PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL PURE MATHEMATICS 2 Student Bookpetted nb ‘Sommoy tse nna, Ue Seater nt a “rae Gg acs i rca in etn, at a, ‘Safco tyre hte ear ‘SoNtston are er enh Fa Poo Cr en en Saw \Stoasonetewsnactensneneyrennocourcesm Schitga nar too aamase fume Ba ory aaa eee Seeereeeeeer eee, Pein Senin Sega Soetencrotegemescomenaenoanese ny mae Un inne 2A se te cone ‘Navman Gey apes Goss tanec at aaa eee Ss Sch er nee a ‘igo gato sash trong ue peasy oe sg ‘sen comme hr nay ee is hg ‘Sue a over nope oc Sere S.SStneronce aot aero ypu eeach selene am pte ‘Sbmaonangnessonan enter anina gone Pererenct snr seromesrr ‘esawony mss a nus oa ce pcreCOURSE STRUCTURE iv ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 ALGEBRAIC METHODS 1 2 COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, y) PLANE 25 3 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS 49 4 THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION 62 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 7 5 SEQUENCES AND SERIES 80 6 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND EQUATIONS 112 7 DIFFERENTIATION 137 8 INTEGRATION 152 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 174 EXAM PRACTICE 178 GLOSSARY 181 ANSWERS 184 INDEX 204Ai CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC CHAPTER 4 THE BINOMIAL METHODS 1 EXPANSION 62 1.1 ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS 24:1 PASCAL'STRANGLE 6 1-2 UNMDING POLYNOMIALS 3-42 FACTORIAL NOTATION 6 1.3 THE FACTOR THEOREM 7 A3THEBNOMALEXPANSION 67 1.4 THE REMAINDER THEOREM " 4.4 SOLVING BINOMIAL PROBLEMS = 69° 1 S MATHEMATICAL PROOF 13.45 BINOMIAL ESTMATION 1 1,6 METHODS OF PROOF 7 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 73 CHAPTER REVIEW 1 at REVIEW EXERCISE 1 7 CHAPTER 2 COORDINATE GEOMETRY IN THE (x, ») CHAPTER 5 SEQUENCES AND PLANE 25 senies 80 2.1 MIDPOINTS AND 5.1 ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES 81 PERPENDICULAR BISECTORS 26 5.2 ARITHMETIC SERIES. 4 2.2 EQUATION OF A CIRCLE 29 5,3 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES 87 2.3 INTERSECTIONS OF STRAIT a eoMErnicSenies n LUNES AND CIRCLES 33 5.5 SUM TO INFINITY 94 (2.4 USE TANGENT AND CHORD 5.6 SIGMA NOTATION 97 PROPERTIES: 35 5.7 RECURRENCE RELATIONS. 100 25CRCLES AND TRINGLES 40S NODELLINGUITHSENES ‘104 CHAPTER REVIEW 2 44 CHAPTER REVIEW 5 407 CHAPTER 3 EXPONENTIALS AND LOGARITHMS 49 3.1 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS: ‘50: 3.2 LOGARITHMS 8 3.3 LAWS OF LOGARITNS st 3.4 SLING EQUATIONS USING LOGARITAMS sr 2.5 CHANGING THE BASE OF A LogaRITIM 56 CHAPTER REVIEW 3 60ir (CHAPTER 6 TRIGONOMETRIC CHAPTER 8 INTEGRATION 152 IDENTITIES AND 8.1 DEFINITE INTEGRALS 153 EQUATIONS 412 82,AREAS UNDER CURVES 155 16:1 ANGLES IN ALL FOUR 8.3 AREAS UNDER THE x-AKIS 157 QUADRANTS: 119 84AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 16.2 EXACT VALUES OF AND LINES 160 TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS ~=—««t19.—«=« SS AREAS BETWEENTWO CURVES 163 ‘63 7RIGONOMETRICIDENTITIES 129-86 THE TRAPEZIUM RULE 166 16.4 SOLVE SIMPLE ‘CHAPTER REVIEWS 169 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS 124 165 HARDER TRIGONOMETRIC REVIEW EXERCISE 2 174 EQUATIONS: 128 ‘66 EQUATIONS AND IDENTITIES 130 ‘CHAPTER REVEW 6 1a, EXAM PRACTICE 178 CHAPTER 7 GLOSSARY 181 DIFFERENTIATION 137 7.1 INCREASING AND ANSWERS: 184 DECREASING FUNCTIONS 138 7.2 STATIONARY POINTS 139 7.3 SKETCHING GRADIENT nee ay FUNCTIONS 143 7A MODELLING WITH DIFFERENTIATION 145 (CHAPTER REVIEW 7 148ABOUT THIS BOOK “The folowing thee themes have been Fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel international Advanced Level in Mathematics series s0 they can be applied atongside your learning, 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explah key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematica Problem Slvng Cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions. fully integrated r seecty been } into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies sets canes ‘+ Challenge questions provide extra stretch Lt i 3. Transferable skills ‘Snpterfomatae + Transferable sills are embedded throughout tis book, in the exercises an in some examples + These skls are signpested to show students which skls they ae using and developing Finding your we around the book Meir i METHODS ! ache mapa fag ene noha en ‘Seragheda s 2e erm it Sheted ontiopecetnere Serato =o ane ore \Beamayle questions Ser nanght snare sea ire foggedvitn Gores ris maroc Sappeaee oad Problen-slving ‘sampefoez on ‘Suncare ae lagged Each chat ence wha Chapermiew ‘Sapo a uals oth ‘asap aaig oes pov ‘ecard agen eae co Ssdehmey allay pone ‘eneeatotace leralearesvecueicnsTION AND ASS! QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 2 (P2) isa compulsory unit inthe following qualifications: International Advanced Subsidiary in Mathematics Intermational Advanced Subsidiary in Pure Mathematics International Advanced Leva in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this uit We recommend that you stu this information closely to help ensure that you ae fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment. anwar June and Geober PR Pare Mathemates2 Fist assssent june 2019 IAS: international Advanced Subsidiary, AL: International Advanced & Level ‘Assessment objectives and weightings Tr [Pec tles and ca tar towindge of mates fh ONPG an CRUE erie of cents construct rigorous mathe argu vd procs Uwaugh wel pease staleneni | ‘og l28ea desucton and fer arb the manipulation of mathemada expression a neon the contraction of extended guano handing staan poems presetee unsactred Pea sie an use tr owiege ol standard material made represent “nop | stustins eth real wera rcarise and understand gen represen lwo ee ‘ard mds pest and tere ress fom such rode tesa the egal | suaton Iedudeg dsasson of the ssunptons made and referer of such modal compreend wanaatins ol common rest contents to mates; ete resus of Jesonattein se protons ocomment onthe conte ana where eprops eed | 5H inal an comprehen bras mates rumen or examples of plextor ‘Use contenperary cat echnolgy and oter pred esoures (sc 5 formule 0s | bokiets or sata tes acral ad ect understand when not se ch om tedhnolgy and ine Gh ansves ta porte cry.Toe iso of FE 20 =I = 10 5 sho ho bn} can shah Cakulators Students may use a calculator in assessments for these qualifications. Centres are responsible for ‘making sure that caleulatrs used by thelr students meet the quirements given inthe table below. Sleeve peice walla ola wth tt he tg he 3 Tr bins econ on tangent nde ier in ees ond deel oa Segre ond reds money Prohibitions Calculators with any ofthe following facies ae prohibited inal examinations: + databanks + retrieval of text or formulae + buil-n symbolic algebra manipulations + symbolic eifferentiation andar integration + language translators + communication with other machines or the internetSinn @ Extra ontine content Whenever you see an Gntne box. it means that there is extra online content available to support you SolutionBank SaluionBank provides 2 full warke solution for every question in the book ‘Download all the solutions asa POF or quickly find the solution you need online, Usecfechobey Q Slr tps no ea ae (cnn Oe ee sare teas mrceruadeg Tee eae dene enero re eee GeaGebra CASIO. GeoGebra-powered interactives Graphic calculator interactives Incrat with the maths you alarming sing Geocebraseasy-tousetols Calculator tutorials Our helpfi video tutorials wit Buide you through how to use ‘excite con your cacuatorin the exams. They coverboth Casio's scientific ps ODOC @ ‘and colou® graphic calculators, GED wiccenccrcer gyn EY seoty am penn oearens Con eee ‘onesacty whch butionsto press and what the Gane sow fnetions on yous ets ‘Should appear o yur cluator’ screenSs SS ‘After completing this unit you should be able to: © Cancel factors in algebraic fractions ‘© Dividea polynomial bya linear expression DD} * Use the Factor theorem to factorise a cub expression Ra 7, © Use proof by exhaustion and dsproof by / © Construct mathematical proofs using algebra counter-example = poaesa7-20 ‘© Use the cemainder theorem to find the remalder when 2 Simplify Say? a aes 2 cl Factrise: a se2v-24 bantu tao Use long division to calculate: a 1970K +23 b 56165-=34 Find the equations ofthe lines that pass tic Proof isthe comerstone of these pairs of points ‘mathematies, Mathematicians a (9 and 6-14) 1) ‘need 10 prove theorems (suchas (2-6) and (8-3) ¢ ternational GCSE Mathematics Ee sen” Complete the square forthe expressions < Sheds trent tee 2-20-20 b 2xtehe4 15 «Pures Setion22 Find approximate vals for So Pythagoras’ theorem can be used to VigBac “ALGEBRAIC Boos ©@® Algebraic fractions You can simpliy algebrale Fractions using division. eri ri 1 en sinptyinganalgebral fraction, where Or possible factorise the numerator and denominator _Sx°~245 __ S(c-#M(v-7) | Swe) and then cancel common factor GED) BED eam Simplify these fractions: Txt=28 +60, (4102 stxs12 ¢ eels: a @ +3) (34a ide each part ofthe numeatr by Simpy by canceling the common acto of x= 1, Factor wa 7e4 12 (e+ 3he4 4) Sa Ty4 eGo Merah oars i+ 3) exp 4 r= Gancel the common factor of (#3). srGres tee Shee Factors 8 +645 = (04 504 1 and We Bx= 10 “Ue SIE : wep3u~ Om (c+ 5Ke=2). ° L cancel he common ctr of 4 4 28 4 ite +12 anes Be HANH] sees aes 5) — Fasuoriee Gx + Ts +16 sexesuea | 2st aniee12 ee aiee4 (x 3hr+ 4) er axe 4) 23 ___ anne corn tart 44 EEE) ED wren 1 Simplify hese fractions: att 5Eras Cio 6 dt =r 2 Simplify these fractions as far as possible: e+ 3)00-) (430-1) a) @x-D Si4 10e+ 3h eg N+90420 G3) +8) Stx-20 wt3ee2 S2e= 15 weaved | duenes won 18 Boa Ts42 (3042) * Gre Gr= Thre 4648 9 a Se-3 Bee Ted axe) SA where a, band care constants. ‘Work out the values of a, band e (4 maths) BD) dividing polynomials ‘Apolynomial is a finite expression with positive yom ‘whole number indices, Potgmomits Not polynomials 2eee * You can use long division to divide polynomialby |g. 34 — (c+ phwhere pisaconstant. eae ‘ * You can use tong division to divide a polynomial by . * (ax#), where a and hae constants - Divide? + 2° 17x+ 6by tv - 3) @ stay ting the fat tem ofthe polyno x31 EPS TEE bys sothatvexest on 3) et ait 3) by 820 he Me t-der 38 | Now subtract so that? 259) — 64335) = = copy 17s:Elune Beans rer re aerate aoe gy cr-a)oySssomet a Beettaapab tae sere [> Stn otha = 179 = 0-159 2, Cores © 2 esre2—____|__ api mud Bide try cot shee ees Teet as Daa Mat br-20 on See oaentios Be Seta sth 2548) (28-9. saree | Noman et py you ee wre Tiss called the quotient Divide fix) by (2+ 1), giving your answer in the form fx) = (2x4 Ilas?