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Harvesting technologies for sea buckthorn fruit

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 Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 7 (2014) 64e69

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food

journal homepage: http://www.sciencedirect.com/eaef

Harvesting technologies for sea buckthorn fruit

Longsheng Fu, Huidan Su, Rui Li, Yongjie Cui*
College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Sea buckthorn is a multipurpose, hardy, and deciduous shrub, and an ideal plant for soil erosion control,
Accepted 8 October 2013 land reclamation, and farmstead protection. Its fruit has high nutritional and medicinal values for
Available online 27 February 2014 humans. However, harvesting of the fruit is very difficult since they are very tightly bunched along the
branches. Moreover, the trees have large and needle-sharp thorns hiding all along branches. Therefore, it
Keywords: is very important to study mechanized harvesting technologies to promote the development of sea
Sea buckthorn
buckthorn industry. This article mainly presented a comprehensive review of the research status on sea
Fruit
buckthorn fruit harvester, introduced structures and working principles of several typical harvesters,
Harvesting
Mechanization
pointed out some problems of harvesting the fruit and recommendations or corresponding suggestions
for future research.
Ó 2014, Asian Agricultural and Biological Engineering Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.

1. Introduction conservation, desertification control, land reclamation and refor-

Sea buckthorn (SBT) (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a hardy and
deciduous shrub with yellow or orange berries, as shown in Fig. 1,
which has been used for centuries in Europe and Asia for its envi-
ronmental, nutritional, and medical values. SBT occurs as a native
plant distributed widely throughout temperate zones between 27
and 69 N latitude and 7 W and 122 E longitude including China,
Mongolia, Russia, Great Britain, France, Denmark, Netherlands,
Germany, Poland, Finland, Sweden, and Norway (Li and Schroeder,
1996; Zeb, 2004). SBT can be used for many purposes and, thus, has
considerable economic potential (Li, 2002). Recently, it has attrac-
ted considerable attention from researchers around the world,
especially North America and Japan, mainly for its nutritional and
medicinal values (Bal et al., 2011; Kanayama et al., 2012).
SBT fruit is rich in vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, and
phenolic compounds, and is used for medicinal purposes and as
food in some parts of the world (Zeb, 2004; Ohkawa et al., 2008;
Kanayama et al., 2012). The interested reader is directed to
Kanayama et al. (2012) for a detailed review of the medicinal and
nutritional properties of SBT.
For some other countries, environmental benefits from SBT are
more important. The wide adaptation, fast growth, strong
coppicing, and sucking habits, coupled with efficient nitrogen fix-
ation, make SBT an optimal pioneer plant in soil and water
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: cuiyongjie@nwsuaf.edu.cn (Y. Cui).
estation of eroded areas (Yang and Kallio, 2002). In China, SBT has
proved highly beneficial for controlling soil erosion and water loss,
and increasing land reclamation in the Loess Plateau, where is a
region of very serious soil and water loss in the world (Wu and
Zhao, 2000). Therefore, the Chinese government established the
National Sea Buckthorn Coordination Office in 1985. The office is
under the leadership of the Chinese Ministry of Water Resources,
which is responsible for coordinating all activities related to the
development of SBT nationwide. At present, SBT covered an area of
2.5 million hectares (ha) in China, which accounted for more than
80% of the total area in the world (Ruan et al., 2012). Among them,
the planted area is around 60%. Moreover, it has been increasing
with 10,000 ha every year. In addition, the harvest of SBT has
provided value-added industries to support the economy of rural
regions of China since the Chinese Government listed it as both a
food and a medicine in the Pharmacopoeia of China in 1977 (Yang
and Kallio, 2002; Zhao and Han, 2005; Hu et al., 2007).
Encouraged by success stories from China, many South Asian
countries, such as Nepal, Bhutan, India and Pakistan, started their
own SBT development programs in the 1990s. For example, in 1994,
a development organization, the Tree Improvement Program (TIP),
was established in Nepal. Supported by the Danish International
Development Agency, TIP has made significant efforts to promote
the development of SBT in northern Nepal (Nepal et al., 2001).
Another project entitled Sea Buckthorn Exploitation and Develop-
ment in Pakistan was initiated by the National Arid Land Devel-
opment and Research Institute of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture
and Livestock, Islamabad in 1997 (Abdul, 2001).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2013.10.002
1881-8366/Ó 2014, Asian Agricultural and Biological Engineering Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 L. Fu et al. / Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 7 (2014) 64e69 65

2. Harvesting of SBT fruit in developed countries

Techniques for the mechanical harvesting of SBT have been

studied in a range of countries, including, but not limited to, Russia,
Germany, Sweden, and Canada. Mechanical fruit harvesters can be
classified as either direct harvesters or indirect harvesters (Olander,
1995). A direct harvester relies on direct contact with the fruit,
while an indirect harvester causes the fruit to be removed without
physically touching it.

