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1- Hkk"kk&fopkj (Philology) ------------------------------------------------- 05&14
2- o.kZ&fopkj (Orthography) ---------------------------------------------- 15&27
3- laf/ (Joining) --------------------------------------------------------------- 28&37
4- 'kCn&fopkj (Morphology) ---------------------------------------------- 38&46
5- 'kCn&HkaMkj (Vocabulary) ----------------------------------------------- 47&68
6- fofo/ (Miscellaneous) -------------------------------------------------- 69&71

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7- milxZ] izR;; rFkk lekl (Prefix, Suffix and Compound) 72&94
8- laKk (Noun)----------------------------------------------------------------- 95&104

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9- fyax] opu ,oa dkjd (Gender, Number and Case) ----- 105&133

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10- loZuke (Pronoun) ------------------------------------------------------ 134&144

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11- fo'ks"k.k (Adjective) --------------------------------------------------- 148&159

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13- dky (Tense) ------------------------------------------------------------ 170&180
14- vfodkjh 'kCn (Indeclinable Words) --------------------------- 181&198 a)
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16- v'kqn~/ okD;ksa dk la'kks/u (Correction of
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27- fp=k&o.kZu (Picture Description) --------------------------------- 287&290

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 vkvks feydj [ksysa (Let's play together)

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us i=k i<+dj tkudkjh izkIr dhA ;g Hkk"kk dk fyf[kr :i
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• Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk ¯gnh dks dgk tkrk gSA ;g ns'k osQ yxHkx 70&75 izfr'kr yksxksa n~okjk
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iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSA

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ekud Hkk"kkµfon~okuksa o f'k{kkfonksa n~okjk Hkk"kk esa ,d:irk ykus osQ fy, Hkk"kk osQ ftl :i
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x;h µ xbZ (ekud :i) B.M µ BaM (ekud :i)
vUr µ var (ekud :i) 'kq¼ µ 'kqn~/ (ekud :i)
HkQ µ > (ekud :i) }a} µ n~oan~o

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 ¯gnh osQ ekud o.kZ vkSj orZuh
osaQnzh; ¯gnh funs'kky; osQ vuqlkj
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• oqQN 'kCn nksuksa :iksa esa ekud gSa_ tSlsµlnhZµljnh] xnZuµxjnu vkfnA
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osQ dkedkt osQ fy, vfuok;Z ?kksf"kr dj nh xbZA

Sa

• 10 tuojh dks izfro"kZ ^fo'o ¯gnh fnol* euk;k tkrk gSA

• 14 flraCkj dks izfro"kZ ^¯gnh fnol* euk;k tkrk gSA
ew

• ¯gnh fo'o dh ,dek=k oSKkfud Hkk"kk gS] tks cksyus vkSj fy[kus esa leku gSA
N

• fganh Hkkjr osQ lkFk -iQh”kh ns'k dh jktHkk"kk Hkh gSA

©

• laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa ¯gnh dk iz;ksx jktHkk"kk] jk"VªHkk"kk rFkk laioZQ Hkk"kk osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
• bruh fo'ks"krk,¡ 'kk;n gh fdlh vU; Hkk"kk esa fn[kkbZ nas] vr% gesa ¯gnh dk iz;ksx djrs
le; xkSjo dk vuqHko djuk pkfg,A

9
fyfi
izkphu dky esa tc ekuo us ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djuk vkjaHk
dj fn;k] rc mls vius fopkj nwj cls lacaf/;ksa vFkok vU; yksxksa
rd igq¡pkus dh vko';drk dk vuqHko gqvkA ,sls esa mlus eq[k
ls fudyh gqbZ èofu;ksa osQ fy, oqQN fpg~u vafdr djus vkjaHk dj
fn,A ;gh fpg~u fyfi dgyk,A bl izdkj]

d
eq[k ls fudyh èofu;ksa dks fy[kus dh fof/ ;k fpg~u dks fyfi dgrs gSaA

ite
m
Li
izR;sd Hkk"kk dh viuh fyfi gksrh gSA ,d ls vf/d Hkk"kkvksa dh ,d fyfi gks ldrh gS_

te
tSlsµ

a
Hkk"kk fyfi Hkk"kk fyfi

iv
Pr
laLo`Qr nsoukxjh iatkch xq#eq[kh

a)
¯gnh nsoukxjh ckaxyk di ckaxyk
xqtjkrh nsoukxjh vaxzs”kh jkseu
(In

usikyh nsoukxjh teZu jkseu

se

ejkBh nsoukxjh izsaQp jkseu

ou

mnwZ i- Qkjlh tkikuh ghjkxkuk] dkrkdkuk] dkath

iH

• v{kjksa dh [kkst yxHkx Ng g”kkj lky igys gqbZA

at

• v{kjksa o fyfi dh [kkst gksus osQ dkj.k gh euq"; vius fopkjksa dks vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy,
sw

lqjf{kr j[krk vk;k gSA

ra

lkfgR;
Sa

lfn;ksa ls fon~okuksa o f'k{kkfonksa osQ fopkjksa o jpukvksa

ew

dks fyf[kr :i esa l¡tksdj j[kk tkrk jgk gS] ftuosQ lkfgR;
N

vè;;u ls Kku o tkudkjh esa o`n~f/ gksrh gSA ;s jpuk,¡ osQ Hksn
©

vuqHko o ¯pru ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSaA

bl izdkj] xn~; in~;
Kku osQ lafpr dks"k dks lkfgR; dgk tkrk gSA lkfgR; lkfgR;

10
1- xn~; lkfgR;µtc fopkj lk/kj.k :i esa (cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa) fy[ks tkrs gSa] rc os
xn~; lkfgR; dh dksfV esa vkrs gSa_ tSlsµ
eSa ?keaM esa Hkjk gqvk ,d fnu viuh Nr dh eqaMsj ij [kM+k FkkA vpkud nwj ls ,d frudk mM+rk
gqvk vk;k vkSj esjh vk¡[k esa fxj x;kA
xn~; lkfgR; osQ mnkgj.k gSaµdgkuh] ys[k] thouh] laLej.k] i=k] miU;kl] ukVd vkfnA
eqa'kh izsepan dh dgkfu;k¡ o miU;kl cgqr izfln~/ gSaA vU; xn~; ys[kdµeksgu jkosQ'k
(vk/ss v/wjs)] jkaxs; jk?ko] fo".kq izHkkdj] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ vkfn gSaA

d
ite
2- in~; lkfgR;µtc vius fopkjksa dks dkO;&'kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] rc og in~; lkfgR;

m
dgykrk gSA in~; dks xk;k tk ldrk gS_ tSlsµ

Li
fueZy rsjk uhj ve`r osQ le mRre gS]

te
'khry ean lqxa/ iou gj ysrk Je gS]

a
iv
"kV~Írqvksa dk fofo/ n`';;qr vn~Hkqr Øe gS]

Pr
gfj;kyh dk I+kQ'kZ ugha e[key ls de gSA

a)
bl fo/k osQ mnkgj.k gSaµxhr] dfork] x”ky] in] nksgk] Na n] dfoRRk] pkSikbZ vkfnA
di
^lkosQr* (eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr) rFkk ^fiz; izokl* (v;ksè;k ¯lg mikè;k; ^gfjvkS/*) in~; lkfgR;
(In

dh mRo`Q"V jpuk,¡ gSaA vU; jpukdkj ,oa jpukvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.kµ
se

dchj@jghe osQ nksgs] ehjk osQ in] lwjnkl osQ in] t;'kadj izlkn dh ^dkek;uh*] jke/kjh ¯lg
ou

fnudj dk ^oqQ#{ks=k*] vehj [kqljks dh igsfy;k¡] lqfe=kkuanu iar] lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgku dh dfork,¡
iH

(>k¡lh dh jkuh] dks;y] dnac dk isM+) vkfn A

rsjs dks esjs dks
at

O;kdj.k esjs ls D;k rsjs ls fdrkc

sw

pkfg,\ pkfg,A
fn, x, fp=k esa cPPkk ^esjs dks*] ^rsjs ls* rFkk ^oqQN
ra

pfg,* dg jgk gSA ;s lquus esa vViVs yx jgs gaS] D;ksafd

Sa

;gk¡ Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx 'kqn~/ :i esa ugha gks jgk gSA fdl
ew

'kCn dk iz;ksx dc] dgk¡ vkSj oSQls djuk gS] bldk Kku
O;kdj.k djkrk gSA O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls bu okD;ksa dk
N

'kqn~/ :i gSµ
©

• rqEgsa eq>ls D;k pkfg,\ • eq>s rqels fdrkc pkfg,A

bl izdkjµ
O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS] tks Hkk"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i ls cksyuk] i<+uk o fy[kuk fl[kkrk gSA

11
 • O;kdj.k Hkk"kk osQ fu;e crkrk gSA
• O;kdj.k osQ Kku osQ fcuk fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i o iz;ksx dks ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA
• O;kdj.k osQ pkj vax gksrs gSaµ

O;kdj.k
osQ vax

d
o.kZ&fopkj 'kCn&fopkj in&fopkj okD;&fopkj

ite
m
Li
vkvks nksgjk,¡

ate
iv
 Hkk"kk eu osQ Hkkoksa o fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku dk lk/u gSA

Pr
 ekr`Hkk"kk og Hkk"kk gS] ftls ckyd ifjokj ls lh[krk gSA

a)
 ns'k osQ dk;kZy;ksa o jktdkt dh Hkk"kk dks jktHkk"kk dgk tkrk gSA
di
 fon~okuksa n~okjk Hkk"kk dk Loho`Qr :i ekud Hkk"kk dgykrk gSA
(In

 cksyh Hkk"kk dk {ks=kh; :i gSA

 lkfgR; Kku dk la fpr&dks"k gSA lkfgR; osQ nks :i gSaµxn~; rFkk in~;A
se

 O;kdj.k Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkus okyk 'kkL=k gSA

ou
iH

vkvks djsa
at
sw
ra

T+kjk crkb, rks

Sa

● ekSf[kd Hkk"kk osQ nks mnkgj.k nhft,A

ew

● iatkch vkSj laLÑr Hkk"kk dh fyfi;ksa osQ uke crkb,A

● fganh Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk dc cuh\
N
©

vkb,] vc fy[ks a
1- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lgh osQ lkeus () rFkk xyr osQ lkeus ()) dk fpg~u yxkb, µ
(d) Hkk"kk dk ekSf[kd :i LFkk;h gSA
([k) xqtjkrh] ejkBh vkSj usikyh Hkk"kk dh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA

12
 (x) lafo/ku esa bDdhl Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA
(?k) O;kdj.k osQ nks vax gksrs gSaA
(Ä) cksyh Hkk"kk dk foLr`r :i gSA
2- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dks mfpr 'kCnksa n~okjk Hkfj,µ
(d) ¯gnh dk fo'o esa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ LFkku gSA
([k) Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkus okyk 'kkL=k -------------------------------------- dgykrk gSA

d
ite
(x) lkfgR; osQ nks :iµ ------------------------------------- rFkk ------------------------------------- gSaA

m
(?k) xn~; lkfgR; osQ nks mnkgj.k ------------------------------------- rFkk ------------------------------------- gSaA

Li
te
3- fuEufyf[kr Hkk"kkvksa dh fyfi;ksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ

a
µ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

iv
(d) teZu ([k) ckaxyk µ

Pr
(x) usikyh µ ------------------------------ (?k) iatkch µ ------------------------------

(Ä) laLo`Qr µ ------------------------------

a)
(p) izsaQp di µ ------------------------------
(In
4- fyf[kr rFkk ekSf[kd Hkk"kk osQ pkj&pkj mnkgj.k fyf[k,µ
fyf[krµ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
se

ekSf[kdµ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ou
iH

5- fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk osQ dkSu&ls :i dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSµ
(d) lekpkj okfpdk n~okjk lekpkj okpu ----------------------------------------------------------------
at

----------------------------------------------------------------
sw

([k) iqLrdky; esa cSBdj iqLrd i<+uk

----------------------------------------------------------------
ra

(x) oaQI;wVj ij baVjusV n~okjk tkudkjh izkIr djuk

Sa

(?k) VsyhI+kQksu ij ckrphr ----------------------------------------------------------------

(Ä) eap ij dfork&ikB djuk ----------------------------------------------------------------

ew
N

6- fuEufyf[kr jpukvksa osQ jpukdkj o Hkk"kk osQ uke irk dhft, rFkk fyf[k,µ
©

jpuk jpukdkj Hkk"kk

(d) vk¡lw --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

([k) ekuljksoj Hkkxµ1 --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

(x) fou;if=kdk --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

13
 (?k) moZ'kh --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

(Ä) lk[kh (nksgs) --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

(p) dnac dk isM+ --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

T+kjk lksfp, rks

d
● uhps oqQN fp=k fn, x, gSa] muls D;k laosQr O;Dr gksrs gaS\ crkb,A

ite
m
#fd,

Li
te
a
iv
● lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dks Hkk"kk u ekuus osQ D;k dkj.k gks ldrs gSa\

Pr
a)
di
djds nsf[k,
(In

● f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk vuqØekad ,d ls lkr rd osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks fiNys ,d lIrkg osQ fganh Hkk"kk osQ lkr
se

vyx&vyx lekpkj&i=k ykus osQ fy, dgsaA blh izdkj dk Øe vkxs cuk, j[ksaA rRi'pkr~ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa
ou

dks funsZ'k nsa fd Øekuqlkj ,d&,d lnL; d{kk&eap ij vk, vkSj lekpkj&i=k dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk
iH

dks bl 'kSyh esa i<+dj lquk,] ekuks og fganh Hkk"kk dk lekpkj okpd gSA fon~;kFkhZ vius euilan
at

lekpkj okpd dk vfHku; Hkh dj ldrs gSaA mudh Hkk"kk esa /kjkizokfgrk] vkRefo'okl ,oa =kqfVghurk
sw

gksuh pkfg,A var esa izR;sd lnL; fn, x, LFkku ij lekpkj&i=k dk uke] fnukad o i<+h xbZ eq[;
?kVuk dk 'kh"kZ&okD; fy[ksaA
ra

● fo'o esa cksyh tkus okyh fdUgha nl Hkk"kkvksa osQ uke rFkk fyfi;ksa osQ uewus baVjusV ;k iqLrdky; n~okjk
Sa

