díaz-Segura, 2021

of the seismic response of hillside E.G., Vielma, J.C.
RC buildings
Major damage has been reported in hilly areas after major earthquakes, primarily because of
two special conditions: the variation in the seismic ground motion due to the inclined ground
surface and the irregularities caused by a stepped base level in the structure. The aim of this
study is to evaluate possible differences in the responses of Chilean hillside buildings through
numerical linear-elastic and nonlinear analyses. In the first step, a set of response-spectrum
analyses were performed on four simplified 2D structures with mean base inclination angles of
0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°. The structures were designed to comply with Chilean seismic codes and
standards, and the primary response parameters were compared. To assess the seismic
performance of the buildings, nonlinear static (pushover) and dynamic (time-history) analyses
were performed with SeismoStruct software. Pushover analyses were used to compare the
nonlinear response at the maximum roof displacement and the damage patterns. Time-history
analyses were performed to assess the nonlinear dynamic response of the structures subjected
to seismic ground motions modified by topographic effects. To consider the topographic
modification, acceleration records were obtained from numerical models of soil, which were
calculated using the rock acceleration record of the Mw 8.0 1985 Chilean earthquake. Minor
differences in the structure responses (roof displacements and maximum element forces and
moments) were caused by the topographic effects in the seismic input motion, with the highly
predominant ones being the differences caused by the step-back configuration at the base of
the structures. High concentrations of shear forces in short walls were observed, corresponding
to the walls located in the upper zone of the foundation system. The response of the structures
with higher angles was observed to be more prone to fragile failures due to the accumulation
of shear forces. Even though hillside buildings gain stiffness in the lower stories, resulting in
lower design roof displacement, maximum roof displacements for nonlinear time-history
analyses remained very close for all the models that were primarily affected by the drifts of the
lower stories. Additionally, vertical parasitic accelerations were considered for half the time-
history analyses performed here. The vertical component seems to considerably modify the axial
load levels in the shear walls on all stories.
Seismic assessment of two multi- Endo, Y., Hanazato, T. 2021

tiered pagodas damaged by the 2015
Nepal earthquake
A seismic assessment of two multi-tier pagodas by numerical analysis is presented herein. The
Changu Narayan temple and the Kumbeshwar temple in Nepal are used as the case studies.
Both pagodas are built of brick masonry in earthen mortar, with timber columns and crossbeams.
The Changu Narayan temple is a two-tier pagoda, and was seriously damaged during the 2015
Gorkha earthquake. The Kumbeshwar temple is a five-tier pagoda, and its top-tier collapsed due
to the Gorkha earthquake. A seismic assessment was carried out using finite element (FE)
analysis. The FE models were prepared, and dynamic identification tests and penetrometer tests
were conducted. Pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis were performed as part of
the seismic assessment. The main shock of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake was considered as the
input accelerograms. The behavior between the two pagodas was compared with the collapse
mechanisms and damage patterns observed in the actual structures. The comparison suggested
common structural features of multi-tier pagodas. This study is dedicated to providing a better
understanding of the seismic behavior of multi-tier pagoda-type structures and provides
suggestions for their effective analysis.
Seismic behaviour of Wang, F., Shi, Q.-X., Wang, P. 2021

reinforced concrete frame
structures with all steel
assembled Q195 low yield
buckling restrained braces
For the traditional buckling restrained braces (BRBs), the core plate is high yield strength steel,
and the external restraint system is concrete filled steel tube), it has the disadvantages of high
yield strength and large weight, which will produce a large additional effect on the structure.
Under the same member deformation, the material with lower strength has larger plastic
deformation and more seismic energy absorption, so it is easier to realize the idea that the BRBs
is prior to frame structure failure So, an all steel assembled Q195 low yield point buckling
restrained braces (LYBRBs), has been proposed in this paper, and the quasi-static low-cycle
reciprocating load test was conducted. The results show that the failure mode of the LYBRBS is
tensile failure, its hysteretic curve shows good symmetry, stability and fullness, and the LYBRBs
has a good energy dissipation capacity. At the same time, based on a reinforced concrete frame
(RCF) structure in the area of 8 degree seismic fortification intensity, the RCF structural model
was established, and the dynamic characteristics of the RCF structure were compared by PKPM
and SAP2000 software to verify the correctness of the model. On this foundation, push-over
analysis of the RCF and RCF structure with the arrangement of the LYBRBs (LYBRB-RCF) is
performed. The story drift ratio, the curves of the base shear force-top story drift and the plastic
hinge condition obtained by push-over analysis are compared. In addition, the structural time
history analysis was conducted by SAP2000 software under the action of frequent and rare
earthquakes. The story drift ratio, story shear force, time history of the top displacement and
acceleration, energy consumption and hysteretic curve of the LYBRBs were analysed.
E-Defense shaking test and Tamura, S., Ohno, Y., Shibata, 2021
pushover analyses for lateral K., (...), Nagao, T., Kawamata,
pile behavior in a group Y.
considering soil deformation
in vicinity of piles
Large-scale E-Defense shaking table tests were performed using a 3 × 3 pile group in dry sand
layers to clarify dynamic lateral pile behavior in a group. The mechanism behind the seismic
response of piles in a group was investigated based on the earth pressure acting on piles and
soil deformation in the vicinity of the pile and that in the free field. The test results indicated
that soil deformation in the vicinity of piles is the key factor influencing group effects during an
earthquake. To evaluate pile response in a group, a new concept involving
static pushover analyses of pile groups considering soil deformation in the vicinity of piles was
developed. The estimated pile response showed reasonable agreement with the experimental
results obtained without using p-multipliers. The proposed method could evaluate pile responses
considering soil and pile properties, loading levels, pile spacing, and kinematic effects. Thus, the
proposed method could help better estimate pile response during earthquakes.
Seismic enforced- Bakalis, A.P., Makarios, T.K. 2021

displacement pushover
procedure on multistorey
R/C buildings
This paper proposes a new direct Displacement-based procedure of nonlinear static (pushover)
analysis on multi-storey reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings designed to exclude floor plastic
mechanism formation. The proposed procedure can be easily applied with safety on all
asymmetric multi-storey R/C buildings with the necessary regularity in elevation required by the
seismic codes, irrespective of torsional sensitivity or high asymmetry. The proposed methodology
places under full control by the designer of both the seismic inelastic angular deformation
demands of the building floors in elevation and the actual seismic floor inelastic displacement
demands that develop at the Near Collapse state of the building. The proposed procedure takes
full account of the following: (a) the coupling between translational and rotational degrees of
freedom at the floor-diaphragms, (b) the contributions resulting from the action of higher modes
in the linear area of response, and (c) the P- Delta effects. According to the proposed procedure,
a vector of enforced-displacements is applied on the floor-diaphragms and a set of sixteen final
nonlinear static analysis cases coming from all possible sign combinations is performed having
as action the previous floor enforced-displacements, without the use of any other floor force or
moment information. Suitable drift-based values for floor enforced-displacements are proposed,
following an extensive parametric analysis. These floor enforced-displacements are combined in
such a way that the spatial action of the two seismic horizontal components of the ground
motion is fully considered, avoiding at the same time the various superposition techniques
recommended by the seismic codes within the nonlinear area. The envelope of the
abovementioned sixteen final nonlinear static analyses can adequately approximate the seismic
demand resulting from nonlinear response history analyses.

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