+ bs ext a Fea(dt Tate a eee f Use ong dvson Include the tems Ox and Os qi hen you witout 6) 2e-w abet 284 VHARTT OFT =T7ES OFF ————~_Yo need to muliply@x + 1)by 23°40 get the ‘dic + 2x? —______— xterm so write 2 the ane, and wit ~208 = rae 29\@x 41) = 4s + 2ebelow Subtact and copy = the nex term. IG + Gy nie ~ 6x ‘You need to multiply @x+ 1) by ~x8to get the Bre 4 22 term, so wite=in the answer and write ae4 4 =r #1) #20? below Subtract and copy. ° the nex term. Repeat the method. Be 4 Wort Bx + Cost -1788 64 Bre Dede BEL,5 Cid FFind the renainder when 2x) ~ 5:2 ~ 16x + 10s divided by (x ~ 4), (¢=Wisnota face of 20 = 5x? 165+ 1088 ‘he remainder 0. “This means you cannot write the expresion in 0 the remainder is ~6, the form (x= aia? + + ©) ‘Write each polynomial in the form (x = pas? + by +e) by dividing: a rGr r8re SBCs b P+ love 25reany (res) 6 Wa e x4 My (#2) Tx~ IS by (x=3) © SBN 4 1384 Ody (= 8) 6x $6 by (x=) Exerc 2 Write each polynomial in the form (x= pax? + bx +e by dividing: 2 6+ + lay 4 By (x44) b 494932 30-10 by (v#2) fe 209 +4s2— 9x 9by (v4 3) 25-1884 Hes by (v=) 839-288 + 0 +30 by (046) F de 4942304 by (x2) 3 Divide a xt 4S9 42 Tee Dby (x42) b asta 14s 4 302 Me — 1S by 3) Rt 4O IEE M by (y= 2) d “S954 T4428) = Te 4 10-7 by (=H 4 Divide: a Bete Go Ite ve BbyGy42) bd 304 Usb == Eby (dx © Ax €4 102-116 byQx- 3) 64 BAe 94 Dv IBby O43) © GS —8el + LL + 98225047 by B= 1) F Bx5=26 4+ N+ 20" = dO + 25 by Qe = 3) 8 2504+ 75094 6x2 28¢~ 6 by (Se 3) DAsF + 2x 109 + 420 129 (I~ 2) 5 Divide: a4 xt Wby(v+2) b 29 ITe+ 3 by (+3) eee cee) CIID inte as when you weit ou 6 Divide a 438~ 36by (8-3) D 2049574 25 by (4 5) © “B+ 1132 = 20 by (x=2)Brune Besos 7 Show thats? +24" = Se 10= (04 2X8"=5) 18 Find the remainder when: s+ 4x2 30 4 2isdvided by (w+ 5) b 3y9-ans74 loys 5 ie divided by (e- 6) ce 259+ 3x7 + 120 + 29is divided by (x—4) 9 Show that when 30) ~ 20° 4 is divided by (~ 1) the remainders 5. 10 Show that when 3x° ~ y+ 103% 33-25 divided by (x +1) the remainder is =I. MM Show that («+ 4) isa factor of Sx! ~73x +28 ED verse 13 Divide 1 by (©). EIDD write tas sorts oe-1 12 Simplify by (e=2) 14 Divide! = 16 by 0-42) © 15 te 100 9 442=2-10 Find the rersinger when fi vided by (5 #4 (marks) @ 16 Hy 230 148-415-16 robler-sohing EDD = Find the remainder wen sisi by (°—3). mats) yee fgin the fom Dazurye’ —b Given that (x + 2) sa factor of f(x), fatorise f(x) (es aya +h +d then Lad completely. (amas) Toctoise the quadrac factor @® 17 « Find the remainder when 1+ 6x" + 5. ~12is vided by 3. (marks) FRE. ene, or otherwise. find al the solutions to theequaion x? +6x"++Se—12=0. (4marks) fis) =20) 430-843 18 Show that fx) = (2s [}ar? + by +c) where «, band care constants to be found. (2marks) bb Hence factorise fv) completly. (Amari) «© Write down all he rel 10018 of the equation f(x) = 0. marks) fx) 1209+ 5822-1 4 Show that (4x ~ 1) isa factor of fa) and write fx) inthe Form (4x = Ian? + bx +0, (6maris) bb Hence, show thatthe equation 12.34 5x24 y= has exactly one real solution. marks)Mons Cea (©) he factor theorem ‘The factor theorem ea quick way of finding simple linear Factors of a polynomial. + The factor theorem sates that f his polynomial then: Tha fi two statement ate not the + IF fp) = 0, then (s~p) ise factor of Fx), ame, Here oe two sila statements + IF (=p) isa factor off), then fp) =O. ‘ony one of which true: fe=-2thensta a7 «i =o,ehentae ia feo ff Ree Ta + tFlax~B) sa fectorof fo then t{?) = 0. ‘You can use the Factor theorem to quickly factorise a cubic function, gs): 1 Substitute values into the function until you Find a value p such that gp) =. 2. Divide the function by (=p? PE Feiner wl bo cases) fast ot 9 Wie gn) = (r= pax? +b ‘he the factor wil be uadrete 4 Factorise the quadratic factor, if possible to write gs) a product of thee linear Factors GED) ED Show that (¢=2) isa factor of x9 +324 — 4 by: a algebraic division 1 the factor theorem Divide x°4¢— t= Ay Oe = 2. 2x4 2en4 as “The remainders 0,50 (x ~2) ia factor of Peale ke, Sot 2)ioatactor of Bax = ax 4 bla) vee ay ite te plynamial as function. a) = (a? + @F ~ 42) 4-1 Sibttte r= 2 ito the polymers = BH4-bn4 Use the factor theorem: ° (p= 0, then (v9) a actor of fe. Dolce Nig atacrorcl 9 9.08 4nd Here p= 2.50(x~2)isafacor of +38 x=Gen Wes GENES) BD eons a Fully factorise 20) = IRe=9 1b Hence sch the graph of y= 2094.2 = 18-9 2 fix) = 2x5 + a? ~ 18x 9 ——_—. We she polynomial a a function. Koy AP + = = 9 = 200° + (IF 160) - 9 = 24 Try vves of 66-1 1.23, uly ind 2B? + QF ~ @)-9 = -25 fin = 2) + GF - 183) -9 =0, 0 $0 (v3) ia betor of te ee tee LUse statement 1 fom the factor theorem IFA) 0. then =) i factor off. Here =3, 2x +7843 — porary santas You cn check your division here: (Siig a factor of 2094 32 = 18— Best —sBe-9 <0 3x4 Te sr] Mier ube fem sree mee 3 L_ 24° +74 3.can ato be fected, b On(s- yes egg) $08 fd oth te care se he ane css te sot BO, 4.9) 3ra63. 01 en x= 03 3K018)=-2 ———— Set xm 0 tind the trent The eve crosses the Jan 3 (,-8) xooay— oe Thisis cubic graph witha postive coeMelent of | and tive distinc foots You shoud be famiar With its gener shape Pure Seetbn 4.eas Tac ‘Given that (r+ 1) isa factor of 4x! — 342+ a, find the value of (y= Ay8— 308 + gt the poor foetion. {0-0-1 ere sutemant2 tite acer neon Aci 3-17 += 6) eect sf nd 4-340 ee ee fas pxtext- 19s p ‘Given that 2x~ 32 factor of fx) 2 find the value ofp. 1 hence fatorise fx) completly. Use thefacor theorem l2x=3) sa actor off, 013 Subsiute v= Zino fn 0 Salve be equation fox 9 Now dhide 639+ xt 19446by2e—3 | Facorise te quaratlc quotient 3x845e-2 e104 218%-1)-—____I ae fas = @x~ 30+ 213 Remember to write fo a produto its factorsoe ED HID oom @« 16 Use the factor theorem t show that 4 (x= Disa factor of 4x? =34°=1 b (c+ 3)isa factor of S04 45x? 6x ~ 18 € (x4) isa factor of ~339+ 133" 6x48 Show that (x~ 1) is a factor of «9+ 6s" + Se 12.and hence factoris the expression completely. Show that (x+ 1) isa factor of ,° + 3x7 ~ 33x~35 and hence facorise the expresion completely. Show that (= 5)is a factor of «9 ~74*+ 2x4 40 and hence factoris he expression completely. Show that (~ 2) isa factor of 2-43 148 and hence factorse the expression completely, Use the factor theorem to show that 20~ Iisa factor of 242+ 17+ 31-20. Each of these expressions has a fictor (x p) Find a value ofp and hence factorse the expression completly, a = 10s? 198430 bot eaarnd fe 043° 1430 1 Fully factorise the right-hand side of each equation Hi Skeich the raph of each equation, 4x3 bya20 IPH 3Ry-1S € pede 843 @ye6V4Ne-3y-2 eyed 128 T+ 10 a pero +5 Factorse 2x34 5x7=4x~3 completely Given tha (x= 1) is factor of Sx 912+ 20 +a, ind the value of Given that (x-+ 3) isa factor of 6x°~ bx? + 18, find the value of b, Given that (x= Land (x4 areficiorsof p+ qs?-3s-7, QE Find the values of pang. Use the factor theorem to form smutaneous Given that (x-+ 1) and (x ~2) are faciors of ex? + dx? 9x ~ 10, ecuation. find the values of cand Given that (sand x ~ Ware factors of px? + gx? + 9x~ 2, find the value of p and the value of o Given that (x + 2)and (x~ 3) are factors of gx +e? Mix + 24, fd the values of g/and Given that Bs 42s factor of 393+ By2~ 39 2 find the valu of b @ hence factorise 33? +-bx? ~3 2 completely oio 4 Use the factor theorem to show that (=) ta fator of x) mats) 1b Hence show that 4s the only real rot ofthe equation fx) = 0 4 manks) © Ay 249 442-116 8 Use the Faior theorem to show that (#2) factor off. @matks) bb Factors fx) complete 4 masts) Write down all the solutions of the equation 4x? +4y°~I]y~6= 0, (mack) © 1 « Show that (x 2)isa factor of 9x!~ 180-9 2 mats) bb Hence find fur rea solutions to the equation x*~ 18x'~ «2+ 280 (Smaks) Se €B The remainder theorem ™ Youcan ind th mainder when a pelyromial sive by (ax) by sng the remainder thee + apoyo) s vided by (ox 0) then he emaieris (8), ED) ED rem Find the remainder when x” - 20 + 3 i divided by (v4) using: a algebraic division 1b the remainder theorem, 2 xa 6i ores —— ee ane yt ant foget ta wite ose rite the polynomial as funtion Touse the rersinder theorem compare be- 8 lae—B) Inthiscasea= 1 and d= 4and theremalnde is The remainder 8 Substitute x= &and evaluate fd aGlu When 8x! 4x + ax? 1 i divided by Qc 1) the remainder is 3, Find the value of a es ese tae bhthen he reminders) andthe remnede {2 -L and solve the equation fora. < Of ons aa 1 Find the remainder when: Exer a dy3=Sx24 To Lis divided by ts 2) b 2y3-32x3¢.1~ Wis divided by (c=) fe =2y74 6x4 Su 3is divided by I+ 1) 4-739 46x°= 453+ 1 is divided by a 43) fe y4—4y248x~ Lis divided by y= 1) £ 24394 2764-34 Tis divided by v= 1D 64x74 327-1649 is divided by (y+ 3) bh 8139-81324 94 6is divided by x~2) 5 2434 7800" 6 is divided by Gx +4 J 125xt45y? 9 is divided by e+ 3), © 2When 259-342-254 ais divided by lv~ Uthe remainder is ~4, Find the value of © When -395+ x4 bv + 6 vided by 4-2 the remainders 1, Findthe valu of @ 4 Wren 21659 3252 + ex~ Bis vided by 2x— 1) the remainders |. Find the value of « Show that (x =3i8a factor of 3 ~3654243 6 Show that (2s ~ 1) factor of 289417924314 —20, @ tests ace Given 21 = 3, find A-2, DD Fe ina Binarks) Baiy= a tants sv6 Given gi-1)=2, find the remainder when aadis divided by x2, Simarisyan Ce © 9 Treexpression 24? = 4+ a+b gives a remainder of (4 when vided by = 2)and a remainder of -86 when divided by (3) Find the vl of a and the vale of by (Sms) @ ww rheesprsion 3:7+2s7-pr+yisdivsblety CET (c= I) but leavesa remainder of 10 when divided en _ by (r+ Dl. Find the value of wand the value of b, __Sohesiitancous equa ‘Sururls) (Mathematical proof Apeos alga and structured argument to show hat fberattasatenet coeur rebeye ve, COULEID. Aster has ‘mathematical rot usually tarts wth previously stablshed rmathematial ets or heorems)andthen works trough a 2erent ahosyetobe series of logical steps. The final step in a proof is a statement ——- = ‘tat hasbeen proven E2)— Es) — ES Armathematicl proof needs to show that something rue in every case. * You can prove a mathematical statement is true by deduction. This means starting from known facts or definitions, then using logical step to reach the desired conclusion. Heres an example of proof by deduction: Statement: The product of two odd numbers is odd. a hich ite ‘Ths s demonstration butts nt 2 poo Pemonst peo Youve only shown one case Proof: p and g are integers, so 2p + 1 and 29 +1-——) cick naa kd 7 L. Youcan use 20+ 1 and 29+ 110 represent any odd numbers.fyeu can (p+) x(2y41) = tpg + 2042941 show that p61) @ 1 oways an 20m +p+g+t ‘odd number then you hae proved the Satement eal cases. Since p and q are integers, 2pq + p+ qs also an integer, “stevens "ora So2{2pq +p + q)+ 11s one more than an even number. Sothe product of two odd numbers isan odd number This isthe statement of proot. * ina mathematical proof you must + State any information or assumptions you are using + Show every step of your proof clearly + Make sure that every step follows Logically from the previous step + Make sure you have covered all possible cases + Write a statement of proof atthe end of your working aioc You need tobe able to prove results involving CEEDD tresymoat Wesco 0) att oye thot we ‘expressions arematheratiallyidential 1 To prove an identity you should + Start withthe expression on one side ofthe identity EDD oorteyo'she anicenty ‘+ Manipulate that expression algebraically Te an equation Start om one side and ‘until it matches the other side ‘manipulate the expression to match the + show every step of your algebraic working. other side GEE) BED erm ncrner Prove that Ox + 242— ex) =3x! + 8x2 101x 70 Stare with thelefthand ede ard expand the a (Gu + 210° + 2x— 38) praas 894 6 = 1054 2a? y= + Be 1018 70 in proof questions youneed te show all your werking. Se v4 2fe— Sis 7) = B99 4 8 em Prove that if (xp) is factor of f(x) then f(p) = 0. 1018-70 Lefehand se = right hand side Fs = pina factor of) ten fa) = =p x 9 ‘860 8 polynomial expression. io) = n- nx al er Le tip) Gx ain one 50 lip) = 0.5 reaied———|_p_pag | ememter0 x anything =0 Prove that A(1, 1, U3, 3) and Cl, 2) are the vertios of a right-anzled triangle Ifyou need to prove ageometricl ‘eau ean somaties hap to hatch {3 dagram ae pot oF our working“The grade of ine BC = 1 3 “The grctentn ae atleren 90 the tree points are nol colle. rence ABC i tiange 2-3, 4-3 2-1 1. “he gradient of tne 4C= 2 Gradient of ABx gfdient of C= 1 (4 $0 ABs perpenciculrto BC, 3d the Vinge ls 8 ght angled trangle Clu af — EEN) ED «meron “The equation kx? + 3k + Prove that k satisfies the inequality 0 & ke 4 3s 42 fq! dae <0) (3k - 4K) <0 9k -2k <0 49-2) <0 — =A09K-8) ok Wen k on? + 3001+ Se contiring these: Och <§ asremuied+ the product oft gralentss-1 then the two ties ar perpendiclr. ‘Gradient of ne 48x gradent fine BC= 1 Remember to state what you have proved ), where kis & constant, has no real roots State which assumpon or information you a Using each stage of your pre. Usethedscriminant. «Pare Sston 2 Solve this quadratic inequality by setching the Boon of y=AGK-B) + Puen Sections “The graph shows thot when B= 8) 0, oeked Be realy careful to consider all the possible stustons You i sete eerminan if so ook at this case separately. ‘ite out allo your conclusions cently ok together wth k=0.gves0- (marks) © 14 Pros hat A 1), BU, 2)and C2, 4) are the vertices ofa isang triangle © 15 Prove hat quia 1), 82, 4), C16, $) and DG, 2s parallelogram ® 16 Prove tha quadrilateral 42, 1), BG, 2), CU are the vertices of a sostelesright-angled triangle © 17 Prow that 5,2, 3.4 and C0,‘ALGEBRAIC THODS Woo @® W A circle has equation (x= bP + =k, where k> 0, ‘The straight ine Z with equation y= axcus the cle at wo distin pons. Prove that bg (marks) 100. (Smarks) © 2 The diagram shows a square and four congruent rightangled triangles Crt Fd an expression forthe ‘are ofthe ge square in fs terms ofa and {Use the diagram to prove that + 2 Seta ntee eee enter ere EI BW Nethods of proof ‘A mathematical statement can be proved by exhaustion. For example, you can prove thatthe sum ‘of two cansecutiva square numbers between 100 and 200 s an odd number. The scuare numbers between 100 and 200 are 121, 144, 168,196. 1214144265 whichisodd 144 169: 13 which isodd 169 + 196 = 365 whichis odd ‘So the sum of two consecutive square numbers between 100 and 200s an odd number. * You can prove a mathematical statements true by exhaustion, This means breaking the statement into smaller cases and proving each case separately. “This method is better suited toa small numberof results. You cannot use one example to prove ‘statement is true as one example is only one case. Gm:) Prove that ll square numbers are either a multiple of 4 oF | more than a multiple of 4, wlio Consider he two cases od Cn YE = Ane An t= don 4) 49 and even numbers, separately Dsseminecl 42° A+ |) ge ya Rin Wane ° wenn paintgeaca Wenn For even roi 2a? = ant You an wit any even number inthe frm 2 4? a mibple of where sa postive integer Al nseger are either odd or even so a more than 3 mutipe of 4, A mathematica statement can be dproved using a counter-example, For example, to prove ‘dha the staternent ‘r+ 3 [sa multiple of 6 forall values of n’ isnot true you can use the counter- example whens! = 2,353 x2 +3 =9 and 9s nota multiple of 6 + You can prove a mathematical statement isnot true by a counter-example. A counter-example Is an example that doesnot work forthe statement. You donot need to give more than one, as ‘one is sufficient to disprove a statement. Cr Prove thatthe following statement is mot rue The sum of two consecutive prime numbers is atwayseven.” 2 and 3 are both mime 24305 $6 0 $$ ‘ou oly need ane counter amp to show that ‘the sateen alee, So the statements not te ‘Prove that forall positive values of x andy: 22 sata proof from known facts, s Never stant your proe with the ‘b Usea counterexample to show that this snot true when statement youae trying ta prove, sand y are not both postiveBoy 32 sa y2- 2520 w-ye=0 Pac Consider (x= 9 ww 20 Sa yt= 2x20 Sap 207 a2 29 ‘hin step oval because xan y are both postive so ay >0, Eek-eo Tet not > 2 20 the statement is nck EEE) EE ences © 1 Prove thatwhen ns on integer and 1 < n= 6, then not divisible by 10. Cao blem-slving. Use Jotings to get some ideas fr 3 good starting point. These doit fom part of your proof, but «an gve you 3 cue as to what expression ou cn onic to begin your proot, Now you are read to start your pret You now that ny expression squared is > 0 Tiss known “oct oth s vail ay to begin your prot. ‘State ow you hve used the fac thatx andy ‘posite in your proof =O you couldnt ‘i the LHS by xy, and if xy <0, then the ‘ection ofthe inequality would be verse, “Tis wes what you wanted La pve 20 youhane ‘nished ‘Your working fr part tel you thatthe proof fas when xy <0, str one sive and ane negative value 28 EDD roucanty ncrinese erisne6, © 2 Prove that every odd integer between 2 end 26is either prime or the product of two primes, © 3 Provethatthe sum of to consestve square numbers fom 1210 isan odd number. @® 4 Prove atalleabe numbers re citer a multiple of 9 oF I more oes than a mukipl of 9 (marks) © 5 Find a counterexample to disprove each ofthe following statements: 1 If mis positive integer then nk ~ nis divisible by 4 bb ntegers always have an even numberof Factors. © 2n! = 6 + Lis positive for all values of 422 2c — 4s a multiple of 3 for all integer values of no@® 6 A seadenisrying to prove hat + )7< (04 roblem solving Iv ya at + axry + Say? 4? ‘and y and show that they do GB 7 Prove that for al real values of x (root aeel nat) Qra poste rea mumbs prow tht: QE eee ste ow asker Youse econo ats poste. 9 @® 2 a Prove hat forany postive numbers p and +02 mus 1 Show.by meansofacounierssample tht cis TST ‘a or othe hea panoqar bo way Pana ba Leh wrt cht Seeman eae ©® w teisctaimed that the folowing inequality is tre Fr all negative numbers and y cay oa “The ilowing prof is feed by a student rere ey wawaeer Bay >O which s tre becavse ¥ nd are both negetive,s0 sys poste. ‘4 Explain the error made by the student marks) By use ofa counter-example verify thatthe inequality isnot satisfied if both wand y are negative (mark) «Prove that this inequality is true if and yare both positive. marks)RrEonans Coo =) ‘Simplify these fractions as fr as possible 3xt-2y Sa Ts96 ae4ts-4 ae oeed Divide 309+ 120+ S34 20 by (s+ 4) Simplty 223548 eel Show that (x ~ 3) sa factor of 209 24"— 174-418, (marks) bb Hence express 209 24? ~ 17x 15in the form (x = 3(AN'+ B+ C), where the values A. Band Care tobe found. (marks) Find the remainder when 16x ~ 20. + 8 is divided by (2s ~ D, @ mars) 4 Show that (x~2) sa Factor of 38+ 432 = 3518 marks) bb Hence express x! + 4x°~—3e~ 18 in the form (x~ 2K p+ yP where the values p and are tobe found, (aris) Factorise completely 20? + 3x2 B48, (marks) Find the value of if (x ~2) ita factor of 13 ~ 33° + ky = 10. (4 marks) hx) =2s+ pg. Given that -3) = 0, and 8) 2 Bnd the vale of pad (6 marks) b factorise G marks) (x)= 994424 re, Given (1) =0, and b2) = 30 2 find the values of rand (marks) b factorise hs). (@maeks) als) 220 +9y8— 6x5, a Faciorise a). (6maris) » Solve gts) =0. Qari) ACe Enos 12 & Show that (x—2)isa factor of ie)? #25) @marks) 'b Hence, oF otherwise find the exact solutions f the equation fx) =. (4marks) 13 Given that ~1 isa soot of the aquaion 2x°~ $32 — 4y-+3, ind the two positive roots (4marks) 14 The remainder obtained when x) ~ 517+ px + 6 is divided by (+ 2)is equal the remainder ‘obtained when the same expression i divided by lx ~ 3) ind the value of p. (4marks) IS fixy=s'- 28-198 +20 a Show that (x-+4) isa factor off). (marks) 'b Hence, or otherwise, find all the solutions tothe equation M-2e = 19x +2020. (marks) 16 uy =6x+ 7s? Sx 6 Show that fs) = @x-~2){ax* + By +0), wherea, band care constants tobe ound. (2marks) bb Hence factorise (x) completely. (Aimarks) «© Write dovin all the real roots of the equation fx) = 0. marks) 18 Use completing the square to prove that ~ Sn + 20s positive forall values of n. 19 Prove thatthe quadrilateral 4(1, 1). {3,2}, C(4, 0)and DQ, ~1) isa square. sum of two consecutive positive odd numbers es than ten gives an even + AMO SHOS4D, © % The equation s2— kx + -=0, where kis postive constant, has two equa ost Prove that (marks © 25 Prove that the sistance between opposite edas of a regular hexagon of sie kngth Sis a rational vale,Elua © 2 Prove that he dierencs ofthe squares of two consecutive even numbesis aways divisible yA Is this statement rue for od numbers? Given reason fr your aver. @ 27 Astudeatis tying to prove that 1432 <(14 39, “The student writes C4 ete axes Sotssteit are 4 Tdentiy the eror made inthe proof ama) 'b Provide a counter-example to show thatthe statement i not true. @marks) 1 The diagram shows wo squares and cele AN KYA 2 Given that xs defined asthe ércumference ofa crcleof diameter Unt prove that 2.2--———— Remember the produc ofthe gradients of to perpendicular ines ere so-Pedent The equation fis 23 = 2) 3-6 3e-3 ‘The perpendicular ne pases trough the pont 2) and nas gradent 3 sous y= = me) with m=3 and (7) = (2.3) earange the equation into the form y= me +c soy EID ase 1 Find the perpendicular bisector ofthe line epment joining each par of points 4 A(S,8)and B(T,2)—b C-4,Tyand D228) © FU3,-3)and R3,—7) ad P(-4, 7) and Q(-4, -1) © S(4, 11) and T-5, =1) f X13, 1)and M15, 11) @ 2 Teline PGisa diameter of the cic centre C, where Fund Gare (-2,5) and 29) spectively. “The lne pases through Candis perpendicular to FG. Find theequation of. (7 marks) © 3 Toetine Risa diameter ofthe cicte centre P, where Jand Kare (0,3) and (4,5) respective “Te line pases through P and is perpendicular to JK. Find the equation of Write your answer inthe form ax by +e =0, were a, band eae integers. 4 Points 4, B, Cand D have coordinates A(-4, 9), B(6, 3), CU, 8) and DI-1,9) 4 Flod the equation oft perpendicular btetor of loe egment AB. b Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of line segment CD. «Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two perpendicular bisector,HAPTER 2 © 5 Point xas coodinatest7,—D and point Yas coordinates CEU (4,9). Theperpendiulr biecor of XY has eqaion Inisoften ear o find unknown ‘y= 43-4 b, Find the value of qand the value o (ecg seer al uno inthe question. Find st. then = Find. PORE vertices 2 9) OD, 3) and RUS, 3 1 Find the perpenccuar bisector ofeach side ofthe tangle ED Tis point of reesecion Show tata hee perpendicular bisecors meet at nee ‘scaled the ereumentre ofthe point, and in the coorlates ofthat pont eo Te Pare? Secon 6S @ iustonstactce ‘A ciele isthe set of points that are equidistant from a fixed point. You can use Pythagoras theorem ‘oderive equations of ices ona coordinate grid for any point (x, »)on the ccumference ofa cice, you can use Pythagoras’ theorem to show ‘the relationship between x,y and the radi. 1 The equation of circle with centre (0,0) and radius ris 22+ y2= #2, ‘when a circle has a centre (a8) and rediusr,youcan use thefollowing general form ofthe equation of a cicle. 1 Te equation of the cil with centre) and rau is asi Gg Goer GED tic cicte ss wnsiation of the cece Se ytariby vector (2) «pre Seon 6s ax ‘Write down the equation of the circle with entre (5,7) and radius 4 ’ o ED cer segnentnas CY BY the equation ofa cle sing technology. (Substitute 46 b= 7 andr tint the equation. (9p sy - 7248 — (c= SF 4-7) 2 1s Silty hy clang 4 = 16Mn ) PLANE Cx: A cite has equation (x ~3) + (y+ 4° = 2, 1 Write down the vette and radius of the circle, Show that the circle passes through (5, -8) 3 Cente (3, ~A) dus 128 = 55 ——_— Ba 2s0r = b= aR erate 20 Substiate (5-2) (SSF +O +aye m2 + eae Substute x= Sand y= the cee nto the equation of (6,-8)satsfes te equation ofthe cicle 50 the crc ps (5-2) roots ‘The line segment AB isa diameter ofa circle, where A and Bare (4, 7) and (~8, 3) respectively, Find the equation ofthe cree. Used = OIF ace aT LS Hee ey C83) and irre, Length of AB = (f= Caen You need to workout the steps of his pele | yourst | nd the aus ofthe cle by fing the | Length ofthe ameter and diving by2. Find the centre ofthe cree by finding ne So thera is 2,70 A+ 8) 743 the comet ( a5 incor as oes “te ov the equation ofthe cic EEE hamenberi cent cee Be eteorrese Impoint ofa lamete Use (21282 APY You can multiply out the brackets in the equation of» circle Find iin an alternate form: (ena +B St ~2ac bates? 2by + Bee M4 2av— by Bae ‘Compare the constant terms withthe ‘equation gvenin the hey poi: Badr eesore (fie ' The equation of a cirele can be given in the form: S424 2s Ogu tend 1 This circle nas contre (=p) and radius Fra? =€oi Ca Vf you nee to find the centre and radius of cle with an equation given in expanded form iis. usualy safest ro complete the square forthe x andy tems AD ED wees Find the centre and the radius ofthe eiele withthe equation x2+)2~ 14x + 16y= 1 (EDD ox need complete the square forthe ‘terms nx nd forthe termsin x ‘+P Secon 22 Reerange into te frm (r= a + 7B Soyo the 4 16y = Maver tie 1220 | Completing the square for tas ary tema, — fOupthe x terms and terms togethe, salsa (= 7F = 49 y+ Gy Substiting back nto (9 7-49 + (y+ OF - 64 = 74 y 48) = Ta 4 BF =25T o—<—* T “he equation ofthe ele WTR ++ OF SEF ove the number terms tothe rght han side of| +0864 a co | White the equation inthe Frm (oes GbR ar, Simei TE. cat You oud also compare the original equation wth: J St eateeagseso ee (7,8) ond (fn-T.g= and e=-12 sothe cree has centre (1-9) and roius (TF B= Iz - 85. xz) ronson 1 Write down the equation ofeach circle a Centre (3,2), radius 4 b Contre(-4,5),radius6 © Centre (5, ~6), radius 275 4 Centre 24, 7a), radius Sa ¢ Centre (~2/2,~3/), radius 1 ‘Write down the coordinates ofthe centre and the radius of each circle: 2PM =F BGS TPHO-IFHIG g(x aP += 25 A (4 dap + (reas Ma € (vB 0+ BIT 3 Ineach case, show thatthe circle pases through the given point a (= 2P += SP = 13, point 4,8) b (+ IP + 0-27 = 65, point ,-2) s+ y= 25%, point (7-24) 4 (= 20) + + 50) = 20e, point (60,32) © (= M3P + (7 V3F = 20TH} point, 5, V3) ® 4 The point (4, -2) lies on the ice centre (8,1) [TED ist the ais ofthe circle Find the equation of the circle. El@: @s @1 @s @» Crone Eine Domed ‘The line PQ is the diameter of the circle, where P and Q Find the equation af the cite (marks) ‘The point, 3) lis on the circle (x= 398+ (7+ 4)" = °, Find the vale ofr marks) “The points 2,2), 2 + V3, S)and R(2 -V, 5 lion the circle (x ~2)°+ (y= 4)" =F 44 Find the value of 7 marks) bb Show that APOR is equilateral (@marks) 18 Show that x? + y2—4x~ 11 =O.an be writen inthe form (x= a+ ‘where a and rare numbers to be found. marks) bb Hence write down the centre and radius ofthe ctce with equation x24 y= 4v—11=0 marks) Cant Start by iting (#4) Inte form (r= -, 1 Show that x2 + 32— 10-4 4y/~ 200 can be writen in the Form (s'= «p+ (y= BP =P ‘where , band rare numbers to be found. mars) 'b Hence write down the centre and radius ofthe circle with equation BHP Os ndy 2 marks) 10 Find the centre and radius of the circle with each of the following equations. oe G]BD starcty wing ne ecustion battle De=4rn9 inone ofthe fong forms: ~ 6y= 22-40 G-aP+y-bPer Cys Sea vedere Mayle cpcezey 2e-3p-3 2942)? 6x4 5y 1 Acitcle Chas equation + 2+ 12+ 2y-=, where kis constant. ISTE 4 Find the coordinates ofthe centre of C. marks) b Acdece mart have a State the range of possible values of k marks) postive resus @® 22 Mrepoiar 7, ~14 tes on the cic with equation x + y+ 6-14 483 @® 13 Tre circle with equation (s~ 4)2+y ‘The point Q also lies on the circle such that PQ is a diameter. Find the coordinates of point Q. (marks) 41 passes through the point (3,4). Find the two possible values off 6 jks) 4 Acie wih equation (x ~ K+ (= 2 = 5 pases trough the point =. Find the possible values of and the equation of ech cle 2 By completing the savare for ¥ and show thatthe equation x +84 2fe + ey 4 e=0 escibes a cle with centre (fa) and radius ge.ns Gnu (€©®) intersections of straight lines and circles ‘You an se algebra to fin the coowtinatesoF intersection erapontot ry» ppeinol ofa sight tine and a circle wrctacten SE ' Astraight line can intersect a circle once, by just touching the crcl, or twice. Notall straight lines will intersect a given circle xx) ines Find the coordinates of thepoins whee the tine CED) Sore nersections of site Fant Smesinche ee eape De, meundcran an can wey=area Scheer stare 2st jes greg ———)_patesbtm manent nie ie etafaes a saat areoea |. sn escent atin ears Te engin inc an Sclutons, so te ne intersects the cele at two stint pons. Sors-Sandxe2~ yerd45 Now ind the ycoornates so substitute the 245 ‘ales of ni the equation ofthe line. eee The ne meats the cele at (5, 0) and (2,7 ED en ‘Show that the line y =~ Toes not meet the ctele(x'+ 2)? + 2 = 33, "L pemerber tate the answers cordate Seamed Tro solve the equation simultaneously so (+28 4-78 = 33 substitute =~ Tm the equation othe re MAE 4A se he ADEE 2x 10x + 20-0 Use the dscriminant 6 = dae to test for oot of 5641040 [ tequadratcequaton, «Pure 1Section25 Now 6 dae m 57° =4 x1 10-— 5-40 a hao Other are uo sting ont De 40e <0, 50 the ine does not meet the bt hac = Other sa repeated oct rele ED? Aue st10rs2s+ ‘Simply the expression. a8 10x! ~ 100% + 250 = 90 tox = Facto tofind the values of x, Senex and x mdi yao oWeed aa othe tangent wil intersect the cecie st | __Substute (x)= (8,2) and m= into the (2) ane (2,4) uation fra sagt ne, yaa ms 3) v4 B= -3i¢—B)— i ‘This sone posible equation forthe tangent. ye eBe¢ 22 Substitute y= 2.8) and m2 int the payne {> equation fore straght in, Pod = 32 yasSe4 21 isthe other posible equation forthe tangent. x) mp ‘The points P and @Q lie ona circle with centee C. ns shown in the diagram, ‘The point Phas coordinates (~7, -1) and the point Q has coordinates (3, -5). Ms the midpoint ofthe line segment PQ. “The line passes through the poins Mand C, 4 Find an equation for Given thatthe coordinate of Cis -8, bb show that the s-coordinate of Cis 4 € find an equation of the circle. 