11.

1 Classify the following equations as hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptic:

1. ∅ xx + 2 ∅ xy +∅ yy=∅ x −x ∅ y Parabolic Equation

2. 2 ∅ xx +5 ∅ xy+ 2 ∅ yy =0 Hyperbolic Eqeuation
3. ∅ xx + 4 ∅ xy +20 ∅ yy−5 ∅ x + y ∅ a=0 Elliptic Equationa
4. ∅ xx + 4 ∅ xy +∅ yy =2 ∅ ∅ x Hyperbolic Equation
5. y 2 ∅ xx−2 xy ∅ xy + x 2 ∅ yy =0 Pa1raboli c Equationaa

( x2 + 14 ) ∅ =0
2
6. ∅ xx + x2 ∅ yy − yy
Hyperbolic Equation

11.2 Find the region in which the fo llowing equation behaves as (a) a hype rbolic
equation, (b) a parabolic equation, and (c) an elliptic equation:
aa

2
1. x ∅ xx +4 ∅ yy=0
2. y ∅ xx + ∅ yy =0

11.3 Define the following terms:

 The Dirichlet conditions are sufficient conditions for a real-valued, periodic

function f to be equal to the sum of its Fourier series at each point where f is
continuous.
 The Neumann (or second-type) boundary condition is a type of boundary condition,
named after Carl  Neumann. When imposed on an or dinary or a partial
differential equation, the condition specifies the values in which the
derivative of a solution is applied with in t he boundary of the domain.
 Robin boundary conditions are a weighted combination of Dirichlet
boundary conditions and Neumann boundary conditions. This contrasts to mixed
boundary conditions, which are boundary con ditions of different types specified
on different subsets of the boundary.
 The Courant number in on e-dimension is defined as C ≡ u∆t ∆x where u is the
characteristic wave speed of the system, ∆t is the time-step of the numerical
model, and ∆x is the spacing of the grid in the numerical model.
 A Characteristic is defined as a curve along which the determinant of the matrix
[D] is zero.
 In a Cartesian coordinate system, the Laplace Operator is given by sum of second
partial derivatives of the function with respect to each independent variable,
where x and y are the standard Cartesian coordinates of the xy-plane.
 In a Polar coordinate system, the Laplace Operator is given by sum of second
partial derivatives of the function with respect to each independent variable,
where r represents the radial distance and θ the angle.

11. 4 Give short answers to each of the following:

1. How many initial and boundary conditions are needed to solve a partial
differential equation. THREE

2. How many types of boundary conditions can be specified for a partial

differential equation? THREE

3. What is the difference between an ordinary differential equation and a

partial differential equation?

- Ordinary Differential Equation is a differential equation containing one or

more functions of one independent variable and the derivatives of those
 functions while Partial Differential Equation is an equation which imposes
relations between the various partial derivatives of a multivariable function.

4. How are partial differential equations classified?

- Partial Differential Equations are classified as an initial value or boundary

value problems.

5. For a rectangular region, the boundary conditions are stated as∅ ( 0 , y )=0 ,
∂ ∅ (a , y) ∂ ∅ ( x , b)
=0 , ∅ ( x , 0 ) =0 , and =0. Identify each of these conditions as a
∂x ∂y
Dirichlet, Neumann or Robbins Condition.

6. Give two practical applications governed by hyperbolic equations.

- Convective Transport of Matter

- Electromagnetic and acoustic waves

7. What is the significance of the numerical viscosity term in the finite-

difference solution of a hyperbolic equation?
-Numerical viscosity arises from discrete approximations to the momentum
advection terms in Eulerian equations, or from re-zoning operations used in
Lagrangian formulations. The origin of the effect is the use of a homogenizing
assumption in the elements or control volumes underlying the approximation
scheme.

8. If the cartesian and polar coordinates are related as x=rcosθ and y=rsinθ ,
express r and Ө in terms of x and y.
x
r =√ x + y ∅=arctan ⁡( y )
2 2

11.5 Determine whether each of the following statements is True or False.

1. The classification into elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic equations is

applicable only to second-order partial differential equations. FALSE
2. Partial Differential Equations can be classified as initial and boundary
value problems. TRUE
3. Analytical solutions can be found to most partial differential equations.
FALSE
4. All partial differential equations need boundary and initial conditions for
their solution. TRUE
5. Three types of boundary conditions can be specified for a partial
differential equation. TRUE
6. The Robbins boundary condition can be considered as a mixed-boundary
condition. TRUE
7. The Crank-Nicholson Method is a conditionally stable method. FALSE
8. The ADI Method is an unconditionally stable method. TRUE
9. The solutions of elliptic and parabolic equations are not always continuous
in their spatial and time domains. FALSE

11.6 Fill in the blanks with suitable word(s).

1. Second-order partial differential equations involving three independent

variables are classified as elliptic, parabolic, hyperbolic and
ultrahyperbolic equations.
2. The grid points at an irregular boundary are defined using backward and
forward difference of standard grid-point spacing.
 3. A parabolic differential equation can be solved using both explicit and
implicit methods.
4. The step sizes along-x and r-axes in a parabolic equation need to satisfy
certain relation to ensure the stability of the explicit method of solution.
5. The Crank-Nicholson method is an Implicit Method. a
6. In the method of lines, the partial differential equation is converted into
a system of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equation.
7. The alternating-direction implicit (ADI) Method is widely used for the
solution of parabolic equations involving two spatial variables.
8. The solution of a hyperbolic equation can have jumps.
9. The method of characteristics involves the determination of the
characteristic curve.

11.7 Match the following:

1. ∅ ( x , y )=c1 a. Neumann Condition

b. Robbins Condition
∂ ∅ (x , y )
2. =c 2 c. Dirichlet Condition
∂n
∂ ∅ (x , y )
3. +r ∅ ( x , y )=c 3
∂n
11.8 Consider the following equations:

A ( x , y ) ∅ xx + B ( x , y ) ∅ xy +C ( x , y ) ∅ yy =D(x , y )
Match each of the following conditions with its corresponding determinant for the
equation:

1. Elliptic equation a. 2
B −4 AC =0
2. Parabolic Equation 2
b. B −4 AC >0
3. Hyperbolic Equation
c. 2
B −4 AC <0