Available Resources for Asylum/Refugee Seekers In the UK

Table of Contents
Available Resources for Asylum/Refugee Seekers In the UK.....................................................................1
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
Literature Review........................................................................................................................................3
Aims........................................................................................................................................................6
Objective.................................................................................................................................................6
Research Question...................................................................................................................................7
Justification of Design.................................................................................................................................7
Criteria for selecting studies in to the review...............................................................................................8
Inclusion criteria......................................................................................................................................8
Exclusion criteria.....................................................................................................................................9
Comprehensive Search..............................................................................................................................10
Using the Boolean operator’s framework for search Terms...................................................................10
Search Strategy......................................................................................................................................10
First and Second Selection........................................................................................................................11
Assessment of Methodological Quality.....................................................................................................11
Data extraction..........................................................................................................................................12
Data analysis.............................................................................................................................................12
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................13
Reference...................................................................................................................................................14

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Introduction
Asylum seekers in the UK make use of the healthcare service more than the citizens residing in
the UK, this is due to the obstacles surrounding them having access to the primary healthcare
system (Clayton and Vickers, 2019). Several studies have revealed that asylum seekers have
various health needs in the country they wish to seek asylum in, these needs have made
accessing health care service for asylum seekers very difficult. A comprehensive survey shows
communication problems, poor healthcare professional relationships, and culturally insensitive
health care services in UK as part of government initiative to reduce the number of immigrants
that enter into the UK (Kang, Tomkow and Farrington, 2019). In 2012, former Home Secretary,
May Theresa pronounced the UK as a hostile environment to irregular immigrants (Giacco and
Priebe, 2018). The change of government policy on immigration has restricted asylum seekers
who have been denied asylum the privilege of accessing health care services, by 2017 it was
made compulsory for patient who needed treatment to pay for health care service (Kavukcu and
Altıntaş, 2019). The general practice services are free to asylum seekers, but community services
associated with primary health care requires payment for its services. Migrants who attempted to
register with the general practitioners were wrongfully denied because of their immigration
status, this was revealed by doctors of World UK (Giscombe, Hui and Stickley, 2020). There
have been deliberations between migrant-rights advocacy groups and general practitioners on the
charges placed on primary care services applied to migrants to be a cause of difficulty in
accessing health care services. Access to health care service can be defined as the degree patients
have access to health care system in a country. Moreover, accessing healthcare service involves
accessibility, accommodation, availability, and affordability.

This research study will use a systematic review technique in its research design, discuss the use
of PIO/PICO in classifying research questions, vividly explain the criteria involved in study
selection, assessment of methodology, perform a comprehensive search using PICO/PIO, extract
and analyse data, and explain the ethics of the study.

Literature Review
Migrants who seek asylum in the UK, whether they will apply now or wish to do so in the
future are sensitive set of people politically and administratively (Boenigk et al., 2021). The
participants represented are diverse, energetic, and frequently contested, they all have significant

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political consequences which include accessing healthcare services (Cooper, Blumell and Bunce,
2021). Government interests weighs heavily on categorising migrants who qualifies for asylum
and owns the right to seek asylum as a result of migration from his homeland into the UK (Fish
and Fakoussa, 2018). During the 2015 Mediterranean refugee crisis, the UK government's
interest in excluding unqualified "workforce migrants" from the real refugees heightened the
political importance of these set of people (Giacco and Priebe, 2018). The procedure of
identifying asylum seekers has shifted the state's interest in controlling immigration to the favor
of the UK government, rather than the interests of migrants to attain proper and inclusive health
care services (Fratzke and Dorst, 2019). In different parts of Europe migrants' rights to seek
asylum differs, some countries in Europe refuse to accept asylum claims from certain sect
identified by their nationality, race, or color (Giscombe, Hui and Stickley, 2020). Furthermore,
one of the techniques the government wishes to aid asylum seekers is by the provision of
adequate healthcare services (Haith-Cooper et al., 2018). The politically disruptive and obstruse
nature of the administrative and legal groupings "asylum seeker" has an unfavorable effect on
migrant's capabilities and wish to get primary healthcare services (Kang, Tomkow and
Farrington, 2019). The legal rights of migrants and the right to apply for asylum is frequently
debated (Kavukcu and Altıntaş, 2019). However, there are frequent changes between
classifications; for example, an asylum seeker could become a labour migrant and also an
unauthorised migrant, and these changes frequently happen even without migrant's knowledge
(Ziersch and Due, 2018).