2 The midpoint of line segment PQ Use the midpoint formula with (9) = E2.—2 and 55) * 8-8. ‘he gractent of 3 Ine perpendicular to a gecents given a2 faction you can fd rows ‘te perpendicular gradient quicy by turing the ca ‘action upside dow and changing he sgn. yoy emte= x y3= Ses 2 subst 9)» 62,2 and = tothe 5, “equation ofa aight ine Ses yeaedeas J Simply and leave in the form, “The pergandlelar bisector of any chord pastes though the centro he cic. Substute y= 8 into the equation ofthe salt ne to find the ‘orespanding coordinate, ‘Solve the equation to find x aPye nn ‘The aus isthe length ofthe ln segment CP orca. Te had the ade ol the 2 co ea NFU (S=(APFES= PEF ——— substitute (ry 9) (4, and (xp y= 5 O49 » 55 50 the cece nasa acs of (SB, subtest andr = tthe The equation ofthe crcl equation of ace, ia yb = 56 o (ear oer GEES) BID voroime The line v+-3y'—11 =O touches the cite (+ I)t + (y+ =P at, 9) a Find the radius of the circle bb Show that the radius at (2 3) perpendicular to the in. ‘The point P(1,~2) lies on the circle centre (4 6). 1 Find the equation of the circle 'b Find the equation of the tangent tothe circle at P. “The points A and B with coordinates (-1, -9) and (7, leon the circle C with equation (= P+ 9437 =40, ‘4 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment AB. by Show that the perpendicular bisector of 4B passes through the centre ofthe cree C. “The points P and Q with coordinate (3,1) and (5, -3 ie on the circle C with equation wade eye dy 22 1 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment PQ, bb Show that the perpendicular bisector of PQ passes through the centre ofthe circle C. Te circle Chas equation x? + 18x += 29429 fa Verify the point P(-7,~6) les on C. marks) 'b Find an equation forthe tangent to Cat the point P, giving your answer inthe form web. (marks) « Find the coordinates of R, the point of intersection of the tangent and the y-axis (2 marks) 4 Find the area of the triangle APR. (marks)Dn oad ae © 6 Metangent ote die 447+ (7 = 24204, 10) meets the pans at Sand the eisat 7 4 Find the cordiatesof Sand 7. (mars) 0 Hence, fin the area of AST, where O's the ori. Grmaris) ©@D 7 Thecicle Chas equation (x + 57+ (7+ 37 =. “The ine is tangent to the ctl ad has gradient 2 Fin two posible equations forgiving your answers in theform y= ms+ (@marks) @® & Thetine with equation 2+ y~ =p tangent to the circle with equation wes = 3 40- PPS elie tung to thc ot must inert at cacy oe pa. You can se the dati decree les of & Wie down the coordinates ofthe centre casa eaes of the cite inceach case ‘mars 2. Find the two possible values of p. (Barks) GB 9 Theciecle Chas cente PC, ~5) and passes trough the point O65, 3). 4 Find an equation for C, marks) ‘The line (isa tangent to Cat the point Q 1b Find an equation for (marks) ‘The ine is parallel to and passes through the midpoint £ PQ. Given that I intersets Cat A and B « find the coordinate of points and B (Amarks) 4 find the length ofthe line segment 4B, leaving your answer in its simplest sud form, (marks) @ 1 Trepoints Rand Se on ace win ene Clo.) shown inthe diagram The point as coordinates, 3) andthe point S tas ordinates 10, {18 the midpoint ofthe ine sepment RS, Treline passes through Mand C 1 Find an equation for (Amarks) bb Find the value ofa mars) «¢ Find the equation of the circle marks) 4 Find the points of intersection, A and B, of the line / and the ctl marks)Pea Ta @ 01 Treciscte Cas equation s?=4x+)2=6)=7. “The ine [with equation x= 3) +17 =O intersect the circle atte points ? and 9. Find the coordinates of the point P and the point 2, (marks) 'b Find the equation of the tangent atthe point P and the pont Q. (Amari) «¢ Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the choxd PQ. Gmarks) 4 ‘Show that he two tangents and the perpendicular bisector intersect ata single point and find the coordinates ofthe point of intersection marks) 1 Thecinle Chas equation = (763 Use the pit =D owe ‘The tine with postive ereden passes though 8-2) andisa a uation foc the angst Eee = ir tes ofm Substitute his equation into the equation for the cele tangent tothe cle Find an equation of giving your answer inthe orm =m. 2 The ce with cenre Chas equation (= 24 + ()—1} ‘The tngens tothe idea pints P and O mec at he point Rw coordinates 6, -D. ‘a Showthat CPRO ea square, bb Hence id the equations ofbeth tangents. (© 0 8 show that (marks) b find an equation for €. (marks)Cae Erin Es @® ® Acie has equation 8+ 452 M4y Mw 1 Find the conte and radia ofthe cise marks) 13, 17)and A. 7) bot fe onthe csumfrence ofthe irl. sa diameteref the cine. marks «The point Ces on the negative sais andthe angle ACH = 9° Find th coordinates of C. mars) Cxx=z=—®) @ 1 Thetine segment QR isa diameter ofthe cr centre C, where Qand Rhave coordinates (11,12) and (+5, 0) espctvely The pot P has eoordinates (13,6) 2 Find the coordinates of C 0 Find the radius ofthe cre ¢ Writ down the equation ofthe eile 4 Show that Plies on the cick, © 2 Show that (00) ies inside te cle (x= 57 + ("429 = 30 @® 3 Thecirle Chas equation + 30-4984 6734-29-17 a Find the centre and radius of the circle. (4 marks) bb Find the points of intersection of the circle and the axis. Gmarks) ‘Show that the circle does not intersect the x-axis marks) 4 The centres of the circles (= 8) + (= 8) = 117 and (x'# 1+ (= 3)?= 106are Pand @ respectively. Show that Plies on (+ 1)? + Q)= 3)? = 106 b Find the ngth of PQ, © $ The points A(-1, 0), B{s, F) and C(f, ~F) are the vertices ofa triangle 1 Show thatthe telex? + )2= 1 pastes through the verte of the tiange Show that A4BCis equilateral @® 6 Acitte with equation (x~h)+ ("= 34) = 13 passes through the point, 0. 2 Find wo possible vars of & (6maris) Given that &> 0, write down the equation ofthe el. (mark) @® 7 Treline with 3x = p~9 =0 doesnot intersect the cite with equation s+ px-+ + 4y =20, Show that 42 — 10:70

0 1 Find the values of p and g bb Find the coordinates of the point where the circle meets the y-axis. ‘The point 4(-3, ~7) lies onthe circle centre (5, 1). Find the equation of the tangent to the circle at 4 ‘The line segment 4 Bsa chord ofa circle centre (2,1), where A and Bare (3, yand (~§,3) respectively. ACisa diameter of the circle. Find the area of SABC. ‘The circle Chas equation (x ~ 6) + (y= 5)? = 17. ‘The lines, andl are each a tangent to the circle and intersect at the point (0,12) Find theequations of andl, giving your answersin the form y=mx+e (Smarks) ‘The points 4 and Bie on actcle with centre C, as showin the diagram, The point 4 has coordinates (3,7) and the point B tas coordinates (5, 1). ‘Mis the midpoint ofthe line segment 4B. The line ! passes through the points M and C. «Find an equation for (marks) Given thatthe x-coordinate of Cis -2 b find an equation of the circle (4marks) © find the area ofthe iangle ABC. (marks)ince Cir anes @x “The circle C has equation (x 8474 97 = 9. ‘The baselines and fae tangents to the circle and have gradien: 4 Find the point of intersection, Pand Q, ofthe tangents and te circle (6 marks) bb Find theequations of lines hand 5 giving your answers inthe form ax-+ y+ @marks) The circle Chas equation x? + 6x-+)2~2y The lines, and fate tangents tothe cree, ‘Tey intersect at the point A, 6). a Find the equations of lines J, and b, giving your answers inthe form y=ms-+ & (marks) Find the points of intersection, P and Q, of the tangents and the circle (Amarks) «¢ Find the area of quadrilateral APRQ. (2 marks) ‘The cirele C has a centre at (6,9) and a radius of v3. ‘Thelin with equation x + »~21 =O intersects the circle at the points P end Q. 4 Find the coordinates ofthe point Pand the point 2. Samarks) 'b Find the equations of /; andi, the tangents a the points Pand Q respectively. (Amari) «¢ Find the equation ofl the perpendicular bisector of the chord PQ. (marks) 4 Show that the two tangents andthe perpendicular bisector intersect and find the coordinates of R, the point of intersection, 2 marks) ‘© Calculate the area of the kite APRO. (marks) ‘The ine y= ~38-4 12 meets the coordinate axes at A and B. 44 Find the coordinates of A and B. b Find the coordinates of the midpoit of 4B. «¢ Find the equation of the circle that passes through 4, Band 0, where Qs the origin, ‘The points A(-3, 2 BAC =" 1 Find the value of g (4m) b Find the equation of the circle (marks) (6,0) and C14) ie onthe circumference ofa cirle such that,once as @® 2B Tre points A-4, 3), $7.4) and 71, -1 ie on the srcumference of a ie 4 Show tha RTs the dame ofthe cite G4maris b Find the equation othe il. iris © 2 The points (4.0), Bt, 8) and C16, 0) fe onthe circumference of circle C Find the equation of th ile © 25 Thepoints 4-7, 7), Bt,9), CB, t)and DI-7, 1) leona crle 1 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of 1 4B HCD bb Find the equation ofthe circle, = FEI) ect wi equation x= 57+ 3¢= 20 wth cee 4 INIT irc the cle with equation (r= 109-7810 th centze Bathe pts Pond Q 2 Find the equation ofthe ne contain he pot Pand Q Inthe formas by b Find he coordinates of the pots Pand Find the are ofthe ite PQ 2 The midpoint of ne segment with enpons as: oy. andy i (EPP, 2 The perpendicular bisector ofa line segment AB isthe straight line that Is perpendicular to AB and passes through the midpoint of 4B. 1 ifthe gradient of 45m then the grant ofits wiibe aicine Grn Wa ‘The equation ofa cele with cent (0,0) and radius risx?