Determination of order reaction on

hydrolysis reaction of pineapple leaf

Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2026, 020050 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5065010
Published Online: 29 October 2018

Muhaimin Muhaimin, Bayu Wiyantoko, Rahma Novia Putri, and Rika Rusitasari

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Committees: 2nd International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Process and Engineering

2018
AIP Conference Proceedings 2026, 010002 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064960

Preface: 2nd International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Process and Engineering 2018
AIP Conference Proceedings 2026, 010001 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5064959

AIP Conference Proceedings 2026, 020050 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5065010 2026, 020050

© 2018 Author(s).
 Determination of Order Reaction on Hydrolysis Reaction of
Pineapple Leaf
Muhaimin Muhaimin1,a), Bayu Wiyantoko2), Rahma Novia Putri2) dan Rika
Rusitasari2)
1
Department of Chemistry Education, Mathematics, and Natural Science Faculty,
Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta
2
Department of Chemistry Analysis, Mathematics, and Natural Science Faculty,
Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta
a)
Corresponding author: muhaimin@uii.ac.id

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine the order of reaction of hydrolysis process of pineapple leaves by
using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst and without the catalyst. The homogeneous catalyst used was sulfuric
acid and nitric acid with a concentration of 2 M, while the heterogeneous catalyst used was physically activated loam.
The hydrolysis temperature is run at 120 °C with reaction times of 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The results showed that
hydrolysis process using homogeneous catalyst and without catalyst follow order one while hydrolysis by using
heterogeneous catalyst follow the second order.

INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has the potential of producing abundant biomass. The biomass can be utilized as an energy source
because of its abundant nature and availability. Such biomass can be obtained from households, agriculture, and
industry [1]. This biomass consists of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose and some other materials contained in the
biomass. Cellulose can be hydrolyzed into glucose for use as a base for the manufacture of alcohol by fermenting
glucose [2]. Hydrolysis of cellulose there are two kinds of chemical hydrolysis that uses dilute and concentrated
acids as the catalyst, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Factors influencing the hydrolysis result are cellulose material,
reactant concentration, temperature, and reaction time. Some of these factors affect the transfer of mass and energy
used, while other factors affect the rate of reaction [3]. The hydrolysis reaction to the conversion of cellulose to
glucose can generally be written as follows [4]:

+ ( − 1) → ( )

Cellulose hydrolysis by using an acidic catalyst which is a complex heterogeneous reaction involving physical
factors as well as hydrolytic chemical reactions [5]. Commonly used catalyst types are hydrochloric acid (HCl),
nitric acid (HNO3), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) [6,7]. The mechanism of hydrolysis reaction of cellulose into glucose
by using acid catalyst is as follows:

2nd International Conference on Chemistry, Chemical Process and Engineering (IC3PE)

AIP Conf. Proc. 2026, 020050-1–020050-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5065010
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1746-5/$30.00

020050-1
 FIGURE 1. The reaction mechanism for cellulose hydrolysis [8]

Fig. 1 shows the process of hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose in which glucose polymer in the form of
cellulose will break the bond at the β-1-4-glycosidic bond. The mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis reaction begins
with the interaction of protons derived from acids with glycosidic oxygen connecting two units of glucose monomer
resulting in the breaking of the C-O bond and the formation of the cyclic carbocation. The presence of water results
in the formation of glucose molecules [3].
The purpose of this research is to know the order of reaction in the process of hydrolysis of pineapple leaves by
using the homogeneous catalyst (HNO3 2 M and H2SO4 2 M) and the heterogeneous catalyst in the form of
physically activated clay.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material
The materials used in this study were pineapple, concentrated sulfuric acid, HNO3, natural clay, 5% phenol
solution, glucose standard, and aquadest.

Methods
Sample Preparation

Pineapple leaves are cut into small pieces to expand the surface, then pineapple leaves dried in the sun and then
dried for 24 hours at 80oC to remove the water content.

Hydrolysis process

Pineapple leaf hydrolysis is carried out using sulfuric acid, HCl and activated natural clay catalysts. The
hydrolysis process was carried out for 2 hours with variations of time 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes at 120 °C. The
obtained hydrolyzate was analyzed its glucose concentration by the concentrated phenol-acid sulphate method.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

TABLE 1. The result of Pineapple Leaf Hydrolysis
Type of Catalyst
Time Physical
No-Catalyst HNO3 2 M H2SO4 2 M
(minutes) Activated Clay
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
30 23.82 892.85 4008.91 48.39
60 31.90 953.36 4091.04 50.64
90 34.15 1041.16 4409.76 50.99
120 34.81 1189.71 6387.90 59.05

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 A B

C D
FIGURE 2. Results of Non-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (A), HNO3 Catalyst 2 M (B), Catalyst H2SO4 (C), Physically Activated
Clay Catalyst (D)

Glucose concentration is the glucose concentration resulting from the hydrolysis process to the duration of the
reaction process at a temperature of 120 °C using acid-activated catalyst and physical activated clay [9]. Figure 2
shows the results of pineapple leaf hydrolysis process using H2SO4, HNO3 and activated physical clay catalysts. In
general in Figure 2 shows the longer time of hydrolysis, the resulting glucose concentration increases. This indicates
that the tendency of molecules to collide with each other will be more frequent, resulting in the conversion of
cellulose into glucose increases [10]. The highest glucose levels are present at 120 minutes with each treatment in
different hydrolysis processes. The highest glucose concentration was achieved at 120 minutes by hydrolysis using a
2 M H2SO4 catalyst at 6387.90 ppm, while the lowest glucose level was 23.82 ppm at 120 minutes with hydrolysis
without the catalyst.

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 3.000 1.600
2.500 1.400 y = 0.7087x - 0.7698
y = -1.4041x + 3.8267 R² = 0.8786
2.000 1.200
R² = 0.999
1.000

1/(Ln(∞-t)
1.500
Ln(∞-t)

0.800
1.000
0.600
0.500 0.400
0.000 0.200
-0.500 0 1 2 3 4 0.000
-1.000 -0.200 0 1 2 3 4
Time (minutes) Time (minutes)

E F
FIGURE 3. Order of Reaction For Hydrolysis Without Catalyst: first order (E); second order (F)

5.800 0.008
5.700 y = -0.3462x + 6.0788
0.007 y = 0.0017x + 0.0014
R² = 0.9626
5.600 0.006 R² = 0.9267
5.500

1/(Ln(∞-t)
LnLn(∞-t)

0.005
5.400
0.004
5.300
0.003
5.200
5.100 0.002
5.000 0.001
4.900 0.000
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Time (minutes) Time (minutes)

G H
FIGURE 4. Order of Reaction For Hydrolysis With HNO3 Catalyst: first order (G); second order (H)

7.850 0.001
7.800 y = -0.0923x + 7.8857 0.001
R² = 0.8867
Ln(Ln(∞-t)

1/(Ln(∞-t)

7.750 0.000
7.700 0.000 y = 4E-05x + 0.0004
R² = 0.8775
7.650 0.000

7.600 0.000

7.550 0.000
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Time (minutes) Time (minutes)

I J
FIGURE 5. Reaction Order For Hydrolysis With Catalyst H2SO4: first order (I); second order (J)

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 0.140
2.400
2.350 0.120
2.300 y = -0.1397x + 2.4733 0.100

1/(Ln(∞-t)
Ln(Ln(∞-t)

2.250 R² = 0.8597 0.080

2.200
0.060
2.150 y = 0.0151x + 0.0821
2.100 0.040 R² = 0.8723
2.050 0.020
2.000 0.000
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Time (minutes) Time (minutes)

K L
FIGURE 6. Order of Reaction For Hydrolysis With Physical Activated Clay Catalyst: first order (K); second
order (L)

Fig. 3 to Fig. 6 show the determination of the reaction order at each hydrolysis by different treatments. The
results of calculating and processing data from the conversion of pineapple leaf cellulose into glucose are used to
determine the order of the reaction along with the rate constants. The order of reactions tested is first and second
order. Order determination is based on the ratio of the regression value of the relationship between ln (∞-t) to the
time for first order with the regression value of the relationship between 1/(∞-t) versus time for second order. The
regression value closest to one of the line equations for the first order and two then indicates the value of the order.
Hydrolysis of pineapple leaves using catalyst and without catalyst showed first order due to the relationship
between ln(∞-t) and time was linear, beside the water used in this process exceed so the reactant changes can be
ignored [11]. While hydrolysis of pineapple leaves by using activated physical clay catalyst shows the second order.
It is seen based on the linear regression value of each of the resulting graphs where the relationship between 1/(∞-
t) and time is linear.

CONCLUSION
The highest glucose concentration was achieved at 120 minutes for hydrolysis using acid catalyst and activated
physical clay catalyst, while the lowest glucose concentration was achieved at 30 minutes for hydrolysis without the
catalyst. For the hydrolysis of pineapple leaves using acid catalyst and without catalyst showed first order, whereas
hydrolysis by using activated clay catalyst showed second order.

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