Although asylum seekers accessing healthcare service officially differs throughout all Europe,
few findings have been carried out to regulate whether asylum seekers have worse health
conditions than most citizens of the United Kingdom (Ziersch and Due, 2018). Although
obtainable reports indicates that asylum seekers have worse health conditions than registered
citizens, race, ethnicity, legal status, and educational achievement are important differences
among and between asylum seekers (Stevens, 2020). For example, in the United Kingdom, the
struggles of asylum seeker make no difference to the guidelines of accessing the healthcare
services (Strang, and Quinn, 2021). The main medical conditions afflicting asylum seekers
are malnutrition, mental stress, infectious diseases, these health conditions are thought to be
because of the life in refugee camps or the hard and hazardous trips over long distances (Smith,
and Waite, 2019). Nevertheless, literatures on the medical status of asylum seekers start by

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assuming that asylum seekers have reported to have worse health conditions than citizens of the
UK (Morrice et al., 2021). Tuberculosis; HIV/AIDS; Hepatitis A and B; Parasitic diseases;
irregular body pains and mental distress, particularly depression and Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder, as a result of traumas, which include torture, were highlighted as issues affecting
asylum seekers (Mukumbang, 2020). Additionally, it is acknowledged that asylum seekers face
special "obstructions" to accessing health care services in the UK. Obstacles facing asylum
seekers that desire to access healthcare services include linguistic and translating service,
finance, culture, lack of health care knowledge, bureaucracy, legality, immigration policy, and
recentness of arrival. Impact of healthcare service availability to asylum seekers include
population of migrants, infrastructural development of health care services, and UK’s ability to
fund health care facility for the general populace (McIntyre and Hall, 2020).

Out of the wide options of services available to migrants the primary healthcare is majorly
suggested, making it necessary for healthcare access in order improve health status among
asylum seekers (Phillimore, 2021). Access to primary healthcare by asylum seekers in
relocated countries has been drastically improved through the enactment of interdisciplinary
team, language translators, and linguistic staff (Smith and Waite, 2019). Mayblin and James
(2019) state that, the free or low-cost services, community programs, complimentary
transportation to and from checkups, extended health centre hours, relationships with patients,
and the use of sexual preference providers has also been greatly improved by the UK
government (Strang and Quinn, 2021). Accessing general practitioners (GP) by asylum seekers
has improved migrants' health conditions in the relocated states and counties by getting
assistance with registration, appointment scheduling, the use of interpreters to gain clarity of
unfamiliar clinical management and therapies, as well as judicious management (Kang, Tomkow
and Farrington, 2019). Several variables including the ones outside the healthcare system and
others in a wider and better context may impact the medical status of asylum seekers positively
(Giscombe, Hui and Stickley, 2020). By using pharmacotherapeutic receipt as a means for
accessing medical services, it was concluded that asylum seeking children are more likely to get
prescribed medications and less likely to receive "over the counter" treatment than children in the
UK, asylum seekers may have special expectations from healthcare service system than locals in
the community they relocated to (Fratzke and Dorst, 2019). Multiethnic translation and advocacy
for healthcare services is critical to enable access to full healthcare services for precise asylum

