Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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Isolation improvement of dual-/quad-element

textile MIMO antenna for 5G application

Sourav Roy , Ashim Kumar Biswas , Soumendu Ghosh , Ujjal Chakraborty &
Abhishek Sarkhel

To cite this article: Sourav Roy , Ashim Kumar Biswas , Soumendu Ghosh , Ujjal Chakraborty
& Abhishek Sarkhel (2021): Isolation improvement of dual-/quad-element textile MIMO
antenna for 5G application, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, DOI:
10.1080/09205071.2021.1888808

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2021.1888808

Published online: 21 Feb 2021.

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS
https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2021.1888808

Isolation improvement of dual-/quad-element textile MIMO

antenna for 5G application

Sourav Roy a,b , Ashim Kumar Biswas a , Soumendu Ghosh c,

Ujjal Chakraborty a and Abhishek Sarkhel c
a Department of ECE, N.I.T. Silchar, Assam, India; b Department of ECE, VIIT(A), Visakhapatnam, India;
c Department of ECE, N.I.T., Meghalaya, Shillong, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

A compact wideband dual-/quad-element multiple input multiple Received 20 October 2020
output (MIMO) antenna, using jeans textile material for WiMAX (IEEE Accepted 7 February 2021
802.16d) and 5G application band, is proposed. The wideband nature KEYWORDS
of basic single element antenna with a frequency span of 2.74 to 4.41 Compact MIMO; textile
GHz (47%) is analyzed in detail by using circuit model representation. MIMO; wearable MIMO; quad
Thereafter, in order to resolve different practical issues, such as multi- element MIMO; diversity
path fading, shadowing and scattering of electromagnetic waves as parameters
well as human body effect, wideband compact quad-element MIMO
antenna is presented. To improve isolation characteristics, mean-
der line structures are integrated in-between the antenna elements.
Isolation is achieved greater than 19dB over the whole application
band. The diversity parameters such as envelope correlation coeffi-
cient (ECC < 0.2), diversity gain (DG > 9.6) and mean effective gain
(MEG = ±0.3dB) are found within the satisfactory ranges. Measured
outcomes are also good enough to confirm the antenna as a suitable
contender for wearable scenarios.

1. Introduction
Wireless body area network and IoT-based applications grow rapidly to fulfill the upcoming
high-speed efficient wireless communication [1,2]. In a wearable body-centric environ-
ment, the antenna plays an active role for effective communication. If the electronic com-
ponent is possible to integrate and design in a wearable substrate, then it will become more
convenient for the user. The wearable technology has a lot of importance in telemedicine
applications [3], firefighter application [4], patient monitoring, mobile router application
[5], IoT (Internet of Things) etc.
In the wearable platform the major challenges are the human body consideration
which affects the performance in different aspects. The high dielectric lossy properties of
body, continuous body movement and body curvature create numerous challenges for
the researcher in wearable platforms [6–9]. In [6], a dual-band antenna operating at 2.32
and 3.52 GHz is proposed for wearable application. The antenna has comparatively less

CONTACT Ashim Kumar Biswas ashim10@gmail.com ECE Dept., NIT Silchar, Assam, India, Pin-788010

© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

2 S. ROY ET AL.

bandwidth and the influence of human body on antenna performance has not been con-
sidered. Yan et al. introduce a composite right- and left-handed waveguide structure for
wearable dual-band (WLAN 2.45 and 5.4 GHz) application [7]. In [8], a low-profile meta-
surface-supported antenna for wearable medical body-area network, operating at 2.4 GHz
ISM application band, is presented. More recently, a wearable dual-band antenna for wide-
band WLAN application is discussed in [9]. But it is observed that due to human body’s
lossy behavior the antenna bandwidth is disturbed. To overcome those practical issues and
design the challenges imposed by the human body, multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
is expected to play a crucial factor in wearable context. MIMO technology is one of the most
rapidly developing technologies due to its several advantages, such as reduced multipath
fading, improved data throughput, high SNR (signal to noise ratio) etc. [9–15]. But due to
the placement of multiple antenna elements in a compact space which result in strong
electromagnetic coupling, the MIMO antenna system suffers from poor port isolation prob-
lems. In this context, to address the coupling issue, the researcher has shown keen interest
and developed different approaches, such as T-shaped stubs [10], EBG periodic cell [11],
orthogonal orientation [12], defected ground configuration [13], Minkowski Fractal Shaped
Isolators [14] etc., to improve the isolation of MIMO elements. In the context of wearable
scenario, the recently published articles address some of the issues regarding the effect of
human body on wearable MIMO [15–17]. In the herein cited study [15], textile felt substrate
is used for developing a dual-port MIMO antenna for 2.45 GHz ISM wireless band. In [16],
a wideband dual-port MIMO antenna is fabricated on wearable jeans substrate that sup-
ports multiple wireless bands with more than 32 dB port isolation mentioned. A wideband
circular polarized MIMO antenna design for wearable application is reported in [17]. How-
ever, the wideband wearable MIMO antenna design, reported in [15–17], primarily focuses
on 2.45 GHz ISM application band. To the best of the knowledge of author in the wearable
MIMO context, most of the MIMO antenna designs focus on the existing industrial, scien-
tific, and medical application band. However, for upcoming 5G applications integrated with
IoT, there is a lot of research scope to fulfill which will satisfy the requirement of high data
rate for wearable platforms.
In this article, to address the above-mentioned issues a quad element wideband MIMO
antenna is proposed for the upcoming 5G application band which also addresses the differ-
ent important aspects of wearable technology. The basic antenna is designed in such a way
that it covers 5G application band (3.5 GHz) with a wide bandwidth (near about 1 GHz) with
good reflection coefficient, which makes the design more compatible for wearable human
body scenario. The characteristics of the basic antenna, after introducing slot in the patch,
are analyzed in detail using the circuit model. Thereafter, to improve the performance,
dual-/quad-element MIMO antennas are designed and analyzed with improved isolation
characteristics for wearable scenario. The diversity performance as well as performance of
the proposed antenna in human body aspect is analyzed using commercially available elec-
tromagnetic solver ANSYS HFSS [18]. The structure is fabricated on the jeans substrate and
the parameters are measured by Anritsu MS2037C VNA Master vector network analyzer.
The antenna shows good performance in on and off body communication.

2. Design and analysis of unit element antenna

The antenna is developed on textile-based jean’s substrate whose permittivity, loss tan-
gent, and height (h) are 1.6, 0.02, and 1.4 mm, respectively [19]. The design step of the
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 3

Figure 1. Design step of (a) Antenna-1, (b) Antenna-2 and (c) Antenna-3.

Figure 2. Comparison of simulated |S11 | parameter of basic Antennas 1, 2, and 3.

basic antenna is depicted in Figure 1. The design parameters are L1 = 29 mm, L2 = 28 mm,
L3 = 10 mm, L4 = 9.6 mm, L5 = 12 mm, L6 = 14 mm, L7 = 3.76 mm, P1 = 6 mm, P2 =
9 mm, P3 = 0.8 mm, and P4 = 1 mm. Initially a microstrip line feed patch antenna with
partial ground structure is designed and it is depicted in Figure 1(a). The simulated S11
parameter of the corresponding antenna is shown in Figure 2. The Antenna 1 covers the
frequency ranges from 2.95 to 4.53 GHz, but the antenna suffers poor reflection coefficient
performance in the frequency ranges. To improve the performance further and make the
antenna more robust in wearable scenarios, two slots are introduced stepwise in the patch,
as shown in Figure 2(b,c). Due to the slot introduced in the patch, the reflection perfor-
mance is increased and as well as the fractional bandwidth of the antenna increases from
42 to 47%. To give a clear view on the broadband nature of the antenna, the broad band-
ing mechanism is explained through the equivalent circuit model, as depicted stepwise in
Figure 3. In the initial phase, the equivalent circuit of the Antenna 1 is shown in Figure 3(a).
The exact resonating frequency, associated with the antenna, is represented as the top res-
onator in the equivalent circuit model, while the microstrip feed line is symbolized as the
RLC tank circuit which is connected to the source of 50  feed. The input impedance of the
Antenna 1 is depicted in Figure 4. It is observed that the antenna has a strong inductive
4 S. ROY ET AL.

Figure 3. Circuit Model of (a) Antenna-1, (b) Antenna-2, and (c) Antenna-3.