2.1. Direct harvesters

Direct harvesters can be very effective at removing the fruit, for

example, vacuum suction harvester. A representative model of this
type of equipment is the MII 70-6 vacuum suction SBT harvester
that was developed by the Moscow Research Institute of Agricul-
Fig. 1. Sea buckthorn and its fruit. tural Machinery (Yang et al., 2002). It was coupled to a tractor and
had a power of more than 36.6 kW. It included universal shaft,
pulley assembly, vacuum pumps, fruit tank, fruit boxes, vacuum
Therefore, in 1995, the International Centre for Research and tubes, and picking heads, as shown in Fig. 2. During harvesting,
Training on Sea buckthorn (ICRTS) was set up in Beijing, and 11 negative pressure generated from the vacuum pump, which was
countries joined the organization (Anonymous, 2001). In 2001, the powered by the tractor through the universal shaft, formed a flow
International Sea buckthorn Association (ISA) was established in in the special picking head to suck the SBT fruit into the harvester’s
New Delhi, India. The first congress of ISA was held in Berlin, Ger- container. Once the container was full, the fruit could be transferred
many in September 2003, and ISA’s constitution was approved to fruit boxes. Generally, this type of harvester has six picking heads
(Kanahama, 2005). available for six people to work at the same time, which could
Besides, Japanese was also trying to plant SBT in Hokkaido harvest up to 1000 kg of fruit in one day. However, it only suitable
(Ishii, 2003), and Iwate (Ohno et al., 2008). For example, the Very be used for the harvesting of the fine SBT variety from Russia that
Berry Farm Ueda in Hokkaido has planted 2000 trees, which with big fruit.
covered an area of 1.8 ha and its SBT ice cream has won the best
seller among all its processed products (H. Ueda, personal 2.2. Indirect harvesters
communication). Some other researchers were studying on mak-
ing use of all the parts of SBT, not only its fruit. Such as, Shiotsuka Indirect harvesting is usually accomplished by shaking a portion
et al. (2008) has reported that using SBT strained lees (SL) as of the plant. Forces applied to either the trunk or branch of the
Japanese black cattle feed and found that body weight in cattle plant cause the fruit to be detached from the stem. This mainly
decreased for SL addition. includes vibration harvesting and cutting harvesting.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to harvest the SBT fruit because it
does not readily form an abscission layer and the fruit is tightly
2.2.1. Vibration harvester
clustered on two- or three- old, thorn-covered branches (Li and
A trunk vibration harvester was developed by the Department of
Schroeder, 1996). In Sakatchewan, Canada, the total labor cost for
Agricultural Machinery in the Russian Institute of Medicinal Plant
harvesting an orchard of 4 ha was estimated to be 58% of the total
cumulative production cost over 10 years (Li, 2002). In Asia, har-
vesting is still mainly completed manually or with the use of sim-
ple, hand-held tools. This difficult and labor intensive process
requires about 1500 h/ha (Liang et al., 2008). Therefore, the
development of mechanical or other harvesting techniques for SBT
has attracted considerable attention. The concepts that have been
tried include direct juicing harvesters (Stan, 1995; Dolgosheev and
Varlamov, 1998; Ishii, 2003), tree shakers (Gaetke et al., 1991),
branch shakers (Stan et al., 1985; Bantle et al., 1996; Mann et al.,
2001; Xu et al., 2011; Olander, 2012), vacuum suctions units
(Varlamov and Gabuniya, 1990; Yun et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2008;
Mu et al., 2012), quick freezing units (Wegert and Wolf, 1990;
Gaetke and Triquart, 1993; Lanauskas et al., 2010; Olander, 2012),
hormone treatments (Demenko et al., 1983, 1986a, 1986b;
Demenko and Korzinnikov, 1990; Zhang et al., 1991; Zhu, 1991),
and whole branch harvesters (Gaetke and Triquart, 1992; Olander,
1995).
The objectives of this review are to present an overview of the
recent progress on the existed harvesting methods of SBT and their
further development. It also examines the relative advantages of
those technologies and considers prospects for further research
and practical industrial applications. Our hope is that this review
will spark the renewal of a research or development process which
will move the technology another step forward. Fig. 2. Structure of suction harvester for SBT fruit.
66 L. Fu et al. / Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 7 (2014) 64e69
Development, it consisted of a fruit collecting device, clamp
vibrating device, hydraulic motor, and control cylinder, as shown in
Fig. 3 (Qiu, 1989). For harvesting, the clamp position on the trunk
was selected first and clamped by the vibrating device after its
height and angle were adjusted via the hydraulic control valve.
After that, the trunk was vibrated by the vibration from the
eccentric mechanism in the vibrating device, which was driven by
the hydraulic motor. The vibrating frequency was regulated
through the flow valve to adjust the hydraulic motor speed, so that