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seekers, and also for their health status (Phillimore, 2021). In Geneva, important medical
intercessions in terms of language congruency are mostly connected with an enhanced report of
tragic incidents and significant sensitive cognitive problems by displaced persons was put in
place (Hynie, 2018). Insufficient language concordance on the other hand is related to low
disclosure of symptoms, and reduced consultations to psychical and secondary healthcare
service. Improved cultural responsiveness enhances communiqué, management, and observance
in multicultural consultation (Giscombe, Hui and Stickley, 2020). Moreover, it is a clear and
known knowledge that language translators are not properly available mostly in times of urgent
consultations, and among a particular ethnic group (Kavukcu and Altıntaş, 2019).
Notwithstanding, amidst well-rehearsed ethical issues expert translation is not generally
provided, particularly in case of emergencies and when small numbers of members of a variety
of ethnic groups are handled in such a way that relatives, including children, are constantly
depended upon (Mayblin and James, 2019). While calls for "culturally sensitive services" or
"cultural awareness" are always in research and practice focused on asylum seekers in endorsing
health results, treatise of what this could perhaps entail in clear terms is uncommon
(Mukumbang, 2020). Cultural awareness is defined as the capacity to create a mutual trust and to
expatiate the UK’s health care system (Kavukcu and Altıntaş, 2019). A wider definition of
cultural competence includes an understanding of the political scene in one's birth place of
origin, an understanding of how the migrant's status affects his/her health, relevant experience on
illness prevalent in one's home country, a conscious legal context, and proficiencies in asking
sensitive questions on traumatic experiences (Morrice et al., 2021). However, when treating
people from numerous different language speakers and ethnic heritage in a medical setting,
having such a thorough insight of each individual's medical history (Goodman and Kirkwood,
2019). Demands for medical systems to integrate migrant needs include financial, legislation,
planning, commissioning, utilisation, execution, and assessment, imply that health systems can
be "migrant sensitive." at multiple levels (Kang, Tomkow and Farrington, 2019).

Aims
To identify the experiences of asylum seekers accessing healthcare system in the UK.

Objective
(a) Analyse the utilisation of healthcare services among asylum seekers, and UK citizens.

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(b) Evaluate process it takes for asylum seekers to access health care service

(c) Appraise the impact of UK government on the accessibility of primary healthcare by asylum
seekers

(d) Recommend how government policies can positively affect asylum seekers in accessing
healthcare services in the UK

Research Question
To formulate review question, it is important to develop the PICO model to structure a clinical
question focused on the four parts of its framework; the problem (P); the intervention (I); the
comparison intervention (c); and outcome of interest (o) (Giacco and Priebe, 2018). The purpose
of using PICO include: the report focuses more on the important believes of the asylum seeker,
facilitate the report to select language and keyword in the search, and enable the report to
identify the problem, intervention, and outcomes related to the healthcare service provided to the
asylum seeker. Questions gathered for the purpose of the research include:

(a) What are the factors that limit an asylum seeker to have access to primary healthcare in the
UK?

(b) How can healthcare professionals provide healthcare for asylum seekers?

(c) What are the challenges healthcare professionals face in providing healthcare for asylum
seekers in the UK?

Justification of Design
A systematic literature search methodology, and qualitative data analysis and extraction was
used to conduct the literature review of the report (Fratzke and Dorst, 2019). The advantage of
using systematic review include using methods that limit bias, provide reliable and accurate
conclusion, collating required data to healthcare providers and the researcher (Détourbe and
Goastellec, 2018). The systematic review aids the time reduction to implement research findings,
improve consistency of results, generating hypothesis about subgroup of population studied, and
upgrading accuracy of results (Cooper, Blumell and Bunce, 2021). However, the systematic
review is regarded as the best in obtaining an accurate answer to research question, there are
certain limitations associated with using a systematic review for the report, such as the

6
demographic and choice of literature, heterogeneity, data loss on important queries, and report
duplication (Giscombe, Hui and Stickley, 2020). The objective of the systematic review is to
inform and facilitate research synthesis.