Figure 4. Comparison of impedance of Antenna-1, Antenna-2, and Antenna-3.

effect as compared to capacitive effect. To strengthen the capacitive effect, a rectangular

slot is introduced in the patch. The circuit model of the Antenna 2 is depicted in Figure 3(b).
In the circuit model we observed that due to the introduction of slot in the patch, a parallel
LC circuit is connected with the initial RLC resonator. The introduction of slot reduces the
strength of the inductive effect of the antenna, as can be observed in Figure 4. Thereafter
in order to reduce the inductive effect and to strengthen the capacitive effect, another slot
is embedded on the patch (Antenna-3). The introduction of this second slot introduces a
parallel LC circuit with capacitance CS2 and inductance LS2 connected along with another
resonating element, which is shown in Figure 3(c). The combined effect of slot and partial
ground provides wide resonance behavior of the antenna with compact dimension.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 5

The wideband response of the antenna with satisfactory reflection coefficient perfor-
mance makes the design more compatible for wearable scenarios. Furthermore, to improve
the antenna performance further MIMO design topology is incorporated. In this topology
dual- and quad-element compact MIMO antenna is designed in on and off body situations
which is discussed in the following sections.

3. Design and analysis of dual-element mimo antenna

The fundamental dual-element monopole MIMO Antenna is named MIMO Antenna 1 which
is illustrated in Figure 5(a). It is designed by placing a 14 mm (G1 ) inter-element gap. The
antenna covers wide impedance bandwidth (2.8–4.2 GHz) but due to electromagnetic cou-
pling, antenna suffers poor isolation problem. To increase the port isolation, a meander
line isolator is integrated in the ground part of the antenna. The MIMO Antenna 1 with
isolator is named MIMO Antenna 2, which is shown in Figure 5(b). The scattering param-
eters of the MIMO Antennas 1 and 2 are depicted in Figure 6(a,b), respectively. It shows
that the isolator improves the isolation near about 10 dB and the port isolation value now
becomes > 19 dB in the desired frequency ranges. In order to examine the port isolation of

Figure 5. Design of (a) MIMO Antenna 1 (b) MIMO Antenna 2. [Design Parameters L8 = 55 mm,
G2 = 1.05 mm, G3 = 2.1 mm, G4 = 4.2 mm, G5 = 8.4 mm].

Figure 6. Simulated S-parameter of the (a) MIMO Antenna 1 (b) MIMO Antenna 2.
6 S. ROY ET AL.

Figure 7. Comparison of simulated (a) mutual impedance and (b) gain of the MIMO Antenna 1 and
MIMO Antenna 2.

Figure 8. Surface current of the (a) MIMO Antenna 1 and (b) MIMO Antenna 2 at 3.5 GHz.

the proposed antenna a mutual impedance plot is shown in Figure 7(a). The comparison of
simulated gain vs. frequency plot of the MIMO Antennas 1 and 2 is depicted in Figure 7(b).
The MIMO antenna 2 shows better gain than the MIMO antenna 1 in the desired frequency
region. It is important to note that the presence of the decoupling element introduces the
strong capacitive effect in the span of 2.8–3.6 GHz which essentially reduces the inductive
effect and enhances the isolation. The isolation improvement process is visualized by the
distribution of surface current, which is depicted in Figure 8(a,b). In Figure 8(a), it is observed
that due to space coupling the adjacent element is affected more. To reduce the space cou-
pling, an isolator is placed in between the adjacent elements. The isolator plays a vital role
in the MIMO system to reduce the coupling problem. The maximum current is coupled in
the isolator and it prevents the coupling to the adjacent elements.
In order to characterize MIMO antenna performance, the analysis of parameters, such as
Envelop Correlation coefficient (ECC), Diversity Gain (DG), Mean effective gain (MEG) and
channel capacity loss (CCL), is a necessity. The ECC is an important primary constraint which
explores how the radiating elements interfere with other elements of the system during
port excitation. The ECC parameter is efficiently calculated by using a radiation method
approach. The formula is depicted in Equation (1).
 2
 4π 
 0 [F1 (θ , ∅) ∗ F2 (θ , ∅)dΩ]
ρe =  4π  (1)
0 |F1 (θ , ∅)| dΩ 4π |F2 (θ , ∅)| dΩ
2 2
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 7

Figure 9. Simulated (a) ECC and DG of dual-element MIMO Antenna 2 and (b) comparison of CCL of
MIMO Antennas 1 and 2.

where, Fm (θ , ∅) = radiation pattern of antenna field when we excite the port m. The value
of the m = 1, 2, . . .
The diversity gain (DG) is another important parameter used to analyze the signal
to noise performance of a MIMO antenna system. The DG can be calculated by using
Equation (2).

