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Class 11 - Economics
Chapter 2 - Indian Economic Development
ECONOMIC SYSTEM
The term "economic system" refers to a system for resolving an economy's basic
concerns.
2. Socialist economy:
● It is the one in which the government owns, controls, and operates the
means of production.
● According to the demand of society, the government decides what, how,
and for whom to produce.
● The factor that guides decision-making is social welfare.
3.Mixed economy:
● It is a hybrid of the free market and the socialist economy.
● It coexists with both the private and public sectors.
● The government and the market work together to solve the three issues of
what, how, and for whom to produce in a mixed economy.
● For its development, India adopted a ‘Mixed Economic System.'
PLAN:
A plan specifies how a country's resources should be utilised. It should have some
broad aims as well as targets that must be met within a certain time frame. In
India, plans that last five years are referred to as five-year plans. The Planning
Commission was established in 1950, with the Prime Minister as its Chairperson.
2. General Problems
a. Population pressure on land: Farm sizes are smaller in areas with
a higher population density. Greater demand for inorganic fertiliser
is also associated with higher population density. As population
density increases, farm revenue per hectare drops.
b. Negligence of natural resources: When it comes to agriculture,
India has failed to protect and exploit its natural resources. Little was
done to conserve resources, the majority of which were tied to
irrigation. The stories of migration and acute water shortages in the
whole country demonstrate the gravity of the situation.
c. Agricultural Instability: Indian agriculture is always susceptible to
insecurity as a result of weather fluctuations and the risk of
monsoon. As a result, the production of food grains and other crops
varies greatly, causing agricultural produce prices to vary
continuously. This has generated an element of insecurity in the
country's agricultural operations.
3. Technological Problems
a. Production technique: Farmers in India have been using archaic
and inefficient farming methods and techniques. Only in recent
years have Indian farmers begun to embrace upgraded instruments
such as steel ploughs, seed drills, barrows, hoes, and so on.
b. Irrigation facilities are in short supply: The absence of guaranteed
and regulated water supply through artificial irrigation facilities
continues to be a problem for Indian agriculture. As a result, Indian
farmers must rely heavily on rainfall, which is neither consistent nor
even.
c. Cropping pattern: Indicators of sector development and
diversification include the cropping pattern, which displays the
percentage of an area planted in different crops throughout time. As
cash crop prices rise, more land is being shifted away from food crop
production and into cash or commercial crops. This has exacerbated
the country's food situation.
Note: West Bengal and Kerala had effective land reforms because their
governments were committed to the policy of giving land to the tiller, whereas
other states did not have the same level of devotion, and enormous disparities in
landholdings still exist today.
c. Green Revolution:
● The Green Revolution began in 1965, when the first High Yielding Variety
(HYV) seeds were introduced into Indian agriculture. This was combined
with better and more effective irrigation and the proper use of fertilisers to
boost agricultural yield. The Green Revolution had the desired effect of
making India self-sufficient in food grains.
Marketed Surplus:
Farmers sold a significant amount of agricultural produce in the market, and the
increased output impacted the economy. The portion of agricultural produce sold
on the market by farmers is referred to as the marketed surplus. The increase in
marketable surplus resulted in improved agricultural growth. As a result, the price
of food grains fell in comparison to other consumer goods.
d. Subsidies:
In the context of agriculture, subsidy refers to the provision of inputs to
farmers at a lower cost than the market price.
Role of Subsidies:
● Small farmers were given low-interest loans and fertiliser subsidies by the
government, ensuring that they had access to the necessary inputs. As a
result, both small and large farmers benefited from the green revolution.
● The services provided by government-established research institutes
significantly lowered the chance of small farmers being wrecked when
pests attack their crops.
INDUSTRY
Public and Private Sectors in Indian Industrial Development:
Public Sector:
The public sector includes all industrial and commercial firms owned by the
government and administered by the government, either directly or through other
organisations on its behalf.
Private Sector:
It refers to businesses that are owned, managed, and controlled by a single person
or a group of people. Because the government has no influence over private firms,
Foreign Trade:
At the period of independence, raw materials were abundantly exported from
India to Britain, while completed goods from Britain were imported into India.