REPORT RELATED TO SHAPE-TRANSFORMABLE MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION
Maths, robotics and applied physics are one of the fields applied to the shapes of materials. First of all, target
shapes are able to be transformed by unnaturally designed geometries. For instance, origami and kirigami can adjust
2D sheet materials into 3D shapes through folding or cutting. Next, involved in materials design, to make a satisfied
shape, materials need to be heterogeneous mechanically such as ani-sotropic materials, graded materials and so on.
In conclusion, it is discussed about shape-transformable materials and recommended their applications in electronics
and robotics.
2. Origami-Inspired Shape Programming
It is focused on origami for shape programming. Rigid origami is diverous with its platforms so application is going
on rising. Certain deparments like computer science, graphics and mathematics also use rigid origami. Besides,
Miura-Ori is one of the most famous rigid-origami platforms with special tesellations and its variations. Particularly,
it can fold thin sheet materials into smaller. In addition, related to geometry, it can be bent, twisted and stretched.
Nevertheless, until Dudtle and collegueges suggested an approach, it was rarely reported.
3. Kirigami-Inspired Shape Programming
According to engineer, length, orientation and interval of kirigami can control. Compared to origami, kirigami has
similarity of local stretching, bending, and twisting. Next, development of 3D curved surfaces is outstanding. First,
the 2D projection of the 3D target surface was uniformed meshed. To connect the meshes and 2D plane, it is used
by generating and optimizing. Furthermore, minimization the deviations between tesellation and target shape is
reported by Choi and colleguages. Next, periodic lattice kirigami was able to bt popped up or popped down
depending on the folding direction.
4. Material Heterogenities for Sahpe Programming
Involved in inflatable materials, SMPs, LCEs, and hydrogels, materials can transform their shape. Moreover,
biomimetic soft robotic systems can apply to the responsive features with innate softness of these materials. First,
about a pneumatic shape programming system, inflation of stratchable materials, for example in blowing up a
balloon, is a simple and intuitive way to transform 2D sheet materials to 3D shapes. Additionally, it can induce
quick shape transformations. Besides, related to the use of SMPs. SMPs is special about controlling ambient
temperature. In 3D printing, filaments in a state are stretched.
5. Application of geometric design
It is indicated that this section mentions researches of origami and kirigami electronic and robot in the last five years
5.1 Energy Harvesters and Storage Systems
Through proof of Hong and colleguages’a Miura-Ori solar steam generator, origami and kirigami can improve the
effcieency of solar energy harvesting. Pariticularly, a Miura-Ori soared the specific surface area of their system.
Moreover, they are able to make a better about this of photovoltatics. In addition, their platforms can also be applied
to the forrm factors of batteries.
5.2 Optoelectronics/Displays/Lightnings
Origami platforms have contributed to the development of 3D lightning and displays. With 3D curved surfaces
smoothly by bending and twisting with-out crease lines, a commercial electroluminescent panel containing brittle
ITO film covered a range of 3D curved shapes. In addition, origami and kirigami can be used to improve optical
properties in optoelectronics
5.3 Sensors
 The perforated geometry of this e-skin improved mechanical stability and conformability and also prevented sweat
accumulation, thus allowing inorganic sensors to obtain health information without malfunctioning.
5.4 Origami/Kirigami/Robots
Origami and Kirigami provide shape programmability and also imprrove the properties of actuators and robots, such
as compactness, light weight and machanical robustness. About Origami, robots can also be applied to medical
treatmant. Initially, the origami patch was encapsulated in an ince cápule with a compactly folded form allowing it
to pass through the narow esophagus. Next, according to Kirigami, it can also enrich the shape programmability of
actuators, grippers and robots.
6. Applications of Material Design
The inflatable materials, SMPs, LCEs, and hydrogels described in the previous section have enormous potential for
applications in actuators and robots based on their stimuli-induced shape transformations. In particular, their
softness can be used in soft robots, which perform a high degree of freedom of robotic motions with only a few
actuation. Based on agile and high-power density features generated with diverous stimulation methods. For
example, molecular alignment of a LC network can generate bending actuation. However, the slayed alignment
allowed the director field of the bottom surface to be orthogonal to that of the top surface, leading to a 3D saddle
shape. Moreover, in Zhang and colleagues’system, covalent bonds in acrylate-rich films enabled the assembly of
different types of LCEs into a single body.
Hydrogels are also attractive candidates for actuators since they swell or contact according to the surrounding
environment. For instance, Xue and colleagues developed a temperature-and pH-responsive hydrogel actuator.
7. Summary
Herein, we reviewed recent progress in shape-transformable materials and their engineering applications. Origami
and Kirigami, a class of strain-guided geometries, change 2D sheet materials into 3D shapes by folding creases or
opening cut slits. Next, strain-guided materials can be realized by aranging heterogenities.
8. Solidwork
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