it was close to the natural frequency of the plant. The ripe fruit was
shaken free from the plant and dropped down into the collecting
device. It was found that the harvester could only remove 50% of
the fruit at a rate of 1200 kg per day. The trunk vibration harvester
needs the tree height to be more than 1 m, line spacing of 4e5 m,
and tree spaced of more than 3 m. It was only suitable for use with
planted SBT gardens where the cultivars have big fruit.
Although the trunk vibration harvester would allow the entire
bush to be harvested at one time, trunk shakers are only effective
for bushes that have one central trunk with short branches. Bushes
where the branches long and slender are more difficult to harvest
by shaking the trunk because much of the energy is lost before it
reaches the berries (Olander, 1995; Mann et al., 2001). Therefore,
there have been some attempts at harvesting SBT berries by
directly vibrating the branch, with mixed results. Stan et al. (1985)
used a black currant harvester to test seven cultivars of SBT. Only
one cultivar could be successfully harvested when using a vibration
frequency of 18.5 Hz and an amplitude of 25 mm. Gaetke et al.
(1991) tested the SBT cultivar ‘Hergo’ at three different fre-
quencies (20, 25, and 30 Hz) and three different amplitudes (13, 18,
and 25 mm). An amplitude of 25 mm and frequency of 25 Hz was
required for adequate removal. At the smaller amplitudes, a fre-
quency of 30 Hz was required. A prototype from Sweden was tested
with amplitudes of 40 and 55 mm at frequencies up to 25 Hz
(Olander, 1995). For the ‘Indian Summer’ cultivar in western Can-
ada, Mann et al. (2001) found that at frequencies of both 20 and
25 Hz, the percentage of berries removed by shaking increased
linearly with increasing amplitude. The combination of 25 Hz and
32 mm produced the best result during the November harvest
period when 98% of the berries were removed within 15 s of
shaking.
For some cultivars, the harvesting results were acceptable.
However, for others, the berries burst leaving the skins on the
Fig. 3. Structure of trunk vibration harvester for SBT fruit.
branch. Therefore, to prevent this, some pre-harvest treatments
were tested to facilitate the vibration harvesting. For example,
quick freezing units were employed to freeze the berries so that
they would be easier to remove by shaking. The best results were
observed when entire branches were removed and frozen at 36  C
(Wolf and Wegert, 1993). After that, the berries were removed by
beating the branches. It was possible to obtain excellent quality
berries with this method, but it required a large amount of labor
(about 450 h/ha).
In addition, the use of hormone treatments to facilitate fruit
release has also been tested. Trushechkin et al. (1973) reported that
ethephon at 2000 mg/L of water decreased fruit detachment force
by 30%. Demenko et al. (1986a) suggested that the inability of ripe
fruit to abscise is caused by compartmentation of internal ethylene
in seeds. Ethylene treatment induced the formation of an abscission
layer, which could make harvesting more efficient (Demenko et al.,
1986a, 1986b; Demenko and Korzinnikov, 1990). However, food
residue standards changed and they now discourage the use of the
currently available pre-harvest chemical fruit looseners. The
inability to include fruit losseners in the mechanical harvesting
system has resulted in harvesters having to be able to remove fruit
that is more firmly attached to the tree.
In addition, in order to improve the design of harvesting and
processing equipment for the SBT crop, the structure of the fruit,
pedicel, raceme, and branch of the ‘Indian Summer’ cultivar were
studied and related to how they may affect fruit harvest and pro-
cessing (Harrison and Beveridge, 2002; Khazaei and Mann, 2004a,
2004b, 2004c). It was found the most desirable fruit detachment
zone is at the pediceleraceme interface where an abscission zone is
formed naturally in mature fruit of the ‘Indian Summer’. This study
may be useful for plant breeders to develop varieties that detach
from the tree at the pediceleraceme interface and not at the
pedicel-fruit or brancheraceme interface.
2.2.2. Cutting harvester
In Germany, a cutting harvester was developed by the Krane-
mann Co. Ltd (Kranemann, 2009). It included an adjustable baffle,
circular saw, reel, elevator, and container, as shown in Fig. 4. During
harvesting, the harvester was driven along the SBT tree line and
adapted to the growth habit of the shrub by the baffle, which can go
under the drooping branches and raise a mower deck on the reel.
The reels that mounted curved tines arrange the branches and take
them to a set position for cutting. Then, the fruit bearing-branch
was cut by the circular saw and conveyed to the container. After
that, the fruit-bearing branches were transported on a special truck
to a flash freezer tunnel where the fruit-bearing branches were
flash-frozen while passing through within 10e15 min. Lastly, they
were transferred to a machine that separates the fruit from the
Fig. 4. Structure of cutting harvester for SBT fruit.
 L. Fu et al. / Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 7 (2014) 64e69 67

branches by vibrating. This method has great adaptability to

various SBT varieties and high efficiency. However, it results in a
large yield reduction the following year. In addition, it requires a
line spacing of more than 3 m, which means it only can be applied
to commercial planted SBT orchards.

3. Harvesting of SBT fruit in developing countries

In Asia, especially China, which accounts for more than 80% of

SBT coverage area in the world, SBT fruit are still mainly harvested
by hand picking or hand cutting. Research on the mechanical har-
vesting of SBT fruit started in the late 1980s when China began to
promote the planting of SBT trees.
In the beginning, some simple hand-held tools were developed
to assist with the harvesting of SBT fruit. Such as, a small SBT fruit
removal tool (as shown in Fig. 5a) that was invented by Du and Li
(1988) from the Institute of Shanxi Agricultural Machinery. It
could remove the fruit as its curve covered the fruit-bearing branch
and could be moved along the branch. Another tool (as shown in
Fig. 5b), which was used in the same way as the previous one, was
made by Chen (1988) from the Institute of Dailing Forestry. A third
picking tool (as shown in Fig. 5c) was created by Ma (1988) from the Fig. 6. Structure of 1ZGQ-2B SBT fruit harvester.
Institute of Shaanxi Agricultural Machinery, it separated the SBT
fruit by putting them into the mouth and then pulling the SBT fruit
off the fruit-bearing branch with human power. These tools were
simple and inexpensive, and offered limited improvements over
conventional hand picking. Moreover, they resulted in the har-
vested fruit having a low quality and were not suitable for use
harvesting large-scale SBT plantations.
Recently, as the big fruit cultivars of SBT from Russia were
introduced to China and planted for commercial production, their
harvesting machine was also imported. Based on that, some new
harvesting machines were developed. For example, a small fruit
harvester (1ZGQ-2B, 60 kg in weight) was designed to separate the
berries and nuts that have a diameter of up to 16 mm, such as SBT
Fig. 7. Dial spring head for 1ZGQ-2B SBT fruit harvester.
fruit (Yun et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2008; Mu et al., 2012). It is
consists of a stander, gasoline generator, fan system, regulator,
picking head, and collecting device, as shown in Fig. 6. When in use holding the fruit-bearing branch, the other hand takes the working
for harvesting, the gasoline generator’s power is transmitted to head and feeds the branch into the dial spring. As the branch is
both the picking head through the regulator and to the ventilator, moved from head to end by hand, the fruit were separated from the
after which it is passed to the container and collecting device. The branch by the rotational dial spring and fall into the collecting
picking head can separate the SBT fruit with vibrations produced device. Using this method, it was possible to harvest 85% of the
from a small built-in motor. Then, the separated SBT fruit fall into fruit, at a collection rate of 40e50 kg/h, with less than 10% damaged
the collecting device and are sucked into the container. It was re- on big fruit cultivars. The disadvantage of this harvester is that the
ported that this harvester could separate the big fruit cultivars at a fruit are of low quality as they are contaminated with much foreign
rate of 70e80 kg/h. However, the picking head with high frequency material.
vibrations, which is held by hand, is not suitable for long time In addition, a portable SBT fruit picker of the mechanical vi-
continuous work. bration type was developed, as shown in Fig. 8 It uses a slider-crank
Beside the vibration picking head, another working head was mechanism that can transform the circular motion of the gear pair
also invented (as shown in Fig. 7) to be applied with the machine into a linear reciprocating motion for the clamp to realize SBT fruit
(Liang et al., 2007; Mu et al., 2012). It is connected to the pump tube
and separated the fruit by rotational scratching. With one hand

Fig. 5. Hand-held tools for harvesting SBT fruit. Fig. 8. Structure of the portable SBT fruit vibration harvester.
68 L. Fu et al. / Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 7 (2014) 64e69
Table 1
Comparison of each harvester.
Type Country
Vacuum suction harvester Russia
Trunk vibration harvester Russia
Cutting harvester German
Small fruit harvester Vibration head China
Dial spring head China
Portable vibration picker China
harvesting by shaking the branches. It was reported that the har-
vesting rate reached 80% and the harvesting efficiency was up to
48.9 kg/h with a damage rate of less than 12% with this device.
4. Discussions
Although SBT is a unique and valuable plant species that is
widely grown in various parts of the world, its main constraint to
large-scale fruit production is still the harvesting. It was found that
most research on mechanical harvesting of SBT fruit in developed
countries was done in the 1990s, except for Khazaei and Mann
(2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2004d) from Canada, who have performed
some fundamental studies that would be helpful for designing
mechanical harvester, from 2001 to 2005. In developing countries,
especially China, SBT fruit are still being harvested manually, even
though much research has been done and some devices were
developed in these countries.
The performance of each harvester is compared in Table 1. The
trunk vibration harvester from Russia reached the highest har-
vesting efficiency of 50 kg/h, but its removal rate of 50% is too low to
be acceptable. The best harvester is the cutting harvester from
Germany: it could remove 80% of the fruit at a harvest rate of 30 kg/
h, while only damage 5% of the fruit. Therefore, this method, sup-
plied by the Kranemann Co. Ltd., is the only commercially viable
way for mechanical harvesting of SBT fruit. It was found that some
cultivars could be harvested in the field without freezing, such as
‘Hergo’, but the branches need to be cut first by hand, and then fed
parallel in to the axel of the shaker. Therefore, it could be possible to
breed SBT cultivars suited for harvesting by shaking. For large scale
harvesting, the only realistic method is to shake the berries off the
plant. I have been informed that, fortunately, some cultivars from
the Institute of Horticulture, Barnaul, Russia are working very well.
This is also the reason that some researchers in developed countries
have begun to study the mechanical harvesting of SBT fruit again.
For example, Olander S., from Sweden, who had been working on
the harvesting of SBT fruit until 1996, before then turning to the IT
business, has now started working on SBT fruit again (S. Olander,
personal communication). He made a presentation at ‘The 2nd
European Workshop on Sea Buckthorn’ and presented a paper
titled ‘A Review of Berry Harvest Machine Development in Sweden’
in the ‘International Symposium on Mechanical Harvesting and
Handling Systems of Fruits and Nuts’ recently (Olander, 2012).
However, shaking the trees causes severe bark damage, so even
if all the berries are successfully harvested by shaking, the bush will
still need to be cut down anyway. Therefore, the most realistic
harvesting method is to cut off the branches during the harvest
season, but to do that in one operation is quite complex. This is due
to the bush usually growing with thick branches that makes pas-
sage through the machine difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to
develop a culture system that makes the bush grow upwards,
without branches. Some researchers are already working on this.
Another way to reduce the fruit detachment force is by applying
hormone treatments before harvesting. When the SBT fruit can be
Operators needed Harvesting efficiency Removal rate Damage rate
(kg/h/person)
6 21 70% e
3 50 50% e
6 30 80% 5%
3 25 85% 15%
3 15 85% 10%
2 24 80% 12%
removed easily from branches, a shaking harvester that is similar to
a high-bush blueberry harvester may be applied, and this causes
less bark-damage. Therefore, once the SBT trees can be planted as a
blueberry orchard, the best way will be the shaking harvester.
Overall, improvements in harvesting are being developed through
both breeding programs and equipment development.
5. Conclusions
In most regions, SBT can be grown as a sustainable fruit crop to
improve food security because of its nutritional components, me-
dicinal properties, and stress tolerance. While for other regions,
which are suffering from ecological damage, SBT is more important
for its ability to fix nitrogen, water and soil conservation, and
desertification control. Therefore, the development of an SBT in-
dustry for those regions has great significance to its ecological
environment construction, regional economic development, and
increasing the farmer’s income. Mechanical harvesting of SBT fruit
is the key for sustainable development of the SBT industry. As labor
costs in those regions are increasing rapidly, the conflicts between
ecological management and economic development will become
more and more serious. Thus, there will be significant requirements
for mechanical harvesting of SBT fruit. Therefore, it is necessary for
more researchers to study harvesting technologies for SBT fruit.
Acknowledgments
This research work was sponsored by Grant from National Sci-
ence Foundation of China (31301242), Chinese Universities Scien-
tific Fund (QN2013064, Northwest A&F University), and Scientific
Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,
State Education Ministry.
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