,df=kr dhft,A
ew
N

eS a cuw¡xk@cuw¡xh---
©

● jktHkk"kk vf/dkjh Hkkjrh; osaQæ ljdkj osQ dk;kZy;ksa esa fganh vuqokn dk dk;Z djrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr
jktHkk"kk vf/dkjh fganh osQ vU; dkedkt_ tSlsµfganh fnol] fganh dh =kSekfld cSBdksa dk vk;kstu]
jktHkk"kk fujh{k.k vkfn dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA fganh Hkk"kk ij mldh e”kcwr idM+ gksrh gSA vki Hkh fganh
Hkk"kk ij viuh e”kcwr idM+ cukdj Hkfo"; esa ,d vPNs jktHkk"kk vf/dkjh cu ldrs gSaA

14
 o.kZ&fopkj
Orthography 2

d
tqfM+, vkSj lef>,

ite
m
Li
cPpks! fiNys ikB esa geus Hkk"kk osQ fo"k; esa tkukA cksyrs le; gekjs eq[k ls èofu;k¡ fudyrh

te
gSaA cksydj nsf[k,A

a
iv
Pr
nhnh] vuhfe;k
ls vkidk D;k ;g tkuus osQ fy,
eryc gS\
a) rqEgsa jDr osQ ckjs
di
esa tkuuk gksxkA
(In
se
ou
iH
at
sw
ra
Sa

vc fp=kksa osQ lkFk cksys x, 'kCnksa ls fudyus okyh èofu;ksa dks vyx&vyx djosQ nsf[k,µ
nhnh ¾ n~ $ bZ $ n~ $ bZ vkidk ¾ vk $ i~ $ v $ o~Q $ vk
ew

D;k ¾ o~Q $ ;~ $ vk jDr ¾ j~ $ v $ o~Q $ r~ $ v

N

vc vU; 'kCnksa dh èofu;ksa dks Hkh vyx&vyx djosQ nsf[k,A ;g Hkh tkfu,µ
©

• eq[k ls fudyh èofu;ksa dk fyf[kr :i o.kZ dgykrk gSA

• o.kZ Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA
• blosQ [kaM ugha fd, tk ldrsA
• fdlh Hkk"kk dks lh[kus osQ fy, lcls igys o.kks± dks lh[kuk iM+rk gSA

15
 bl izdkjµ
o.kZ Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gS] ftlosQ vkSj VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrsA

o.kZekyk
o.kZekyk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSµo.kks± dk lewgA o.kZekyk fdlh Hkk"kk esa iz;ksx vkus okyh ewy èofu;ksa
;k o.kks± dk fuf'pr Øecn~/ lewg gSA
bl izdkjµ

d
o.kks± osQ O;ofLFkr :i dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA

ite
m
Li
• izR;sd Hkk"kk dh viuh o.kZekyk gksrh gSA

te
¯gnh o.kZekyk esa nks izdkj osQ o.kZ gksrs gSaµ

a
iv
Pr
Loj o.kZ O;atu

a)
di
• Loj rFkk O;atu ossQ vfrfjDr v;ksxokg] la;qDr O;atu] vkxr èofu;k¡ rFkk M+] <+ tSls fo'ks"k o.kZ
(In

Hkh o.kZekyk osQ vax gSaA

se

1- Lojµos o.kZ ftuosQ mPPkkj.k esa fdlh vU; o.kZ dh lgk;rk dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] Loj
ou

dgykrs gSaA budk mPPkkj.k djrs le; gok eq[k ls fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ ckgj fudyrh gSA ;s
iH

Lora=k èofu;k¡ gSaA budh la[;k X;kjg gSA

at

Lojµv] vk] b] bZ] m] Å] ½] ,] ,s] vks] vkS ¾ 11

sw

v;ksxokgµva] v¡ rFkk v%
ra
Sa

Loj osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ

ew

Loj
N

ßLo Iyqr
©

nh?kZ

(i) ßLo Lojµftu Lojksa osQ mPPkkj.k esa osQoy ,d ek=kk dk le; yxrk gS] os ßLo Loj dgykrs
gSaA ;s pkj gSaµv] b] m] ½A
• ^½* dh ek=kk ( ` ) osQ :i esa yxkbZ tkrh gS rFkk mPPkkj.k ^fj* dh rjg gksrk gSA

16
(ii) nh?kZ Lojµos Loj ftuosQ mPPkkj.k esa ßLo Loj ls nqxquk le; yxrk gS] os nh?kZ Loj dgykrs
gSaA ;s lkr gSaµvk] bZ] Å] ,] ,s] vks] vkSA
(iii) Iyqr Lojµbl Loj osQ mPPkkj.k esa nh?kZ Loj ls Hkh vf/d le; ;kuh rhu ek=kkvksa dk le;
yxrk gSA ;g osQoy ,d gSA bldk fpg~u ^¿* gSA bldk iz;ksx izk;% iqdkjrs le; fd;k tkrk
gS_ tSlsµlquks¿¿] jk¿¿e] vks¿¿e~A
• va rFkk v% v;ksxokg dgykrs gSaA o.kZekyk esa budk LFkku Lojksa osQ ckn vkSj O;atuksa ls
igys gksrk gSA va dks vuqLokj rFkk v% dks folxZ dgk tkrk gSA

d
vuqLokjµbldk fpg~u f'kjksjs[kk osQ Åij ¯cnq ( µa) osQ :i esa yxk;k tkrk gSA bldk mPPkkj.k

ite
djrs le; gok ukd ls ckgj fudyrh gS_ tSlsµgal] oaQ?kk] ia[k] jax] iape vkfnA

m
Li
• bldk iz;ksx iapek{kj osQ LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gSA ^Ä*] ^×k*] ^.k*] ^u* rFkk ^e* iapek{kj gSa_

te
tSlsµdÄ~?kkµoaQ?kk] pEidµpaid vkfnA

a
vuqukfldµbldk fpg~u f'kjksjs[kk osQ Åij panz¯cnq ( µ¡ ) osQ :i esa yxk;k tkrk gSA mPPkkj.k

iv
Pr
djrs le; gok ukd vkSj eq[k ls leku ncko osQ lkFk ckgj fudyrh gS_ tSlsµx¡okuk] g¡lh] ek¡x]
Vk¡x vkfnA
a)
• tc f'kjksjs[kk osQ Åij dksbZ ek=kk u gks] rc panz¯cnq ( µ¡ ) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vU;Fkk
di
vuqLokj ( µa) dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(In

folxZµbl èofu dk fpg~u (% ) gSA bldk mPPkkj.k ^g* dh Hkk¡fr fd;k tkrk gSA folxZ dk
se

iz;ksx rRle 'kCnksa (laLo`Qr ls vk,) esa gh fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµvr%] izkr%] Lor%] varr% vkfnA
ou

vkxr èofuµ^vkW* ;kuh v/ZpanzA vaxsz”kh Hkk"kk osQ 'kCnksa dks fy[krs le; iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
iH

gS_ tSlsµMkWDVj] dkWij] VªkWyh] ckWy vkfnA

at
sw

Lojksa dh ek=kk,¡
ra
Sa

Loj v vk b bZ m Å ½ , ,s vks vkS

dksbZ ek=kk
ew

ek=kk k f h q w ` µs µS ks kS
ugha
N

'kCn dye dke fdyk dhy oqQN owQi o`Qik osQyk oSQlk dksuk dkSu
©

2- O;atuµos o.kZ ftudk mPPkkj.k djrs le; Lojksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS] O;atu dgykrs gSaA budk
mPPkkj.k djrs le; gok eq[k osQ vyx&vyx LFkkuksa dks Nwdj ckgj fudyrh gSA budk Lora=k
:i ls mPpkj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ¯gnh o.kZekyk esa budh la[;k rSarhl gSA
• buosQ vfrfjDr la;qDr O;atu rFkk ^M+* vkSj ^<+* Hkh O;atuksa esa vkrs gSaA

17
 oQoxZ µ d [k x ?k Ä
iape o.kZ
poxZ µ p N t > ×k (iapek{kj)
VoxZ µ V B M < .k M+ <+
roxZ µ r Fk n / u

d
ioxZ µ i iQ c Hk e

ite
var%LFk O;atu µ ; j y o

m
Li
Å"e O;atu µ 'k "k l g

a te
la;qDr O;atu µ {k =k K J

iv
Pr
vkxr o.kZ µ ”k I+kQ vkW

a)
di
fo'ks"k
(In

● Åij fyf[kr lHkh O;atuksa esa ^v* feyk gqvk gSA ^v&jfgr* O;atu fy[kus osQ fy, O;atu
se

osQ uhps gyar ( ~ ) yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµo~Q] [k~] x~] ?k~ vkfnA
ou

● ^M+* rFkk ^<+* èofu;ksa dk iz;ksx ¯gnh esa gh gksrk gS] laLo`Qr esa ughaA budk iz;ksx 'kCn
iH

osQ chp esa ;k var esa gksrk gS_ tSlsµlM+d] rxM+k] i<+kbZ] paMhx<+A
^j* dk iz;ksx ek=kkvksa osQ :i esa Hkh gksrk gS_ tSlsµj (ewy :i)] µZ (Loj&jfgr)] kz
at

●
sw

(Loj&lfgr)] ª (Loj&lfgr] uhps ls xksy O;atuksa osQ lkFk)_ tSlsµjeu] deZ] Øe]
jk"VªA
ra

● ^Å* rFkk ^m* dh ek=kk,¡ ^j* osQ isV esa yxkbZ tkrh gSaµ
Sa

j~ $ m ¾ # j~ $ Å ¾ :
ew

(fcuk ?kqek,) (?kqekdj)

● tc ge O;atuksa dk mPPkkj.k djrs gSa] rc ckn esa ^v* dh èofu lqukbZ nsrh gS vFkkZr
N

lHkh O;atuksa esa ^v* feyk gqvk gksrk gS] ijarq 'kCn esa O;atu osQ lkFk Loj dh ftl ek=kk
©

dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mlh dh èofu lqukbZ nsrh gSA

'k ¾ 'k~ $ Å 'kwy ¾ 'k~ $ Å $ y~ $ v
● ;fn 'kCn esa o.kks± dk mPPkkj.k 'kqn~/ u gks] rks orZuh esa Hkh v'kqn~f/;k¡ gks tkrh gSa_ tSlsµ
v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/
lqokn Lokn ewi- Qyh ew¡xI+kQyh

18
O;atu osQ Hksn
O;atu osQ Hksn
Li'kZ O;atu (25) var%LFk O;atu (4) Å"e O;atu (4)

(i) Li'kZ O;atuµ^Li'kZ* ;kuh NwukA ftu O;atuksa

d [k x ?k Ä
osQ mPPkkj.k osQ le; 'okl&ok;q ftg~ok vkSj

d
eq[k osQ vyx&vyx Hkkxksa dks Li'kZ djrh gS] p N t > ×k

ite
os Li'kZ O;atu dgykrs gSaA ;s iPphl gSa A V B M < .k

m
• izR;sd iafDr osQ izFke o.kZ osQ uke osQ r Fk n / u

Li
vkèkkj ij ml oxZ osQ vU; O;atuksa dks i iQ c Hk e

te
tkuk tkrk gS_ tSlsµdoxZ] poxZ] VoxZ]

a
iv
roxZ ,oa ioxZA

Pr
(ii) var%LFk O;atuµvar ¾ eè;@chp] LFk ¾ fLFkrA bu O;atuksa dk mPPkkj.k Loj rFkk O;atu osQ

a)
eè; dk&lk gksrk gSA mPPkkj.k osQ le; ftg~ok eq[k osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Li'kZ ugha djrhA ;s pkj
di
gSaµ;] j] y] oA
(In

(iii) Å"e O;atuµÅ"e ¾ xeZA bu O;atuksa osQ mPPkkj.k osQ le; ok;q eq[k ls jxM+ [kkdj
Å"ek iSnk djrh gS ;kuh mPPkkj.k osQ le; eq[k ls xeZ gok fudyrh gSA ;s pkj gSaµ
se

'k] "k] l] gA
ou

mPPkkj.k&LFkku osQ vk/kj ij O;atuksa dk oxhZdj.k

iH

O;atuksa dk mPPkkj.k djrs le; gok eq[k osQ vyx&vyx Hkkxksa ls Vdjkrh gSA mPPkkj.k osQ vaxksa
at

osQ vk/kj ij O;atuksa dk oxhZdj.k bl izdkj gSµ

sw

1- oaQB~; (xys ls)µ v] vk]

ra

v%] d] [k] x] ?k] Ä] gA naR; ukflD;

Sa

2- rkyO; (dBksj rkyq ls)µb] (roxZ] y] l] ”k) (va ] Ä] ×k]

bZ] p] N] t] >] ×k] ;] .k] u] e)
ew

ew/ZU;
'kA (VoxZ] M+] <+] j] "k) rkyO;
N

3- ew/UZ ; (dBksj rkyq osQ vxys narkS"B~;

(poxZ] ;] 'k)
©

Hkkx lsµ ½] V] B] M] (o] I+kQ)

<] .k] M+] <+] j] "kA
4- naR; (nk¡rksa ls)µr] Fk] n] vks"B~;
/] u] y] l] ”kA (ioxZ ) oaQB~;
(doxZ] g)
5- vks"B~; (nksuksa gksaBksa ls)µm]
Å] i] iQ] c] Hk] eA

19
 6- narkS"B~; (Åijh nk¡r o fupys gksaB ls)µo] I+kQA
7- ukflD;µva] Ä] ×k] .k] u] eA
8- oaQBrkyO; (oaQB vkSj rkyq ls)µ,] ,sA
9- oaQBkS"B~; (xys rFkk gksaB ls)µvks] vkS] vkWA
la ;qDr O;a tuµtks O;a tu nks ;k nks ls vf/d O;atuksa osQ esy ls curs gaS] os la;qDr O;atu dgykrs
gSaA ;s la[;k esa pkj gSaµ
{k ¾ o~Q $ "k~ $ v ¾ {k (j{kd] Hk{kd] {kksHk] {k;)

d
=k ¾ r~ $ j~ $ v ¾ =k (if=kdk] =kk.k] loZ=k] f=kdks.k)

ite
K ¾ t~ $ ×k~ $ v ¾ K (loZK] Kkrk] foKku] foKkiu)

m
J ¾ 'k~ $ j~ $ v ¾ J (Jherh] Je] ifjJe] Jo.k)