-+ y? = ‘The equation ofthe circle with centre a,b) and radius ris (r— a+ (y~A)t= rt ‘The equation ofa cicle can be givenin the form: x+y? 2f-+ 2ay +e! This circle has centre (fa) and radlus JF +g¥=€ 0 sopalesct A stright line can intersect a circle once by just touching exepoincot apa ipescion the dle, or twice. Not all straight lines willintersect ate ecog, ven circle wo pins of Inteseton ‘Atangentto a crle is perpendicular to the radius ofthe circle atthe point of intersection. Aang. ‘The perpendicular bisector of@ chord will go through the perpendcoe centre of cice. sector + 11 2PRO-=50° then R les onthe circle with diameter PO. z + The ange na semicircle is alvays aright angle. q lo ‘Tofind Uretenve of cele gven ny nee pols: + Find the equations of the perpendicular bisectorsof tw different chord, Pepentoa + Find the coordinates of intersection ofthe stars nese. perpena:uarbsectors. ater ot xx Fab ee al LOGARITHM After completing this chapter you shouldbe able to: {© Sketch graphs ofthe form y= a! and transformat hese graphs opopsso-se ‘© Recognise the relationship between exponents and logarithms ‘© Recall and apply the laws of logarithms ‘Solve equations of the forma’ © Change the base ofa logarithm rior knowledge check by 2! dT er 2. Simplify these exp asa single power 26s b Px Or) line of best fit. giving your answers to one 0.3°> 2'>15)——— When x <0, 3°< 2° 15 1B The graph of = (2)" lo election nthe ‘yon ofthe gra ol y= 2 | werk ostane relate postions ofthe thee apts Wenever a> 1 fx) = ais ereash function inthis as, the value of a grows without int ss fereases, and tends towards 0 Ssdecreases. Gi isthesameas “Whenever 0 0 *, where ais positive real number, never crosses the s-axi. ty] coordinates of the point where each graph crosses te axis, and give the Aoc © 7 The graph of» =p pases through the prints (3,150 and (2, 0.088) 4 By drawing a sketch or others. explain why Og 1 Find the vale ofthe constants p and @ ‘Shatch the graph of» 2°-£4 5. Give the coordinates of he point where the graph crosses the ax. © Logarithms ‘The inverses of exponential functions are calle logarithms. relatorship whch is expressed using anexponent canals be witten in terms of logarithms. ae = logy =xisequivalenttoa‘=m (a1) tase ofthe logarithm, ax) ‘Waite each statement asa logarithm, b=128 © 64! In wrds you wuld ay"the agar of9 tothe ; bates ez, oaths can lke festonal or negative values EX) &D = Rewrlecachsatement sng a pow. abgssi-4 blonif)=-3 2 lags lt = 400 t= i toaa[s) ex: Without using a calculator, find the value of 4 Jog381 B lopi025 ——€ logast a log.te’) 2 ogs81 = 4 = Because 38. b ton, 025 Because =} 025. € leaps = -2~ ——— because 05-42 2284 a ogtt) = 5 ——— becatseEne en ca You can we your calculator to find ogarthms of (ESTP) ogame to the sse are ‘also have separate buttons for logarithns to the ‘base 10 usually witten asp] and lgerithms. to the base e (usually written as), which you will meetin Pure Mathematics 3), eee your alate Use your ealelator to find the following logarithms to 3 decimal places. og 40 1 1og,.75. 3.358 perp ES » 1875 — —— For part byoucanuse ether [or aa} FIED 1 Rewrite using logarithm, a 442256 bate} aan © 27. 2 Rewrite using a power. 2 logs 16=4 b tog,25=2 € lon3=4 4 og502 fog 0000 13 Without using calcu find the valu of a logs8 b logs25 © logis 19000000 4 Logi 12 1on5729 © logy 10 2 l,(025) W logas 16 1 Tota) 4 og;(3) 4 Without using caleubtor, find the value of x for which a logs 4 log,81 =2 © lop'=1 4 logs(v= 1 logy(4x-+ 1 f lop, (23) =2 'S Use your calculator toevaluate these logarithms to three decimal places, 4 og,230 fogs33 login 1020 4 tog,3 Aion Earn unns © 6» Without using a caleulatos justify why the value zs ofa 0 mite ese an Dn crnpinins Use a caleulator to find the exact value of fog, 50 to significant figures. satemens ineving powers of 2. 7 a Find the values of i tog,2 W togs3 Bi fogin17 bb Explain why log. bas the same value forall positive values of a (a). 8 a Find the values of: logs fi logs BH logy 'b Explain why log, 1 has the same value forall positive values of a (a). BD Laws of logarithms Expressions involving more than one logarithm can often be rearranged or simplifies For instance logx= mand logay’ =~ - Take two logarithms with the same base xec'ead yea" - Reynite these expressions using powers yeah e gulp these powers loguxyr=m +11 =og,3 log,’ Rewrite your result using logarithms ‘Thisresult is one of the taws of logarithms. You can use similar methods to prove two further laws. 1 The laws of logarithms: + logs +log.y =log.xy (themutptiation tow) CERRY vo nezd io iein + logex ~logay'=loBe(5) {the division tw) Seecet e ee + logatel = hogy {the power aw) * You should also learn to recognise the following special cases: tog.te)=-loax (the powerlaw when (@>0,a#1) (a>0,a01) Wt asa single fopsrit A lop6+lon7 — blogsIS—los3€ 2lot,3+8lon2 lone} osi() 2 bog x7) — Use the muttiptication law. niogyA2 b tones +3) log¢5-——____—LOGARITHIIS © 2log, 3 = 09589 = log Blog 2 = 92 (22) =log. 8 Fist poly the power aw to both parts ofthe oq. 9 + egs6 = log, 72 expression eT : ‘Than use the motipcation la, ‘eaolg) loti) ~ Use the power ow Fest | Then use the division lve ‘Writ in terms of tog, x, logy and log = a log.(xy=)——_b log,| (5) « toa, | 2 log isiy=% tog, (t) + 1,9 #094 1 og. + 3133, © wn (5) og = oat) wees Siege moms + fio): se me power tw ("= 4 tea.(5) og. = log, 12g. = log, oar 4 Solve the equation logig4 + login = 2 logod + Zioggx = 2 Use the power lan lodod + ogg? = 2-——— | Use the muitipaton fv. logge= 2 axe #108 Rewrite the logarithm ung pow, logis only defined for postive uesofx,50 x= -Bcannot bea souton of the equationSolve the equation logs(x + 11) ~logs(x~ 5)=2 logglt +H = logalt = 5) = 2 tert tit tn toul3) sites — Rewrite he logarithm using powers. x4 2906-5) wa nn9e- 45, seae x7 EAD AD oe 1 Write asa single logarithm, a log. 7 +1og:3 10.36 -logs4 © 3ogs2+1og510 2logs8 ~ 4log.3 «© logi9S + logyy6 —loe, (4) 2 Write as a single logarithm, then simplify your answer. 4 og. 40 ~ log: loge + logs9 © Bog:3 + 4log,? 4 og,25 + 10g410-310g45 € 2logie2 (logieS + ogie8) 3 Write in terms of log, log,y and lg, a = (2) a loa 4 See ftovig equine EI son egies a log;3 + logs: 1b logs 12 - logy =3 ‘onto the same side iFnecessary_ Cdopret bys € Topire aZing@x-2)+1sndueduson in @® 5 « Given that ogy (+ = 1+ 2ogs(s~ by show that 3x?= 74250. (marks) b Hence, or otherwise, solve logs(x+ 1) = 1 + 2logs(x ~ 1). (2 marks) © 6 Giventiat andar posve constants and thata > sae the simltaneous equations ev ton othe condos on aebe3 Fae gar a Sad Tope logab =? a yen: =mod bg.y pre ato, lous =o, (8)ae ns using logarithms ‘Yu can use logarithms and your calculator to solve equations ofthe form = b xx ‘Solve the following equations, giving your answers to 3 decimal places. a 3220 b si =61 a= 20 box 0g; 20 = 2727 button on your akclator, on 6 ‘You con evaluate the Fira answern one step on your ealuator Solve the equation 5*~ 125%) +200, giving your answer to 3 significant figures, An ahterativ method isto rewrt the equation Using he substitution y= 52) 12)+20-=0. ° rae alaaae TEED soing tne qucraticequaion gives Sa 10s x wlogs0 x14 yu two posible values oS Mae sue you Caleat both corresponding value of = for out Sia 2b xe logy? 9 x04) = final ane. You can solve more complicated equations by ‘taking logs ofboth sides. 1 Whenever f(x) = g(x, og, fx) = log, gtx) EN) HD vormen Find the souion to the equation 3°= 2", giving your answer to four decimal places. ane? ‘Tis step scaled taking ogs of both ses The 0g!» ng 2'*! logs on bth des must betothe same base. seg3 = (4 log Here og ued to represen lo. 033 = xlog2 + log? 0093 ~ xlog2 = log? (0g ~log2) tog? = aghtge +1705 Use the pome aw 292+ Mowe alithe terms in. to one side then factorCoe EE EIT) oxcrerern 1 Solve giving your answers to 3 significant figures. eee eur a PF -629+5=0 3-153) 44420 EE e Pier! £ 2% 4329-4=0 ‘Consider these equations as functions g F*!-263)-9=0 43) + 17) - of functions. Part a is equivalent to. abu! vith m2 © 3 Sowve eretowingequations, ghingyour ansves 03 sigofant gures where appropri ne" 200 mis) 2 baste mrs) @ 40 sth he graph of) <4 sig the cootnats ofany penta the graphs thease mms) EDD Aon coston b Solve the equation 4° ~ 10(4") + 16 =0. (4 marks) 5 sot the lowing sutons ing youransves tofu cin pss sa" bane © 769 ED iacioporsan sce, BD Changing the base of a logarithm. Tris sometimes convenient o rewrite logarithms ror sing diferent bse. Some der caeltors ‘Working in base a, suppose tht: fog.x=m logs tary base ‘Weiting thisas a power: arex “Taking logs toa diffrent base bs Using the power law: Weiting m as log,x: ‘This can be written as logix foesx Toasx Using this ral Jar that log,b = 28, but sng this ral, notice fn particular that log.b = ps bt oe 1 loebPeco noun HAPTER 3 Find, to 3 significant figures, the value of logy (One methodist use the change of base ule to ‘change to base 10 Another method it solve a 1090'89 = 1099 11098 = !o9.9 1! ———— Lt ogs to base 10 of each side logo rs ) L_ Use the power aw 45 Divide by 1068 Sc: ‘Solve the equation log, + 6log, Use charge orbs ule pel case) ality rout» ie a8 poner 1 Find, 0 3 decimal paces: a logs 120 b logs a5 © logs 19 logy 3 2 Solve, giving your answer to 3 significant figures: abet bor=99 a6 3 Solve giving your answer to 3 significant figures: 4 logy = 8 +9108,2 logy 210g,4+3=0 © bogsx + loge:Gaon Deu oun 1 Sketch a graph, labelling al intersections and asymptote. for @D recat ves yer ore © 2 4 Expresstoga( pip intermsot logan and log. g 1 Given that og (pg) = Sand log,(p'9)=9, nd the values of logap an log. © 3 Girentharp 2 oa,2 b tog, (8) ve, 16, expres in terms of p, 4 Solve these equations, giving your answers to 3 significant figures agen bP" = 1000 © 106" GB) 5 n Using the substitution u =2", show that the equation 4" ~2°*~ 15 =0.can be ‘written in the form w= 24 ~15 =0. @marks) siving your answer to 1b Hence solve the equation 4 2 dein places marks) © 6 SoWve tne equation logs + 10) ~ logs (s~ 5) (4c) @® 7 Girenthay=3x4 4 show that ogy = 1+ 2Iogs35 1 hence or otherwise, solve the equation 1 420g = log, 28s~ 9, (mary 8 Find the valuss of if 21og,x— logs (e— 2 (marks) a0 9. Find, giving your answer to 3 signiticant gues where appropriate, the value of x for which 15-10 8 loos (4 marisy @® 00 civen naro-<.x<4and logit 2log.s find the vale of (6marisy @® 1 a Find the postive vale of x such that og, 64 «2 b Sobe for logs ~6x)~ logar= 1143, (@marksyEn nd Clan @® 1 a Find she vaio y such that eye 1 Find the valves ot x such that ops 32+ gs 16 em logs marks) @® 1 4 Given mar 20646 ~9)~1og,28~= 19 0 Hence or otherwise, solve the equation 21ogis~ 5)~ logy ~ 13 show thats @ 14 4 Find the exact value of x for which logs) = ogs(5x + 4)~3. Given that loguy'+ 310, express yin terms of . Give your answer in its simplest form. (Tmmarks) Strona 1 logsn= xisequialenttoa'=n (a1) 2. Thelaws of logarithms: “Togeeiony=lpsy ——_ @hemutpeaton tw egs-lonystou(3) heen tw + log, (x4) = Klog,x. ‘(the power law) 2 You ste ao ano mognie te loving spc ee lee) =ogss he pverlan en k=) @odeay G00) 4 You can change the base ofa logarithm using the following rule log. = Bexar a‘After completing this chepter you should beable to 1 Use Pascal’ triangle to identify binomial coefficients and use them to expand simple binomial expresions papesen-e5 Use combinations and factorial notation pes s5-6r Use the binomial expansion to expand brackes + pager 67-68 Find individual coefficients in «binomial exparsion + pages 63-78 Make approximations using the binomial expansion > pages 71-1 Expand and simplify where possible: 2 x-3) bie € Rex? 2 simplify a ¢29) bow “he roma epeson abe «Gt ° B ct toarpodtncetrased gs cole powers Pure Setion 4 Itcan be used to simplify probablity models with large number of trials, such asthose | used by manufactures 2 | predict 3. Simplify a en 4 ($9) Se@® Pascat’s triangle ‘ou can use Pascal's triangle to quickly expand expressions suchas (x + 2))2 Consider the expansions of (a+) for =0,1,2,3 and wm 1 or w+ ob oo tes swe Each coeficent is the sum ofthe two ae ee eee coefficients immediately sbove re ee ee ee es very term Inthe expansion of a +8 has total index Inthe 6B term the total indexis 2+ 2= 4 Inthe 4a tem the total indexis #3 = 4 ‘The coefficients inthe expansions fr a patter that is known as Pascal triangle * Pascal’ triangle is formed by adding adjacent pais of numbers to find the numbers on the Here are the first 7 rows of Pascal's triangle: Loa a ‘het ow of aca ing gs the Se Coates inthe expansion a+ 1 OMG 4 1a NO . 5 m ow 5 4 1 The (n+ 3)th row of Pascal triangle ges the coefficients inthe expansion of (a+ 6)". ex Use Pascal’ triangle to find the expansions of: Peery b Qe=5¢ . Index = s0 look tthe 4h row of Faas 2 + 2p ‘Mange to rd the coe cents ‘he cocticonts ae 1, 3, 3,10 x Oye te? + 3st + 3x2PH + V2 Tiss the expension of a +8) wth am. and SPs Gatp + 12a? 4 2 LL. bm zy. Use brackets o make sure you dont make armistake. y=Giiucnd » eres “Tee ceofficlens ae}, 4,6 4 180 ay fs = 120" + a@WKe5? SCENES + 4S 15 L 16s! ~ 603° + Gon? = 10008 + 625 GEM?) ED resssams ‘The coelicent of sin the expansion of (2 ~ ex) is 294 Find the possible value(s) ofthe constant c The coeiicients are 13,3. = The term in? 35 ae GEES) ED w= foo EXPANSION Index = 450 look atthe St om of Pascal's ‘range LL misisthe expansion of +d with o=2x and bess 1 cart with the gabe numbers. ee eee oe {an equator involving that unknown, Index =3 so use the th ow of Pasa angle. L. From ne expansion of (a 6? the xterm 306? L where 2 and b= =x Form and solve an equationin 1 State the row of Pascal’ triangle that would give the coefficients ofeach expansion ary b Gx=7) © (2r43)" a -2y4 2 Write down the expansion of: aes oso? © ao desay e Qx-3h f (a+2y* 2 Gy-4y h Qx- 3) 3 Find the coefficient of inthe expansion of art bas! © 420! 4 (420 een Fatt aon §G-20¢ © 4 Futy expand te expresion (1+ 3391 +25) @s @« Expand (2+ )}. Henee or otherwise, powers of x Expand t+ 2x?, hen matipy each term by land by 3 te down the expansion of (2-+ x ~ x? in ascending ‘The coeficint of 1*in the expansion of (2-+ an)" S4. Find the possible values of the constant a‘GHAPTER 4 © 7 The coefficient of sin the expansion of (2 ~ x¥3+ bx? is 45, Find possible valves of the constant @ 8 Work out the coefcient of inthe expansion of (p25) Give your answer in terms ofp © 2 Aer 5 years, the eof an nvesemet of S500 a anintrest ate of % per annum sven by: ea 500(1 +35) Find an approximation for this expression inthe form 4 + BX + CX2,where 4, Band Care constants to be found. You can ignore higher powers of X. Find h cnt tein the epesn (12 ©@® factorial notation You can use combinations and factorial notation to help you expand binonial expressions. For larger Inlces, tis quicker than using Pascal rangle, Ee Using factorial notation 3 x2%1=31 Byeinvon O11 * You can use factorial notation and your calculator to find entries in Pascal's triangle quickly. + The number of ways of choosing items from a group oF antes is written as, (") C= (Mao CED eur say a= Al “nchooserfor*C, les sometimes + The th entry nthe mh row of Pascal’ triangle is write without superscripts and aivenby*1C,..=(("22) subscits a nr. Calculate: a3 bey «© the oth entry in the 10th row of Pascals triangle errr TET) EXD sehen nconson By yOu! kuator to answer this question, Bato @ You an cleulat°C by using theC,functon on your caluatoc canal CF al” TSB LL terthentyinthewh ow 1G, |__ inthe expansion of (+6 this would give the tem Ls,(9) EAD wero @> 1 Wook ou / a ve as ioatusing tr, oro 2@) » (6) eG eG (3) Use a calulator to work out a() bee) a) eG ‘Write each valu ato d from 1 Pascal’ triangle using rot *C, notation: ‘Work out the Sth number on the 12th row from Pascal’ triangle “The 11th row of Pascal’ triangles shown below. 1 0 45 1 Find the next two values inthe row. bb Hence find the coeficient of x? inthe expansion of (I + 2x) “The Lath row of Pascal’ triangles shown below. IB 8 Find the next two values inthe ow. b Hence find the coefficient of xin the expansion of (1 +33)" The probly of rowing exactly 10 heads when hi ccn is toned 20 ines gen by (22)0 cate the probaly and describe thekethood of his osuing Show that aC x © 10 Given that (58) = S04, write down the value of (1 mark) @u Tite 3s cena (3) « 23 wate don eae op amu)ed «xD 2 Workout ad ®C, TENT Workaut C3 and *C, {What do you notice about your answers to parts and b? Prove that (©) The binomial expansion ‘A binomial expression has two terms, The binomial expansion allows you to expand powers of binomial expressions. For example, in the expansion of (a+ 6) = (a+ bla +blia+ bla + B)a +8) the term boca (8) ines Thsisbecaus you nad to choose 63 times rom te rakes Yu can 0, use ths information 48 the value ofthe constant p—(Gmarks) B the coetcen of « (ima) Yoewieed ove necehaont (tote « the coefcient of 3° Gnas) mevessonter (3) @ 6 «@ Findse se ree ems in ascending powers fx, ofthe binomial expansion (5+ ps). where pis non-er conwant amass) 1 Given tha in this expansion the oft of is 29 ime the coe of workout ih aso (mais@ 7 4 Find the ist four terms in ascending powers of x, of the binomial expansion of (+43), where yisa none consant 2 maris) © Given thar in theexpansion of (+ 4th coefcient of «is 18 times the coeticient of x work out the val of (4 mts) @® & a Find sis tee terms. in acerdng poner of ofthe binomial expansion of ps) whee pis constant mms) 1 The fst toms the same expansion are 1. Tv and gw. where sa constant, Find he sl of pand the alc of (mars) @® 9 4 Wore down the st tre terms n ascending powers of. he Binomial expansion of (1 +75)"-where isa nonzet canstan mars © Given tat. in the expansion of (1+ the coficent of is (-g) and the coetiint of i find the val of pad the vale of (smarts) ©® 00 toxhe binomial expansion of (t+ «)% the cotcients of and "arp und y espectivel. Find the value of £ (4 marks) : Find the corto inthe trol ecandenot a Ozu» & (Sx @® Binomiat estimation Inengineering ard scence, its often useful to fin simple approximations for omplcstes functions. he vue of sess han then gets smaller asm ets ager Ix small youcen somesines ignore arg powers of xo approximate auction a esumatea val, EID os 1 Find the frst four tems of the binomial expansion, ascending powses of of (= ' Use your expansion to extiate the value of 0.975% giving your anser to decimal places Yea) + (2) (Say + + 201059 a)2 CHAPTER 4 no weune (128) s0975 ED viconreroiame CF BY pease A iabe bean 320028 Substhue x= Ol to te exransion ior 1-3)" rom part Caleuate the value of x (09751025 + 0026125 |__| scat #01 to your epanson = 0001875 = 07625 Using caeulater 0975" =077652962, So pproximations cotet 1 & decimal places 0975" = 07763 tod ap @xa® ED ~~ 1 Find te frst four terms ofthe binomial expansion, in ascending powers of x of (1~ 75)". » By substiuing an appropriate vale fr. ad an approximate ale fr 0.99 2 a Write down the frst four terms ofthe binomial expansion of (2-+)". b By substituting an appropriate value for x find an approximate vale for 2.1" © 3 tevisso sata rms ot and ier =a senne tan be ignored show ti eae a ar pe ae ee Gentle ene 29x- 1650 Peer nae © 64 tris so small hat terms of «and higher canbe ignored, and ane teat bee ee Filth Fst 3 terms inthe expansion of (= 104 05 compacewithas b+ extand Find the values of the constants u, band ‘ite down the values eo, band 5 a Write down the frst four terms in the expansion of (I +2098 b By substituting an appropriate value of v (which should be stated), find an approximate value of 1.024 6 fyec-s0" ‘2 Find the is our terms, in ascending powers of x, in the binomial expansion of fx) by Use your answer to part a to estimate the vale of (0.995), giving your answer to 6 decimal places «© Use your eleulator to evaluate 0.995% and calculate the percentage ear in your answer to part, (@ 7 « Find te fist 3 