DG = 10 1 − (ECC)2 (2)

The ECC and DG parameters of the MIMO Antenna 1s and 2 are depicted in Figure 9(a).
The proposed antenna has shown good ECC and DG values in the desired frequency spec-
tra. The ECC, as per radiation pattern method, is < 0.5 and is found to be quite satisfactory
[20]. In our proposed MIMO antenna, the value of the ECC is near about < 0.1 in the range
of 3–3.2 and < 0.3 in the range of 3.2–3.4 GHz, respectively. In a small range of frequency
spectra, the space wave coupling is little bit more. However, it is within the tolerable limit, as
discussed in [20]. In the desired frequency range 3.4–4 GHz the ECC value is < 0.1 which is
pretty good for MIMO Antenna application. Furthermore, another important MIMO diver-
sity parameter is channel capacity loss (CCL) which is computed in line with ref. [16]. The
comparison of the CCL of MIMO Antennas 1 and 2 is depicted in Figure 9(b). According to
the figure, the CCL value is found to be improved in the MIMO Antenna 2 with respect to
the MIMO Antenna 1. The obtained low CCL value confirms a nominal coupling loss in the
channel. To improve the performance further, a quad-element MIMO antenna is discussed
in detail in the next section.

4. Design and analysis of quad-element mimo antenna

The quad-element MIMO antenna with off body and on body analysis is discussed in detail
in this section. The MIMO antenna performance as well as SAR (specific absorption rate) is
also discussed in detail. The first section consists of MIMO antenna for off-body platform
and the second part deals with on-body performance analysis of the proposed quad ele-
ment MIMO antenna, while in the last section measurement under on as well as off-body
condition is shown.
8 S. ROY ET AL.

Figure 10. (a) Structural design of the proposed quad-element MIMO Antenna. [L9 = 58 mm],
(b) Scattering parameter of the proposed antenna.

Figure 11. Surface current plot of the quad element MIMO at 3.5 GHz.

4.1. Analysis of mimo antenna in off-body platform

The quad-element MIMO antenna with design parameters is depicted in Figure 10(a). The
overall structural dimension of the proposed MIMO Antenna is 55 × 58 × 1.4 mm3 . The
simulated S-parameters of the MIMO Antenna are depicted in Figure 10(b). The antenna
provides 1.2 GHz (2.9–4.1 GHz) impedance bandwidth with good port isolation between
the antenna elements. To visualize the isolation performance, the surface current distribu-
tion of the quad-element antenna is depicted in Figure 11. Due to the isolating element,
the antenna provides sufficient isolation performance in the desired frequency spectra. But
due to the isolator and multiple elements placed in a single antenna system, the radiation
performance of the antenna is affected. The radiation pattern of the antenna is depicted
in Figure 12. The antenna shows dipole-type E-plane radiation pattern and monopole-type
H-plane radiation pattern at 3.5 GHz. Also, a significantly lower cross pole radiation is also
observed in the desired frequency ranges.
In order to analyze the overall diversity behavior of the proposed MIMO antenna the ECC,
DG, CCL, MEG and TARC are analyzed in detail. The calculated ECC ( < 0.2) and DG ( > 9.6) at
3.5 GHz are depicted in Figure 13(a,b). Moreover, to characterize the antenna performance
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 9

Figure 12. Normalized (a) E and (b) H-Plane radiation patterns of the proposed antenna.

Figure 13. Representation of (a) ECC, (b) DG, (c) MEG between elements 1 and 2, and (d) MEG between
elements 1 and 4 of the proposed antenna.
10 S. ROY ET AL.

in the adverse environmental condition, the MEG is an important parameter. The MEG is
calculated using Equations (3)–(5).

MEGm = 0.5[1 − |Smm |2 − |Smn |2 ] (3)

MEGn = 0.5[1 − |Smn |2 − |Snn |2 ] (4)
MEG = |MEGm /MEGn | (5)

where “m” is mentioned as excited and “n” is mentioned as terminated ports. The proposed
MIMO antenna shows enhanced isolation in desired 3.5 GHz and the MEG ratio lies within
±0.3 dB, which is depicted in Figure 13(c,d).
In the MIMO Antenna, multiple antenna elements work simultaneously for spatial multi-
plexing. It is very crucial to calculate the TARC (total active reflection coefficient) of a MIMO
Antenna. It effectively explains the reflection coefficient of a MIMO antenna at different
input phase angles. The TARC is derived using Equation (6).