Li
• la;qDr O;atu esa igyk O;atu Loj&jfgr rFkk nwljk O;atu Loj&lfgr gksrk gSA

te
n~foRo O;atuµtc ,d O;atu dk vius le:i O;atu ls esy gksrk gS] rc og n~foRo O;atu

a
iv
dgykrk gS_ tSlsµ

Pr
u~ $ u ¾ vUu p~ $ p ¾ lPPkkbZ

a)
e~ $ e ¾ pEEkp r~ $ r ¾ lRRkk
di
• n~foRo O;atu esa Hkh igyk O;atu Loj&jfgr rFkk nwljk O;atu Loj&lfgr gksrk gSA
(In

la;qDrk{kjµtc ,d Loj&jfgr O;atu vU; Loj&lfgr O;atu ls feyrk gS] rc og la;qDrk{kj

se

dgykrk gS_ tSlsµ

o~Q $ r ¾ Dr ¾ la;qDr l~ $ Fk ¾ LFk ¾ LFkku
ou

l~ $ o ¾ Lo ¾ Lokn n~ $ / ¾ n~/ ¾ 'kqn~/

iH
at

fo'ks"k
sw

● la;qDr O;atu esa nks O;atu feydj u;k O;atu cukrs gSa] fdarq la;qDrk{kj esa nks vyx&vyx
ra

O;atu feydj dksbZ u;k O;atu ugha cukrsA

Sa

o.kZ&foPNsn
ew

^foPNsn* dk vFkZ gSµvyx djukA 'kCn osQ o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kuk o.kZ&foPNsn
N

dgykrk gSA o.kZ&foPNsn djrs le; Lojksa dks ewy :i esa fy[kk tkrk gS rFkk O;atuksa osQ uhps
©

gyar yxkuk vko';d gksrk gSA

mnkgj.kµ
(v) jtr j~ $ v $ t~ $ v $ r~ $ v
(vk) jktk j~ $ vk $ t~ $ vk
(b) fdyk o~Q $ b $ y~ $ vk

20
 (bZ) dher o~Q $ bZ $ e~ $ v $ r~ $ v
(m) oqQekj o~Q $ m $ e~ $ vk $ j~ $ v
(Å) iwtk i~ $ Å $ t~ $ vk
(½) o`Qikyq o~Q $ ½ $ i~ $ vk $ y~ $ m
(,) csy c~ $ , $ y~ $ v
(,s) dlSyk o~Q $ v $ l~ $ ,s $ y~ $ vk
(vks) vkyksd vk $ y~ $ vks $ o~Q $ v

d
ite
(vkS) ekSu e~ $ vkS $ u~ $ v

m
(va) oaQxk: o~Q $ va $ x~ $ vk $ j~ $ Å

Li
(v%) varr% va $ r~ $ v $ r~ $ v%

te
(µZ ) ikFkZ i~ $ vk $ j~ $ Fk~ $ v

a
( z) izHkkr i~ $ j~ $ v $ Hk~ $ vk $ r~ $ v

iv
( ª)

Pr
Vªd V~ $ j~ $ v $ o~Q $ v
({k) j{kk j~ $ v $ o~Q $ "k~ $ vk
a)
di
(=k) f=kdks.k r~ $ j~ $ b $ o~Q $ vks $ .k~ $ v
(In

(K) Kku t~ $ ×k~ $ vk $ u~ $ v

(J) vkJ; vk $ 'k~ $ j~ $ v $ ;~ $ v
se

(Lr) LraHk l~ $ r~ $ va $ Hk~ $ v

ou

• mPPkkj.k osQ le; o.kZ dh èofu ftl LFkku ij vk jgh gS] foPNsn djrs le; mls mlh LFkku ij
iH

fy[ksaA
at
sw

o.kZ&la;ksx
ra

'kCn osQ foPNsn fd, x, o.kks± dks feykdj igys okyh fLFkfr esa ykuk o.kZ&la;ksx dgykrk gS_ tSlsµ
Sa

'k~ $ v $ c~ $ n~ $ v ¾ 'kCn
e~ $ vkS $ y~ $ b $ o~Q $ v ¾ ekSfyd
ew

u~ $ b $ u~ $ n~~ $ vk ¾ ¯unk
N
©

mPPkkj.k rFkk orZuh dh v'kqn~f/;k¡

eq[k ls v{kjkas dks cksyuk mPPkkj.k dgykrk gSA lHkh o.kks± osQ fy, eq[k esa mPPkkj.k&LFkku gksrs gSaA
;fn o.kks± dk mPPkkj.k 'kqn~/ u fd;k tk,] rks fy[kus esa Hkh v'kqn~f/;k¡ gks tkrh gSaA ¯gnh ,d
oSKkfud Hkk"kk gSA bls tSlk cksyk tkrk gS] oSlk gh fy[kk Hkh tkrk gSA uhps v'kqn~/ mPPkkj.k osQ
dkj.k lkekU; v'kqn~f/;ksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k fn, tk jgs gSaA

21
^v*] ^vk* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡
v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/
vgkj vkgkj v”kknh vk”kknh
lIrkfgd lkIrkfgd vo';d vko';d
vR;kf/d vR;f/d ujk”k ukjk”k
vk/hu v/hu O;ogkfjd O;kogkfjd
pfg, pkfg, vykspuk vkykspuk

d
ite
^b*] ^bZ* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡

m
Li
v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/

te
frFkh frfFk vfrFkh vfrfFk

a
fnokj nhokj ifRu iRuh

iv
Pr
fcekjh chekjh equh eqfu
Jhefr Jherh ifj{kk ijh{kk
D;ksadh D;ksafd a)
jfp;rk jpf;rk
di
(In

dfo;=kh dof;=kh mUUkrh mUUkfr

se

^m*] ^mQ* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡

ou

v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/

iH

'kq# 'kq: i'kw i'kq

at

izHkw izHkq jQeky :eky

sw

xsg¡q xsgw¡ :i;k jQi;k

ra

o/q o/w :bZ jQbZ

Sa

^½*] ^j* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡

ew

v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/

N
©

fjrq ½rq fjf"k ½f"k

oz{k o`{k izFko~Q i`Fko~Q
Ja`xkj@Jaxkj Üka `xkj izFoh i`Foh
Jxky@J`xky Ük`xky ?kz.kk ?k`.kk
xzgLFkh x`gLFkh xzfg.kh x`fg.kh

22
^,*] ^,s* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡
v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/
,Slk ,slk lSuk lsuk
,'o;Z ,s'o;Z ,ud ,sud
^vks*] ^vkS* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡
v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/

d
ite
jkS'kuh jks'kuh cksn~f/d ckSn~f/d

m
R;kSgkj R;ksgkj ikjyksfdd ikjykSfdd

Li
Hkksxksfyd HkkSxksfyd iks/k ikS/k

te
^j* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡

a
iv
v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/

Pr
vk'khZokn vk'khokZn L=kksr Ïksr
dk;ZdeZ dk;ZØe a)
lgL=k lgÏ
di
(In

vknZ'k vkn'kZ ozQik o`Qik

uehZ ujeh /je /eZ
se
ou

^vuqLokj*] ^vuqukfld* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡

iH

v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/

at

pkanuh pk¡nuh dgka dgk¡

sw

laokjuk l¡okjuk v¡xqyh vaxqyh

ra

lU;klh laU;klh lkai lk¡i

Sa

o¡Q/k oaQ/k ckalqjh ck¡lqjh

ew

nkar nk¡r egaxh eg¡xh

N

^'k*] ^"k*] ^l* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡

©

v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/

nqlk'ku nq%'kklu lq'kek lq"kek
izla'kk iz'kalk veko';k vekoL;k
iz'kkn izlkn ue'dkj ueLdkj
d'V d"V fo"ks'k.k fo'ks"k.k

23
vU; v'kqn~f/;k¡
v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/
vdk'k vkdk'k ifjPNk ijh{kk
jD'kk j{kk fjDlk fjD'kk
x;h xbZ fo/ky; fon~;ky;
xzgdk;Z x`gdk;Z lowQy LowQy

d
Nek {kek lIrk lIrkg

ite
m
tk;saxs tk,¡xs T;ksRluk T;ksRLuk

Li
nqjn'kk nqnZ'kk lsfud lSfud

a te
• i<+rs o cksyrs le; 'kqn~/ mPPkkj.k ij cy nhft, o 'kqn~/ mPPkkj.k lhf[k,] rkfd fy[krs le;

iv
orZuh dh v'kqn~f/;ksa ls cp losaQA

Pr
a)
di
vkvks nksgjk,¡
(In
se

 o.kZµmPPkfjr èofu dk fyf[kr :i] ftlosQ vkSj [kaM ugha gks ldrsA
ou

 o.kZekykµo.kks± dk O;ofLFkr lewgA

iH

 o.kks± osQ HksnµLoj rFkk O;atuA

at

 Lojµeq[k ls mPPkfjr Lora=k èofu;k¡A

sw

 Loj osQ HksnµßLo] nh?kZ rFkk IyqrA

ra

 O;atuµLojksa dh lgk;rk ls mPPkfjr èofu;k¡A O;atu osQ HksnµLi'kZ] var%LFk rFkk Å"eA
Sa

 Li'kZ O;a tu (25)µdoxZ] poxZ] VoxZ] roxZ rFkk ioxZA

ew

 va r%LFk O;a tu (4)µ;] j] y rFkk oA

N

 Å"e O;a tu (4)µ'k] "k] l rFkk gA

©

 la ;qDr O;a tuµnks fHkUUk O;atuksa osQ esy ls cus O;atuµ{k] =k] K rFkk JA
 n~foRo O;a tuµ,d gh O;a tu dk le:i O;a tu ls esyA
 la ;qDrk{kjµLoj&jfgr O;a tu dk Loj&lfgr O;a tu ls esyA
 o.kZ&foPNsnµ'kCn osQ o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kukA

24
 vkvks djsa
T+kjk crkb, rks
● M+ vkSj <+ O;atuksa dk iz;ksx 'kCn esa dgk¡ gksrk gS\
● O;atuksa dk oxhZdj.k fdlosQ vk/kj ij fd;k tkrk gS\

d
● o.kZ&la;ksx fdls dgrs gSa\

ite
m
vkb,] vc fy[ks a

Li
te
1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,µ

a
(d) ¯gnh Hkk"kk esa oqQy ------------------------------- o.kZ gSaA

iv
Pr
([k) o.kks± osQ nks izdkj ------------------------------- rFkk ------------------------------- gSaA
a)
(x) nks ek=kkvksa dk le; ------------------------------- osQ mPPkkj.k esa yxrk gSA
di
(In

(?k) O;atuksa osQ mPPkkj.k esa ------------------------------- dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSA

se

(Ä) ^M+* rFkk ^<+* èofu;ksa dk iz;ksx ------------------------------- Hkk"kk esa ugha gksrkA
ou
iH

(p) ^va* rFkk ^v%* dks ------------------------------- dgrs gSaA

at

(N) ^Dd* rFkk ^Yy* ------------------------------- osQ mnkgj.k gSaA

sw
ra

(t) {k] =k] K rFkk J ------------------------------- gSaA

Sa

2- fuEufyf[kr o.kks± dk iz;ksx djosQ pkj&pkj 'kCn fyf[k,µ

ew

(d) la;qDrk{kj µ ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------

N
©

([k) la;qDr O;atu µ ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------

(x) n~foRo O;atu µ ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------------

(?k) vuqukfld µ ------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- --------------------------

25
3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) lkSan;Z -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) vko`Qfr -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) {k=kk.kh -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) Js; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d
(Ä) Li'kZ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ite
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
(p) izikr

Li
te
4- fuEufyf[kr o.kks± dk la;ksx dj 'kCn cukb,µ

a
(d) u~ $ b $ j~ $ Hk~ $ v $ j~ $ v ¾ --------------------------------------

iv
Pr
([k) o~ $ b $ 'k~ $ j~ $ vk $ e~ $ v ¾ --------------------------------------

(x) vk¡ $ x~ $ v $ u~ $ v a) ¾ --------------------------------------

di
(In

(?k) m $ r~ $ i~ $ v $ u~ $ u~ $ v ¾ --------------------------------------
se

(Ä) o~Q $ "k~ $ , $ r~ $ j~ $ bZ $ ;~ $ v ¾ --------------------------------------

ou
iH

5- mPpkj.k&LFkku osQ vk/kj ij o.kZ fyf[k,µ

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
at

(d) oaQB~;
sw

([k) rkyO; -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ra

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sa

(x) ew/ZU;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

(?k) naR;
N

(Ä) oRL;Z -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

©

6- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ :i fyf[k,µ

(d) vèÕ;u ------------------------------------------ ([k) lIrkfgd ------------------------------------------

(x) J`a[kyk ------------------------------------------ (?k) ue'dkj ------------------------------------------

26
 (Ä) Hkksxksfyd ------------------------------------------ (p) R;kSgkj ------------------------------------------

(N) lgL=k ------------------------------------------ (t) nqlk'ku ------------------------------------------

(>) vuwoqQy ------------------------------------------ (×k) dEi;wVj ------------------------------------------