terms in ascending powers of ofthe binomial expansion of (3~ 2)", siving cach erm in its simple form, (arts) Explain how you would use your expansion to give an estimate forthe luc of 2981, (1 mark)THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION ur) © 8 a Find the at ees in ascending powers of x, ofthe binomial expansion of (I~ 395 Give each term in its simplest form. (Armarks), bb If xis small so that = and higher powers can be ignored, show that (eX 30821 My, marks), @® 9 A microchip company models the probaly of having no faulty cigs ona single production Pn faut) = (1 p¥,p< 0001 where pe the probably of singe chip being faulty, and being the otal number of chips produced 1 State why the models restricted to small values ofp (1 mark) Given that = 200, find an approximate expression for Pino fault) i the form a+ bp op marks) © The company wants to achiove a 92% likelihood of having no faulty chips ona production run of 200 chips: Use your answer to part b to suggest a maximum value ofp for this to be the eae. (Amarks) ==) © 1 Tre throw of Pascal triangle shown below 11s is 2 Find the ex wo aes inthe row. 3 Hence ind the coficent of in the expansion of (+25)! © 2 Ginna: (8) «A, wit down he a of mt 20 people pay game a2 choo ie ‘The prebbily hat uc pope wna przts modeled as (9) =p) whee piathe probity of ty one pron waning Calle the pred o 1 Speople wining when p=} ¥ nobody wining when 7 0.7 «13 epi ining when p= 06 Ge our anes inn gues @® 4. When (1 ~ 3) is expanded in ascending powers of, the coefficien! of is 26 a Find the valu ofp, marks) 1 Find the coeticient of 3? inthe expansion. Gmarks) «¢ Find the coefficient of «in the expansion, (1 mark) @® 5 Given shat Q-niadeaee ces fn the valves of the integers 4, Band C (marksa euuneanen © 6 # Expand (1 29! ascending powers of up ond inching the term in, simplifying each coeTcient in the expansion. (Amarks) 'b Use your expansion to find an approximation of 0.98", stating clearly the substitution which you have used for x: marks) © 7 4 Vette binomial series to expand (2 ~30)in ascending powers of up to and including the xm in =, giving each coeficent as an integer. (marks) 'b Use your series expansion, with a suitable value for x, to obtain an estimate for 1.57, siving your answer to 2 decimal places. (Bmarks) Te) 8 a Expand (3 +2s)*in ascending powers of x, giving each coefficient as an integer. (4 marks) 'b Hence, or atherwise, write down the expansion of (3 ~2x)*in ascending powers of x marks) «© Hence by chocsing a suitable value for x show that (3 + 2/2)! + (3 =2/9}*isan integer and stat its value. marks) @ 9 Tre cvetfcen onthe bnomis expansion of (1-62), where nica postive siege 67. 4 Find the valve n (omar) 1 Using the als of ound in prt a find the coin of (mars) © 10 » Usethe binomial theorem to cxpand (3+ 10s iing each coficen as anintger. (mars) ' Useyour exparson, with an appropriate vale or 0 Find the ext ale of 10034, State value of x which you have used aris) @© 11 a Expand (1 +20) in ascending powers of upto and incuting the term in simplifying each cooicient. (Amarks) By substituting a suitable value or; which must be stated, into your answer 10 part caculale an approximate vale of 1,022. marks) ‘© Use your aletator, writing down al the digits in your display, o find a more exact, value of 1.028, (1 mark). 4 Calculate, to 3significant figures the percentage eror of the approximation found inpartb. (1 marty, (amarts, @® 22 pana (x=! @® 1s inthe binomial expansion of (2 +3 where isa constant and isa postive integer the oethoent of 2 mequl tthe costioent of marks) expand (2k xin ascending powers of up to and including the term in, giving each coafficient as an exact Fraction in its simplest form. (marks)Eon @u @s On @v Caen ‘2 Expund (2+ x) asa binomial series in ascending powers of x, giving each coefficient asan integer. (4 marks) 'b By making suitable substitutions for xin your answer to par: a, show that 2+ 3 - (2 ¥3)can be simplified to the form A, statrg the value of the imtegerk (marks) “The cosicient of +n the binomisl expansion of (2 + Ax), where kis. positive constant, is 2800, ‘4 Use algebra to aleulte the value of marks) 'b Use your value of & to find the coeficient of sin the expansion. (marks) 4 Given that Ate Q—m ade Bes cH, find the value of the constants 4, B and C. (4 marks) Using the substitution = 3? and your answers to part a, sole 24942-3849, marks) In the binomial expansion of(2-+ nx), where pis a constant, the coefficient of sis 135 Calculate: 1 the vale ofp, marks) b the value ofthe coefficient of xin the expansion. (marks) Find the constant term in the expansion of 1 Find the fist Uree terms, in ascending powers of x ofthe binomial expansion of (+ px) where pis a constant @marks) The fist 3 terms are 128, 2240x and gx, where gis a constant 1b Find the value of pand the value of (4 marks) 1 Weite down the fst three terms, in ascending powers of x, of the binomial expansion of (1~ px)", where pis @ non-zero constant marks) Given that, inthe expansion of (1 ~ px the coefficient of sis g and the coefsient (of xis 6g, find the value of pand the value of ¢ (4 marks) 1 Find the first 3 terms, in ascending powers of x ofthe binomial expansion of 243) 'b Explain how you would use your expansion to give an estimate for the value of 2.05", (1 mack) siving each term in its simplest form. 4 marks) (4+ ky), whore k isa constant. Given thatthe coeficient of» inthe binomial expansion of g(x is 20, find the vale of (mans)lua FETED 3 te = 2-10 0° vere pia consta ‘Theres no term in he expansion of fs ‘Show that p 2 Find the cooPicint of Inthe expansion of + 2082S 1 Pascal rangle isformed by adding adjacent pars of numbers to find the numbers on the ext row 2. The (n+ 3)th row of Pascal’ tangle gives the coeficients inthe expansion of (a+ 8” 3 nlemx (na xnxx 32x 1. 4 You can use factoral notation and your calculator to find entries n Pascal's tiange quick + The numberof vas of choosing tems from a group ofn tems i mca (roe (eA weiner 25°C, 0 (9): °C, = (1) = + The tn entry in-he th rowfPacas anges gen by"=1C, = (722 5 The binomial expansion I: arbyrnats ("ar-tbs (“lar tect (ar tM EN where (") =*C, am 6 Inthe expansion of (a +6)" the general term s gen by (")a"~'8. 7 Hf xan Uefa fw ers Une Linol expansion can be wsed Lo Find en approximate value fora complicated expresion.Review exercise © 1 Thecircle Chas centre (~3, 8) and passes {© Hence find the equation ofthe ‘through the point (0, 9). Find an equation circle o fer C. 4 Pure 2 Section 23 ‘+ Pure2 Section2.2 7 jieiemieee sve ®? a sowomsts;'- 67-1000 OQ Birt ae hited can be writen inthe form ‘where a, band care constants, Work out (=a? +0'~ bP =P where band the values of a band O ate numbers tobe found 2) ‘Pure secon 1 Hence write dwn he centre and shat Qu _yiva factor o fadusoftheciclewihequaion © ®_* Show hat Qs —1)isafactor of 2-79 17x +10, ® +10 ay Gre = 10=0, ® be Factorise 24° = 73° comets. a @ 3 Theline 3x4 y= 4 nterets the ile «Hence or other, ttc the graph (22) 8 = 9 =Sat the points A of pe 2x'= 7x2 T+ 10 baling nd. any intersections withthe coordinate Find the coordinates of 4 and 2. (4) tester. 2) 0 Deternne the length ofthe chord ‘= vre2 Scion 3.3 48 @ fia) = 3x3 +2 Bese Pore seston ‘Given that (3) = 0, @® 4 Treline with equation y= 36~2 Goss 2 find the valu of, @ no intersect the irl wth centre (00) See ia and radius. Find the range of posible values of ® rumasecion2s @ W a(e)2 9913x412 2 Use the factor theorem toshow that $5 Thecirle Chas centre, 5) and pases Pura Seti through the point PC, -3). Find: a earn ey 1 anequation forthecirleC & Factors p(s) completely o by an equation forthe tangent to the Perea sect circle at . ©) GB Mi When s+ 032+ b+ Bis divided by Parez Section 2.6 (6 ~3)the remainder 2and when itis divided by «+ 1 the remainder is 2 @ 6 Trepuinss 42,0, 86.5) and 8. fe Sees arESeraSeaeeT ona circle a a Show that 24BC= 90% ® 'b Hence find the remainder when this }b Deduce a geometrical property of the ‘expression is divided by (v=2, 2) line segment AC. w ‘= ure? Secon 16@n @ w Age 2 4astober6 ‘When fis divided by br 1 ther is no remainder, and when fx i divided by (c+ 1) the remainder is 10 1 Find the value of @ and the valac of. solve the equation fae xte 5.0 ¢axb, where a and bare constants, ‘Theremainder when fis divided by {~2lis equal to the remainder when fi) is divided by t+ 0 Find the value of o Given that (+ Pie factor of fis, find the value of b. eo 4 is aimed that the following inequality is true forall real numbers ‘and b. Use a counter-example to show thatthe claim is fale: eb (04 @ b Specify conditions onaand dita = GB) 20 ‘make this inequality true. Prove your resale, o + Pure2 Sections @u 4, Use poo by exhaustion prove tat foal pre numbers p23 p22, Prison geatethana multiple @® 2 ores ® 1 Finda comer tampl tha proves thesatnen Al umber wich are ‘one greater than a multiple of 24are the @) 23 ‘Sao primenumten a Show that 2+ y? ~10x~ 89-432 ‘ean be written in the form (c= a? 4(~6)*=13, where a band ‘rare numbers tobe found. @ ° Paes 1 Circle Chas equation x2 +y7- I~ 8y+32 =Oand circle D hhas equation x? + »?= 9, Calculate the distance between the centre of circle C and the centre of circle D. o «Using your answer to part b or otherwise, prove that circles Cand D do not touch. @ “+ Pure 2 Sections 25,24 4 Find, o 3 significant figures, the value of sfor which 5*=0.75, @ bb Solve the equation logsx ~1og33x= 1 ® a Sole 37! = 10, giving your answer to 3 signifiane Figures, 8 bb Solve logs + ogs(9 ~ 23 @ ore Sections 31,3334 1 Express log,12~Hog,9 + Slog) as single logan tobasep. 3) bb Find the value of vin ogax'=—18. @) ‘+ Pure Sections 3.3.34 Solve the equation log, 64+ 3logys*~ log. =, o Solve the equation logs x + 6log,2= 7.(6) Sorte equation og «og (!2) +2 Give youranswerin the formas. (8) 1 Expand (1 20)" in ascending powers of up to and including the bb Use your answer to part ato evaluat (0.98) correct to3 decimal places o o ‘Pure secon 4