(|(Smm + Semn )|2 +|(Snm + Senn )|2 )
jθ jθ

TARC = √ (6)
2
where Snn /Smm = reflection coefficient, Smn /Snm = transmission coefficient between
ports, θ = excitation phase angle.
Here we have used seven different phase angles between 0° and 180°. And all the
phase angles cover the desired 3.5 GHz band, as displayed in Figure 14(a,b) that indicates
wide angle stability of the proposed antenna. The CCL performance of the quad-element
antenna is observed in Figure 14(c) that depicts a very low channel loss (CCL < 0.15
bit/s/Hz) in the desired frequency span.

4.2. Analysis of mimo antenna over the human body

The antenna, when placed on the human body, considerably influences on the lossy nature
of the body as well as bending body movements. As a result, the analysis of wearable
antenna is quite challenging compared to on-body situation. In order to understand the
MIMO Antenna performance, under on-body configuration the proposed quad-element
antenna is also analyzed under wearable condition. The MIMO Antenna under wearable
condition is depicted in Figure 15. The antenna is placed on the human body which has
lossy nature as well as it has different bending and body movements. So, analyzing the
antenna performance is quite difficult in body situations. The human body consists of dif-
ferent layers, such as skin, fat, muscle etc. Every layer has its own dielectric property which
depends on the frequency. The dielectric property of the human body at 3.5 GHz is depicted
in Table 1.
The scattering parameter performances are depicted in Figure 16(a,b). It is observed that
the MIMO antenna covers the desired frequency spectra from 2.5 to 4 GHz. Moreover, the
antenna shows quite good performance in terms of reduced mutual coupling under wear-
able condition. The isolation performance is increased about 5–15 dB in the frequency span.
Moreover, the cylindrical shape of the human body also influences the wearable antenna
performance. Therefore, the analysis of the antenna behavior in cylindrical surface is also
quite important to understand proper performance of the antenna. The S parameter result
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 11

Figure 14. Representation of (a) TARC 12 (b) TARC 14 and (c) CCL of MIMO Antenna 3.

Figure 15. MIMO Antenna in wearable situation (H = 10 mm).

Table 1. Dielectric property of human tissue at 3.5 GHz [21].

Tissue Permittivity (r ) Conductivity (σ ) (S/m) Thickness
Skin 37.01 2.02 2 mm
Fat 5.17 0.16 8 mm
Muscle 51.44 2.56 20 mm
12 S. ROY ET AL.

of the cylindrical surface is shown in Figure 16(b). It is observed that the bandwidth also
slightly increases due to the bending of the human body, but the isolation performance is
almost the same when compare to without tissue model.

Figure 16. Scattering parameter of quad-element MIMO antenna in (a) Flat condition and (b) Cylindrical
condition.

Figure 17. Representation of (a) ECC, (b) DG, (c) MEG between elements 1 and 2, and (d) MEG between
elements 1 and 4 of the proposed antenna.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 13

Figure 18. Representation of (a) TARC 12 (b) TARC 14 and (c) CCL of MIMO Antenna 3.

Subsequently to observe the MIMO antenna performance in a wearable platform, a

detailed analysis of MIMO parameters, such as ECC, D.G., M.E.G., TARC, is discussed in detail.
The ECC and DG are depicted in Figure 17(a,b), respectively. It is observed that the ECC and
D.G. performance are average in the range of 3.2 GHz to 3.6 GHz. In this context, it is impor-
tant to note that absence of isolator in between the antenna pair results in such response. To
analyze the antenna performance in adverse environmental condition MEG is an important
parameter. The MEG parameter is depicted in Figure 17(c,d). It is observed that, the MEG
performance is satisfactory in the frequency ranges of interest under wearable conditions.
The TARC parameter is also an important factor in MIMO analysis. The TARC performance
of the antenna is depicted in Figure 18(a,b). It is observed that the TARC performance of the
antenna in the wearable platform is quite satisfactory in the desired frequency ranges. The
CCL performance of the quad-band MIMO antenna in the wearable platform is depicted in
Figure 18(c). It is observed that in different MIMO elements the loss performances are quite
satisfactory under wearable design.
The SAR analysis is essential for wearable antennas to evaluate the radiation hazard. The
radiation hazard may affect the body tissue. The SAR can be expressed as SAR = (σ |E|2 /ρ).
The SAR value is reliant on Electric Field (E), body tissue conductivity (σ ), and mass density
of tissue (ρ). According to the safety regulation standard, based on the IEEE/IEC 62704-1, the
maximum SAR value is 2.0 W/kg for 10 gm of biological tissue. The SAR value is depicted in
Figure 19. We are considering the 25 mW power given in the feeding port to calculate the
SAR value. SAR value of the proposed antenna is found in the safety region i.e. < 1.485 w/kg
at 3.5 GHz.
14 S. ROY ET AL.

Figure 19. SAR value of the MIMO Antenna 3 integrated in the cylindrical human body tissue model.

Figure 20. (a) Fabricated Prototype and (b) Antenna under test condition of the proposed MIMO
Antenna.

4.3. Measured result and discussion

To validate the MIMO performance practically, the prototype is fabricated manually, as
shown in Figure 20(a). The antenna performances are measured for off and on human body
conditions. The measurement process is shown in Figure 20(b). The measured S-parameter
of the antenna at off body and on body conditions is shown in Figure 21(a,b). In both on

Figure 21. Measured S-parameter of the proposed antenna at (a) Off-body and (b) On-body conditions.
 JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS 15

and off body situations, the antenna covers the desired 3.5 GHz wireless band with high
port isolation in desired frequency ranges. The proposed work covers the wearable MIMO
concept as well as the upcoming IoT-based application.

5. Conclusion
A compact low-cost quad-element wearable MIMO antenna is presented in this commu-
nication for the upcoming 5G application and IoT application. Initially, the design process
of the single element antenna with a wideband mechanism is discussed in detail with the
help of a circuit model. After that the step wise MIMO antenna i.e. at first two-element
and thereafter four-element is designed and analyzed which covers wide operating fre-
quency spectra from 2.9 to 4.1 GHz with good isolation performances. The diversity param-
eters, i.e. ECC < 0.2, DG > 9.6 and CCL < 0.15 bit/s/Hz, confirm enhanced performance at
3.5 GHz. The antenna performance is also analyzed in human body situations and it shows
satisfactory performance in on and off body communication.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes on contributors
Sourav Roy received M.Tech degree from National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India in depart-
ment of Electronics and Communication Engineering. He has completed his PhD from National
Institute of Technology, Silchar. He is currently working as an assistant professor in the department of
ECE VIIT, Vishakhapatnam India. He is the author of more than 23 reputed journals and conferences.
His research interest includes Metamaterial antenna, MIMO antenna, Wearable antenna, and so on.
Ashim Kumar Biswas received B. Tech from Kalyani Govt. Engineering College and M.Tech from the
University of Burdwan, India respectively, all in Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)
Department. He has several years of teaching experience. Presently he has submitted the PhD the-
sis at ECE Dept., National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam. He has published a few numbers
of research papers in reputed journals and conference proceedings. His research interests include
microstrip antenna, DGS, EBG, MIMO, wearable, DR antennas, and so forth.
Soumendu Ghosh was born in Kolkata, India. He received MTech degree from the JIS College of Engi-
neering, WBUT, Kalyani, in 2016, in Mobile Communication & Networking Technology. He is currently
pursuing PhD from National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya. He has published a few number
of research papers in reputed journal. His research interests include MIMO antenna, UWB antenna,
wearable antenna, electromagnetic metasurface and so on.
Ujjal Chakraborty received B. Tech and M.Tech from the University of Burdwan and Ph.D. from
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India in the Department of Electronics and Communica-
tion Engineering. He is presently associated with the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering in National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam, India and holds the post of Assis-
tant Professor. He has more than 14 years of teaching experience. Dr. Chakraborty has authored and
co-authored more than fifty peer-reviewed scientific papers published in national and international
journals and conferences. His research interest includes the Metamaterial antennas, Phased array
antennas, Body wearable conformal antennas and MIMO antennas.
Abhishek Sarkhel (M’82) received his B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from
West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, India, in 2006 and M.Tech in Communication Engi-
neering from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India, in 2009. He also received his Ph.D.
16 S. ROY ET AL.

from the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India, in the year of 2018.
Since 2013 he has been working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics & Commu-
nication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya, India. He has published a number
of journal and conference articles. His current research interests include electromagnetic metasurface
and microwave antennas.

ORCID
Sourav Roy http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-5942
Ashim Kumar Biswas http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-2420
Soumendu Ghosh http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2492-0173
Ujjal Chakraborty http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-9773
Abhishek Sarkhel http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3796-1684

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