Criteria for selecting studies in to the review

The report will be using a joint review and qualitative primary research that meet the following
standards: English language will be used to analyse challenges healthcare providers face in the
provision of healthcare service to asylum seekers in the UK (Hynie, 2018). Table shows that the
study will be limited to the UK alone, because the author’s interest is to develop suggestions for
policies and practice that will be applicable for the advancement of UK healthcare service to
migrants seeking asylum (Mayblin and James, 2019). Supposing the qualitative methods used is
isolated for synthesis, a mix-method will be employed (McIntyre and Hall, 2020). Since the
healthcare service professionals are defined separately, the review will be limited to articles
relating to interaction with healthcare stakeholders including: general practitioner (GP), nurses,
pharmacist, and midwives working in the healthcare system (Clayton and Vickers, 2019).
Literatures that will be excluded will include those that are not peer-reviewed primary qualitative
reports or those that will be conducted in a secondary care setting such as reports, opinions,
reviews, case studies, etc. publications that termed participants as ‘migrants’, ‘immigrants’,
‘illegal migrants’, undocumented migrants’ were also excluded as they are known to bestow
special characteristics that will not fit in the conditions attached to asylum seekers (Fratzke and
Dorst, 2019). Publications that contained interviews with mental healthcare professionals will
not be included because it is a different clinical area of study with specific features (Giacco and
Priebe, 2018). Table 1 shows reports that contained eligible and ineligible participants will only
be included if the participants will be willing to be isolated for synthesis purpose (Smith and
Waite, 2019). Research findings that cannot be accessed through academic resource or request
sent to the authors of the publications will be considered as void therefore will not be included in
the review (Kang, Tomkow and Farrington, 2019).

Inclusion criteria
(a) Participant: seekers of asylum, rejected asylum seekers, forced migrants, displaced persons,
refugees of all ages.

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(b) Inclusion of Social care: social work, personal care, social support services at risk from
illness, disability, old age, family

(c) Outcomes of stakeholders: acceptability, accessibility, satisfaction, appropriateness,

promotion of independence, social inclusion, human right protection, advocacy, and
empowerment

(d) Service outcome: factors influencing implementation, resourcing, development, change of

service

(e) Literature: the search was limited to articles published between 2018-2022 and materials
published in English language relating to access of asylum seekers to healthcare services (Fish
and Fakoussa, 2018). The material needed to include evidence of systematic review, clear
objectives, methods to address objectives, research findings, recommendations linked to
findings.

Exclusion criteria
(a) Literature published in different languages other than English

(b) Literature published before 31st of December,2017 or on the 1st of January, 2018

(c) Journals that focuses mainly on economic migrants

(d) Articles that do not embrace a systematic approach to review

(e) Papers that do not use qualitative analysis in its approach

The techniques embraced for appropriate literature selection and arriving at a conclusion were
reported and documented extensively for the exclusion of journals that permits audit and
recovery (Cooper, Blumell and Bunce, 2021). To develop a database for the purpose of assessing
the included selected articles in review, a computer software and a reference manager will be
employed (Clayton and Vickers, 2019). The area for data extraction of content include:

(a) Participants include asylum seeker, adults, children, and older adults

(b) Intervention facts on type of social care

(c) Outcomes including views of service user

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(d) Standard of good practice; determinant of good practice

Factors relating to evidence to be extracted, include:

(a) Design details include evidences, study samples, aim and objectives, collection of data,
methods, etc.

(b) Criteria qualities for study design, methods, and type

Comprehensive Search
Using Table 1 to include every data and be comprehensive as possible, a qualitative, quantitative,
and mixed method techniques will be observed (Détourbe and Goastellec, 2018). Case reports
will be evaluated from past reviews from previous publication, journals, reports, papers, etc., for
the purpose of this research publications to be included must be

(a) Published in English Language or any other language subtitled in English language for clarity

(b) Publications that focus majorly on health-related matters

(c) Articles that focus on asylum seekers, immigrants, and refugees residing in the UK, because
the case study is limited to asylum seekers in the UK, other minorities in the other part of Europe
will be excluded in the search

(d) Every journal, article, report, book, conference paper published within the context of asylum
seekers in the UK will be included, any other reviews from the rest of Europe will be excluded

Using the Boolean operator’s framework for search Terms

The proposed terms to be utilised in the report will be related to the objectives, keywords, and
subject term for the research (Lambrechts, 2020). The following search terms will be combined
using the Boolean Operator’s “AND” and “OR”. Moreover, terms such as asylum seekers,
refugees, healthcare professionals, immigrants, and their similar words (synonyms) will be
combined with Boolean operators’ proximity to attain more results (Smith and Waite, 2019). The
organised search terms for this report include

Health information ‘OR’ healthcare ‘OR’ health help ‘OR’ care seekers ‘OR’ health behaviour
‘OR’ health community service ‘OR’ patient data gathering ‘OR’ literature on asylum seeker

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“AND” emigrants ‘OR’ Immigrants ‘OR’ Refugees ‘OR’ Asylum seekers ‘OR’ foreigners ‘OR’
migrants (Ziersch and Due, 2018).

Search Strategy
For the purpose of the report, scientific databases will be searched via Web of Science (WoS)
and eBook Collection (EBSCO) for joint reviewing of literature texts, papers, articles, journals,
and books (Kavukcu and Altıntaş, 2019). The database will be selected from Web of Science are
Web of Science Core Collection; Korean Journal Database, Medline, Russian Science Citation
Index which contains research studies on Russian and Korean immigrants into the UK (Hynie,
2018). From the EBSCO database all database relating to information, library, and health
communication will be selected, and they include Library Information Science and Technology
Abstract (LISTA), Academic Search Premier, Communication and Mass Media Complete,
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allie Health Literature (CINAHL), eBook Collection
(EBSCOhost), The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PsyARTICLES, Education Resource
Information Center (ERIC), and Comprehensive Language and Effective Communication
(CLEC) (Giscombe, Hui and Stickley, 2020). Other publication from EBSCO that have been
duplicated from other databases or did not contain necessary information for the study will be
eliminated or excluded.

First and Second Selection

Articles will be selected in three phases based on the research model, this includes reviewing
study title, abstract, keywords, and text content (Kavukcu and Altıntaş, 2019). All the search on
the database will be done simultaneously, records will be extracted through Publish or Perish
Version or directly from the database (Boenigk et al., 2021). For the purpose of the study Rayyan
website and mobile application will be used to conduct the systematic review, the tool is
premeditated to assist the report in selecting and screening records based on PRISMA guidelines
(Almohamed and Vyas, 2019). In the first phase, the author will be screening all records and
exempting other records that does not fit in to any categories used in the search keywords and its
synonyms, several selection strategies will be used to gather records in the UK (Morrice et al.,
2021). To ensure that studies are conducted in the UK, the abstract and method of study will be
read and used in the screening process. In the second phase of selection, the selected literature’s
abstract will be crossed checked multiple times by several authors, the literatures will be

10
screened for relevance by the first author and cross checked by the second author for accuracy
(Stevens, 2020).

Assessment of Methodological Quality

Publications to be assessed will be making use of the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme
(CASP) tool to appraise the qualitative research. Papers will not be excluded from the synthesis
of the qualitative research; all publications will be included notwithstanding the of report that
contributed to the value of the synthesis.

Applying the CASP tool will be used to reveal the variable result of the articles to be assessed,
the selected article will be used to get a clear understanding of the research aims. Most of the
articles will be used to describe the sampling strategy and produce a rationale for selecting
participants. The reasons for non-participation will be discussed in four articles, the method of
collecting data will be stated in the report, however, the way information on interview content
will be provided as variables. Some of the selected articles will not be describing the settings of
the data, or identified material giving justification for choice of data selection. Ethical standards
will be described in most of the publications, since most of them lack ethical considerations.

Most if the approach used for data analysis will be giving references to the primary data, the
findings will be clearly presented and discussed in a wider research literature context.

Data extraction
The data for the research study will be extracted using a Microsoft Excel data extraction table
that will be adapted from the Cochrane Data Collection Form to meet the study's aims (Cooper,
Blumell, and Bunce, 2021). Bibliographic material, research objectives, research design
(methodology and sample size), participant characteristics (socio-demographic factors), and
results (which contains research recommendation) are all examples of data that will be extracted
from the research report (Fratzke and Dorst, 2019). A critic extracted data, will be assessed by a
second reviewer to ensure quality. Any inconsistencies discovered will be rectified through
discussion, two reviewers will independently extract relevant information from each included
study using a predetermined data gathering form, this structure will be amended all through the
literature review conducted as the authors gained background knowledge with the search results,

11
including the inclusion of additional data in the exploration of the field as necessary (Kang,
Tomkow and Farrington, 2019).

Data analysis
The evidence will be containing a summary of the research findings, data from each paper will
be describing the study's qualities, relevance, participating members’ ethnic background, results,
and conclusion (Mayblin and James, 2019). A descriptive analysis will be undertaken, which is
an ideal method for analysing evidence from a wide variety of research questions and study
designs using qualitative, blend ed, or cross methodologies, as the main focus is on an
interpretive analysis of the narrative research findings (Morrice et al., 2021). The statistical
analyses were performed using a descriptive synthesis and were classified according to the
research method, inclusion criteria, evaluation objective, and results (Smith and Waite, 2019). As
a result, the researcher identified and summarised the enablers and barriers to refugees’ mental
health status and applicants for asylum in countries with high incomes (Phillimore, 2021).

Conclusion
The research proposal will be provided solution to asylum seekers in the UK on the access to
healthcare facilities and services. The proposal conducted a systematic review on the literature
by defining the aims and objectives of the proposal. Using the PIO/PICO to analyse the research
question, used a qualitative approach to justify the design used in the proposal, inclusion and
exclusion method is used to get the criteria for selecting research studies. To conduct a
comprehensive research qualitative, quantitative and mixed method is used, the Boolean
operators’ framework is used to for the search terms in the research proposal. The phases in
selecting the studies by the peer-reviewers is analysed in the proposal, the assessment of
methodological quality, data synthesis and extraction is revealed in the research proposal.

12
Reference
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seekers’, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), 26(6), pp. 1-30.

Boenigk, S. et al. (2021) ‘Rethinking service systems and public policy: a transformative refugee
service experience framework’, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 40(2), pp. 165-183.

Clayton, J. and Vickers, T. (2019) ‘Temporal tensions: European Union citizen migrants, asylum
seekers and refugees navigating dominant temporalities of work in England’, Time &
Society, 28(4), pp. 1464-1488.

Cooper, G. Blumell, L. and Bunce, M. (2021) ‘Beyond the ‘refugee crisis’: How the UK news
media represent asylum seekers across national boundaries, International Communication
Gazette, 83(3), pp. 195-216.

Détourbe, M. A. and Goastellec, G. (2018) ‘Revisiting the issues of access to higher education
and social stratification through the case of refugees: A comparative study of spaces of
opportunity for refugee students in Germany and England’, Social Sciences, 7(10), p. 186.

Fish, M. and Fakoussa, O. (2018) ‘Towards culturally inclusive mental health: learning from
focus groups with those with refugee and asylum seeker status in Plymouth’, International
journal of migration, health, and social care.

Fratzke, S. and Dorst, E. (2019) ‘Volunteers and Sponsors: A Catalyst for Refugee
Integration’, Transatlantic Council on Migration.

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Giacco, D. and Priebe, S. (2018) ‘Mental health care for adult refugees in high-income
countries. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 27(2), pp. 109-116.

Giscombe, T. Hui, A. and Stickley, T. (2020) ‘Perinatal mental health amongst refugee and
asylum-seeking women in the UK’, Mental Health Review-Journal.

Goodman, S. and Kirkwood, S. (2019) ‘Political and media discourses about integrating refugees
in the UK’, European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(7), pp. 1456-1470.

Haith-Cooper, M. et al. (2018). Exercise and physical activity in asylum seekers in Northern
England; using the theoretical domains framework to identify barriers and facilitators. BMC
public health, 18(1), pp. 1-11.

Hynie, M. (2018) ‘The social determinants of refugee mental health in the post-migration
context: A critical review’, The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), pp. 297-303.

Kang, C. Tomkow, L. and Farrington, R. (2019) ‘Access to primary health care for asylum
seekers and refugees: a qualitative study of service user experiences in the UK’, British Journal
of General Practice, 69(685), pp. 537-545.

Kavukcu, N. and Altıntaş, K. H. (2019) ‘The challenges of the health care providers in refugee
settings: a systematic review’, Prehospital and disaster medicine, 34(2), pp. 188-196.

Lambrechts, A. A. (2020) ‘The super-disadvantaged in higher education: Barriers to access for

refugee-background students in England’, Higher Education, 80(5), pp. 803-822.

Mayblin, L. and James, P. (2019) ‘Asylum and refugee support in the UK: civil society filling
the gaps?’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(3), pp. 375-394.

McIntyre, J. and Hall, C. (2020) ‘Barriers to the inclusion of refugee and asylum-seeking
children in schools in England’, Educational Review, 72(5), pp. 583-600.

Morrice, L. et al. (2021) ‘You can’t have a good integration when you don’t have a good
communication’; English-language learning among resettled refugees in England’, Journal of
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Mukumbang, F. C. (2020) ‘Are asylum seekers, refugees and foreign migrants considered in the
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Phillimore, J. (2021) ‘Refugee-integration-opportunity structures: shifting the focus from
refugees to context’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), pp. 1946-1966.

Smith, K. and Waite, L. (2019) ‘New and enduring narratives of vulnerability: Rethinking stories
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Stevens, A. J. (2020) ‘How can we meet the health needs of child refugees, asylum seekers, and
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Strang, A. B. and Quinn, N. (2021) ‘Integration or isolation? Refugees’ social connections and
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Ziersch, A. and Due, C. (2018) ‘A mixed methods systematic review of studies examining the
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16
Appendices

Table 1. For included Journal

NAME OF Year of Location Type of Populations and Techniques Key findings

AUTHOR Publication Research
Source
Almohamed 2019 European Union Research Systematic reviews of The thematic analysis found challenges in
and Vyas countries including publication quantitative and qualitative public language translation and access to
the UK analysis between 2017 and health care services
2019 of the data of asylum
seekers into the UK from a
various viewpoint
Boenigk et al 2021 United Kingdom Research A critical review of asylum The study found out migrants’ experiences
publication seekers’ reflective portfolio on of accessing; waiting, and meritoriousness
access to healthcare of healthcare
Clayton and 2019 London, UK Clinical Descriptive anthropology The study found out ways of improving the
Vickers Practice qualitative analysis of asylum clinical practice of general practitioners
Journal seekers in the UK National working with multiple ethnic groups and
Health Service race.
Obstacles include: mental health conditions,
ethnic/language barriers, pregnant migrants,
 prevalence to post-traumatic stress disorder
Cooper, 2021 Western countries Research Critical analysis of policies that Studies recommend potential benefit of
Blumell and including England Article influence migration into the children, expecting mothers, and older
Bunce UK to seek asylum persons who seek medical access in the UK
health care service
Détourbe and 2018 European countries Case study Qualitative case study of a man The beneficial relationship and careful
Goastellec including the UK with a history of post-traumatic limitation of inflicting pain, discussion,
stress disorder seeking asylum supervision, and critical thinking guide that
in the UK, to examine the will help Custom officials in managing
psycho-social factors of people boundaries
across boundaries seeking
asylum in the UK
Fish and 2018 UK Clinical Systematic review of asylum The study shows the guide that will help
Fakoussa practice seekers mental health guide improve the welfare of asylum seekers and
article the ethical improvement of health care
service professionals in the UK.
Fratzke and 2019 Western countries Commentary Qualitative study of interviews Challenges with access of healthcare
Dorst including Ireland with three focus group and service was associated with socio-economic
and England migrants from Afghanistan and factors that cause denial to healthcare
Kenya access
Giacco and 2018 Western countries Research
Priebe including Journal

1
 Germany, Ukraine
and England
Giscombe, 2020 European countries Commentary Qualitative study with 6 The interviewees were welcomed into a
Hui and including the interviews with asylum seekers hostile environment which in turn made
Stickley London from Nepal and Thailand recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder
lasting two to six hours, to difficult
understand the migration
experience of asylum seekers
Goodman 2019 UK Research Systematic review of studies Policies that negatively affect migrants’
and article that compared access to health in developed countries
Kirkwood healthcare service of migrant
and non-migrants in the UK
Haith-Cooper 2018 Northern London Research Mixed-method technique with Harassment from health practitioners was
et al. Publication review of pregnant women highlighted as obstacles of women seeking
mental health, questionnaires asylum in the UK. Resilience helped in the
and interviews with first-time psychological well-being of the women
expecting mothers and older
women seeking asylum in the
UK
Hynie 2018 Western countries Clinical Review of reflective portfolio Ways of enhancing health worker-migrant
including England practice of Nurses and General relationship in provision of adequate and
article Practitioners with their quality health care service

2
 experiences with asylum
seekers from Venezuela,
Zambia, Mozambique, South
Korea, Philippines, Iraq and
Cuba
Kang, 2019 UK Clinical Case study of 18 years old Evaluation on accessibility to register with
Tomkow and practice young man from Nepal who the GPs among asylum seekers in the UK
Farrington journal have attempted to register with
National Health Service NHS
General Practitioners GPs in
England between 2017 to 2019
Kavukcu and 2019 European countries Research Systematic reviews of the Hostility of data sharing from government
Altıntaş including the UK publication Memorandum of officials towards migrants. There are given
Understanding (MoU) between evidences that MoU is unfavorable to
the UK government and migrants seeking asylum in the UK
National Health Service (NHS)
department
Lambrechts 2020 England Commentary Semi structured interviews in The study focuses on how emergencies and
ten African countries focus challenges can be resolved not on the
group: Niger Republic, Mali, welfare of migrants in public health care
Mauritania, Madagascar, South centres.
Africa, Libya, Dr Congo,

3
 Ghana, Nigeria, and Central
Africa; with 164 healthcare
providers to understand the
problems relating to healthcare
access among asylum seekers
in the UK
Mayblin and 2019 UK Research Systematic review grey Irregular and unregistered migrants are
James journal literatures and policies and exposed to several risk determinants of
intervention on asylum and mental health and other related diseases
refugee seekers in the United which include: HIV, STDs, PTSD.
Kingdom
McIntyre and 2020 England Research Participatory research with 3 Obstacles highlighted include: accessing to
Hall review focus groups and fifteen health care, declining attitude to mental
asylum seekers to explore their health, and trust issues with foreign heath
perception on migrants’ mental workers
health
Morrice et al. 2021 England Research Critical review of community Practice of 10 public health care workers in
article healthcare techniques and providing health care services to migrants
intervention for refugees and from several migrants from various races
asylum seekers and ethnicity
Mukumbang 2020 European countries Clinical mix-method include: Study finds out that all of them were
including Ireland practice Socio-political data of 14 victims of post-traumatic stress disorder, six

4
 and England article Asylum seekers below the age of them are women who have been cured
of thirty-five particularly from sexual transmitted disease
Hispanics and Questionnaires
on access to healthcare by
migrants with PTSD, HIV,
Cholera, Tuberculosis, etc.
Phillimore 2021 Western countries Research Qualitative study with 20 Effect of traumatic event young people face
including the UK article Canadian migrant participants prior their arriving the UK and its effect on
seeking asylum in the UK their mental health
Smith and 2019 Western countries Clinical Case study using a sample of a Ethical issues in the secondary healthcare
Waite including the UK practice young man of 21 from India service in the UK which include data
Journal seeking access to secondary gathered from England and NHS service
health care service in the UK
Stevens 2020 UK Research Systematic review of articles Shows fear that asylum seekers may be
article that include healthcare service stigmatised and have poor compassion for
in the UK refugees and migrants
Strang and 2021 European countries Research Survey of 50 children that act Understanding the regulations and impact
Quinn including the publication as interpreters working with of the NHS on interpreters and the necessity
Ukraine and health practitioners and the of employing expert translators for several
England attitudes of General languages, and reduce misunderstanding of
Practitioners GPs to these complaints by the migrants to the General
children Practitioner

5
Ziersch and 2019 Western countries Research Workshop scheduled for Workshop document on the barriers faced
Due including England article European Congress on Health, by migrants accessing healthcare service
Migration, Race, and Ethnicity