T+kjk lksfp, rks

d
ite
● igys oqQN o.kZ vyx rjg ls fy[ks tkrs Fks] mudk Lo:i cnyus dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+h gksxh\

m
Li
te
djds nsf[k,

a
iv
Pr
● ,d NksVh Mk;jh (ikWosQV Mk;jh) yhft, A izR;sd i`"B
osQ nkb± vksj Åij dksus esa 'kCndks'k osQ Øekuqlkj o.kZ
fyf[k,A izfrfnu mlosQ i`"Bksa ij viuh ikB~;iqLrd] a)
di
(In
lekpkj&i=k] if=kdkvksa vkfn ls 15&20 u, 'kCn
fyf[k, rFkk muesa ls dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ le> u
se

vkus ij 'kCndks'k] f'k{kd vkfn dh lgk;rk yhft,A

ou

blls 'kCn&HkaMkj esa o`n~f/ gksxhA

iH

● 'kCn&Kku c<+kus osQ fy, d{kk esa 'kCn&vaR;k{kjh dk

vk;kstu dhft,A
at
sw
ra

eS a cuw¡xk@cuw¡xh---
Sa
ew

● mPpkj.k dh 'kqn~/rk Hkk"kk dks izHkkoh ,oa lqxzkg~; cukrh gSA ,d lekpkj okpd osQ fy, mPpkj.k
N

dh 'kqn~/rk dk vR;f/d egRo gksrk gSA blls Jksrk rd Li"V ,oa lgh tkudkjh igq¡prh gSA ge Hkh
mPpkj.k dh 'kqn~/rk dk è;ku j[kdj bl {ks=k esa liQyrk izkIr dj ldrs gSa vkSj ,d vPNs lekpkj
©

okpd cu ldrs gSaA

27
 laf/k
Joining 3

d
tqfM+, vkSj lef>,

ite
m
Li
a te
lw;Z mn; gks jgk gSA

iv
Pr
lw;ksZn; gks jgk gSA
eq>s ,d vfr vko';d dk;Z gSA
a)
di
eq>s ,d vR;ko';d dk;Z gSA
(In
se
ou

mi;qZDr mnkgj.kksa esa lw;Z vkSj mn; 'kCnksa dks feykdj lw;ksZn; rFkk vfr vkSj vko';d 'kCnksa
iH

dks feykdj vR;ko';d 'kCn cuk;k x;k gSA

at

mi;qZDr mnkgj.kksa esa igys 'kCn osQ va fre o.kZ rFkk nwljs 'kCn osQ igys o.kZ osQ esy ls ifjorZu
sw

vk x;k gSA O;kdj.k esa ;g ifjorZu la f/ dgykrk gSA

ra
Sa

la f/ dk vFkZ gSµesyA tc nks iM++ kslh 'k=kq ns'kksa esa esy gks tkrk gS] rc dgk tkrk gS fd nksuksa
ns'kksa us la f/ dj yh gSA la f/ djrs le; nksuksa ns'k oqQN fu;e cukrs gSa vkSj oqQN fu;e ifjofrZr
ew

Hkh djrs gSa] mlh izdkj nks 'kCnksa osQ ikl&ikl osQ o.kks± esa tc esy gks tkrk gS] rc esy ls gksus
N

okyk og ifjorZu la f/ dgykrk gSA

©

bl izdkjµ

nks o.kks± osQ esy ls muosQ ewy :i esa tks ifjorZu ;k

fodkj vk tkrk gS] og laf/ dgykrk gSA

28
 • la f/ djrs le; bldk è;ku j[ksa fd nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls lkFkZd 'kCn dh jpuk gksA

la f/&foPNsn
la f/ dk vFkZ gSµfeyuk_ foPNsn dk vFkZ gSµvyx gksukA nks o.kks± osQ esy ls cus u, 'kCn
dks okil igyh okyh fLFkfr esa ykuk la f/&foPNsn dgykrk gS_ tSlsµ
paæksn; ¾ paæ $ mn; lw;kZLr ¾ lw;Z $ vLr
iqLrdky; ¾ iqLrd $ vky; ueLrs ¾ ue% $ rs

d
ite
laf/ osQ Hksn

m
Li
a te
iv
Loj O;atu folxZ

Pr
laf/ laf/ laf/
laf/
a)
di
1- Loj laf/µLoj laf/ ;kuh Lojksa dk esyA nks Lojksa osQ esy ls gksus okys ifjorZu dks Loj la f/
(In

dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ

se

js[kk $ vafdr ¾ js[kkafdr

ou

yksd $ bZ'k ¾ yksosQ'k

iH

igys mnkgj.k esa ^js[kk* osQ ^vk* rFkk ^vafdr* osQ ^v* dk esy gqvk] ftlls ^js[kkafdr*
at

'kCn cuk rFkk nwljs mnkgj.k esa ^yksd* osQ ^v* rFkk ^bZ'k* osQ ^bZ* dk esy gqvk] ftlls
sw

^yksosQ'k* cuk A
ra
Sa

Loj laf/ osQ Hksn

ew
N

Loj laf/ osQ Hksn

©

nh?kZ la f/ xq.k la f/ o`n~f/ ;.k~ la f/ v;kfn

la f/ la f/

29
(d) nh?kZ la f/µtc ßLo ;k nh?kZ Loj osQ ckn ßLo ;k nh?kZ Loj vk,¡] rks nksuksa osQ esy ls nh?kZ
Loj gks tkrk gSA bls nh?kZ la f/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ
v $ v ¾ vk le; $ vHkko ¾ le;kHkko ihr $ va cj ¾ ihrka cj
Øe $ vuqlkj ¾ Øekuqlkj lg $ vuqHkwfr ¾ lgkuqHkwfr
vk $ v ¾ vk Jn~/k $ vatfy ¾ Jn~/katfy fon~;k $ vFkhZ ¾ fon~;kFkhZ
f'k{kk $ vFkhZ ¾ f'k{kkFkhZ ;Fkk $ vFkZZ ¾ ;FkkFkZ
v $ vk ¾ vk xksy $ vkdkj ¾ xksykdkj U;k; $ vky; ¾ U;k;ky;

d
ite
'kj.k $ vkxr ¾ 'kj.kkxr nso $ vky; ¾ nsoky;

m
vk $ vk ¾ vk okrkZ $ vkyki ¾ okrkZyki n;k $ vkua n ¾ n;kuan

Li
egk $ vky; ¾ egky; egk $ vk'k; ¾ egk'k;

te
b $ b ¾ bZ jfo $ banz ¾ johanz dfo $ banz ¾ dohanz

a
iv
vfHk $ b"V ¾ vHkh"V eqfu $ banz ¾ equhanz

Pr
bZ $ b ¾ bZ jtuh $ banq ¾ jtuhanq egh $ banz ¾ eghanz
iRuh $ bPNk ¾ iRuhPNk
a) ukjh $ banq ¾ ukjhanq
di
b $ bZ ¾ bZ dfo $ bZ'oj ¾ doh'oj dfi $ bZ'k ¾ dih'k
(In

jfo $ bZ'k ¾ joh'k vofu $ bZ'k ¾ vouh'k

se

bZ $ bZ ¾ bZ unh $ bZ'k ¾ unh'k lrh $ bZ'k ¾ lrh'k

ou

ukjh $ bZ'k ¾ ukjh'k jtuh $ bZ'k ¾ jtuh'k

iH

m $ m ¾ Å Hkkuq $ mn; ¾ Hkkuwn; y?kq $ mRrj ¾ y?kwRRkj

at

xq# $ mins'k ¾ xq:ins'k y?kq $ mRre ¾ y?kwRre

sw

Å $ m ¾ Å o/w $ mRlo ¾ o/wRlo Hkw $ mRlxZ ¾ HkwRlxZ

ra

m $ Å ¾ Å ¯l/q $ ÅfeZ ¾ ¯l/wfeZ Hkkuq $ ÅtkZ ¾ HkkuwtkZ

Sa

Å $ Å ¾ Å Hkw $ ÅtkZ ¾ HkwtkZ o/w $ ÅfeZ ¾ o/wfeZ

ew

([k) xq.k la f/µv@vk dk esy b @ bZ ls gksus ij ,_ m@ Å ls gksus ij vks rFkk ½ ls gksus ij vj~
N

gks tkrk gSA bls xq.k la f/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ

©

v $ b ¾ , Lo $ bPNk ¾ LosPNk ohj $ baæ ¾ ohjsanz

v $ bZ ¾ , ije $ bZ'oj ¾ ijes'oj uj $ bZ'k ¾ ujs'k
vk $ b ¾ , ;Fkk $ b"V ¾ ;Fks"V egk $ baæ ¾ egsanz
vk $ bZ ¾ , egk $ bZ'oj ¾ egs'oj yadk $ bZ'k ¾ yaosQ'k

30
 v $ m ¾ vks fgr $ mins'k ¾ fgrksins'k ij $ midkj ¾ ijksidkj
ohj $ mfpr ¾ ohjksfpr yksd $ mfDr ¾ yksdksfDr
v $ Å ¾ vks leqæ $ ÅfeZ ¾ leqæksfeZ lw;Z $ Å"ek ¾ lw;ksZ"ek
vk $ m ¾ vks egk $ mRRkj ¾ egksRRkj egk $ mRlo ¾ egksRlo
vk $ Å ¾ vks egk $ ÅtkZ ¾ egkstkZ xaxk $ ÅfeZ ¾ xaxksfeZ
v $ ½ ¾ vj~ lIr $ ½f"k ¾ lIrf"kZ nso $ ½f"k ¾ nsof"kZ
vk $ ½ ¾ vj~ egk $ ½f"k ¾ egf"kZ jktk $ ½f"k ¾ jktf"kZ

d
ite
(x) o`n~f/ laf/µtc igys 'kCn osQ var esa v ;k vk gks rFkk nwljs 'kCn osQ vkjaHk esa ,@,s vFkok

m
vks@vkS vk,] rc nksuksa feydj ,s vkSj vkS gks tkrs gSaA bls o`n~f/ la f/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ

Li
v $ , ¾ ,s yksd $ ,"k.kk ¾ yksoSQ"k.kk ,d $ ,d ¾ ,oSQd

te
vk $ , ¾ ,s lnk $ ,o ¾ lnSo rFkk $ ,o ¾ rFkSo

a
iv
v $ ,s ¾ ,s er $ ,sD; ¾ erSD; /u $ ,s'o;Z ¾ /uS'o;Z

Pr
vk $ ,s ¾ ,s egk $ ,s'o;Z ¾ egS'o;Z fon~;k $ ,s'o;Z ¾ fon~;S'o;Z
v $ vks ¾ vkS ije $ vkst ¾ ijekSt a) ije $ vkstLoh ¾ ijekStLoh
di
vk $ vks ¾ vkS egk $ vkst ¾ egkSt ty $ vks"kf/ ¾ tykS"kf/
(In

v $ vkS ¾ vkS ou $ vkS"k/ ¾ oukS"k/ ije $ vkS"k/ ¾ ijekS"k/

se

vk $ vkS ¾ vkS egk $ vkSnk;Z ¾ egkSnk;Z egk $ vkS"k/ ¾ egkS"k/

ou

(?k) ;.k~ laf/µ;fn igys 'kCn osQ var esa b@bZ] m@Å ;k ½ gks vkSj nwljs 'kCn osQ vkjaHk esa
iH

dksbZ vU; Loj gks] rks nksuksa osQ esy ls Øe'k% ;~] o~ ;k j~ gks tkrk gSA bls ;.k~ laf/ dgrs gSa_
at

tSlsµ
sw

b@bZ $ vU; Loj ¾ ;~

ra

vfr $ vf/d ¾ vR;f/d vfr $ vko';d ¾ vR;ko';d

Sa

unh $ viZ.k ¾ un~;iZ.k vfr $ var ¾ vR;ar

unh $ vkxeu ¾ un~;kxeu vf/ $ ,rk ¾ vè;srk
ew
N

m@Å $ vU; Loj ¾ o~

©

vuq $ v; ¾ vUo; lq $ bPNk ¾ LosPNk

vuq $ br ¾ vfUor lq $ vkxr ¾ Lokxr
½ $ vU; Loj ¾ j~
ekr` $ vkuan ¾ ek=kkuan fir` $ vkKk ¾ fi=kkKk

31
(Ä) v;kfn laf/µ;fn igys 'kCn osQ var esa ,@,s vFkok vks@vkS vkSj nwljs 'kCn ossQ vkjaHk esa fHkUUk
Loj vk,] rks Øe'k% , dk v;~] ,s dk vk;~] vks dk vo~ rFkk vkS dk vko~ gks tkrk gSA bls
v;kfn laf/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµps $ vu esa , $ v ¾ v; ¾ p;uA
vU; mnkgj.kµ
, $ v ¾ v; us $ vu ¾ u;u 'ks $ vu ¾ 'k;u
,s $ v ¾ vk; uS $ vd ¾ uk;d
,s $ b ¾ vkf; xS $ bdk ¾ xkf;dk
vkss $ v ¾ vo Hkks $ vu ¾ Hkou iks $ vu ¾ iou

d
ite
gks $ vu ¾ gou

m
vks $ b ¾ vfo Hkks $ b"; ¾ Hkfo"; iks $ b=k ¾ ifo=k

Li
vkS $ v ¾ vko HkkS $ vu ¾ Hkkou ikS $ vd ¾ ikod

te
vkS $ b ¾ vkfo ukS $ bd ¾ ukfod

a
vkS $ m ¾ vkoq HkkS $ md ¾ Hkkoqd

iv
Pr
2- O;atu laf/µO;atu dk O;atu vFkok Loj ls esy gksus ij tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] og O;atu laf/
dgykrk gS_ tSlsµ
le~ $ dYi ¾ la dYi a)
txr~ $ bZ'k ¾ txnh'k
di
(In

mr~ $ ufr ¾ mUUkfr fo $ Nsn ¾ foPNsn

O;atu laf/ osQ oqQN fu;e
se

1- oxZ osQ igys o.kZ dk rhljs o.kZ esa ifjofrZr gksuk (o~Q → x~] p~ → t~] V~ → M~] r~ → n~]
ou

i~ → c~)_ tSlsµ
iH

fno~Q $ xt ¾ fnXXkt
at

fno~Q $ vacj ¾ fnxacj (o~Q dk x~ esa ifjorZu)

sw

vp~ $ var ¾ vtar (p~ dk t~ esa ifjorZu)

ra

"kV~ $ vkuu ¾ "kMkuu

Sa

"kV~ $ n'kZu ¾ "kM~n'kZu (V~ dk M~ easa ifjorZu)

txr~ $ bZ'k ¾ txnh'k
ew

mr~ $ ;ksx ¾ mn~;ksx (r~ dk n~ easa ifjorZu)

N

di~ $ va/ ¾ oQca/ (i~ dk c~ easa ifjorZu)

©

2- oxZ osQ igys o.kZ dk ik¡posa o.kZ esa ifjofrZr gksuk (o~Q → Ä~] p~ → ×k~] V~ → .k~]
r~ → u~] i~ → e~)_ tSlsµ
oko~Q $ e; ¾ okÄ~e; (o~Q dk Ä~ esa ifjorZu)
"kV~ $ ekl ¾ "k.ekl (V~ dk .k~ esa ifjorZu)
mr~ $ ufr ¾ mUUkfr (r~ dk u~ esa ifjorZu)

