e Question and Answer Book A * RADIOGRAPHIC = 2 TEST = ° METHOD 3 COOH Oooo soogagged «@ Levels |, il, Ill American Society for Nondestructive TestingRecommended Training References Ft MeMuster, Robert C,, Editor, Nondestructive Testing Hanziuok, Vol. 1. Columbus, OH ‘The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1959. (Reference listed with section number and page number. Example: A-20-24) MeGonnagle, Warren J. Nondestructive Testing. 2nd ed. New York: Gordon and Breach, nd. Fifth printing, 1977. (Reference listed with page number. Example: 8:84.) American Society for Testing and Materials, Methods and Recommended Practice. 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, General RT Reference Radiographs E94 E155 E192 Els E300 E242 B12 F505 E280 E446 Eto (Reference listed with document, Example: C-E94,) Richardson, Harry D. Industrial Radiography Manual Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1968. Out of print. Reprinted 1979 by ASNT. (Reference listed with page umber. Example: D.81) Classroom Training Handbook: Radiographic Testing (CT-6-6), San Diego, CA; General Dynamnies\Convair Division, 1967. (Reference listed with chapter number and page umber, Example: E:5-11,) Radiography in Modern Industry, Sed ed. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co.. 1969. Also Supplement “Kodak Films for Industrial Radiography.” 2nd ed., 1974, (Reference listed with page number. Exemple: F-86.) Metals Handbook Volume 1, Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control. Metals Park, OH; American Society for Metals, 1976. (Reference listed with page number. Exam ple: G-131,) Halmshaw, R. Industrial Radiology Techniques. New York: (Reference listed with page number. Example: H-23) Springer-Verlag, 1971 *Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. ; i ‘ LSar RN Historical References Clark, G, L. Applied X-Rays. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955 Glauser, H. R, Practicul Radiography for Inulustry. New York: Rheinholé Publishing Corp., 1952. Crowther. J. A. Handbook of Industrial Radiography. London: Réward ‘Arnold and Co,, 1949, Sproull, W.T. X-Rays in Practice. ters Yorks McGraw-Hill, 1946, St John, A,, and Isenburger, 1. R. Jndustrial Radiology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1943. Wiltshire, W. J. 4 Lurtier Handbook of Industrial Radiography. London: Arnal and Co., 1997.Levei | Questions Level | Answers Level il Questions Level I! Answers Level il! Questions Level ili Answers Contents 19 39 at 81Level | Questions 1 Although there may he other reasons for using caleium tungstate sereens in industrial radiography. they are post usally used to A. improve definition and resolution in radiographic images 1. mprove contrast in radiographic images ©. decrease expesare time. 1D. make films respond to multimiltion volt radiation Paw 2. Ancxecilent radiograph is obtained under given conditions of exposure with the film located at a distanee of 4 inches from the target of the X-ray tube. If the film is now placed only 1X inches from the tarjtet, and all ex held constant, the new expostre time will hy posure conditions except time a A. unchanged, B. longer by approximately KO percent CC shorter by approximately 55 percent 1) only shout 2% percent as lang as the original exposure time, 5. An excellent radiograph is obtained under given exposure conditions with a tube current of 5 milliamperes ane an exposure time of 12 minutes. If other conditions are not changed, what exposure time would he requiced tf the Xcray tube current could be raised to 10 milliamperes? A. 24 minutes B12 minutes © 5 minutes D. deinuces Fag 4. te film radiography, poneteameters are usually placed A. between the intensifying screen and the film. 1B. on the source side of the test abject ©. an the film side of the test object 1D. hetween the nperatar and the radiation source A133 5. When radiographinys 0 thw 2-27 quality level, an ASTM penetrameter for !2inch thick 2024 ahuminum al has a thickness af A. inch B mils, ©. 5 mils, D. 10 mils, cBM2-77 6. The penetrating abilicy of an X-ray beam is governed by. A. kilovaltage, B. time. CC. milliamperage. 1D. source-tovfilm distance, N20. 7. Cobalt-60 used in nondestructive testing, emits: ica a oe eae 8. A densitometer is an instrument for measuring: A. X-ray intensity. Be Bl density. C density of a materi D. tube current 420-92Level 9, ‘Three liquids which are essential to process an exposed film properly are A. stop bath, acetic acid, and water: B. developer, stop bath, and H.0s . developer, fixer, and water. 1D. acetic acid, fixer, and stop bath. aL 10. The two most common causes for excessively high-density radiographs are: ‘A. insufficient washing and overdevelopment. B. contaminated fixer and insufficient. washing. ©. overexposure and contaminated fixer 1D. overexposure and overdevelopment. errr) 11 The time required for one-half of the atoms in a particular sample of radioactive materia to disintegrate is called: A. the inverse square law B. a cure. ©. a halflife D, the exposure time, 12, What does the term Rihr refer to when speaking of intensity’? ‘A. Radiation limits for humans B. Roentgens per hour © Xrays per hour D, Radiation in hydrogen Ries 18, The ability to detect @ small discontinuity or flaw is called: A. radiographic contrast. B. radiographic sensitivity CC. radiographie density D. radiographic resolution. 15.30 14, Movement, geometry, and screen contact are three factors that affect radiographic: A. contrast B. unsharpness. ©. reticulation D. density Atos 15. The difference between the densities of two areas of a radiograph is called: A. radiographic contrast. B. subject contrast, ©. filrn contrast D. definition a 16. Upon completing an X-ray exposure and lurning the equipment off A. personnel should wait fora few minutes before entoring the exposure area B. personnel should wear a Teadlined apron before entering the exposure area ©. personnel should enter the exposure ares without fear of radiation exposure D. personnel should cake a reading with a survey meter before entering che exposure are, A2ea 17. "The most widely used unit of measurement for measuring the rate at which the output of a gamma-ray source decays is the: A : ef A. cri B. roentgen ©. halflife D. Mev, A132, 13 18, Exposure to X rays or gemma rays ‘Acimay have a cumulative effect which must be considered. Bi willbe beneficial since they build up an immunity to radiation poisoning. CC. will have no effect on human beings. 1B. will have only a short-term effect on human tissues. A269Level 19, Which dose would be dangerous, if not fatal, if applied to the entire body in a short period of time? A LSU 15 R B 2510 70K © 200 to KOO R 1D. Alot the above doses weld mst likely be fatal 20. When doing: gamma-ray radiography with high-intensity emitters, the sources are best handled: ‘A. directly by personnel equipped wich special pratective clothing B. hy remote handling equipment. ©. Girevtly by personnel with special protective clothing except when radingraphs are being, made 1D. by the same methods used for low intensity emitters A522 fa film is placed in a developer solution and allowed to develop without any: agitation: A. the radiograph will not show proper contrast. 1 ie will he impossible to fix the radiogeaph permanently. C theze will be a general “logging” condition aver the entire radiograph 1. there will be a tondeney for areas to affect each other. ae 22, The selection of the proper type of film to be used for the X-ray examination of a particular part depends on: A. the thickness of the part 1. the material of the specimen, C. the voltae range of the available X-ray machine - 1. all three of the above factors, Pas, When radiographing a part which contains a large erack, the crack will appear on the radiograph as A. a dark, intermittent or continuous line, 4 B. a light, irregular line. 2 ©. either a dark or light line E D. a fogged area on the radiograph. Aaai2 24. A cobalt-60 source has a halflife of A. 1.2 years B. 6 months. C. 5.3 years D. 75 days. AAS 25. X-ray tube current is controlled hy: A. the current passing through the filament, B. the distance from the cathode to the anode the type of material used in the target. 1D. the voltage and waveform applied to the X-ray tube, F9, A146 D. diaphragmsie Level 29, Radiographic sensitivity, in the context of the minimum detectable flaw size, depends on: A. araininess ofthe fim BB the unsharpness of the flaw image inthe fim CC: the contrast ofthe flaw image on the film Di. alithre of the above ie 0. In order to decrease geometric unsharpness: A. radiation should proceed from as small a focal spot as other considerations will allow. BB. radiation should proceed from as large a foral spot as other considerations will allow the film should be as far as possible trom the object being radiographed 1D. the distance from the anode to the material examined should be as small axis practical P20 31. As the kilovoltaye applied to the X-cay tube is raised: ‘A. X rays of longer wavelength and more penetrating power are produced B. X rays of shorter wavelength and more penetrating power are produced. C. X rays of shorter wavelength and less penetrating power are produced 1D. X raysof longer wavelength and less penetrating power are proxluced A208 32, In order to increase the intensity of X-radiation: A. the tube current should be increased B. the tube current should be decreased C. the test specimen should be moved further from the film D. a lower kilovoltage should be applied to the tube Aa, Be 33. Primary radiation which strikes a film holder or cassette through a thin portion of the specimen will cause seat tering into the shadows of the adjacent thicker portions producing an effect called radiation imaging, spotting. undercut. unsharpness. F.a9, A209 pore 34, Scattered radiation caused by any material, such as a wall or floor, on the film side of the specimen is referred to primary scattering undercut reflected scattering, backscattered radiation F39, 40 pom> 98, Which of the following materials is suitable for use in vessels or pails used to mix processing solutions? A. Stainless steel B. Aluminum . Galvanized iron D. Tin Age 36, Any of the body tissues may be injured by excessive exposure Lo X or gamma rays but particularly sensitive A. blood, B. lene of the eye C. internal organs, D, allof the above Fae 37. A general rule used to define the amount of radiation exposure that is excessive is: A. although smail amounts of radiation (0.4 R per week or less) are benefi immunity to these rays, anything above 0.4 R per week is excessive any dose over 5 R per week is excessive. ‘any dose which causes a mid-range reading on @ Geiger counter is excessive, ‘any unnecessary exposure to rediation is excessive, Fas since they build up an B. c. D,Levey 8. X-ray exposure may be due to: A. the direct eam from the X-ray: tube target B. scatter radiation arising from objects in the direct beam ©. both A and H above both A and B shove plus residual radiation that exists for the first fow minutes after the X-ray machine has heen returned ta the “alt” position Pian HUA geneeal,rale often emploved for determining the kilovoltage to be used when X-raying a part is: A the kilovnitage should be as high as other factors will permit, 1. the kilovoltage should be 9s lew as «ther factors will pertnit © the kilovoliage is always a fixed value and cannot be changed. D. the kilovoltage is not en important variable and ean be changed over a wide range without affecting: the radioxraph P29 40; 11 piece ol lead “vanch thick is placed in the path of a beam of radiation emenating from cobalt-60 it will reduce the dose rate at a given location by: A. one-third, B. one-quarter, C one-half D. three-quarters, A269 41, Excessive exposury of film to light prior to development of the film will most likely result in A. a foggy filen BY poor definition, ©. streaks, D. yellow stain. Fas 42, White erescentshuped marks on un exposed X-ray film are most likely caused by: A. crimping film after exposure B. crimping film before exposure sudden exteeme temperature change while processing, D. warm or exhausted fixer Fras 43, Reticulation resulting in a puckered or netlike film surface is probably caused by: A. crimping film after exposure. B. sudden extreme temperature change while processing. C. water or developer on unprocessed film D. excessive object-torilin distance F150 4 Frilling or toosening of the emulsion from the base of the film 1s most likely caused by A. water or developer on unprocessed film, B. low temperature of processing solutions. . developer solution contamination, D. warm or exhausted fixer solution. Pasi 45: Han exposure time of 60 seconds was necessaty using a ¢-oot source-torflm distance for a particular exposure what time would be necessary if a 2-foot source-to-film distance is used and all other variables remain the sare? A. 120 seconds B. 30 seconds ©. 15 seconds D. 240 seconds Fay 46. One of the general rules concerning the application of geometrie principles of shadow formation to radiography A. the X rays should proceed {rom as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow. B. the film should be as far as possible from the object being radiographed, . the distance between the anode and Che material examined should always he as great as possible. D. all three ofthe above are correct. P20 47, Ava check on the adequacy ofthe radiographic technique its customary Lo plac a standara test piece or the source se af the sperimen ‘Pie standard test piece called A elerence pat. B: fend screen C. penetrameter D. fluminavor 9, 20.96Level 1 48, ‘The duration of an exposure is usually controlled by: |A. controlling the milliamperaye Ba timer. © controlling the souree-to-fitm distance D. a choke coi in the filament transformer ea 49, A peneteameter is used o indicate: |A. the size of discontinuities in a part, B. the density of the film, C. the amount of film contrast 1. the quality of the radiographic technique. F 50. A fluorescent intensifying sereen will ‘A. transform X-ray energy into visible or ultraviolet light, B. result in reticulation. ©. decrease the graininess of the image when using gamn 1D. increase the definition in a radiograph A616 ‘The three main steps in processing u radiograph are ‘A, developing, filling, and fixation B. developing. fixation, and washinx ©. exposure, developing, and fixation 1D. developing, reticulating. and fixation AleIk Lead foil sereens are used in eatiogrpby A. Lo improve the quality of the raclinstsaph thy preferentially reducing the effect of seater radiation. B. to reduce the exposure ime ©. both A and ure reasons Tor sing Ie 1D. neither A nur Bare rraseans [or using lead fail serrens fol screens A621 53. Kilovoltage, exposure time, and souree-tostiln distaner ane three of the most ianportant X-ray exposure factors that can he controlled. A TourLh such exposure fac tar is A. focal point size BL. temperature CC. filament-te-forat spat distance D. milliamperaxe. A015 54. When the minty silver grains on wht the Xoms iin nage 9 armed gray tacet hor i relatively: fare masses, Hey produce a visual impresssen calle A. air bells B. graininess. ©. reticulation D. frilling Pause 55, To prevent excessive backscatter ftom reaching 2 radiographic film, one should: |A. back the cassette with a sheet of lead, the thickness needed depreadings on the radiation quality Bi place a mask between the specimen and Che front surface of the fill C. back the exposure holder with a thiek sheet of lead {at least '» inch) DB. place a filter in the X-ray or gamma ray hear near the source or X-ray tube voz 456, Static marks, which are black treetlike or circular marks un a radiograph, are often caused hy: |A. film being bent when inserted in a cassette or holder. 1B, foreign material or dirt imbedded in screens scratches on lead foil sereens. 1D, improper film handling techniques. Faas 57, The purpose of agitating an X-ray film during development is to A, protect the film from excessive pressure 1H. renew the developer at Uhe surface af the film © disperse unespostel silver grains on the fill surface Abs 1. prevent retivulation, |Level E 58. When manually processing films, the purpose for sharply tapping hanyers two or three times after the films have been lowered into the developer is to: A. disperse unexposed silver grains on the film surface. B. prevent frilling C. dislodge any air bubbles clinging to emulsion. Dot the above fae Bt 59. The activ ofthe developer solution is maintained stable by . A. constant agitation, E B maintaining processing solutions within the recommended temperature range. | ©. avoiding contamination from the wash beth, i D, addition of replenisher. A216 | 60, The purpose of iat is | A. to remove all he undeveloped silver salts ofthe emulsion. | Bi to leave the developed silver ase permanent image i ©. ta harden the gelatin i Dy allot the above nowt z i 61, For best results whon manually praussing fim, solutions shout he maintained within a temperature range ot A. 68¢P and 75°F B 65°C and 75°C, ©. 75°F and 85°F D. 75°C and 85°C. ADK S 62, Water spots on films can be minimized by A. rapid drying of wet film B. means of a weiting agent solution. © by using a fresh fixer solution, @ Phy caseauding water during the rinse evele Ane 63. ‘The émall area in the X-ray tube from which the radiation emanates is called te: A. diaphragm. B. focal spot. © focusing cup, D. cathode 9.10 64, Unwanted inclusions in a part will appear on a radiograph as; A. a dark spot By a light spot C. a2 generalized gray area of varying contrast . either a dark or light spot or area depending on the relative absorption ratio of the part it 24 ‘material and the inclusion material 65. The radiation quality of a gamma-ray souree is: determined by the size of the focal spot. determined by the isotope involved, can be varied by the operator. is greater in ridium-192 than in cobalt-60, rua poop 65. ‘The most common material used to provide protection against X rays is: ‘A, high density brick B. an alloy of 70 percent steel and 30 percent copper. &, Rungsten ae @ 6. score is te equivalent of A. 0.001 maillicuries. B. 1,000 millcares. C:. 1,000 megacuries 1D. 100 megacuries. DazLevel I lure time and kilovoltage, « properly exposed radiograph is obtained with a 6 millismperes i atthe distance af 20 inches. Tis desired to increase the sharpness of detail in the nage by minutes exfoe gouree rim distance to 40 inches. The correct milliamperage-minutes exposure 9 obtain the duaired radiographic density at the increased distance is A. 12 milliamperes-minutes. B. 24 milliamperes-minutes. ©. 3 milliamperes-minutes, 1. 1.7 milliamperes-minutes. ry 68, With a given expos ‘Very shock wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced when electrons travelling at high speed collide with matter is calle! A. X-radiation. B. beta radiation. © gamma radiation. . none of the above. Fo 69, 170, The exposure of personnel to X- and gamma radiation can be measured or monitored by means of Ps |A, film badges. B. dosimeters radiation exposure survey meters. D. allof the above. B.204 \¥ of 10 milliamperes in 40 seconds, how much time will ‘Assuming that a good radiograph is obtained at a settin ‘nilliamperage is changed to 5 milliamperes fall other he necessary to obtain one equivalent radiograph if the conditions remain constant? A. 20 seconds B10 seconds C80 seconds . D, 160 seconds Paz 1 72. A graph showing the relation between material thickness, kilovoltage, and exposure is called ‘a bar chart ‘exposure chart fa characteristic curve. an H&Deurve, F51 cos> 40. A graph which expresses the relationship between the logarithm of the exposure applied to # photographic ‘material and the resulting photographic density is called A, a bar hart. B. an exposure chart. ©. the characteristic curve. D, a logarithmic chart. Fs 74, Short wavelength electromagnetic radiation produced during the disintegration of nuclei of radioactive substances is called A. Xcradiation. B. gamma radiation ©. ‘scatter radiation. D, backscatter radiation, Fad 45. A photographic image recorded by the passage of X or gamma rays through a specimen qnto film is called a ‘A, fluoroscopic image B. radiograph. ©. isotopic reproduction. D, none of the above. A201 76. ‘The normal development time for manually processing, X-ray film is 12 to 18 minutes in processing solutions at 75°F. 3 to 8 minates in processing solutions at 60°F, 12 to 18 minutes in processing solutions at 68°C. 5 to minutes in processing solutions at 65°F Ags A B. ©. Dd.#0. xe #3, Ba 86. 86, Leonel 1 hieve uniformity of development aver the area af an X-ray fin ducing manual processing In order A. the film should he placed in a deer By the developer should be agitated hye means af mee © the film shone be agitated while in the developer, ter being developed eal Stirrers or virculating pumps. Uy the filoy should be Lransterred ditorty from the develaper othe fixer Axis When referring to a “ZT” or “11 hole in the ASTM penetrameter, the refers to: A. the part thiekness, B. the penetrameter thickness: ©. the time of exposuee, A287 D. the time for developing, hed may be used to decrease the of A sheet of lead with an opening eut in the shape of the part to be radioggra leet of scattered radiation which undercuts the specimens. Such a device is valled A. a mask Ba filter ©. a backscatter absorber D. alead foil screen, } 4 settings Pwo Xeray machines operating at the same neminal kilavnltayce and muiblianyp A. will produce th sume intensities ane qualities of radiat in 1h will produce the same intensities Hot mas produce different qualities wf radiation, nie qualities hoc may prattace different intensities af radiation sill proatave: the: D. may give not only different intensities hutasa different qualities of radiation, bas Fluarnseopy differs from surtingeanlss in that A. fluprascopy: uses a miuieh [ower kilecolt ayer tian sachiosraiphy Bi. Muoraseopy is much snare sensitive tha radioneraphy Che Noray tanage is observed visually on a Muerescont seeven eather than re¢nrded ora ie bau 1 fluoroscopy permits examination al thivker parts than does radiography Anadvantage of the pocket dasimeter 1y pw of ionization chamber used to monitor radiation everived hy. perso A. it provides a permanent record of accumulated dosage B. it provides an immediate indication af dosuyee C. itis the most sensitive detector available 1D, all of the aboveare advantages, A264 NAL ‘The density difference between Lwo selected portions of a radiograph is known as A. unsharpness, B. radiographic contrast ©. specific activity. D. subject density. 67, A-15-95, A-20-24 One requirement for keeping fluorescent screens in gaod condition is that they must A. be cleaned with a lint-free cloth each time they are used B. not be exposed Lo intense ultraviolet radiation, C. be mounted in a rigid container at all times, Aclils D. not be exposed to caustic fumes. In making an isotope exposure in an unshielded area, you find the dose rate 6 feet from the source is 1200 mRihr. What would be the dose rate at 24 foot”? A. 15 mkihr B. 100 mBihe ©. 200 mkibr D. 300 mRihe A56 ‘The intensity of X- or gamma cadiation is measured in: A. roontgens. B. ergs C. roentigens per unit of time. D. H&Dunits, A155, 28Level! 7 ax ¥ 90. 93 95 When producing. radiographs. if the kilovoltage is increased A. the subject contrast decreases 1B. the film contrast decreases. © the subject contrast increases, D. the film contrast increases, Hage iim distance that is too “The aecidental movement of the specimen or film during exposure or the use of a focus small wil A. produce « radiograph with poor contrast. B. make it impossible Lo detoct large discontinuities, result in unsharpness of the radiograph. 1D. result in a fogged radiograph, ms A1533 [A properly exposed radiograph that is developed in a developer solution ata temperature of 58°F for 5 minutes will probably be: A. overdeveloped. B. underdeveloped C. fogged. DB. damaged by felling; Agra |A good radiograph is obtained using a milliamperage of 15 milliamperes and ap exposure time of ' minute. What exposure Lime will he necessary to produce an equivalent radiograph if the milliampersge is chaniged to 5 milliamperes and all nther conditivas remain the samc? A. 44a minutes Bo 1s minutes Cd minutes D. {minute A213 in daring ex passe Lead sercens in cuntact with dhe A. increase the photographic activis on the film largely by reason of Lhe electron emission and partly by the secondary X rays generated in the lead, 1B. absoch the shorter wavelength seattered radiation more than the long wavelength primary radiation ©. intensify the photographic effect of the scatter radiation more than that of the primary radiation 1D. noneof the above. 20.25 “Phe sharpness of the outline in (he imaye of Che radingeaph is « measure of A. subject contrast B. radiographic @etinition ©. radiographic contrast D, film contrast. A205 ‘An unshielded isotope source gives a dosage rate of 900 mR per hour at 10 feet, What would the unshielded dosage rate be at 30 feet? A, 300 mRibr B. 600 mR/hr © 100 mRvbr 1D, 2700mRUhr A186 Which has the shortest wavelengths? A. Visible light B. Microwaves €. 400 kilovolt peak X rays D. Infrared radiation FA, A139 Beta particles are A. neutrons. B. protons, ©. electrons. D. positrons. Aa| sett | Of, A radiouctive source with an activity of one eurie has: i 1h IKE i ; j Am." meta thot forms the maze onan Xo fl 1 A. tin. | A See D ine pass vas D. it doesn’t anatter 100, ‘The lvaul symbol HY" is attached tn the back af the film holler tw determine: A, sensitivity BL whether excessive backscatter is present © radiographic cant rast D. density: 101, Penetrameters for. re considered Group 1 Materials and need not have an identifieation notch A Iawonet Bi Nieket C. Stainless stool 7 1D. Aluminui bronze cori 102. The purpose of a dated decay eurve is ts A. determine the source size at any time. BL calculate shielding, requirements, determine the source strength (activity) at any time. E618 D. mark the date and length of time for each exposure 103. Why is eobalt:60 used as a radiation source for medium-weight metals of thickness ranges from 1.5 to 9 inches’ A. Because of its short halflife B. Limited amount of shielding required ©. Because of its penetrating ability D. None of the above. A114, PAB, 104. ‘The cause for poor image definition could he: A. too short source-Lofilm distance, B. screens and film not in close contact. © film graininess D. allot the above 15, Palas, 105, During manual film processing, the purpose of the stop bath is to A. change the exposed silver salts to black metallic silver, neutralize the developer and stop the developing, process C. climinate most water spots and streaks. D, none af the above Hae,Level 106, A thin metallic sheet (brass, copper. luminum, ete.) placed at the source to reduce effects of softer radiation is known as: A. an intensifying screen B. a filter. . aan electron inducer. tat 1D. a focusing cup. B18, F-42, E67 107. ‘Phe reason a “shim” is used in radiographic setup is to: A. improve the penetrameter image. B. reduce diffraction, C. simulate weld reinforcement. : D. intensify the image. 6-140, E613 108. The focal spot size of an X-ray machine must be known in order to determine: A. the geometric unsharpaess value B, kilovolt peak output. CC. milliamperage settings. 1D. exposure time. 3-6, Fai 108, A section with a significant increase in thickness variation is required to be shown on a single radiograph ‘within a desired film density range. This may be accomplished by A. inereasing kilovollage B. using & coarser grain film © both A and B are correct. 1D, neither A nor B is correet. F0 110. The density of a radiograph image refers to: the thickness of the film the thickness of the specimen the weight of the film the degree of film blackening. pes ‘ A203, P51 111. A beam of radiation consisting of a single wavelength is known as: characteristic radiation, Auoroseopie radiation. monochromatic radiation microscopic radiation. Alg9 pom> 112. The image of the required penetrameter and hole on the adiograph indicates that the radiograph has the re quired A. contrast. B, definition ©. sensitivity D, latitude £6.10, F-69 113. The primary parts of an atom are, A, proton, nutrino, electron, B. proton, electron, gamma ray © photon, electron, neutron DB. proton, electron, neutron. Beta 114, X rays and gamma rays always travel in: A. pairs. B. orbital spheres. ©, straight lines. D. none of the above. E27 113. A large source size can be compensated for by: A. increasing the source-to-specimen distance. B. addition of lead screens. C, increasing the specimen-to film distance, 1D. inereasing penumbra. Be6-28Level F 116. Radiation arising Wieetly from the target of an X-ray Lube or an uccelerator, oF fram a radioactive sorte, js usually referred ta as A secondary radiation 2 B. primary radiation, C. backscatter D. inherent radiation, Aliey 117, The extent to whieh X rays can be successfully utilized in nondestructive Lesting is largely dependent upon A. the intensity of the X rays generated. B. their wavelengths. C. the dimensions of the area from which they are emitted D. the duration of their emission, E, all ofthe above. Ale 118, To produce X rays, elects are accelerated to a high velocity by an electrical told and then uddenly stopped by a collision with a solid body. This body is called A. cathode, B. filament. C. target. D. generator. 119. The best Xray efficiency is praduced when the target material has: ‘A. a Jow atomic number BL a high atomic number ©. a low hardness D. ahigh hardness Aes 120 What is sumetinies used 1a change the alternating current from the high voltage transformer te direct current for the purpose of increasioy the X-ray machine output? @ 1 teeitn 2 Csthede Xray tubes © Gas Xray tube 1 Vacuuin Xray tebe Au [21 In a fluoroscopic inspection system using a 15-inch source-to-material distance and 2inch materialtosereen distance, transverse vibration af which item will cause the most image blurring? A. Source vibration 1B. Sereen vibration ©. Material vibration 1. Equal effects AISI 09) 122 Ta fluorescent screen is aecidentally exposed to unattenuated X rays, which of the following occurs? A. Intense heat. generated in the sereen will permanently destroy the sereen crystals BL Screen blackens due to overexposure © The screen is essentially undamaged D. Seren sensitivity and light level will be permanently reduced. A198 to 15 123 Which of the following is an advantage of a fluoroscopic system when compared to a radiographic system? A. Screens do not absorb seattored radiation so the image density is enhanced B. Live image presentation for immediate viewing, C. Screen systems exhibit superior sensitivity and resolution to films 1D. The equipment is normally nt portable Azo 524, A fluoroscopic installation utilizing fluorescent screen requires: A. a screon support with lead foil screens to control seatter, A : : 1B lead glass, mirrors, or other means for transmitting the fluorescent image without subjecting the operator to X-radiation. SoS. ©. both of the above, neither of the above,Level 125. In performing Muoroscopie examination of a part, itis important to control: A. geometry, B scatter radiation C. source kilovollage and milliamperage D. all of theabove, A19-18 22 126. In Xradiography. the ability Lo penetrate the test abject is governed by. A. source-torfilm distance. B. time. ©. kilovoliage D, milliamperage, Fes 127. Which of the following Lypes of radiation is emitted by cobalt-80 and used in nondestructive testing? ‘A. Neutrons B. Gamma rays © X rays D. Alpha particles, nid 128, The term used Lo describe the loss of excess energy by the nucleus of radioactive atoms is ealled A. decay (disintegration) B. ionization, C. scintillation D. activation 22, Aas 129. X rays, gamma rays, and alpha particles all have one thing in common —they are all A. particulate radiations Fy electromagnetic radiations, C. microwave radiations, D. jonizing radiations ae 180. ‘Phe term used to express the number of cuties of radioactivity per ram or qunce of source weight is: A. decay B. emissivity ©. specitie activity D. source oulput PAs, DAL ASS, EU. Atoms, molecules, ane varinus subatomic particles which carry either a positive or neyative electrical charge are called: A. photoctectrons B. photons © ions D. compounds. D25, A516 182, Gamma and X-radiation interact with matter and may be absorbed by: A. photoelectric absorption. 1. Compton scattering. ©. pair production. D. allof the above. 413.18, D-27 153. Approximately what percent of the oriyinal radinactivity is left alter six half-lives? A. (1.0008 noo © aa be Dee, Ls 14. ‘The velocity af all electromagnetic rudiation is: ‘A, 186,000 miles per second, B. 18,500 miles per second ©. 186,000 miles per second, D0, Ata 1D. LAKO miles per sveond,Level 1 115, The radiation intensity of a radioisotope: A. increases decreases with time, 6] STS acca ith time. M55Level | Answers @ 16. 50, A 848 Bc a 7 alle A . D 100. B c B cLevel Il Questions Low voltage X-ray tubes are generally filted with windows made off A. plastic B. beryllium, © glass. D. lead, Alaa2 ‘A monochromatic X-ray beam: |A. is a narrow beam used to produce high-contrast radiographs. B, is also referred to as a heterogeneous X-ray bean ©. isa beam containing only characteristic X-radiation D. isa beain consisting of a single wavelength Das ‘The general method of producing X-rays involves the suclden deceleration of high velocity electrons in a sold body ealled a A. focus cup, B. filament, ©. target. D. cathode. Ala Fit were necessary to radiograph « T-inch thick steel product, whieh of the following gamma-ray sources would most likely be used? A. Cobalt-60 8. Phuliom-170 ©. Iridium 192. D. Cesivme-1a7 ar A cobalt:60 gamma-ray source has an approximate practical thickness limit of 2% inches of steel or its equivalent. 4 inches of steel or its equivalent 9 inches of steel or its equivalent 11 inches of steel or its equivalent, pose Par ‘The absorption of gamma rays from # given source when passing through matter depends on: A. the atomic number. density. and thickness of the matter. B. the Young's modulus value of the matter C. the Poisson's ratio value of the matter. D, the specific activity value of the source. F-26, D149 ‘The fact that gases, when bombarded by radiation, ionize and become electrical conductors make them useful A. Xray transformers B. X-ray tubes, © masks, 1D, radiation detection equipment. Aled ‘The velocity of electrons striking the target in an X-ray tube is a function of: A. the stomie number of the cathode material B. the atomic number of the filament material C. the voltage difference betwoen the cathode and anode. 1D. the current flow in the rectifier circuit, Dud ‘The uneven distribution of developed grains within the emulsion ofa processed X-ray film causes the subjec: tive impression of: A. graininess BY streaks 5. A16-21Level I 10. Cabal 60s reported to havea hal life of 6.3 years. By how much should exposure time be incensed (vert Sed Intaly to produce excellent radiographs when the cobalv60 source mas new! when tne sources two'yenra old? ‘A. No change in exposure time is needed, B. Exposure time should be about 11 percent longer. C. Exposure time should be about 31 percent longer. 1, Exposure time should be about 62 to 100 percent longer. A16 11. A source of iridium-192, whose half-life is 75 day's, provides an optimum exposure of a given test object today in 2 period of 20 minutes. Five months from now, what exposure Lime would be required for the same radiographic density, under similar exposure conditions? A. 10 minutes B. 20 minutes ©. Thove and 20 minutes D. 6 hours E219, A155 Note: If questions 10 or 11 are used'on a test, the examinee shunld be furnished semilogarithmic coordinate oper. 12. Of the following, the source providing the most penetrating radiation is: A, cobalt-60. B. 220 kVp X-ray tube, © 15 MeV X-ray betatron. D. electrons from iridivin-192. Aaet9 13. The gamma-ray intensity al one fo«t fram a one curie source of radioactive coball-60 is nearest A 15 roentgens per hour B. 1,000 roentgens per hour ©. Froentgen per minate D. 10 milliroentgens per day D.36, Als-43 14. The focal spot in an X-ray wube A. is inclined at an angle of 30° from the normal to the tube axis B. is maintained at a high negative voltage during operations © should be as large as possible ro ensure a narrow beam of primary radiation D. should be as small as possible without unduly shortening the life of the tube F910 15, In an X-ray tube, the filament and focusing cup are the (wo essential parts of the: A. anode, B. cathode. C rectifier D. Xray transformer Fo 16. The quantity of radiation which will produce, by means of ionizaton. one electrostatic unit of electeiity in 0.001293 grams of dry air is known as A, a millicuric. B. a gamma ©. a roentgen D. acurie, Fas 17. The specific activity of an isotopic source is usually measured in: million electron volts, ‘euries per ram, roentgens per hoor counts per minute E219, A155 goe> 18. Which of the fellowing isotopes has the longest hall life? A. Pholivem-170 B. Cobale-50 © Tridium-192 D. Cesium 137 PG AISA20, 21 22, 23, 24 26. 2 28 Level IT ‘The primary form of energy conversion when electrons strike a target in an X-ray tube results in the production of: primary X rays, secondary X rays. short wavelength X rays, heat. a6 pam a characteristic curve ofa film is known ‘The slope of # straight line joining; two points of specified densities as the: A. speed of the curve. B. latitude. C. average gradient. D. density. P26 An X-ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition: A. poor definition, B. low contrast. C. high speed D. none of the above. F67 1069 ‘The purpose for cireulating oi in some types of X-ray tubes is ‘A. to lubricate moving parts. B. to absorb secondary radiation, C. to decrease the need for high current A433 D. todissipace heat. An X-ray tube with a small focal spot is considered better than one with a large focal spot when it is desired to obtain: A. greater penetrating: power. B. better definition ©: less contrast, D. greater film density, F:18 1022 One metiod of reducing radiographic contrast is to: A. increase the distance between the radiation source and the abject. B. decrease the distance between the object and the film. C. decrease the wavelength of the radiation used D. increase development time within manufacturer's recommendations, P28 ‘Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate contact with X-ray film during exposure inerease film density because: A. they fluoresce and emit visible light which helps expose the film B. they aboorb the scattered radiation C. they prevent backscattered radiation from fogging the film. D. they emit electrons when exposed to X-and gamma radiation which help darken the fim. A824 X-ray tubes are often enclosed in a shockproof casing in order to: A. dissipate heat, 1B. protect the operator from high-voltage shock. CC shield the tube from secondary radiation. D. increase the efficiency of the rectifier. Bats An X-ray tube is rated for 4 maximum of 260 kVp. This tube may be operated at « maximum of: A. 250,000 volts peak voltage, B. 250'kV effective voltage, ©. 250,000,000 voits rms voltage D. 250 kV average voltage. A412 of taps at various ‘A voltage selector consisting of an iron core transformer with a single winding having as points on the winding is called: A. a high-voltage transformer. B. a filament transformer. ©. an autotransformer. D. a power transformer. F011 aLevel IT 1» X-ray radiography. alternating current mast be changed Lo pulsating direct current i order to satisly the 7 Teed for unéctimaleurent. thi Change may be accomplished by A. transformers. B. rectifiers, C. anodes, D. cathodes. Pu 30, When radiographing (o the 221 quality level, an ASTM penetrameter for 25-inch steel has a thickness of A, one-half inch, BL 25 mils © Sails, D. 50 mils cRo94 11. Valve Lubes are used in X-ray equipment to A. provide necessary rectification, B. activate and deactivate the X-ray tube. ©. beat the filaments in the X-ray tube. D. adjust the size of the taruet A146, B96, 97 32. A wood cobal-60 radiograph is tule on a dhinch steel easticye using un exposue Cine of 10 minutes and a source to film distance of 36 inches. It is necessary to change th source-ifilin distance Lo 2 mnehen. wae exposure time would produce a sinifir eadiageaph if all uther evmditinns remain the saree? A. 16 minutes B44 aninutes © 6 minutes D. kX minutes rar 3%, When sharp, biel, bird 4 wel wuarks whirh ate known nol tncorrespand with any diecantinuiies appear at random an radingraphs, Uaey are piroliahly sited by A. prolonged developoint in alt developer 1. exposure of the ihn: ty natural ensmie ray showers during storage . static charges caused by friction, D. nadequaterinsing alter fixie Poias 34. The adjustment of che curreat in eenventional Xray tube circuits is made by A. adjusting the filament heating eurreat HL. auijustinge the target te-cathindedistanes Co inserting rosistamer ie the anode lead 1D. opening the shutter an Une X-ray tile part Po 36. In comparision with lowervollage radiographs, high-energy cadiogeaphs show. A. spreater contrast 1B. greater latitude C._dreater amounts of scatter radiation sulative tw primary train intensity D. none of Ue above: Az84,5 36, Filters used al the port of the Xray tube: ‘A, intensify the X-ray heam by contributing secondary sadation. 1B. filter short wavelength X-ray heams ta provide “softer” radiation, C. provide the most readily adjusted means of mealilying X-ray intensity 1D. filter out “soft” radiation to provide i mare homoxenenus X-ray beam, Paz A ASTM Rinetrameter for use when inspecting « one-half inch thick steel plate to the 227 quality level using 8 TS-inch source-tonfilin distance would be made uf A. 5 mil thick aluminum, B. 50 mil thick alursinum or stuel ©. 10 mil thick steel D. 2milsteip ofany metallic material CH SK. ‘The kilovoltage applied to un X-ray tube affects, A. the quality of the beam Bi the intensity wf the beam ©. both A and B above, P neither A nor B above. wenaLovet 1 39, Filters placed between the Xray tube and specimen tend to reduee scatter radiation undercutting the specimen A. hy absorbing. the longer wavelength components of the primary bear 1B. by absorbing. the shorter wavelength components af the primary beam. by absorbing hackseatter radiation, 1D. hy decreasing: the intensity of che beam 40. Besides serving as a filter, sereens of high atomic number, such as lead and lead antimony, alse: A. decrease the source-to film distance needed for a proper radiograph. B. provide some image intensifying action, C. permit the use of higher speed film. Fe 1) decrease the graininess in a radiograph, 82 ‘The range of thickness over which densities ace obtained that are satisfactory for interpretation is # measure af the: A. subject contrast of a radiograph, B. sensitivity of a radiograph © latitude of a radiogeaph, D. definition of a radiograph, ADI 42, Almost all gamma radiography is performed with A. natural isotopes BL inidium.192 or cobal60. C. radium. D. thulium-170. A159. A1519, R316 43. Phe amount of unsharpness or blurring of a radiograph is A, direetiy proportional to Lhe abjectto-film distance snd inversely proportional to the size of the focal spot B. directly proportional to the size of the focal spot and inversely proportionat to the sou object distance. ©. inversely proportional to the object-Lofilm distance and directly proportional to the source-to object distance D. inversely proportional to the size of Lhe focal spot and the object to-film distance. ete P1812 44. Images of discontinuities close Lo the source side of the specimen become less clearly defined as: A. sourceto-object distance increases B. the thickness of the specimen increases, . the size of the focal spot decreases. D. the thickness of the specimen decreases, 20,21, A284 48, The inherent filtration of an X-ray tube is a function of A, the thickness and composition of the X-ray tube port, B. the voltage setting of the instrament, C. the souree-toobject distance, D. the material used as a target. AIGIT 46. X-ray films with large grain size A. will produce radiographs with better definition than film with small grain size B. have slower speeds than those with a relatively small grain size. . have higher speeds than those with a relatively small grain size. HH | D. will take longer toexpose properly than film with relatively small grain size, Fuga 47. As the effective energy of the radiation increases up to about 250 kV: i A, film graininess increases. i 1B. film graininess decreases. C. radiographic definition inereases. D. film speed decreases, aLe vel 48, The specific activity of cobalt-60 depends on; A. the time the material has been in the reactor. B. the atomic number of the material C the gamma ray flux to which it was exposed. D. the Young's modulus value of Lhe material AAS MPS 49. The most commonly used target material in an X-ray tube is: copper. carbon. carbide tungsten, a 4 pos 50, ‘The purpose for including a dise-shaped target that rotates rapidly during operation in some X-ray tubes is to: A, increase tiie intensity of X-radiation, 1B. decrease the voltage needed for a specific quality of radiation C. inerease the permissible load. D. none of the above answers is correct, Aled 51. A device which is basically u combination of magnet and transformer designed to guide and accelerate elec- trons in a ciecular orbit to very high eneries is called 2 A. electrostatic helt penerator B. Finenr accelerator © betatron, D. Loroidal electromagnetie-¢ype X-ray tub Aagax feat specific activity values ‘Phe sourcw with the higher 52. lwo isotopic sources of a given strength have two diff specific activity value wil A. he of smatier physical size than the souree with @ lower specific activity HL. have a shorter halflife than Lhe source with a lower specific activity C. produce harder gamma rays than the source with a lower specifie activity 1), heat targer physical size than the source with the lower specific activity Ass 59. A was filled rogion located in an electrieal field created by electrodes aeross which a patential difference i ap plied forms the major portion of A. alow voltage X-ray mbe B.amegger. CC. alhot cathode X-ray tube, . an ionization chamber, A162 54, Two serious obstacles to high-sensitivity fluorascopy are A. the inability to reproduce results and the need for periodic replacement of screens, 1B. the limited brightness and large grain size of fluoroscopic screens C. cost and slow speed. 1D. the need for using long wavelength X rays and the lack of X-ray intensity associated with this method Alot 55. In general, the quality of fluoroscopie equipment is best determined by A, densitometer readings. BL. penetrameter sensitivity measurements C. discontinuity area measurements 1D. reference standards, 19.36 56. In fluoroscopic testing, a fundamental difficulty is the relative low brightness level of the images. One method {or increasing brightness utilizes one of the following which converts light energy from the initial phosphor sur face to electrons which are accelerated and focused onto a smaller fluorescent screen Betatron Electron amplifier Image amplifier or intensitier Flectrostatic belt generator A19.37 goep |60 Lovett A general rale governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow formation states that A. the X rays should proceed from as large a focal spot as other considerations will allow 1 the distance betwevn the radiation source and the material examined sh nea sora as patel C. the film should he as far as possible from the abject being radiographed! 1 the central ray should fe as neatly perpendicular to the fim as possible. Lo preserve spatit relationships Aa? In order to utilize the principles of geometric enlargement (placing the film at « distanee from the specimeat A. the source-to-specimen distance must be one-half the source-tosfin distance B. the source of radiation must he extremely small C. a magnetic focusing coil must he used near the port of the X-ray tube, D. the specimen must be of uniform thickness A204 The X-ray absorption of a specimen depends on A. the thickness and density of the material. B. the atomic number of the material C both A and B above, D. neither A nor B. A20-14.15 material will tend to become less dependent upon the composition af the ‘The radiographie absorption material when: A. the kilovoltage is increased, BL the source-to-film distance is decreased €. the kilovoltage is decreased D. after is used. A20-13 00 15 The formula (milliamperes * time! ~ distance’ is A. used to caleulate film pradiens BL the reeiprocity law C. used to determine radiographic contrast D. the exposure factor Fa, A205, The load that can be handled by an X-ray tube focal spot is governed by. A. the composition of the cathode, B. the size of the focal spot and the efficiency of the cooling system of the anode, © the distance from the anode ta the cathode ft iacaa. D. the high-voltage waveform, Xray exposure holders and cassettes often incorporate a sheet af lead foil in the back which is not ia intiowete contact with the film. The purpose of this sheet of lead foil is A. to act as an intensifying screen B. (o protect the film from backscatter © both A and B above. D. noither A nor B abave Awe A lead sheet containing a pinhole may be placed halfway between the X-ray tube and the film in o-der A. detormine the approximate size of the focal spot. BL. measure the intensity of the central ray C. filter seatter radiation, D. soften the X-radiacion A-14-22 ‘The most common way of cooling the anode of a high-power X-ray tube is: A. cooling by radiation, in which a sotid tungsten anode attains such high temperatures that it radiates an x prociable amount of heat, B. cooling by means of circulating cooled air, ©. cooling by circulation of water or oil in the anode, D. cooling by means of external finned radiators. A143 In certain cases, it may be advantageous to pack lead shot around a specimen. The purpose for doing this lo prevent movement of the specimen, {o increase the subject contrast. to generate smaller wavelength X-radiation to decrease the effect of scattered radiation undercutting the specimen. wowsLevel It 67. ‘The mottling caused by diffraction when radiogeaphing fairly large-grained metallic specimens can be reduced and in some cases eliminated by: ‘A. raising the kilovoltage and using fluorescent screens, B. lowering the kilovollage and using lead foil screens. raising the kiloveltaye and using lead foil screens, D. lowering the kilovoltage and using fluorescent screens. A20-24 68, When radiographing steel with a thickness less than one inch A. cobalt-60 would give greater radiographic sensitivity than a 260 kV X-ray machine B. a 250 kV X-ray machine would yive greater radiographic sensitivity than cobalt60. C. the use of fuorescent sereons would result In a radiograph of better quality than would lead foil screens. D. the use of lead foil servos will require a shorter exposure time than will fluorescent sereens.— ACL-L4, FAL 69. A radiograph made with an exposure of 12 mA por minute has a density of #.8 in the rexion of maxienuse in torent, tis desired to increase the density (o 20 in thisarea. Ry reference to a characteristic curve al the filo. it is found that the difference in lng K between a density of 0.8 and 2.0 i80.26. The antilogarithm of log. 0-78 i 5 What must the new expasure time be to produce a radiograph with a density of 2.07 A. 9.12 mA per minute B. 21.12 mA per minute ©. 68.6 mA per minute D. 16 mA per minute Aziz 70 ‘The absorption of radiation by a material varies A. directly with the square of the distance from the suuree B. directly with the thickness of the material C. inversely with Lhe amount of scattering in the material D. inan approximately exponential manner with the thickness of Lhe material Ansa 71. In the microradiographie technique: A. soft X rays are usually employed B. a kilovoltage range of 5 to 50 KV 1 usually employed ©. the photographic material is often finnr grained than an ordinary X-ray film, . all three of the above choices are correct. A041 72, In order for a radiograph to have a penotrameter sensitivity of 22T or better A. the radiographic procedure has (be able 10 differentiate a 2 purcunt difference in specinsen thickness B. the radiographic procedure must be able to define the ZT hole in a prrnetrameter whieh is 2 percent of the thieknose of the specimen ©. the radiograph must be able (o distinguish « discontinuily with « length equivalent tw 2 ppereent of the specimen thickness. D_ none of the above choices are correct, A20.36 1713. For practical purposes, the shape of the characteristic curve of an X-ray filo A is independent of the type of film used B, is independent of the quality of X- or garama radiation ©. is drastically changed when the quality of X-ray radiation is changed. D. is primarily determined by the subject contrast, Fae 74. ‘The term which describes Ube total absorption of the useful beam caused by the X-ray tube wall, the wall of the tube housing, and any material between the tube and housing ts A. stray absorption. B. source absorption, . characteristic filtration D. inherent filtration, ANga7 75, The interval between the time a film is placed! in a fixer solation and the time when the original diffuse, yellow milkiness disappears is known as: ‘A. clearing time, B. fixing time ©. hardening time. D. oxidation time. A2tT16. 78 80 “4 83, 86. Lowel 1 Excessive mbject contrast caused when the thickness range in the Lest specimen is too great for the radiation quality used may be corrected by: iss . A. increasing the kilovoltage. B. using a filter at the X-ray tube and increasing the exposure time. ©. both’A and B are methods for correcting excessive subject contrast, 1D, decrease the exposure time. A219 Lemproper geometric factors, poor contact between film ond le fol sere, and graininess of film are possible A. bigh film density B. poor definition, C. fogged film D. low film density. Aan In fluoroscopy the most common means for sninimizing operator fatigue is tor A. equip operators with special glasses Bi. place a filter over the viewing screen . vary the intensity of the background light 1. change operators periodically, Ange Which of the following X-ray generators would produce the narrowest cone of X-radiation? A. 10 Mev B15 Mev © 25 MeV D.1MeV Aa A radiograph is taken at @ voltage of 500 kV. If the volLage is increased with a resultant inerease in the energy fo eadiabion while all other conditions remain the sane A. the graininess of the flim will increase significantly if a biggh-speed film is used 1 the graininess af the film will deecease significantly sCa low speed filam ix used © the graininess of the film wil inerease significantly if a Class I film is used. D. thece will belittle significant change in the graininess of the film, Acii2e MeV hetatran, When the radiograph is developed, ther is A radiograph of a steel weldment is made osing a mottling is an overall film mottling. A possible cuuse for sve A. incorrect exposure time. B. excessive object-film distance failure to use a lead screen during exposure, D_ excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays, AziT A basic difference between a radiograph and a Quoroscopie image is; A. the fluoroscopic image is more sensitive B. the fluoroscopic image is a positive whereas the radiograph is a negative transparency C. the fluoroscopic image is brighter D. there is nobasic difference between the two. A2420 ‘The quantity of radiation striking. a unit area of film: A. is the product of radiation intensity and time, B. is the intensity per unit of time, C. is directly proportional to intensity and inversely proportional to time, 1. vaties exponentially with Lime and directly with intensity, Fag, Which of the following factors will nor materially influence the image density of 2 radiograph? A. The type of film used B. The size of the film C. ‘The total amount of radiation emitted by the X-ray or gamma-ray source D. The intensifying action of the sereen A208 ‘A 3,000 kVp X-ray machine used in conjunction with a lead foil screen has an approximate practical thickness limit of A. IM inches of steel or its equivalent, B. 3 inches of stool or its equivalent. C. 5 inches of steel or its equivalent. D. 16 inches of steol or its equivalent. 0 | iLevel I 136. Because of geometrical factors such as source size, source-to-specimen distance and specimen-Lo-film distance, there can be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edges of indications, The unsharpness caused by geometrical fac: tors may be referred Lo as the: A, astigmatic effect. 1B. penumbral shadow. C. focus variation. D, none of the above. Azo 87. Two fectors which greatly affect the suitability of the target material in an X-ray tube are ‘A, tensile strength and yield strength. B. melting point end magnetic strength. C. electrical resistance and tensile strength. , atomic number and melting point. Fs 88, The reason the exposure time must be increased by a factor of four when the souree-Lovfilm distance ix doubled A. the intensity of radiation decreases at an exponential rate when the source-to-filae distance is increased. the quality of radiation is inversely proportional ta the square root of the distance from the souree to the film. ©. the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional tothe square ofthe distance from the source to the film D. the scattered radiation effect i greater ss the source-torfilm distance increases, 17-28, F225, 26, A-20-10 189. ‘Phe most important factor for determining the amount of X-ray’ absorption of a specstien ss the A. thickness of the specimen, BL density of the specimen. atomic number of the material 1D. Young's modulus of the material Fam was 90. The approximate radiographic equivalence factors for steel and copper at 220 kV are | Vand 1.4 respectively, H itis desirable to radiograph a .5:inch plate of copper. what thickness of steel would require atiout the same ex posure characteristics? A. 0.7 inches of stee! B. 0.35 inches of steet ©. 1.4 inches of steel D. LO inehes of steel Por Which of the following technique variables is most commonly used to adjust subject enntrast A. Soureesto-film distance B. Milliamperage ©. Kilovoltage P90, E668 D. Focal point size 92, Films that are left between lead sereuns two long in a high-temperature and high-humidity atmosphere may’ show increased speed but decreased quality characteristics become fogged. become mottled. show tree-shaped light areas in the finished radiograph, 420.28 pose 93, The quantitative measure of film blackening is referred to as: A. definition B. photographic density. . film contrast, D. radiographic contrast A201 94. A curve relating density with the logarithm of exposure or of relative exposure is called a sensitivity curve. 2 density exposure curve an H& D curve, X-ray intensity curve pose A202Level IT L 95, Subject contrast is affected by: A. thickness differences in specimen, B. radiation quality. C. seattered radiation D. allof the above A2034 96: The Code of Federal Regulations requires that all shipping containers for radioisotopes: A. contain provisions for sealing the lid of the container, B. be fire resistant, ©. be shockproof. D. he twice as thick as normal storage containers, AD615 g 97. Which of the following instruments would exhibit the best sensitivity and most likely be used to detect small & Jeaks in a radiation barrier? A. A film badge B. A fountain pen type of ionization chamber ©. A Geiger counter D. A dosimeter ADS . j 98, Atlases shove 404 hue eo provide protetion may present seri problems If this shot he | # serious problem. which of the following materials would most likely be used as a substitute? t | | { I A. Aluminum B. Concrete © Stee! D. Beran Pug 89. A qualitative term often used to indicate the size of the smallest detail which ean be seen in a radiograph is @ a A. radiographie sensitivity B. radiographic definition B. radiographic definition, CC. radiographic contrast | i A. subject contrast. | D, film contrast, Fiza i 10U- A special radiographic method requiring two radiographs taken during separate exposures from two different. positions to give the visual impression of a theeedimensional display when viewed in an opticel device sine) taneously is referred to as: { i A. fluoroscopy. t B. zeroradiography. i ©. stereoradiography. D. parallel radiography, A2047, <8 102, The depth of a discontinuity, may be estimated by making two exposures on a single film from two difforont positions of the X-ray tube. The depth of the discontinuity is computed from the shift in the shedow af the discontinuity with respect to the images of fixed markers on the front and back of the specimen. The wethod referred to as: A. stereoradiography BL zeroradiography. ©. Avot i . the parallax method of depth location F107, A-20-46, 46 103. Coustant agitation of the developer during the development process by means of mechanical stirrers or cir. eultating pumps may. speed the developing cycle. help replenish the developer, cause undesirable, preferential flow of developer along cectain paths ‘cause reticulation, Pas poe>Level IT 104 105. 106. 107. 10s. 109. n00. 12. ‘Phe activity of the fixer diminishes after being used for = period of time because: |A. the active ingredients evaporate, Bi. the active ingredients are absorbed by the radiograph C. the fixer solution accumulates soluble silver salts 1D. the active ingredients settle to the bottom of the tank. ota In provessing radiographs, the hourly flow of water in the wash tank shoutd be: A. two to three times Lhe volume of the tank Bi. four to eight times the volume of the tank €. at least 40 gallons per hour. 1D, saried contnuously in proportion to the number of radiographs being developed Azta Attenuation of gamma rays in the energy range commonly used for testing takes place through AA, photoeleetric absorption, B, Compton absorption ©. both A and B. 1D. neither A nor B. A524 'A zine cadmium sulfide fluoroscopie sereen which is continually exposed Lo bright daylight, sunlight, or other Sources of ullraviolet radiation will A. need to be recharged to regain its original flyocescence B. become discolored and lose some af 1s brilliance C. require a higher kilovoltage selting of he Xray senerator to produce a satisfactory image. A615, 16 D, allof the above answers are correct Increasing the X-ray or gamma-ray wneegy will A. significantly deerease the average geadint uf a chararteristic curve B. sigmifieantly increase the averaje peadien( of w characteristic curve C. increase the slope of a characteristic curve D. have little effect on the shape of a characteristic curve Pere As the development time increases |A. the characteristic curve grows steeper and maves to the left Bi the characteristic curve grows steeper and moves Lo the right. the characteristic curve remains the same io shape but moves to the left 1D, there is little effect on the characteristic curve A162 A distinctive characteristic of high-voltage radiography is A. it results in comparatively high subject contrast B. it results in comparatively high radiographic contrast C. itis applicable to comparatively thick or highly absorbing specimens. D. all of the above ure distinctive characteristics of high-voltage radiography AD Lead sereens are used for almost all exposures when using: A. the fluoroscopic technique B. low-voltage radiography ©. high-voltage radiography D. 2eroradiography. A287 ‘The fact that each solid crystalline substance produces its own characteristic X-ray pattern is the basis for: zeroradiography. fluorascopic testing polymorphic testing. X-ray ponder diffraction examination, AaTLO peepis. 6. ut. hs hie. 120. (a nee Level IT ‘The function of a film interpreter is to: A. find perfect parts which contain no discontinuities, B. reject parts, © identity disconlinites and manufacturing deviations which do not meet the applicable cae or specification standards, re a determine if the proper technique has been used during an exposure both Cand D, Ave ro A. Pyrex B. Lend glass ©. Optical glass D. Barium oxide glass Auge drimmecd num practical speed of scanning a test object for conventional fluoroscopic inspection has been estimated to be: about 7 inches per second bout 1 inch per second. ‘about 12 inches per second, about 3 inches per second, $19.25, pos> Sten ether aperating conditions are held constant, 2 change in tube current causes a change in radiation inten siiy emitted from an X-ray tube, the intensity heiny appraximately proportional to lube current Wise voce primary factor that prevents this from being exactly proportianel? AA: The voltage and voltage waveform of an X-ray machine teanstormer varies with load. B. Wavelength changes are not exactly proportional, C Current cannot be changed at a linear rave, . Scatter radiation does not vary at a proportional rate. A209 reneg Tea & radiograph, an image of the back of the cassette superimposed on the image of the specimen i noted. This is most likely due to: A. undercut. B. overexposure, C. X-ray intensity too high D. backseatter Awa A special form of scatter due to X-ray diffraction effects in a specimen with large grains will result in A. a radiograph with poor contrast, B. a radiograph of mottled appearance. © a badly fogged radiograph. D. a radiograph with poor resolution A024 The half value layer of lead for cobalt-60 is approximately 0.5 inch, If the radiation level on the source sideof a 1.5 inch lead plate is 64 Rhr, the radiation level on the opposite side ia A. 8 Ruhr, BL 214 Rhr, ©. 10% Rehr, 1D. 32 Rohr. paz Which of the following is not a factor in determining subject contrast? A. Nature of the specimen B. The radiation quality used ©. Type of film used D, Intensity and distribution of the scattered rai A208 eScy Level II ‘an exposure time of 60 seconds and a source-to-film distance of 4 feet is necessary for a particular exposure, 171 that exposure ime would be needed for an equivalent exposure ifthe source tori distance a changed to foot? A. 75 seconds BL 94 seconds ©. 48 seconds D. 38 seconds Par 122. In order to increase latitude so that thick and thin portions may be radiographed at reasonable viewing den- sities simultaneously: A. a fluorescent scraen should be employed. B. the film cassette may be loaded with two separate films with one film placed on top of the other. C. the film cassette may be loaded with two films of different speeds. 1D. none of the above are practical means of increasing latitude, Fa0 123, Developer solution should be discarded when the quantity of replenisher added equals: A. the original quantity of developer. |B. two to throe Limes the original quantity of developer. ©. five to six times the original quantity of developer D. ten times the original quantity of developer A2L6 124. If a specimen were radiographed at 40 kV and again at 50 kV with time compensation to give the radiographs the same density, which of the following statements would he trav? ‘A. The 40 KV exposure would have a lower contrast and a greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure B. The 40 kV exposure would have a higher contrast and greater latitude than the 50 kV exposure C. The 50 KV exposure would have a lower contrast and a greater latitude than the 40 kV exposure B. The 50 KV exposure would have a higher contrast and greater latitude than the 40 kV exposuce Pao 125. 250 kVp X-ray machine used in conjunction with a lead foil sereen has an approximate practical thickness limit of A. 14 Inches of steel or its equivalent. B. 2 inches of steel oF its equivalent C. 6 inches of steel or its equivalent D. 74 inches of steel or its equivalent. Fis 126. The degree of concentration of the radioactive material in a gamma-ray source is referred to as: A. the specific activity of the source, B. the quality of the source. C. the atomic weight of the source. D, the halflife of the source. Pas 127, In million-volt radiography, filtration at the tube: A. increases the generation of short wavelength X rays. B. decreases the generation of short wavelength X rays. C. improves the radiographic quality by decreasing scatter radiation. D. offers no improvement in radiographic quality. Fas, 128, ‘The energy of gamma rays is expressed by which of the following units of measurement? A. Curie B. Roentgen ©. Halflife D. Kiloelectron volt (keV) or million electron volt (MeV) Ass 128, Film seleetion for an X-ray exposure depends on: ‘A. thickness of the part. B. the material of the specimen ©. the voltage range of the X-ray machine. D. allof the above. A201130, While using an X-ray tube for radiography, the operator wishes to increase the radiation intensity. To do so, the: A. kilovoltage should be lowered B. tube current should be increased, C. test specimen should he maved further fram the film, 1. tube current should be decreased, bea 131, Lead screens are put in direet contact with the film to: inerease the photographic action on the film. absorb the longer wavelength scattered radiation, intensify the photographic effect of the primary more than the scattered radiation all of the above. Anus pom> 132, Mottling due to diffraction can be reduced and in some cases eliminated by: A. raising the kilovoltage. B. using lead foil screens ©. both of the above. D. none of the above. 42025, P66 193. Because of geometrical factors such as source size, source-to-specimen distance, and specimen to-film distance, there ean be a lack of perfect sharpness at the edges of indications. The unsharpness caused by these factors may be referred to as the: A. astigmatic effect, B. penumbral shadow. C. focus variation D. none of the above. Aus 134, The main purpose of the X-ray generator controls on the equipment is: A. to maintain the direction and width of the X-ray beam, 1B. to enable the operator to obtain the intensity, quality. and duration of exposure desired. C. to allow the operator to adjust Film Focal Distance remotely Alaa D. tochange alternating current to increase X-ray intensity. 135. Fluoroseopie sereens, as mounted and used, are easily damaged by which of the following? A. Washing with a soft cotton cloth B. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight ©. Poor handling D. X-radiation A165 136. When X rays, gamma rays, light, or electrons strike the photographic emulsion, a change takes plece in the silver halide crystals, ‘This change is referred to as: A. photographie density B. photographic sensitivity. ©. latent image. D. characteristic eurve. A1e18 187. If one curie of iridium-192 produces a dose rate of 5900 mR per hour at one foot, how many mE will ten curies produce at the same distance? A. 590 B. 590,000 ©. 59 D, 59,000 A2015, B56 138, With respect to quality, what three factors must be considered in selecting a source-torfilm distance? A. Source activity, type of film, type of sereons B. Source activity, size of film, thickness of material ©. Source size, source activity. specimen-to-film distance D. Source size, specimen thickness, geometric unsharpness F520 61, E625,Level IT 139. 140. ui 142 M44. 145, 146. Lar Las, Om a radiograph of « pipe weld there js @ very Hight irsularly shaped small image in the oeeld. ‘This image Cruld most likely be cue to the presence of A. porosity’ B. slag inclusion © tungsten inclusion 1D, inadequate buildup, A25-10 A larger physical sie source may produce an equivalent quality radiograph it |A. the source-torilin distance is increased. B. more backing lead is used. Ca faster film is used. 1D. exposure Lime is decreased. Fiigto22 Aight image ofa backing “Bon « processed radiograph is probably caused by |A. excessive density. B, backscatter. CC) Kilovoltage set ton low. D, poor film handling cea Cobalt-89 becomes cobalt-601 when itis placed ia @ nuclear reaetor where ie captures: A, an eleeteon. B. a neutron C. a proton. 1D. contamination Day, Adsa4 When a aster speed lis substituted fora slows’ auprase the evarinies of Ue expan whieh of the following conditions occur? |A. The film must receive special processinit 18 Phe definition will improv CC The imaxe resnlution wall he reduced B. None nf the above will he experienced B49, Dos For e given change inthe radiation exposure fly contrast isthe imberent abil ( show. A. a difference in density Bi. no graininess C. graininess. 1B. ho appreciable change in density eae “Phe ability of w material te bloc ve partially block the passe of X rays and armen rays iS referred to as: penetration absolution absorption Tatitude F260 core Soance size, specimen thickness, and source tospecimen distance are the three factors that determine the: |A, density of the radiograph. B. exposure of the radiograph, © film size 1D. unsharpness recorded on the radiograph, 25 sen thicknesses that ean he adequately recorded on the radiograph is referred to a5 the ‘The range of spel A. sensitivity of the radiograph. 1, latitude of the radiograph, C. accuracy of the radioxraph 1}, intensity of the souree, re for a 10 cutie cabal(-60 source to decay to 24s cures? Approximately how long, would st take A. 58 days. B. 5.3 years ©. 10.6 years 1) None of the above Takts, A814, DRT‘i hy, 158, 156, 197. dye Sphatowlectrie” effect involves A. the visible electromagnetic spectrum B. an electric camera © Complete absorption af photon, 1D. allat the above. baw Madiographie undercutting. is caused! by A. side seater iF poor geometry. lead screens, 1, free electrons, pag (rhe developer solution is A. acid, B. alkaline © saline, D. colloidal rag A general rule governing the application of the geometric principles of shadow formation states Ural A. the X rays should proceed from as large a focal spn as other considerations will allow By the disteace between the radiation source and the material examined should be os snsall as practical che film should he as far as possible from the abject heing radiographed. ooo eee should he as nearly perpendicular ta the film ax possible, to preserve spatial relationships. A207 A iridium 192 sramma-ray seurce has an approxinuate practical thickness Fimit of A. 2 inches of steel or its equivalent 2 inches of steel oF its equivalent, (. 7! inches of steel oF its equivalent D. inches of stacl or its equivalent PAT ALT “The halflife of radioactive cesium-137 is nearest A, 26 days. B. 6 years. © 30 years. BD. 526 days: A159, D8) ‘The slope of the H_& D curve of a radiographic film is calle: A. speed. B. latitude. © gamma or gradient. D. density. Fis ‘An X-ray film having wide latitude also has, by definition: |A. poor definition B, low contrast, C. high speed D. none of the above, Per ‘The projected arca of the target of an X-ray tube is calle: A, focal spot. B. focus. C effective focal spot 6. geometric unsharpness PaoLevel It 158, The relationship between frequency, velocity, and wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is normally ex pressed as: he where [= frequency ps d= wavelength Ghat ¢ = speed of light f Dé11, A138, B-101 where d= source-to-object distance 1 = object-torfilm distance size of radiation souree Fat 160. An exposure technique is established to obtain» 2.0 density using type '“D" film and automatic processing at 11°F. In order to obtain comparable results using manual processing at 66°F and minute development time, it would be necessary for the original exposure time to be: A. reduced by approximately 30 percent. B. increased by approximately 99 percent. C. increased by approximately 30 percent, D. reduced by approximately 99 percent. A193 Note: The two characteristic curves of Figures ! and 2 on pages 37 and 34 ma be used in solving this problemEXPOSURE: 200 kVp LEAD SCREENS DEVELOPER: 81° F with 11 MINUTE DRY-TO-DRY CYCLE ‘AUTOMATIC PROCESSING AliSN3a Courtesy Baseman Kodak Ce LOG RELATIVE EXPOSURE FIGURE 1EXPOSURE: 200 kVp LEAD SCREENS DEVELOPER: 5 MINUTES at 68° F 0 5 10 15 2.0 25 3.0 LOG RELATIVE EXPOSURE CCourteny Bastman Kodoh Co FIGURE 223, a 2 26 n on 2a 30. an 2 22 oe aoe 8 > D D D D B c e> oe o> Level ll Answers 38 34 35, 46 a a8 38 40 4 2 48 44 45 46 a 48 9 5 62 54 55, on 58 59 6. 61 62 63, 64 D @ pee or ao 65 60 6 68 69 0 " 2 1% " 6 16 n 1: 0 80. al a2 a a 5, 86 81 88, 89 0 o1 2 9 94 95, 96, our ee anmaoraooge ” o” 99 100) 102 102 103, 108 105, 106, 107 108 109 10. Mt na. 3 1a 6. 16 7 118 nig 120. 12 122 123, 124 125, 126. ra 128, aorozaaaa ° mo paoraoroe vor soe 19 190 154 132 198, 14 13 136 137 138. 139. C 40. ay 142 14a, 147 M48, 149, 181 182. 159, 154 188. 156. 187. 158. 159. 160. A B ceueposo eee ee oa |Level lll Questions Nature of Penetrating Radiation Atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons ate called ______of the element, A. molecules. B. isotopes. C. isotones: D, isomers D6 ‘The number of positive charges on the nucleus of an atom equals: A. the number of neutrons, B. the atomic number, ©. the number of photons. B. the atomic weight. Dé Unlike beta and alpha particles, neutrons have no: A. charge. B. mass. © spin. D. halite. A133 Which of the following is a secondary effect that plays an important rote in the radiation observed from certain radioisotopes? A, Annihilation radiation B. Internal conversion . Spontaneous decay D. AandB AlBL Radiation scattering increases as: |A. the energy of the incident radiation decreases. B. the size of the radiation field increases. C. the angle of scatter decreases. D. allof the above. A2610 Interaction between Penetrating Radiation and Matter It has been found from experiment. that a homogeneous radiation beam of intensity 7 passing through thickness of material Ax undergoes a decrease in intensity AJ, ‘This can be expressed by the equation a eeeeetax where » is-a constant of proportionality, This expresses which of the following phenomena? A. Photoelectric offect B. Compton scattering, C! Absorption D, Half-value thickness B03 's produced per centimeter of track in air is called: ‘The number of ion pi A. secondary ionization B. total iontation C: specific ieniation. aeons pas Which of the following particles or rays have the highest ionizing effect in air? ‘A. Alpha particles B. Beta particles Neutrons 1D, Gamme and X rays ee aLevel iT 9. The intensity of « monoenergetic radiation after passing through a material may be ealeulated by the formula 1 = Le™, This formula does not take into account: ‘A linear absorption © Palle layer thick C hall-vatue layer thickness D. attenuation ps0 A cobalt 0 aource hasan intensity of 1600 miUhr atm distance of 6 fet. Workmen need to beat thet distance 70. Fin the source but should eceve only 2 mila approximately How much std hilding is required! [Figure Sy be used to determine the correct answer) A. 28 inches B. 69 inches C. 83 inches D. Cannot be determined from data given pas FIGURE 3 Brond-Beam Shielding for Absorption of Gamma Aays in tron 11, Pair production occurs when electromagnetic radiation consists of photons in what energy range? ‘A, 0.025 to 0.1 MeV B. 20 to 50 eV ©. 1.02 oF greater MeV D. 0.1 to1.0 MeV p26 12, In the photoelectric intersection process A. electrons are emitted. B. characteristic X rays are exited C. secondary photons are emitted D. alloftheabove, B24 18. The Compton intr AGH ied oh ‘A. absence of secondary radiation, B. no transfer of energy upon interaction, CC. production of an electron-positron pair D. partial transfer of energy upon eallision Boa| Level 111 14. The “buildup” factor in radiation attenuation is 2: FRE tio of broaa-beam intensity to narrow beam intenaty at particular absorber ih B. the absorption coefficient divided by the half-value layer. : rttiaties ©. the ratio L/P in = Le . the percentage of radiation sbsorbedin unit thickness of mavezal Aasor 1. Tee mlor component of seater is the low anergy electromasmtic radiation proce by photons weakened in A. photoelectric process. B. Compton process. C. pair production process. D. ionization process. E216 16. The increase in radiation passing through matter due to scatter in the forward dizection is known ag A. build-up, B. reduction factor. ©. backscatter. D. bremsstrahlung. E216, a3 17 High-energy photons of 1.02 MeV or greater typically interact with matter by which one of the following A. photoelectric process. B. Compton process ©. pair production process, D. thermionic process, 18: in mich ofthe fellowing processes will some energy of the interacting photon be used to dislodge the electron from its orbit and the remainder used to give the electron kinetic energy? ‘A. Photoelectric process B. Compton process ©. Pair production process D. Tonization process 26 19. Radiation particles and photons lose thelr energy primarily through which of the folowing processes? A. Radioactive decay B. Ionization ©. Atomic absorption D. Thermionic emission Das 27, R214 Imaging by Film 20, According to accepted theory, the spots at which the latent imsge is localized on the emulsion are local concen. trations of: ©. silver iodide. D. silver nitrate, Fags Imaging by Fluorescent Materials i | 21. The Bunsen Roscoe reciprocity law, which states that the developed film deasity depands only on the product of radiation intensity times exposure duration, fails for: A. direct gamme-ray exposures, B fluorescent screen exposures, ©. lead screen exposures. ie D. direct X-rey exposures. 22. In photofluorography where a fluoroscopic screen is used for radiographic imaging, itis important to chose @ sereen that basa vale light emo tas i lai Nigh a ey aa eer and that matches the wavelength sensitivity of the human eye. A B. and that has a minimum decay time. C. and that can be viewed directly without the use of leaded glass or mirrors. D. and that matches the wavelength sensitivity of the particular image detector being aclelito tT employed, “Lever 28, When comparing fluorescent intensifying sereens with lead foil screens, their primary advantage lies in: |A. improved image resolution. B. markedly increased exposure times 24, Fluoroscopy of a specimen using # 140 kVp-10mA X-ray source results in an intensity of 66R per minute at the screen surface. Of the screen brightness values and approximate sereen colors below (for the stated radiation levell, which represents the most desirable sereen for use in direct viewing fluoroscopy? A, Brightness—91 footeandies: color—green B. Brightness — 79 footcandles: color— yellow C. Brightness 65 footeandles; color—blue D, Brightness 43 footeandles: color—green A19-13, A199 Imaging by Electronic Devices 25, Unlike other commercially available X-ray intensification systems, the direct X-ray pickup tube: ‘A. has quantum energy losses exceeding a factor of 500. B, has extremely low sensitivity. G. converts the X-ray image directly into an electrical signal D. converts X rays tolight and light to electrical signals, A1940 26. A fundamental difficulty of fluorescent imaging is the relatively low brightness level of uhe images, Electronic Auorescopy can help to eliminate this problem by all but which one of the following’? A. Using Xray tubes of lower operating potential BL Using an image tube C. Using X-ray tubes of greater effective loading D. Using the X-ray television system A937 Radiometry 27, The roentgen is defined as ) A. the amount of radiation emitted by one eurie of iridium-192 at a distance of one meter. B. the amount of X- or gamma radiation of one erg of energy in one gram of dry air at standard temperature ond pressure. C. the amount of X- or gamma radiation that will produce one electrostatic unit af charge in one ‘cubic centimeter of dry air at standard temperature and pressure D. the amount of X- or gamma radiation absorbed by one cubie centimeter of water at 0°C and "760mm of mercury. Dest 28. The rad {radiation absorbed dose) is defined as: ‘A. the amount of radiation energy absorbed by one cubic centimeter of material. B. the amount of radiation energy absorbed by one gram of material . the amount of radiation energy representing the absorption of 100 ergs of energy per cubic centimeter of material D. the amount of radiation energy representing the absorption of 100 ergs of energy per gram of Ds1 material, 29. The need for the concept of the rem (roentgen equivalent man) arises from the fact that: ‘A. there is no way to accurately measure the production of ions in air. the unit of roentgen represents such a small amount of energy as to be cumbersome in calculations B. used in radiography applications C. the amount of energy required to produce an ion pair in animal tissue differs from the amount of D. ‘energy required to produce an ion pair in air. the roentgen incorporates the effect of neutron and electron radiation in air while it does not incorporate the effect of X rays in animal tissue, Det ee nea ec ete NS a eae etme GD the quantity of radi ‘tion absorbed by one cubic centimeter of animal tissue. sec uat 3 atmter eectey pcheae vee ae rosuimes SL Dsl pos “Level ID Genorators and Tubes as an Integrated System 31, X-ray generators built to provide X rays at very low energy levels are used in special areas in nondestructive testing. ‘The single section X-ray tubes in these low voltage units are usually built with thin windows of what | A ‘material to permit soft X rays to emerge from the vacuum envelope? | A. Beryllium | B. Germanium ©. Selenium D. Pyrex glass Ast? (Coury Gamal Dynamias Cop FIGURE 4 ‘Schematic of a Basic X-Ray Clee NOTE: Using Figure 4, answer questions 32 through 36, 32. The meter which typically shows the beam current is: AB B.D. cr, bc 83. The filament transformer is depicted by: AG 4 BI CG DE ) 34, The autotransformer is depicted by: iqu wt 26. 26. 35. The kilovoltage selector is shown on the schematic a& AF, BA © D. Dn 36, The timer is shown on the schematic as: pose some 37. The beam current in an X-ray tube is critically dependent upon which of the following? A. Target material B. Filament voltage ©. Distance hetween anode and cathode D, Alloftheabove 38. The focal spot should be as small as conditions permit, in order to obtain which of the following? Sharpest possible definition Minimum size of the unit Maximum energy density None of the above poe Sources of Electrons ABs 89. The focusing cup of the cathode in an X-ray tube acts as an electrostatie fens determining, the size af the elec tron bear by: A. capturing stray electrons emitted by the filament B. limiting the maximum amperage of the filament current. © reducing the negative charge on the glass walls of the tube caused hy secondary electrons seattered by the target. D. controlling the electric field between the anode and the cathode. 40, ‘The most common source of electrons in high-vaewum X-ray tubes is: A. reflection from the anode B. the heated cathode ©. the heated anode, D. the tungsten target. 41, The most common technique for releasing electrons in gas X-ray tubes is ‘A. reflection from the target in the anode of the tube. B. increasing the kilovaltage. ©. positive ion bombardment of the cold cathode, D. heating filament. 42, ‘The most commonly used cathode type for industrial X-ray tubes is: ‘A. cold cathode. B. hot cathode. ©. rotating disk cathode, D. solid rectangular cathode. 43. What is the effect of a higher temperature of the filament? A, Greater emission of electrons B. Less efficent unit C. The tube current is larger D. AandC “6 A127 FOALS Alaa Al48 Fo rgLevel ft 44. "The design and spacing oft setrde nd tho gre of vacuum are such that no fo oflecrel tween the cathode and anode is possible until which of the following is accomplished? eae A. Filament is heated BL High-voltage waveform reached 180° ©. Circulation system is operated D. None of the above Electron Accelerating Methods 45. The type of X-ray generator illustrated in Figure 8 is a A. electrostatic generator. B. resonant transformer generator. ©. linear secelorator. D. tank type generator. eee FILAMENT EMO TURN FILAMENT con SECONDARY WiNOHEC EQUIPOTERTIAL RINGS On TUBE STEEL TANK PRHEARY Hanon X-RAY TUBE scree con ‘TUNGSTEN OR GOLO ANODE | Courtesy General Dynamics Cre | FIGURE 5 46. The betatron accelerates electrons in a circular path by: A. radio frequeney energy. B. magnetic induction C. use of a nonconducting charging belt 1D. resonating the high voltage to the frequency of the AC power. A418, 2310 47. What method is used for generation of X rays in the multimillion volt rango? | A. Blectrostatic generator B. Betatron C. Linear accelerator D, Allof the above Paz is Ina betatron, electrons are sccelerated by which one of the following? 4 48, A. Field emission / B. Changing magnetic field of an AC electromagnet | ©. High-frequency electrical wave : D, Accelerating magnets 1249. Ina linear accelerator, the electrons are eccelerated by.which one of the following? A. High-frequency electrical wave B Accelerating magnets ©. Neutron bombardment D. Changing magnetic fields of an AC electromagnet, Pas 50, In a high-voltage generator of the Van de Graaff type, by which method are the particles accelerated? ‘A. Accelerating, magnets B High-frequency electrical waves C. Static negative charges 1B. None of the above ie Flash X-ray tubes are usually designed to produce electrons for acceleration by which one of the following methods? A, Hot emission B Field emission © Changing magnetic i ofa transformer primary frequency electrical waves 5 Target Materials and Characteristics 52. Tungsten is the preferred target material for X-ray tubes used in industrial X-ray machines because it provides a double advantage. One of the advantages is. A. efficiency of the tungsten material in the production of X rays is proportional to its atomic number, B. low melting paint, C. efficiency of the tungsten material in the production of X rays is inversely proportional to its atornic number. D. high curie point Fo 5. Gold and platinum are also used in X-ray tubes for radiography, but targets made of these metals must: A. be more effectively heated than targets made of tungsten B. be more effectively cooled than targets made of tungsten. ©. beable to withstand increasing pressure. G-108 D. have low thermal conductivity. 54, Tungsten is the most commonly used target material in X-ray tubes. Which one of the following materials, although not common, is commercially used for industrial X-ray tube targets? A. Gold B. Beryllium € Molybdenum D. Germanium 108 55. The efficiency of the target material in the production of X rays ia proportional to which of the following? A. Kilovoltage B. Spacing of electrodes C. Atomic number D. Avogadro's number hiss 56. In choosing a suitable metal for a target material, the principal properties to be considered are all but which one of the following? A. High atomic number BL High melting point C. High thermal conductivity D. High vapor pressure Ada3 57, When X rays are nol emitted with the same intensity in all directions from the focal spot, this is referred to as: A, sereen effect. B. angle of emergence. C heel effeet. D. astigmatism, A1429 6Equipment Design Considerations 58, an anode in which the target is located at the bottom of an opening or “pockets froquently used in industria! Xray tubes for improving the distribution of the high voltage field The Cope af tu referred ta asa A. rotating anode. B. hot anode. C. hooded anode, D. line-focus anode, AsLe34, Ht 89. High-voltage electrostatic generators of the Van de Graff type ate typically insulated with: A. trichloroethylene. & altrogenicarbon dioxide C. argonioxygen D. trichioreethane ALdIT 60. The most significant consideration of X-ray tubes, based on the low efficiency of X-ray production, is: A. target angle. B. focal spot size ©. accelerating voltage D. heat dissipation Alas 81 fa choosing @ suitable metal fr an X-ray tube target, which one of the fllowing is not o property which is nor. mally considered? A. Atomic number B. Melting point © Mass attenuation coefficient D. Thermal conductivity Ads 82 When the high-voltage Uransformer is connected directly to the X-ray tube, the arrangement is known as a A. full rectified unit, linear accelerator wait ©. self reetified unit D. tank-type unit Alte beam is not a fune 3. le X-ray equipment design. shielding placement and the angle of the coverage of the Xcr tion of A. target angle. B. filament, C. X-ray tube port size D. geometry of the foeal spot. ESu 04-8 bighvacuam environment for X-ray tube elements is necessary for which of the following? A. To prevent oxidation of the electrode materials © Fe Bermit ready passage of the electron beam without ionization of gas within the tube ©. To provide electrical insulation between the electrodes D. Allofthe above £35 65. Which of the following is a major factor affecting the duty cycle of X-ray equipment? A. KV rating of equipment B. Thickness of specimen ©. Rate of anode cooling ae D. Si of focal spot 66, Two factors that limit the electric power that can be absorbed by X-ray tubes are the cooling system used for the anode and: A. tube grounding. B. geometrical size of the focal spot. C. a high screen effect, D. the vacuum between cathode and anod nenieon Blement 2 Bi ani% Hydrogen 1 cone umn 3 ae opp = . ‘Tungsten m4 B94 Particulate Radiation Sources 68. Which of the following is a class of neutron radiography? A. Direct exposure method B. Compton exposure method ©. Transfer exposure method D. AandC Fu10 Radioisotope Sources 69. Because itis frequently supplied as a water-soluble compound, which of the following is considered to have an additional radiological hazard potential associated with i? A. Cobalt-60 B. Tholium-170 ©. Tridium192 D. Cesinm-i37 Ese 70. Thulium-170 emits which of the following gamma-ray energies? A. 188 and 1.17 Mev B. 0.084 and 0.052 Mev © 0.310 and 0.470 MeV D. 0.110and 0.150 MeV ans 71. Which one of the following radinisotope sources would be the last chnice fur raingraphy af a steel specimen 0.375-ineh thick from an energy standpoint? A, Cobale-6n B. Thutium-t79 ©. Iridium-192 D. Californium 252 Bas 72. The bal! life is a wseful characteristic of « radioisotope. ter six half Lives, the amount of decaying atoms i reduced to approximately what percent of the amount at the beginning? A 28 Bo 3% Cc 6% Dae Dez 73. Generally, sources of high specific activity are more desirable because they have _ selfabsorption A. Higher B. The same © Lower D. No Gano TA Radiation output. also known as dosage rate or characteristic intensity. is usually expressed as effective output in what unit per curie? A. RUM B. Rhr © rms D. mh G10, Aa56 75, Cobslt-0 emits gamme rays of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, 0.66 MeV. 1.09 and 1.29 Mev, 1.96 and 2.75 MeV. AlbI3 A B c D.16. T 78. 19. 80. 8 82, 83. 84 85. Level HT ‘The principal gamma rays emitted by iridium-192 are ©. 0.08, 0.05, 0.66 MeV. D. 0.15, 1.12,0.18 MeV, 1613 ‘Which of the following is an advantage of radiography with gamma rays as compared to X rays? A. Simplicity of apparatus B. Compactness of the radiation source C. Independence from eutside power D. Allof the above Pau For a particular radioisotope, source strength is proportional to which of the following? A. Mass of source B. Physical size C. Atomic weight D. Number of euries 7 Alsi ‘Which of the following is true for a smaller isotope source of higher specific activity? ‘A. Suffers less from self-absorption of its own gamma radiation B. Less geometric unsharpness in the radiograph. ©. Allows shorter source-to-film distances D, Allof theabove Fag In radioisotope decay, the nuclei of these isotopes disintegrate by which of the following methods? ‘A. Emission of particles B. K capture ©. Annihilation radiation D. AandB Aqg1Z Gamma-ray sources emit. which of the following? ‘A. Broad continuous spectrum of wavelengths B. Limited wavelengths between 0.010 and 4 MeV ©. One or more diserete wavelengths D. AandB Fa OF the isotopes listed below, which occurs as the result of splitting an atom in a nuclear fission reactor? A. Cobalt-60 B. Cosivm-137 ©. Tridium-192 D. Thulium-i70 Als Film Principles and Properties Caution should be exercised to avoid removing film too rapidly from cartons, exposure holders, or cassettes, ‘This would help to eliminate objectionable circular or tree like black marks caused by’ A. crimps B. reticulation. G. static electricity D. seratches, Fat from high-voltage X-ray equipment Extracfine grain and high-contrast film used to obtain the highest qu oo for light metals is: A, Class 1 B. Class 11 ©. Class 111 D. Class IV. ‘The agent that actually exposes a photographic grain (film) is ‘gamma and/or X-ray quantum. alpha particles. electrons. protons. pepe aance traveled by the scattere electrons through the emulsion i of he allowing ig gover by te distance traveled by the oe red eonocquentiy depends onthe energy of the impinging radiations A. Geometric unsharposs Bi. Inherent unsharpnese ©. Radiographic contrast D. Bitective graininess ime Suppose a radiograph is made using film whose H & D graph is shown in Figure 6. The film is exposed for Fa oha per minute and has a deneity of O8 in the area of tered: Tees doit increase the density to 29. 3 ca Fea 1D. Impossible to determine from data 40) as 30 o> ° 00S 1015-30250 toc mUIVE prrOsuRE Courtesy Ravina Kedah Co FIGURE 6 Fluoroscople Systems 88, Flucroscopic sereens of zine cadiiutn sulfide find occasional use in industrial applications. These sereens nor. Fa aes Gol subject to wear ar deterioration from exposure to long term X ray’, Which one of the lalowing will severely degrade this type of screen’? A. Cleaning of the screen with geain alcohol solvent & Prolonged storage in a low-humidity environment will cause the crystal to hydrolyze C. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation sources D. Contamination with nickel as litle 2s one part per million will create severe afterglow problems AN615, 16 89. When using @ constant potential X-ray source for fluoroscopic inspection, an optimum kilavaltage is said to exist for each meterial thickness. This optimum kilovoltage is selected such that the part thickness to be X-rayed is 5 halfvalue layers. independent of the material area or curvature, jelected as a function of the permissible X-ray tube current. with higher kilovoltage required for lower currents selected on the basis of exposure time desired, A196 o omLevel I TV and Optica! Systems 90. 4 fluoroscopic system for the inspection of welds in one-inch thick steel has the following features ° 92, 93 94 95, - i. X-ray source-to-image plane spacing of 17 inches, 2. X-ray focal spot size of 4 mm. 3. steel weld) 10 image plane spacing of 3 inches. 4. image plane length of 9 inches in vertical scan direction of TV system used to view image plane. 5. ‘TV system with 525 line scan, with image fully focused on image tube Daring. tests tis found that this fluoroscopic system does very poorly in resolving wire penetrameters and im perfections of less than 0,035 inches when they are oriented parallel to the: horizontal scan lines of tre TV Assuming that the image sereen, optical system and TV frequency response are capable of much better coset ‘ion than this, which of the following will increase the resolution of the system the most? A. Increase the TV scan rate to 1029 lines, with an appropriate increase in frequency response B. Increase the X-ray source-to-image plane spacing to 20 inches C. Decrease the steel weld-toimage plane spacing to 2 inches D. Change toan X-rav source havinga | mm focal spot An82 06 Other Nonfilm Devices In the past, several companies have designed TV cameras with large faceplates and phosphors that directly ‘convert the received X rays to clectron seanning-beam variations. ‘The thickness of the glass faceplate recognized to prevent use at lower kilovoltage applications. but use at higher kilovoltages has never gayaed ac ceptance either, compared with other cechniques. Which of the following 1s not correct lor this type of syste? ‘A. The quantum energy tosses associated with converting the X rays to electrical signals is improved over othor systems hy a fuetor of as much as 500 times B19 comparison to systems using image orchicons with sereens or with image intensifier systems the image presented is noisier ©. The extreme simplicity of this system and need for few contrals or adjustments makes maintenance easier than other types of systems utilizing intermediate conversion 1D. The extreme sensitivity of this system allows display of 2 percent penetrameters over the range of 40.200 kVp, A19-26 0045, Solid-State Detectors The speed of counting obtainable with a scintillation counter is limited fundamentally by: A. the energy level of the incident radiation B. the intensity of the ineident radiation. C. the afterglow of the phosphor. D. the spatial distribution of the incident quanta 120 ‘The scintilations (tight photons) emitted by a radiation detection phosphor are converted to electeieal pulses by: A. a photomultiplier tube. B. an ionization chamber. C. a selenium photoelectric cell, D. alight pulseamplitir, 1.250 Gaseous Ionization Detectors One desirable property for a gas to be used in an ionization detector is: A. low saturation potential ut which recombination of positive ions with electrons becomes negligible, 4 low ionization potential, a density approximately equivalent to the density of the chamber walls, ‘a density equivalent to that of air at standard temperature and pressure. A162 vow ‘The greatest problem which arises in the routine use of a pocket dosimeter is A. its relatively flat response to radiation of different energies B. its inherently inconsistent sensitivity C. electrical leakage which tends to discharge the electrometer and give false high readings. el 1D. nogative drift caused by changes in atmospheric conditions (temperature, humidity, etc). 53 | | |BA Levi wel ‘96, Asa portable radiation survey instrument, the main disadvantage of a Geiger counter is its: Remap de cece @ D. warmup drift during the first few minutes of operation. 97, Airsfilled proportional counters are used extensively for monitoring: 8 A. gamma-ray activity. B. fast neutron activities, slow neutron activities D. alphalbeta dose rates. part Instrumentation 98. An amplifier to be used in a survey instrument designed to measure high levels of radiation should have the following characteristies: |A. a fast rise time and a linear response B. a fast rise time and an exponential response. ©. a slow rise time and a linear response. D. alow rise time and an exponential response. A165 ble for use with @ gammu or X-ray energy spectrum 99. Which of the following detectors would be mast suit analyzer? A. An ionization detector B.A scintillation detector . A proportional detector D. AGeiger-Maller counter A182 » 100. Which of the following radiation measurement instruments does not employ gas detection as its operation mechanism? A, Proportional counter B. Semiconductor detector CC. Tonization chamber D. Geiger Miller counter A16-1 t09 Gaging and Control Processes 101. A system of X-ray thickness gaging in which X rays are collimated and projected through a test item and the Quantity of unabsorbed radiation is measured is referred to ae: A, fluorescence method B. absorption differential method. ©. attenuation “buildup” method, D. transmission method, AlR6 102, Generally, the sensitivity and accuracy of thickness gaging of homogeneous materials by reflection methods is: ‘A. superior to transmission goxing, BL superior to fluorescence methods, ©. inferior to transmission gaging. D. approximately the same as with transmission gaging. A186 103. The two types of detectors used most commonly in Xcray thickness gages are: A. fluorescent sereens and ionization chambers, B. proportional counters and geiger counters €. phosphor-photomultipliers and ionization chembers. D. fluorescent screens and phosphor photomultipliers104 105. 106 107. 208. 108. 100. nL Lewl HL Exposure Hazards A radiation level of 100 mv is ole atthe primeter of your posted high radiation ae tic prise feet tan the exposed saree Appronintely how lara iam he anager es iets preted forthe 2 mith hae! trea A. 40 feet B. 100 feet C70 feet D. 125 feet baa Which one of the following is not 2 characteristic to be given major consideration in selecting a radiographic survey instrument? A. Window thickness radiation detected B. Dose rate rangeis) ©. Time constant D. Battery supply Daas With appropriate controls, the allowable radiation limits in unrestricted areas should not exceed ‘A, 0.500 rem per calendar year. 2 millirems in any one hour C. 100 millirems in seven consecutive days, D. all of the above, Dae A “ieaking” source of radioactive material is considered a potentially hazardous situation, At what removable activity level i a sealed radiography source, by regulation, cnnsidered to he leaking? A. 0.0500 microeuries B. 0.5000 mierocuries ©. 0.005 microcuries 1D. 0.0005 microcuries Dag Sources of radioactive material used for radiography are required by regulation to be leak tested at intervals hot to exceed: A. 6 months, B 3 months. © 12 months. D. 24 months. baag Methods of Controlling Radiation Exposure Distance is an effective means of external radiation protection because: A. air absorption reduces the radiation intensity 1B. radiation intensity varies inversely as the square of the distance. ©. X rays and gamme rays have a finite range. D. the wavelength of the photons is decreased by theit interaction with matter, Dee X-ray photons differ from gamma photons of the same energy only in their: A. iological effect, B. origin. . interaction, D, wavelength, par Filters of different thicknesses of material are often incorporated into film badges used for betagemma dosimetry. The purpose of these filters to: A. attenuate the higher energy radiation B. increase the sensitivity of the film to low energy radiation. ©. ensure that no alphas reach the film, D. permit evaluation of the type and energy of the radiation, pazLevel Il 112, 113. ng. 116. ne. ut. ne. ng. ‘The halflife of a radioactive substance is equal to: {tegration constant. ‘tom in the substance. half of the original atoms to disintegrate. i divided by the rate of decay, pee |A. the reciprocal of the di B. the average lifetime of an © the time required for one! D. the numbor of atoms present “Am individual i 30 years ok. According to the 5(N-18} formula and the “banking concept for determining ex: ‘nin tv ay eeceive 8 maximum permissible dose of: A. 245 rem B. “bo rem Di aterm Am ‘A tenth vale thickness fora spect gamma source is one inch of ead. The radiation intensity i 00 Rr at 24 Asem the source: Hom many mehes of lead would be required to reduce the intenity to Smhr at 24 inches? A, 2inches B.S inches ©. 10 inches D. inches D-32, A259 Permissible personnel radiation exposure rates are based upon which of the following? A. Radiation equivalent man B. Banking concept ©. Physical attributes D. Dose absorption rate Ess Operational and Emergency Procedures Radioisotope radiographic exposure devices, measuring loss than four inches {rom the sealed source storage position to any exterior surface, shall have a dose rate at 6 inches from the surface of no greater than. A 2mR/be, B50 mBbr. 10 mR, D. 200 mR. : