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Nationalism in India class 10

1. 1st world war effects –

a. huge increase in defence expenditure
b. Taxes & customs duties were raised
c. Crops failed; food shortage & prices increased
2. The Idea of Satyagraha
a. Emphasize the power of truth
b. If cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then
physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
c. Gandhiji believed this Dharma of Nonviolence.
3. Satyagraha movements.
a. Kheda 1917(Gujarat)- Peasant’s satyagraha against high revenue.
b. Champaran 1917 (Bihar)- Peasant’s struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.
c. Ahmadabad (Gujarat) mill workers 1918- Cotton mill workers
against owners
4. The Rowlatt act 1919
a. It gave the government enormous powers to repress political
activities.
b. Gandhiji started Hartals against this unjust law.
c. Rallies were organized& workers went on strike.
5. How Britishers reacted (Clamp down) on satyagraha against rowlatt
act?
a. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar
b. Gandhiji was barred from entering Delhi.
c. The police fired upon peaceful procession (April 13)
6. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April 1919) – Amritsar(Punjab)
a. Martial law was imposed. General Dyer took command.
b. Some local leaders came to Bagh to protest against the
government unjust laws. Village people who came to buy things
also went into Bagh.
c. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit point & opened fire on
crowd. Killed hundreds of people.

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7. How people in towns (North Indian) reacted against Jallianwala
Bagh incident?
a. Crowd took to the streets
b. There were strikes
c. Clashes with police
d. Attacks on government buildings,
8. How Government Responded against this?
a. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground
b. Crawl on the streets
c. And satyagrahis had to Do salaam to all sahibs,
9. Khilafat committee (Bombay March 1919)
a. Formed by Muhammad Ali & Shaukat Ali
b. Aim – To defend the Khalifa’s Temporal powers.
c. These leaders discussed with Gandhiji about the possibility of
united mass action.
d. At the Calcutta (1920 INC session) decided to launch non
cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for
Swaraj.
10.Why Noncooperation?
a. Hind swaraj book 1909. About Non cooperation was mentioned in
this book
b. Gandhiji said “Britishers were surviving only because of our
cooperation, if we refuse to cooperate, British rule in India would
collapse within a year.
11.How could non cooperation become a Movement?
a. 1920 December congress session – Noncooperation movement
was adopted.
b. Noncooperation – khilafat movement began in jan 1921
c. Began with surrendering the Titles that the government awarded.
d. Boycotting civil services& Foreign goods.
12.Non cooperation movement in Towns
a. Movement started with middle class participation
b. Students left their schools and colleges
c. Teachers resigned & lawyers gave up their practices
d. The council elections were boycotted except in Madras
13.Effects of non cooperation on economic front
a. Foreign goods were boycotted
b. Liquor shops were picketed
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c. Foreign cloth burnt in huge bone fire & started wearing Khadi.
 d. The imports of foreign cloth halved.
e. Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
14.Why Non cooperation movement slowed down in cities?
a. Khadi cloth was expensive, poor could not afford.
b. The boycott of British institutions posed a problem. Alternative
institutions had to be set up.
c. These were slow to come up.
15.Non cooperation movement – Countryside
a. Awadh peasants
1. Peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra
2. This movement was against talukdars &landlords
3. Peasants problems- Begar & high rents
4. Their demands- Reduction of revenue & abolition of beggar
5. Nai dhobi bandhs were organized
6. Oudh kisan sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru
and Baba Ram Chandra.
b. Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh
1. A militant guertilla movement spread
2. Tribals in gudem hills were led by Alluri sitar ama raju
3. Problems of tribals- Begar & Forest laws
4. Alluri Sitar Rama Raju was inspired by Gandhiji. He urged
people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
5. He believed in non violence
6. Gudem rebels attacked police station, Raju was captured
and excuted in 1924.
c. Swaraj in Assam plantations
1. Plantation workers fought against their owners.
2. Under Inland Emigration act of 1859 plantation workers
were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without
permission.
3. When workers heard of the Non cooperation movement
thousands of workers left the plantations & headed home
4. But they were brutally beaten up when they caught up by
the police.
16. Why Non cooperation movement was called off?
a. In Feb 1922 Non cooperation was called off,.
b. Because – At Chauri Chaura (UP) there was a violent clash
between satyagrahis and police.
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c. When Gandhiji heard this he called off that movement.
17.Swaraj party
a. Formed by Jawaharlal Nehru & Subash Chandra Bose
b. They pressed for radical agitation.
18.Simon commission 1928
a. It was a statutory commission under Sir John Simon, appointed by
British.
b. To look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India.
c. This commission was greeted with the slogan “Go back Simon”
d. Because this commission did not have a single Indian member.
19. Viceroy Lord Irwin
a. In oct 1929 He announced vague offer of Dominion status for India
in an unspecified future.
20. INC 1929 session – Lahore
a. Formalized the demand of Purna swaraj.
b. It was declared 26 Jan 1930 would be celebrated as the
Independence Day.
21. Salt March & The civil Disobedience Movement
a. On 31 Jan 1930 Gandhiji wrote a letter with 11 demands to Lord
viceroy Irwin.
b. The most important demand was Abolition of Tax on salt.
c. But Irwin was unwilling to fulfill these 11 demands.
d. So Gandhiji started famous salt March/ Dandi march under CDM
(civil dis obedience movement) with 78 volunteers.
e. The March was over 240 miles from Sabarmati ashram to the
Gujarat coastal town Dandi.
f. The volunteers walked for 24 days about 10 miles a day.
g. On 6 April they reached Dandi & violated the law, manufacturing
salt by boiling sea water.
h. This marked the beginning of the CDM
i. Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law
j. Foreign cloth was boycotted & liquor shops were picketed.
k. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidar taxes.
l. Forest people violated forest laws.
m. Colonial government began arresting congress leaders and
satyagrahis one by one
n. Women and children were beaten up
o. In such situation Gandhiji decided to called off the movement.
22. Gandhi – Irwin pact ( 5th March 1931)
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 a. Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round table conference in
London and the government agreed to release the political
prisoners.
b. In 1931 Gandhiji attended 2nd round table conference
c. But the negotiations were broke down
d. Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the CDM but by 1934 it lost its
momentum.
23.How Participants saw the CDM
a. Rich peasants
1. Patidar’s in Gujarat & Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active
in this movement
2. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against
high revenue.
b. Poor peasants
1. Many of the poor peasantry were small tenants
2. They participated in CDM to fight against High Rent
3. But the Congress was unwilling to support “ No Rent
Campaign”
c. Business class/ Industrialists
1. They were keen to expand their business.
2. They wanted protection against Imports of Foerign
goods.
3. To organize their business interests, they formed FICCI
(Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce
Industries) in 1927.
4. Purushottamdas & Thakurdas attacked colonial control
over Indian economy.
d. Industrial working class
1. They did not participate in the CDM in large numbers
except in the Nagpur Region.
2. As the Industrialists came closer to the Congress,
workers stayed aloof.
3. Workers in Chotanagpur Tin workers wore Gandhi caps.
e. Women
1. There was the large-scale participation of women in
CDM
2. During salt march thousands of women came out to
listen to Gandhi
3. They participated in protests.
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24.The limits of CDM
Not all social groups moved by the abstract concept of Swaraj.
example
a. Dalits
1. For long congress had ignored the Dalits for the fear of
offending the sanatinas
2. But Gandhi declared that swaraj would not come for a
hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.
3. He called Dalits as children of God
4. But Dalits were not allowed to participate in the
movements,
b. Muslims
1. After Non cooperation movement Muslims felt they
were alienated from the congress.
2. The relation between Hindu Muslim worsened.
3. So, their participation in CDM was limited.
25.Poona pact (September 1932)
a. Pact between Gandhiji & Dr B R Ambedkar
b. It gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial
&central legislative councils
26.Sense of collective belonging
a. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they
are all part of the same Nation.
b. The Bharat Maata image was first created by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay who wrote Vande mataram.
c. Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat
Maata.
d. Bharat Mata portrayed as an ascetic figure.
e. Folk tales sung by bards
f. In Bengal Rabindranath Tagore began collecting ballads,nursery
rhymes.
g. In Madras Natesha sastri published 4 volume collection of folk
tales.
h. Flags – Swadeshi movement flag in Bengal (Red , Green&
Yellow)
it had 8 lotuses- representing 8 provinces.
Crescent moon -representing Hindu Muslim
Swaraj flag (Red, Green &white)– Designed by Gandhiji.
It had spinning wheel at the center representing the idea of
self-help.
 i. Re interpretation of History
The British saw Indians as backward. in response Indians began
looking inti the past to discover India’s great achievements.

DEVARAPALLI ARUNA KUMARI

TGT SST
KV MACHILIPATNAM
HYD REGION