32
3- N dk esy v] vk] b] m ;k ½ ls gksus ij N ls igys p~ tqM+ tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
laf/ $ Nsn ¾ laf/PNsn Lo $ Nan ¾ LoPNan
fo $ Nsn ¾ foPNsn vuq $ Nsn ¾ vuqPNsn
4- ½] j~ ;k "k~ osQ ckn nwljs 'kCn esa ;fn u vk,] rks og .k cu tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
ifj $ uke ¾ ifj.kke Hkw"k $ u ¾ Hkw"k.k
(j $ u ¾ .k) ("k $ u ¾ .k)

d
ite
5- ;fn igys 'kCn osQ var esa r~ vk, vkSj nwljs 'kCn osQ vkjaHk esa p] N] t] V] M rFkk y vk,]

m
rks Rk~ Øe'k% p~] N~] t~] V~] M~ rFkk y~ esa cny tkrk gS] ijarq r~ osQ ckn ;fn 'k~ gks] rks r~µp~ esa

Li
rFkk 'k~µN esa cny tkrk gSA mlh izdkj r~ osQ ckn g gks] rks r~&n~ esa rFkk g&/ esa cny tkrk gS_

te
tSlsµ

a
iv
mr~ $ pkj.k ¾ mPPkkj.k (r~ dk p~ esa ifjorZu)

Pr
rr~ $ Nk;k ¾ rPNk;k (r~ dk p~ esa ifjorZu)
mr~ $ Toy ¾ mTToy
a)
(r~ dk t~ esa ifjorZu)
di
rr~ $ Vhdk ¾ rV~Vhdk (r~ dk V~ esa ifjorZu)
(In

mr~~ $ M;u ¾ mM~M;u (r~ dk M~ esa ifjorZu)

se

rr~~ $ yhu ¾ rYYkhu (r~ dk Yk~ esa ifjorZu)

ou

mr~ $ 'okl ¾ mPN~okl (r~µp~] 'µN esa ifjorZu)

iH

mr~ $ gj.k ¾ mn~/j.k (r~µn~] gµ/ esa ifjorZu)

at

3- folxZ laf/µfolxZ dk fdlh Loj ;k O;atu ls esy gksus ij tks fodkj (ifjorZu) mRiUu gksrk
sw

gS] og folxZ la f/ dgykrk gS_ tSlsµ

ra

folxZ dk ^vks* gks tkuk

Sa

;'k% $ xku ¾ ;'kksxku eu% $ jFk ¾ euksjFk

ew

eu% $ gj ¾ euksgj eu% $ t ¾ eukst

N

folxZ dk ^j~* gksuk

©

fu% $ Hk; ¾ fuHk;Z iqu% $ tUe ¾ iqutZUe

nq% $ xq.k ¾ nqx.qZ k vk'kh% $ okn ¾ vk'khokZn
folxZ dk ^'k~* gksuk
fu% $ py ¾ fu'py fu% $ p; ¾ fu'p;
nq% $ pfj=k ¾ nq'pfj=k nq% $ 'kklu ¾ nq''kklu

33
 folxZ dk ^l~* gksuk
fu% $ larku ¾ fuLlarku fu% $ rst ¾ fuLrst
fu% $ ladksp ¾ fuLladksp ue% $ rs ¾ ueLrs

folxZ dk ^"k~* gksuk

nq% $ dj ¾ nq"dj nq% $ deZ ¾ nq"deZ
fu% $ dke ¾ fu"dke fu% $ iki ¾ fu"iki

d
ite
folxZ dk yksi gksukµfolxZ dk ^j* ls esy gksus ij folxZ dk yksi gks tkrk gS vkSj folxZ osQ

m
igys dk Loj nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA

Li
fu% $ jksx ¾ uhjksx fu% $ jl ¾ uhjl

a te
folxZ esa ifjorZu u gksukµ;fn folxZ ls igys ^v* gks vkSj folxZ dk esy ^d* ;k ^i* ls gks] rks

iv
folxZ esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA

Pr
var% $ dj.k ¾ var%dj.k var% $ iqj ¾ var%iqj
a)
di
(In

vkvks nksgjk,¡
se
ou

 la f/µnks o.kks± osQ esy ls mRiUUk fodkjA

iH

 la f/ osQ HksnµLoj la f/] O;a tu la f/ rFkk folxZ la f/A

at

 Loj la f/ osQ Hksnµnh?kZ la f/] xq.k la f/] o`n~f/ la f/] ;.k~ la f/ rFkk v;kfn la f/A
sw
ra
Sa

vkvks djsa
ew
N
©

T+kjk crkb, rks

● laf/ fdls dgrs gSa\
● laf/ osQ fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\ uke crkb,A
● laf/ rFkk laf/&foPNsn esa D;k varj gS\

34
 vkb,] vc fy[ks a
1- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,µ
(d) ;fn igys 'kCn osQ var esa ^r~* gS rFkk nwljs 'kCn osQ vkjaHk esa ^'k* gS] rks laf/ gksus ij ^r~*
--------------------- esa rFkk ^'k* --------------------- esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA

([k) ;fn ^,@,s* osQ ckn fHkUUk Loj vk,] rks ^,* dk ------------------- rFkk ^,s* dk ------------------ gks tkrk
gSA

d
ite
(x) ;fn ^b@bZ*] ^m@Å* ;k ^½* osQ ckn fHkUUk Loj vk,] rks ^b@bZ* dk ------------------------------] ^m@Å*

m
dk --------------------- rFkk ^½* dk --------------------- gks tkrk gSA

Li
(?k) tc ßLo ;k nh?kZ Loj osQ ckn ßLo ;k nh?kZ Loj vkrk gS] rc nksuksa osQ esy ls ------------------ Loj

a te
gks tkrk gSA

iv
(Ä) ^v@vk* dk esy ^b@bZ* ls gksus ij ---------------------] ^½* ls gksus ij ---------------- rFkk ^m@Å* ls

Pr
gksus ij --------------------- gks tkrk gS] rc --------------------- laf/ gksrh gSA
a)
di
2- fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa dkSu&lh laf/ gksxhµ
(In

(d) O;atu $ O;atu ¾ --------------------- ([k) folxZ $ O;atu ¾ ---------------------

se

(x) Loj $ Loj ¾ --------------------- (?k) Loj $ O;atu ¾ ---------------------

ou

¾ ---------------------
iH

(Ä) folxZ $ Loj

at

3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa oQks Loj laf/ osQ Hksnksa osQ vuqlkj vyx&vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ
sw
ra

ohjksfpr okrkZyki egs'k iou oèkwRlo rFkSo vR;ko';d egkSt doh'oj

Sa

µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ew

(d) nh?kZ laf/

µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
N

([k) xq.k laf/

©

(x) o`n~f/ laf/ µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) ;.k~ laf/ µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Ä) v;kfn laf/ µ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

35
4- fuEufyf[kr laf/&foPNsnksa dh laf/ dhft,µ
(d) U;k; $ vky; ¾ ----------------------------- ([k) ps $ vu ¾ -----------------------------
(x) vfr $ var ¾ ----------------------------- (?k) nar $ vks"B ¾ -----------------------------
(Ä) vuq $ bfr ¾ ----------------------------- (p) lnk $ ,o ¾ -----------------------------
(N) xaxk $ mn; ¾ ----------------------------- (t) vf/ $ ,rk ¾ -----------------------------
(>) ;Fkk $ b"V ¾ ----------------------------- (×k) xq# $ mins'k ¾ -----------------------------

d
ite
5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ

m
(d) nqxqZ.k ¾ ---------------- $ ---------------- ([k) ijksidkj ¾ ---------------- $ ----------------

Li
(x) jtuh'k ¾ ---------------- $ ---------------- (?k) yksdksfDr ¾ ---------------- $ ----------------

te
(Ä) xk;d ¾ ---------------- $ ---------------- (p) erSD; ¾ ---------------- $ ----------------

a
iv
(N) vH;kxr ¾ ---------------- $ ---------------- (t) fuLrst ¾ ---------------- $ ----------------

Pr
(>) panzksn; ¾ ---------------- $ ---------------- (×k) yksosQ'k ¾ ---------------- $ ----------------
¾ ---------------- $ ---------------- a) ¾ ---------------- $ ----------------
di
(V) futZu (B) euksgj
(In

(M) ;'kksxku ¾ ---------------- $ ---------------- (<) nqnZ'kk ¾ ---------------- $ ----------------

se

6- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ laf/&foPNsn dhft, rFkk laf/ dk uke fyf[k,µ

ou

'kCn laf/&foPNsn Hksn

iH

(d) fnXxt ¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------

at

([k) Lokxr ¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------

sw

(x) Hkkoqd ¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------

ra

(?k) mM~M;u ¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------

Sa

(Ä) fu'ps"V ¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------

ew

¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------

N

(p) lkjka'k
¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------
©

(N) izrh{kk
(t) vR;kpkj ¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------
(>) ladYi ¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------
(×k) mYYkkl ¾ ------------------------------------ $ ------------------------------------ ¾ -----------------------------------

36
 T+kjk lksfp, rks
● laf/ osQ Hksnksa esa vki varj oSQls igpkusaxs\
● ;.k~ vkSj v;kfn laf/ osQ nks&nks mnkgj.k crkb,A

d
djds nsf[k,

ite
m
● laf/ dhft,µ

Li
--------------------------------

te
eqfu

a
--------------------------------
'kph

iv
Pr
--------------------------------
dfo baæ
a)
egh
di --------------------------------
--------------------------------
(In

jfo
se

--------------------------------
ou

jtuh
iH

--------------------------------
jfo
at

--------------------------------
fxfj
sw

bZ'k
unh --------------------------------
ra

--------------------------------
Sa

lrh
ew

--------------------------------
N

fon~;k
©

--------------------------------
fge
--------------------------------
okpu vky;
Hkkstu --------------------------------

fpfdRlk --------------------------------

37
 'kCn&fopkj
Morphology 4

d
tqfM+, vkSj lef>,

ite
m
Li
eqoqQy] ek¡ eSa i<+
cqyk jgh gSaA

te
jgk gw¡ nhnhA

a
iv
Pr
a)
di
(In
se
ou
iH
at
sw

Åij fy[ks okD;ksa esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa esa ls o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djosQ fyf[k,_ tSlsµ
ra

ek¡ ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Sa

eqoqQyµe~ $ m $ o~Q $ m $ y~ $ vA
cqyk ------------------------------------------------------------------- nhnh -------------------------------------------------------------------
ew
N

cPpks] vkius fiNys vè;k;ksa esa tkuk fd euq"; dks vius eu osQ Hkko ;k fopkj izdV djus
©

osQ fy, Hkk"kk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA Hkk"kk okD;ksa osQ esy ls curh gS vkSj okD; 'kCnksa osQ esy
ls curs gSaA 'kCn oSQls curs gSa\ 'kCn o.kks± osQ lkFkZd esy ls curs gSaA
mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa Hkh vkius tkuk fd 'kCn cgqr&lh èofu;ksa osQ esy ls cus gSaA tc ge cksyrs
gSa rc gekjs eq[k ls èofu;k¡ fudyrh gSa] ftuosQ esy ls 'kCn curs gSaA o.kks± osQ lkFkZd esy ls gh
'kCn curs gSa_ tSlsµ

38
 \\

d
ite
efgyk (L=kh) yfgek (dksbZ vFkZ ugha)

m
bl izdkjµ

Li
,d ls vf/d o.kks± osQ lkFkZd lewg dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA

a te
iv
● tc 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx okD;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS] rc os in dgykrs gSaA

Pr
'kCnksa osQ Hksn
a)
di
Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn&HkaMkj esa fujarj o`n~f/ gksrh jgrh gSA ;s 'kCn fofHkUu Ïksrksa ls Hkk"kk esa feydj mls
(In

vkSj vf/d le`n~/ cukrs gSaA fganh Hkk"kk esa 'kCnksa dh mRifRr] iz;ksx] vFkZ] jpuk vkfn osQ vk/kj
se

ij 'kCnksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gS µ

ou

'kCn&Hksn
iH
at

mRifRr
jpuk osQ iz;ksx osQ vFkZ osQ
sw

osQ vkèkkj
vkèkkj ij vkèkkj ij vkèkkj ij
ij
ra
Sa

mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn

ew

mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gSaµ

N

mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn

©

rRle rn~Hko ns'kt fons'kh

39
 (i) rRle 'kCnµrr~ (mlosQ) $ le (leku) ;kuh os 'kCn tks laLo`Qr Hkk"kk ls ¯gnh Hkk"kk esa
fcuk fdlh cnyko osQ (ewy :i esa) iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] rRle 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµftg~ok]
{ks=k] dk;Z] e`R;q vkfnA

d
ite
m
Li
te
jkf=k vkpk;Z

a
iv
(ii) rn~Hko 'kCnµrn~ (mlls) $ Hko (gksuk) ;kuh tks 'kCn laLo`Qr Hkk"kk ls FkksM+s cnyko osQ lkFk

Pr
¯gnh esa iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] os rn~Hko 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ
rRle rn~Hko rRle
a) rn~Hko
di
va/dkj v¡/sjk uo u;k
(In

v{k vk¡[k ia p ik¡p

se

vfXu vkx i{kh iaNh

ou

e;wj eksj i=k iRRkk

iH

vk'p;Z vpjt iq=k csVk

mPPk m¡Qpk 'kr lkS
at
sw

T;s"B tsB vJq vk¡lw

dk;Z dke ?kV ?kM+k
ra

{ks=k [ksr ew<+ ew[kZ

Sa

ftg~ok thHk e`R;q ekSr

ew

d.kZ dku jkf=k jkr

N

r`.k frudk izLrj iRFkj

©

nar nk¡r 'kwU; lwuk

eq[k eq¡g Jko.k lkou
fnol fnu lR; lp
nqX/ nw/ LoIu liuk
/S;Z /hjt Lo.kZ lksuk

40
(iii) ns'kt 'kCnµns'k $ t vFkkZr~ ns'k esa tUekA tks 'kCn ns'k osQ fofHkUUk izns'kksa esa izpfyr vke
cksypky dh Hkk"kk ls ¯gnh esa vk x, gSa] os ns'kt 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµf[kM+dh] /ksrh] yksVk]
isVh] ckck] pqUUkh] [kkV] ixM+h vkfnA

d
ite
m
>ksiM+h yksVk

Li
te
(iv) fons'kh 'kCnµtks 'kCn fonsf'k;ksa osQ laioZQ esa vkus ij fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa ls ¯gnh esa vk,] os

a
'kCn fons'kh 'kCn dgykrs gSaA vktdy ¯gnh Hkk"kk esa vusd fons'kh 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

iv
gS_ tSlsµ

Pr
vaxzs”kh % isu] isafly] LVs'ku] dkj] MkWDVj] LowQy] oaQI;wVj] Vsªu] loZQl] Vªd] VsyhI+kQksu vkfnA
a)
vjch % tgk”k] eryc] rkjh[k] dher] vehj] vkSjr] bT”kr] fdLer] bykt] odhy] fdrkc]
di
dkyhu vkfnA
(In

-iQkjlh % g-Ýrk] toku] fdukjk] nkjksxk] vkokjk] dk'k] cgknqj] ”kgj] eqÝ- r] vkjke] TkYnh]
se

[kwclwjr] chekj] 'kknh vkfnA

ou

rqdhZ % rksi] dkcw] ryk'k] pkowQ] csxe] ck:n vkfnA

iH

iqrZxkyh % deh”k] lkcqu] vyekjh] ckyVh] iQkyrw] i- Qhrk] rkSfy;k vkfnA

at
sw
ra
Sa
ew

jsfizQ”kjsVj bekjr gyokbZ

N
©

nok ckx oqQyh

41
2- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksnµjpuk ;k cukoV osQ vkèkkj ij 'kCnksa dks fuEufyf[kr rhu oxks±
esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ

jpuk osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn

:<+ ;kSfxd ;ksx:<+

'kCn 'kCn 'kCn

d
ite
(i) :<+ 'kCnµos 'kCn tks ijaijk ls fdlh O;fDr] LFkku] oLrq vkfn osQ fy, iz;ksx gksrs pys vk

m
jgs gSa] mUgsa :<+ 'kCn dgrs gSaA

Li
• bu 'kCnksa osQ [kaM djus ij budk dksbZ vFkZ ugha fudyrk vFkkZr [kaM djus ij ;s 'kCn

te
a
vFkZghu gks tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ

iv
Pr
a)
di
(In

niZ.k ('kh'kk) n $ iZ.k (dksbZ vFkZ ugha) lw;Z lw $ ;Z (dksbZ vFkZ ugha)
se
ou

(ii) ;kSfxd 'kCnµ^;kSfxd* vFkkZr ;ksx ls cuus okykA os 'kCn tks nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa osQ
;ksx ls curs gSa] mUgsa ;kSfxd 'kCn dgrs gSaA
iH

• bu 'kCnksa osQ [ka M fd, tk ldrs gSaA [ka fMr 'kCnksa osQ Hkh vFkZ gksrs gSa_ tSlsµ
at

Luku?kj µ Luku $ ?kj] jk"Vªifr µ jk"Vª $ ifrA

sw

• bu 'kCnksa dh jpuk milxZ] izR;;] la f/ rFkk lekl osQ n~okjk Hkh gksrh gS_ tSlsµ
ra

vkS"k/ky; (lekl)µvkS"kf/ $ vky; (vkS"kf/ feyus dk LFkku)

Sa

lqiq=k (milxZ)µlq $ iq=k (vPNk csVk)A

ew

(iii) ;ksx:<+ 'kCnµ;ksx $ :<+ ;kuh ;ksx ls cus :<+ (ijaijk) gks x, 'kCnA os 'kCn tks ;kSfxd
N

gksrs gSa] ijarq ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ osQ fy, :<+ gks tkrs gSa] ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ
n'kkuu → n'k $ vkuu → nl eq[k okyk → jko.k osQ fy, :<+A
©

tyt → ty $ t → ty esa tUe ysus okyk → dey osQ fy, :<+A

• ,sls 'kCn osQoy vius :<+ vFkZ dks izdV djus okys izk.kh] oLrq ;k LFkku osQ fy, gh iz;ksx
fd, tkrs gSaA
• cgqozhfg lekl ,sls 'kCnksa osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA

42
3- Ikz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksnµ'kCnksa osQ lkFkZd esy ls okD;ksa dh jpuk gksrh gSA okD;ksa osQ esy
ls Hkk"kk curh gSA okD;ksa esa 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fdl :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] bl vk/kj ij ge 'kCnksa
dks nks oxks± esa ck¡Vrs gSaµ
(i) fodkjh 'kCn (ii) vfodkjh 'kCn
(i) fodkjh 'kCnµfodkj ;kuh ifjorZuA os 'kCn ftuesa ¯yx] opu] dkjd vkfn osQ dkj.k fodkj
(ifjorZu) vk tkrk gS] mUgsa fodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSaA ;s pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA

d
ite
fodkjh 'kCn

m
Li
te
laKk loZuke fo'ks"k.k fØ;k

a
iv
Pr
(ii) vfodkjh 'kCnµv $ fodkjh ;kuh ftuesa ifjorZu u gksA ,sls 'kCn ftuesa ¯yx] opu] dkjd
vkfn osQ dkj.k dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk] vfodkjh 'kCn dgykrs gSaA ;s pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA
a)
di
(In

vfodkjh 'kCn
se
ou

fØ;kfo'ks"k.k laca/cks/d leqPp;cks/d foLe;kfncks/d

iH
at

(uksVµvxys vè;k;ksa esa buosQ ckjs esa foLr`r tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA)
sw
ra

4- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&HksnµoqQN 'kCn ,d gh vFkZ izdV djrs gSa] rks oqQN vusdA oqQN 'kCn
Sa

foijhr vFkZ Hkh nsrs gSaA vFkZ dh n`f"V ls 'kCnksa dks fuEufyf[kr oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSµ
ew

vFkZ osQ okD;ka'kksa

,dkFkZd vusdkFkZd i;kZ;okph foykse Jqfrle&fHkUukFkZd
N

vk/kj ij osQ fy, ,d

'kCn 'kCn 'kCn 'kCn 'kCn
'kCn&Hksn 'kCn
©

(uksVµvxys vè;k;ksa esa buosQ ckjs esa foLr`r tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA)

43
 vkvks nksgjk,¡
 nks ;k nks ls vf/d o.kks± dk lkFkZd lewg 'kCn dgykrk gSA
 'kCnksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ vk/kjµmRifRRk] jpuk] iz;ksx] vFkZ vkfnA
 mRifRRk osQ vk/kj ij HksnµrRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt rFkk fons'khA
 jpuk osQ vk/kj ij Hksnµ:<+] ;kSfxd rFkk ;ksx:<+A

d
ite
 iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij Hksnµfodkjh (laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fØ;k) rFkk vfodkjh (fØ;kfo'ks"k.k]

m
laca/cks/d] leqPPk;cks/d] foLe;kfncks/d)A

Li
 vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij Hksnµ,dkFkZd 'kCn] vusdkFkZd 'kCn] i;kZ;okph 'kCn] foykse 'kCn] Jqfrle&fHkUUkkFkZd

te
'kCn] okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn vkfnA

a
iv
Pr
vkvks djsa di
a)
(In

T+kjk crkb, rks

se
ou

● mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksnksa osQ uke crkb,A

● ^:<+* rFkk ^;ksx:<+* 'kCnksa esa D;k varj gS\
iH

● vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\

at
sw

vkb,] vc fy[ks a
ra
Sa

1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr 'kCn n~okjk fjDr LFkkuksa dks Hkfj,µ
(d) tks 'kCn ns'k osQ fofHkUUk izns'kksa ls ¯gnh esa vk, gSa] os ------------------------ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
ew

([k) ftu 'kCnksa esa ¯yx] ------------------] dkjd vkfn osQ dkj.k ifjorZu vk tkrk gS] os -------------------
N

'kCn dgykrs gSaA

©

(x) fØ;kfo'ks"k.k] laca/cks/d] ------------------------ rFkk ------------------------ vfodkjh 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
(?k) laLo`Qr osQ tks 'kCn ¯gnh esa T;ksa&osQ&R;ksa iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] os ------------------------ 'kCn
dgykrs gSaA
(Ä) tks 'kCn nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa osQ esy ls curs gSa] os ------------------------ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA

44
2- fons'kh 'kCnksa dks muosQ fganh i;kZ; ls feykb,µ
(d) dne (i) izkFkZuk i=k

([k) I+kQhl (ii) ix

(x) Mk;jh (iii) nSuafnuh

(?k) oaQI;wVj (iv) 'kqYd
(Ä) vkleku (v) vkdk'k

d
(p) fiazfliy (vi) lax.kd

ite
(N) v”khZ (vii) iz/kukpk;Z

m
Li
3- ikB~;iqLrd esa vk, fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt rFkk fons'kh 'kCn Nk¡Vdj

te
vyx&vyx fyf[k,µ

a
iv
f[kM+dh lksuk >kM+w ftg~ok ixM+h xjeh uhan iq=kksRifRRk Jn~/k ladksp

Pr
Bksdj xks'r jk;iqlajn]wdioZrfpRRk
] ;equk]ikuh
oL=k] fnu
Hkxrflaodhy
g] Nk=kk] e`usngqyk] eNyh]
lkSnk jhrs
{kh.k IysVySV fdLe
'k] Hkou

a)
gkFk isVh nLrd de”kksj mi;qDr lk¡l nwf"kr d.k lkr isV oaQ/k iqfM+;k
di
pj.k LykbM iSj xkM+h r`".kk [kfV;k jkr pqYYkw cj[kk lh[k [kV[kVkuk
(In

rRle rn~Hko ns'kt fons'kh

se

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

ou

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

iH

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

at

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

sw

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

ra
Sa

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------
ew

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

N

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

©

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------
--------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------

45
4- fuEufyf[kr rn~Hko 'kCnksa osQ rRle :i fyf[k,µ
(d) lkS ------------------------------------- ([k) frudk
(x) lkou ------------------------------------- (?k) iRFkj
(Ä) vkx ------------------------------------- (p) vk¡[k
(N) fnu ------------------------------------- (t) vpjt
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; fyf[k,µ

d
(d) fdLer µ --------------------- ([k) chekj µ ---------------------

ite
(x) bT”kr µ --------------------- (?k) VsyhI+kQksu µ ---------------------

m
µ --------------------- (p) ek-iQh µ ---------------------

Li
(Ä) dkWih
µ --------------------- µ ---------------------

te
(N) ”k[eh (t) gkj

a
iv
Pr
T+kjk lksfp, rks
a)
di
● laLÑr vusd Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh gSA fdu Hkk"kkvksa esa laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn ik, tkrs gSa\ os 'kCn rRle
(In

dgyk,¡xs vFkok fons'kh\

se
ou

djds nsf[k,
iH

● viuh ikB;~iqLrd eas fn, x, ikBksa esa ls rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kt] fons'kh] i;kZ;okph] foykse] vusd
at
sw

'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d] Jqfrle&fHkUUkkFkZd rFkk vusdkFkZd 'kCn Nk¡Vdj viuh ikWosQV Mk;jh esa fyf[k,
rFkk muosQ vFkZ vius f'k{kd] baVjusV vFkok 'kCndks'k dh lgk;rk ls irk dhft, vkSj viuk
ra

'kCn&Kku c<+kb,A
Sa
ew

eS a cuw¡xk@cuw¡xh---
N
©

● LraHk ys[kd dk dk;Z ,d i=kdkj dh Hkk¡fr gksrk gSA LraHk ys[kd fdlh lekpkj&i=k] if=kdk esa ;k
CykWx] baVjusV vkfn ij fo'ks"k dkWye vFkkZr LraHk (fof'k"V LFkku ij vius fopkj O;Dr djuk) fy[kus
dk dk;Z djrk gSA LraHk dk fo"k; ns'k&fons'k ls lacaf/r eq[; ?kVuk] g¡lh&e”kkd] fI+kQYe leh{kk]
vkykspuk vkfn oqQN Hkh gks ldrk gSA fo'ks"k LraHk fy[kus osQ fy, ys[kd dk u osQoy tkx:d gksuk
vko';d gksrk gS cfYd mlosQ 'kCndks'k dk le`n~/ gksuk Hkh vfuok;Z gksrk gSA

46
 'kCn&HkaMkj
Vocabulary 5
i;kZ;okph 'kCn (Synonyms)

d
ite
m
tqfM+, vkSj lef>,

Li
a te
iqjkus le;

iv
esa mUgsa xq#

Pr
dgrs FksA izkphu dky
iqjkru dky
a)
esa mUgsa vkpk;Z
esa f'k{kd dks
di
dgrs FksA
D;k dgrs
(In

Fks\
se
ou
iH
at
sw

cPpks! geus mi;qZDr laokn dks i<+dj ;g tkuk fd ,d gh izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku vkfn dks ge
ra

dbZ ukeksa ls iqdkj ldrs gSaA ,sls 'kCn ,d&lk vFkZ crkrs gSaA
Sa

fn, x, fp=kksa dks fdu&fdu ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gS\ rhu&rhu uke fyf[k,µ
ew
N
©

--------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------

47
 tks 'kCn ,d&lk vFkZ crkrs gSa] mUgsa i;kZ;okph ;k lekukFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA ;s 'kCn leku vFkZ j[krs
gq, Hkh lw{e&lk varj izdV djrs gSa_ tSlsµ^iadt* 'kCn ^iaoQ* $ ^t* 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS] ftldk
vFkZ gksrk gSµ^iad* ;kuh ^dhpM+* vkSj ^t* ;kuh ^mRiUUk gksus okyk* vFkkZr ^dhpM+ esa mRiUUk gksus
okyk* ;kuh ^dey*A oSls rks dhpM+ esa cgqr&ls NksVs&NksVs dhMs+&edksM+s Hkh tUe ysrs gSa] ijarq muosQ
fy, ge ^iadt* 'kCn dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrsA
• fdlh oLrq osQ xq.k] :i] voLFkk vkfn dks ns[kdj mlosQ i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk tUe gksrk gSA
• i;kZ;okph 'kCn vf/dka'kr% ^:<+ 'kCn* gksrs gSaA

d
ite
uhps oqQN i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dh lwph nh tk jgh gSA mUgsa è;ku ls if<+, vkSj muesa fNis lw{e varj
rFkk muosQ mfpr iz;ksx ij è;ku nhft,A

m
Li
'kCn i;kZ;okph 'kCn

te
1- vax fgLLkk] Hkkx] va'k

a
iv
2- vuqie vuks[kk] fujkyk] viwoZ

Pr
3- vieku frjLdkj] vogsyuk] fujknj] for`".kk fdlku

a)
4- vkdk'k vkleku] O;kse] vacj di
5- vkuan izlUUkrk] mYYkkl] eksn] vkeksn [ksfrgj o`Q"kd
(In

6- vke jlky] lgdkj] vkez] lkSjHk

se

7- bPNk ykylk] pkg] dkeuk] vfHkyk"kk gyokgk gy/j

ou

8- mis{kk ykijokgh] frjLdkj] mnklhurk

iH

9- fdj.k jf'e] e;w[k] va'kq] ejhfp

at

10- xoZ ?keaM] niZ] vfHkeku] vgadkj

sw

11- ?kksM+k g;] okft] rqjax] v'o

ra

12- prqj oqQ'ky] ;ksX;] gksf'k;kj] l;kuk

Sa

13- >aMk èot] èotk] irkdk] fpg~u paæek

14- RkV owQy] fdukjk] rhj] dxkj fgeka'kq
ew

'kf'k
15- fnu fnol] okj] oklj
N

16- nhu xjhc] jad] fu/Zu] nfjæ

©

17- /u laifRRk] foHkwfr] nkSyr] nzO;

jkosQ'k lq/kdj
18- iadt dey] uhjt] ljkst] jktho
19- iRFkj ik"kk.k] f'kyk] izLrj] ikgu
20- iRuh Hkk;kZ] v/k±fxuh] nkjk] o/w

48
21- ifo=k 'kqfp] ikou] iquhr] LoPN rksrk
22- izkFkZuk fou;] fourh] fuosnu] v”kZ
23- canj eoZQV] dfi] okuj] gfj dhj
lqXxk
24- cky osQ'k] oqaQry] vyd] dp
25- ck.k rhj] f'kyheq[k] 'kj] b"kq
'kqd lqvk
26- eNyh ehu] eRL;] edj] lgjh

d
27- ekuo euq";] bulku] uj] tu] vkneh

ite
28- es?k ty/j] ?ku] uhjn] i;ksn

m
29- jkLrk iFk] ckV] ekxZ] jkg ifFkd

Li
30- o`{k r#] nqze] ikni] foVi] isM+

te
31- laqnj pk#] eksgd] yfyr] euksgj eqlkfI+kQj jkgxhj

a
iv
32- lksuk gse] oaQpu] Lo.kZ] oqaQnu

Pr
33- lsod ukSdj] nkl] vuqpj] Hk`R;
cVksgh
a)
34- L=kh vkSjr] ukjh] efgyk] ofurk di iaFkh
35- 'kjhj ru] dk;k] xkr] nsg
(In

36- gok e#r] okr] vfuy] lehj

se

37- gkFk dj] gLr] ikf.k ioZr

ou

38- gkFkh gLrh] xt] erax] oqaQtj

iH

'kSy ux
39- Kkuh fon~oku] euh"kh] dksfon
at

40- izfln~/ fo[;kr] iz[;kr] e'kgwj] [;kr

sw

41- xaxk lqjlfj] nsounh] HkkxhjFkh] lqjunh

ra

42- nq[k ihM+k] osnuk] d"V vpy fxfj

Sa

43- jktk u`i] ujs'k] lezkV] Hkwifr

ew

44- vfrfFk ikgquk] esgeku] vkxarqd] vH;kxr

45- fueZy lkI+kQ] 'kqn~/] ifo=k] LoPN
N

HkkSajk
46- lalkj tx] Hko] Hkqou] fo'o
©

47- ryokj [kM~x] vfl] o`Qik.k] 'ke'khj Hkzej e/qdj

48- ck/k jQdkoV] vM+pu] fo?u
49- i{kh fogx] uHkpj] vaMt] [kx
50- xjhc fu/Zu] jad] oaQxky] nfjnz e/qi vfy

49
 vkvks nksgjk,¡
 ,d&lk vFkZ crkus okys 'kCn i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
 i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dks lekukFkhZ 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA
 fdlh oLrq osQ xq.k] :i] voLFkk vkfn osQ vk/kj ij mlosQ i;kZ;okph 'kCn dk tUe gksrk gSA
 i;kZ;okph 'kCn vf/dka 'kr% :<+ 'kCn gksrs gSaA

d
ite
m
Li
vkvks djsa

a te
iv
Pr
T+kjk crkb, rks
a)
di
● ^#dkoV* 'kCn osQ nks i;kZ;okph crkb,A
(In

● ^lalkj* dks fdu&fdu ukeksa ls iqdkjk tkrk gS\

se
ou

vkb,] vc fy[ks a
iH

1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa esa ls xyr 'kCn ij xksyk ( ) cukb,µ
at
sw

(d) fdlku µ gy/j] [ksfrgj] i'kqifr (x) canj µ eoZQV] oklj] gfj
([k) ifo=k µ ikou] 'kqfp] euksgj (?k) fdj.k µ pk#] jf'e] va'kq
ra
Sa

2- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa ls dhft,µ
(d) iwQyksa ij HkkSajk cSBrk gSA ------------------------- iwQyksa dk jl ihrk gSA
ew
N

([k) veu cgqr prqj O;fDr gS vkSj ------------------------- yksxksa dks lHkh ilan djrs gSaA
©

(x) ryokj dks ------------------------- vkSj ------------------------- Hkh dgrs gSaA

(?k) 15 vxLr osQ fnu yky fdys ij >aMk iQgjk;k tkrk gS vkSj blls ,d fnu igys fon~;ky;ksa esa
------------------------- jksg.k gksrk gSA

50
3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) fueZy ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

([k) ck/k ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

(x) xoZ ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

(?k) vkuan ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

d
(Ä) eNyh ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

ite
m
4- uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks ns[kdj rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ

Li
a te
iv
Pr
(d) ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

a)
di
(In
se

------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

ou

([k)
iH
at
sw
ra

------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

Sa

(x)
ew
N
©

(?k) ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

51
 5- ckWDl esa fn, x, i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk fp=k osQ lkFk feyku dhft, rFkk izR;sd ckWDl esa fn, x,
fjDr LFkku esa ,d i;kZ;okph 'kCn Hkh fyf[k,µ

(d) ofurk] L=kh] ukjh] -------------------------

d
ite
ty/j] ?ku] ckny] -------------------------

m
([k)

Li
tea
iv
Pr
(x) iRFkj] ik"kk.k] ikgu] -------------------------
a)
di
(In
se
ou

(?k) o`Qik.k] [kM~x] vfl] -------------------------

iH
at
sw
ra

djds nsf[k,
Sa
ew

● d{kk dks pkj nyksa esa foHkkftr

dhft,A i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dh ifpZ;k¡
N

cuokdj pkj Vksdfj;ksa esa jf[k,A iphZ

©

mBkb, vkSj ml ij fy[ks 'kCn osQ nks

i;kZ;okph igys ny ls iwfN,A lgh
mRrj feyus ij ik¡p vad nhft,A
xyr mRrj feyus ij nwljs ny dks
volj fn;k tk,A ;gh izfØ;k vU;
'kCnksa osQ lkFk Hkh nksgjkb,A

52
 foykse 'kCn (Antonyms)

tqfM+, vkSj lef>,

n'kjFk eka>h lM+d cukus osQ fy, fnu&jkr ifjJe dj jgk
FkkA mls fnu esa dbZ ckj igkM+ ij Åij&uhps vkuk&tkuk iM+rk

d
FkkA mls t;&ijkt; dh dksbZ fpark ugha FkhA og osQoy viuk

ite
y{; ikuk pkgrk FkkA mlosQ dksey gkFk iRFkj rksM+rs&rksM+rs

m
dBksj gks x, FksA lqcg mBrs gh vkyL; dk R;kx djosQ

Li
LiwQfrZ ls dke esa tqV tkrk FkkA oqQN yksx mldh fuank djrs]

te
rks oqQN iz'kalkA

a
iv
mi;qZDr xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj foijhr vFkZ nsus okys 'kCn igpkudj tksM+s cukb,µ

Pr
------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------
------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------ ------------------------
a)
di
vc vki tku x, u! vFkZ dh n`f"V ls ,d&nwljs osQ fojks/h 'kCn foykse vFkok foijhrkFkZd
(In

'kCn dgykrs gSaA bu 'kCnksa dh jpuk vf/dka'kr% fofHkUUk milxks± (oqQ] lq] nq] fu] v] vo vkfn)
se

osQ iz;ksx ls gksrh gSA oqQN foykse 'kCn Lora=k Hkh gksrs gSaA
ou

'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse

iH

1- vxyk fiNyk 15- vkfn var

2- vfro`f"V vuko`f"V 16- vk; O;;
at

3- vFk bfr 17- vk;kr fu;kZr

sw

4- vn`'; ln`'; 18- vkyL; LiwQfrZ

ra

5- vukFk lukFk 19- vklku eqf'dy

Sa

6- vfiz; fiz; 20- bPNk vfuPNk

ew

7- vFkZ vuFkZ 21- mRRkj nf{k.k

8- voufr mUUkfr 22- mnkl [kq'k
N

9- vfLFkj fLFkj 23- mi;qDr vuqi;qDr

©

10- vkd"kZd vukd"kZd 24- mi;ksxh vuqi;ksxh

11- vkd"kZ.k fod"kZ.k 25- mifLFkr vuqifLFkr
12- vkdk'k ikrky 26- ,drk vusdrk
13- vknj vuknj 27- dk;j ohj
14- vknku iznku 28- dksey dBksj

53
29- {kek naM 65- eqefdu ukeqefdu
30- [kkn~; v[kkn~; 66- ew[kZ fon~oku
31- [kwclwjr cnlwjr 67- ekSf[kd fyf[kr
32- xgjk mFkyk 68- ekSu lLoj
33- xq.k nks"k 69- j{kd Hk{kd
34- xq# f'k"; 70- jktk jad
35- papy fLFkj 71- ykHkizn gkfuizn
36- py vpy 72- yk;d ukyk;d

d
37- tM+ psru 73- fojks/ leFkZu

ite
38- tUe e`R;q 74- fo'ks"k lkekU;

m
39- t; ijkt; 75- O;oLFkk vO;oLFkk

Li
40- thou ej.k 76- f'kf{kr vf'kf{kr

te
41- rjy Bksl 77- larqfyr vlarqfyr

a
42- rhozrj eanrj 78- laHko vlaHko

iv
Pr
43- n;kyq funZ;@ozwQj 79- lxq.k fuxZq.k
44- uohu izkphu 80- lpsru vpsru
45- ¯unk Lrqfr
a)
81- ltho futhZo
di
46- fu;fer vfu;fer 82- lTTku nqtZu
(In

47- fueZy efyu 83- lcy fucZy

se

48- uSfrd vuSfrd 84- loky tokc

49- U;k; vU;k; 85- lk{kj fuj{kj
ou

50- i{k foi{k 86- lk/kj.k vlk/kj.k

iH

51- ijra=k Lora=k 87- lkFkZd fujFkZd

at

52- ifjfpr vifjfpr 88- lqdeZ oqQdeZ

sw

53- ifo=k vifo=k 89- lqanj oqQ:i

54- iki iq.; 90- lqxa/ nqx±/
ra

55- lqiq=k oqQiq=k 91- lqfo/k vlqfo/k

Sa

56- izfrowQy vuqowQy 92- lkSHkkX;'kkyh nqHkkZX;'kkyh

ew

57- izos'k fu"ks/ 93- LFkwy lw{e

58- izse ?k`.kk 94- LusgflDr LusgfjDr
N

59- cspuk [kjhnuk 95- LoPN efyu

©

60- Hkhrj ckgj 96- Lora=krk ijra=krk

61- egkRek nqjkRek 97- LoLFk vLoLFk
62- eku vieku 98- g"kZ 'kksd
63- ekuo nkuo 99- gksuh vugksuh
64- ehBk dM+ok 100- ßLo nh?kZ

54
 vkvks nksgjk,¡
 foijhr vFkZ izdV djus okys 'kCn foykse 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
 vf/dka'kr% foykse 'kCn milxks± osQ iz;ksx ls curs gSaA
 oqQN foykse 'kCn Lora=k Hkh gksrs gSaA

d
ite
m
vkvks djsa

Li
a te
T+kjk crkb, rks

iv
Pr
● ^foykse* 'kCn fdUgsa dgrs gSa\
● ^lkFkZd* 'kCn dk foykse crkb,A
a)
di
(In

vkb,] vc fy[ks a
se
ou

1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ

--------------------------- ---------------------------
iH

(d) uSfrd (Ä) mUufr

([k) j{kd --------------------------- (p) vn`'; ---------------------------
at

--------------------------- ---------------------------
sw

(x) vfro`f"V (N) egkRek

--------------------------- ---------------------------
ra

(?k) gksuh (t) vFk

Sa

2- fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCnksa ls dhft,µ
(d) vkylh lnSo ijkftr gksrs gSa vkSj ------------------------ lnSo fot;h gksrs gSaA
ew

([k) gesa lnSo xyr ckr dk fojks/ djuk pkfg,] mldk ------------------------ ugha djuk pkfg,A
N
©

(x) vkt d{kk esa NCchl cPPks ------------------------ gSa vkSj pkj vuqifLFkrA
(?k) vfuPNk ls fd;k x;k dksbZ Hkh dke vPNk ugha gksrk] blfy, lc dke ------------------------ ls
djus pkfg,A
(Ä) cPPkksa us d{kk esa 'kksj epkdj vkdk'kµ------------------------ ,d dj fn;kA

55
3- vki viuh fnup;kZ esa ftu nl 'kCnksa dk cgqr vf/d iz;ksx djrs gSa] mudh lwph cukb, vkSj
fiQj muosQ foykse 'kCn Hkh fyf[k,µ
'kCn foykse 'kCn foykse
(d) -------------------------- -------------------------- (p) -------------------------- --------------------------
([k) -------------------------- -------------------------- (N) -------------------------- --------------------------
(x) -------------------------- -------------------------- (t) -------------------------- --------------------------
(?k) -------------------------- -------------------------- (>) -------------------------- --------------------------

d
(Ä) -------------------------- -------------------------- (×k) -------------------------- --------------------------

ite
m
4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk muosQ foykse 'kCnksa osQ lkFk feyku dhft,µ

Li
(d) vn`'; (i) ßLo

te
([k) LusgflDr eanrj

a
(ii)

iv
(x) ekSu (iii) ukeqefdu

Pr
(?k) nh?kZ (iv) mFkyk
(Ä) rhozrj a)
ln`';
(v)
di
(In

(p) eqefdu (vi) gkfuizn

se

(N) xgjk (vii) LusgfjDr

ou

(t) ykHkizn (viii) lLoj

iH

5- oxZ&igsyh esa ls foykse 'kCnksa osQ tksM+s pqudj fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,µ
at

; i l l e ns v d ------------------------- -------------------------
sw

y V Tt nk u o i p
ra

------------------------- -------------------------
Sa

nq tZ u ok o n dk u
------------------------- -------------------------
ew

j [k nq m i dk j M
N

------------------------- -------------------------
.k Fk cZ g N / Hk c
©

l c y l l ; > l ------------------------- -------------------------

j t vks j [k g V uk ------------------------- -------------------------

iQ oqQ fV y Í v uk Fk

56
 Jqfrle&fHkUukFkZd 'kCn (Homonyms)

tqfM+, vkSj lef>,

vksg! le>

d
cgqr rs”k vfuy xbZ! cgqr rst

ite
osQ dkj.k vuy gok osQ dkj.k

m
cq> x;kA vkx cq> xbZA

Li
a te
iv
Pr
a)
di
(In

cPpks! vkius laokn dks i<+dj tkuk fd oqQN 'kCn i<+us vkSj lquus esa yxHkx ,d&ls yxrs
se

gSa] ijarq vFkZ dh n`f"V ls fHkUUk gksrs gSaA ,sls 'kCn Jqfrle&fHkUUkkFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
ou

vfuy rFkk vuy 'kCn yxHkx leku mPPkkj.k osQ dkj.k lquus esa leku izrhr gksrs gSa] ijarq
nksuksa dk vFkZ fHkUUk gSA ^vfuy* dk vFkZ gSµgok rFkk ^vuy* dk vFkZ gSµvkxA bu 'kCnksa osQ
iH

iz;ksx esa cgqr lko/kuh cjruh pkfg,] vU;Fkk vFkZ dk vuFkZ gks tkrk gSA
at

¯gnh Hkk"kk esa vla[; Jqfrle&fHkUukFkZd 'kCn gSa] ftuesa ls oqQN dh lwph uhps nh tk jgh gSµ
sw
ra

'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ

Sa

1- vacj µ oL=k] vkdk'k 5- vfj µ 'k=kq

ew

vackj µ <sj vjh µ lacks/u (fL=k;ksa osQ fy,)

2- vxe µ nqxZe 6- vof/ µ dky] le;
N

vkxe µ 'kkL=k vo/h µ vo/ dh Hkk"kk

©

3- vU;kU; µ nwljs 7- volku µ lekfIr

vU;k; µ U;k; osQ fo#n~/ vklku µ ljy
4- vuq µ ihNs 8- vk;kr µ ckgj ls e¡xkuk
v.kq µ d.k vk;r µ prqHkqZt

57
 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ
9- bafnjk µ y{eh 25- ikuh µ ty
banzk µ banzk.kh ikf.k µ gkFk
10- brj µ nwljk 26- iqj µ uxj
b=k µ lqxa/ iwj µ ck<+
11- dksl µ nwjh dk eki 27- iou µ ok;q
dks'k µ [k”kkuk ikou µ ifo=k

d
ite
12- oaQxky µ xjhc 28- ikl µ fudV
oaQdky µ gM~fM;ksa dk <k¡pk ik'k µ ca/u

m
13- dM+kbZ µ l[+rh 29- iz.k; µ izse

Li
d<+kbZ µ oQ'khnk] fpdu] ”kjnks”kh ifj.k; µ fookg

te
14- dkB µ ydM+h 30- ckx µ cxhpk] mn~;ku

a
iv
dkV µ dkVuk ck?k µ O;k?kz (,d taxyh i'kq)

Pr
15- o`Qi.k µ oaQtwl 31- ckr µ okrkZ (ckrphr)

a)
o`Qik.k µ dVkj di okr µ iou
16- [kku µ [knku 32- Hkou µ egy
(In

[+kku µ iBku Hkqou µ lalkj

17- xqj µ mik; 33- y{; µ mn~ns';
se

xq# µ Hkkjh] f'k{kd y{k µ yk[k

ou

18- ruq µ nqcyk&iryk 'kjhj 34- 'kksd µ nq[k

iH

ruw µ iq=k] xk; 'kkSd µ pko] O;lu

at

19- fnu µ fnol 35- 'kqYd µ I+kQhl

sw

nhu µ xjhc 'kqDy µ 'osr

ra

20- nzo µ rjy inkFkZ 36- 'kDy µ eq[k@lwjr

Sa

nzO; µ /u ldy µ lkjk

21- fuokZ.k µ e`R;q 37- lwph µ rkfydk
ew

fuekZ.k µ cukuk 'kqfp µ ifo=k

N

22- fu'kku µ fpg~u 38- 'ke µ 'kkafr

©

fulku µ >aMk le µ cjkcj

23- idk µ idk gqvk 39- 'kwj µ ohj
iDdk µ e”kcwr lwj µ va/k
24- iFk µ jkLrk 40- 'kL=k µ gfFk;kj
iF; µ jksxh dk vkgkj 'kkL=k µ xzaFk

58
 'kCn vFkZ 'kCn vFkZ
41- Jo.k µ lquuk] dku 43- lkyk µ iRuh dk HkkbZ
Je.k µ ckSn~/ laU;klh 'kkyk µ ?kj] edku
42- lxZ µ vè;k; 44- g; µ ?kksM+k
LoxZ µ ,d yksd fg; µ ân;

d
ite
vkvks djsa

m
Li
te
T+kjk crkb, rks

a
iv
● ^Jqfrle&fHkUukFkZd* dk D;k vFkZ gS\

Pr
● ^ikl* vkSj ^ik'k* esa D;k varj gS\

a)
di
vkb,] vc fy[ks a
(In

1- okD;ksa esa v'kqn~/ 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr dhft, vkSj fn, x, LFkku ij lgh 'kCn fyf[k,µ
se

(d) ikou&iq=k guqeku dh t; gksA -------------------------------------------------------

ou

([k) dks;ys dh [+kku ls ghjk fudkyk tkrk gSA -------------------------------------------------------

iH

(x) jktk ges'kk cM+s ls Hkqou esa jgrk gSA -------------------------------------------------------

at
sw

(?k) [kpZ osQ ekeys esa oqQN yksx cgqr o`Qik.k gksrs gSaA -------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------
ra

(Ä) vkxs jkLrk can gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ fuokZ.k&dk;Z py jgk gSA
Sa

2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ osQ vuqlkj okD; cukb,µ

ew

(d) iqj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

N

iwj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
©

([k) Jo.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Je.k ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) vU;kU; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vU;k; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

59
 (?k) y{k ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
y{; --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) iz.k; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ifj.k; --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3- dks"Bd esa fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls mfpr 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fjDr LFkku esa fyf[k,µ
(d) ---------------------- xfjek] dgk¡ tk jgh gks\ (vfj@vjh)

d
([k) eq>s feBkbZ [kkus dk cgqr ---------------------- gSA ('kkSd@'kksd)

ite
(x) O;kikj esa gq, uqdlku us rks mls fcyoqQy ---------------------- gh cuk fn;k A (oaQdky@oaQxky)

m
Li
(?k) eq>s cq/okj dk ---------------------- cgqr ilan gSA (fnu@nhu)

te
(Ä) laè;k osQ le; i{kh vius ---------------------- (uhj@uhM+) dh vksj ykSV pysA

a
iv
Pr
vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn a)
di
(One Word Substitution)
(In
se

tqfM+, vkSj lef>,

ou
iH

vkSj xk¡o esa

at

cPpks! jgus okys dks D;k

sw

fpfdRlk djus okys dgrs gSa\

D;k dgykrs gS\
ra
Sa

fpfdRld!
ew

xzkeh.k!
N
©

cPpks! dbZ lacaf/r 'kCnksa ;k okD;ka'k osQ LFkku ij iz;qDr gksus okyk ,d 'kCn vusd 'kCnksa osQ
fy, ,d 'kCn dgykrk gSA

60
 • vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn dk iz;ksx djus ls Hkk"kk esa laf{kIrrk] Li"Vrk rFkk lqanjrk
vkrh gSA
vusd 'kCn@okD;ka'k ,d 'kCn
1- ftldk vkfn (vkjaHk) u gks vukfn
2- tgk¡ igq¡pk u tk losQ vxe
3- tks thrk u tk losQ vts;

d
4- ftldh miek u nh tk losQ vuqie

ite
5- ftldk dksbZ 'k=kq u gks vtkr'k=kq

m
6- ftldh rqyuk u dh tk losQ vrqyuh;

Li
7- pkj Hkqtkvksa okyk prqHkqZt

te
8- tkuus dh bPNk j[kus okyk ftKklq

a
iv
9- i<+s tkus ;ksX; iBuh;

Pr
10- ftlus bafnz;ksa dks thr fy;k gks ftrsafæ;
11- cgqr nwj dh ns[kus okyk
a)
nwjn'khZ
di
12- tks tUe ls va/k gks tUeka/
(In

13- ftldk dksbZ vkdkj u gks fujkdkj

se

14- tks ns[kus esa vPNk yxs fiz;n'khZ

ou

15- rs”k cqn~f/ okyk oqQ'kkxzcqn~f/

iH

16- ianzg fnu esa ,d ckj gksus okyk ikf{kd

at

17- Åij fy[kk gqvk mifjfyf[kr

sw

18- uhps fy[kk gqvk fuEufyf[kr

ra

19- ftlosQ uhps js[kk ¯[kph gks js[kkafdr

Sa

20- Åij dgk x;k mi;qZDr

ew

21- ftldh larku u gks fuLlarku

22- tks igys gks pqdk gks HkwriwoZ
N

23- mPPk oqQy ls laca/ j[kus okyk oqQyhu

©

24- tks {kek osQ ;ksX; u gks v{kE;

25- fgr pkgus okyk fgrS"kh
26- nwljksa dk vPNk lkspus okyk 'kqHk¯prd
27- tks lc oqQN tkurk gks loZK

61
28- de [kpZ djus okyk ferO;;h
29- vf/d [kpZ djus okyk [kphZyk
30- tks de tkurk gks vYiK
31- gkFk ls fy[kk gqvk gLrfyf[kr
32- tks vf/d tkurk gks cgqK
33- eNyh dh rjg vk¡[kksa okyh ehuk{kh

d
34- jkr esa ?kweus okyk fu'kkpj

ite
35- ftldh iRuh ej xbZ gks fo/qj

m
36- ftldk ifr ej x;k gks fo/ok

Li
37- tks vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus gks izR;{k

te
38- tks vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus u gks vizR;{k

a
iv
39- vaMs ls tUe ysus okyk vaMt

Pr
40- tks de [kkrk gS vYikgkjh
41- tks dkuwu osQ fo#n~/ gks
a)
xSjdkuwuh
di
42- bfrgkl dh tkudkjh j[kus okyk bfrgkldkj
(In

43- ftls izkIr djuk vklku gks lqyHk

se

44- ftls izkIr djuk dfBu gks nqyZHk

ou

45- lkFk i<+us okyk lgikBh

iH

46- lkFk dke djus okyk lgdehZ

at

47- lnSo jgus okyk 'kk'or

sw

48- u"V gksus okyk u'oj

ra

49- thus dh izcy bPNk ftthfo"kk

Sa

50- ftlosQ ikj ns[kk tk losQ ikjn'khZ

ew
N

vkvks djsa
©

T+kjk crkb, rks

● okD;ka'k osQ LFkku ij ^,d 'kCn* dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\
● ^tks de [kkrk gks* okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn crkb,A

62
 vkb,] vc fy[ks a
1- fuEufyf[kr jaxhu Nis 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn fy[kdj okD; nqckjk fyf[k,µ
(d) ;g lalkj u"V gksus okyk gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) Åij fy[ks gq, fo"k; ij dgkuh fyf[k,A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) oSHko rs”k cqn~f/ okyk fon~;kFkhZ gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) gf"kZrk de [kkrh gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

d
ite
(Ä) nsos'k esjs lkFk dke djrk gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

m
2- fuEufyf[kr vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ

Li
(d) tks vf/d tkurk gks ----------------------------------

te
----------------------------------

a
([k) lkFk i<+us okyk

iv
----------------------------------

Pr
(x) ftlosQ uhps js[kk ¯[kph gks
----------------------------------
a)
(?k) lnSo jgus okyk di
(Ä) mPPk oqQy ls laca/ j[kus okyk ----------------------------------
(In

(p) cgqr nwj dh ns[kus okyk ----------------------------------

se

(N) tks igys gks pqdk gks ----------------------------------

ou

(t) ftldk dksbZ 'k=kq u gks ----------------------------------

iH

(>) gkFk ls fy[kk gqvk ----------------------------------

at
sw

(×k) ftldk dksbZ vkdkj u gks ----------------------------------

ra

(V) iQy dk vkgkj djus okyk ----------------------------------

Sa

(B) jksx ls xzLr O;fDr ----------------------------------

ew

3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fy, mfpr okD;ka'k fyf[k,µ

N

(d) ftKklq µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

©

([k) v{kE; µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) fgrS"kh µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ehuk{kh µ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

63
 djds nsf[k,
● oxZ&igsyh esa ls okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn <w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ
(d) iqjk.kksa ls laca/ j[kus okyk -------------------------------- v ua r lk j v u
([k) ftldk dksbZ var u gks --------------------------------
ew ik 'kk ikS Ñ n l

d
(x) tks lc txg gks --------------------------------

ite
Y; 'k L=k jk r E; oZ
--------------------------------

m
(?k) ftldk dksbZ ewY; u gks
N y g f.k K iz O;k

Li
(Ä) midkj dks ekuus okyk --------------------------------

te
-------------------------------- lk Irk fg d dk fr Ir
(p) tks 'kkd&lC”kh [kkrk gks

a
iv
-------------------------------- r 'kk dk gk jh 'k d
(N) tks gjsd lIrkg gksrk gS

Pr
a)
di
vusdkFkZd 'kCn
(In

(Words with Various Meanings)

se
ou

tqfM+, vkSj lef>,

iH
at

gfj lqjfHk
sw
ra
Sa
ew

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eS a cuw¡xk@cuw¡xh---
● foi.ku vf/dkjh (Marketing Executive) osQ fy, 'kCnksa dk vR;ar egRo gksrk gSA 'kCnksa osQ oqQ'ky
iz;ksx n~okjk gh og xzkgd oxZ dks mRikn dh fo'ks"krkvksa] ewY; ,oa ykHkksa ls ifjfpr djkrk gS vkSj
muesa mRikn dks [kjhnus dh izsj.kk mRiUu djrk gSA

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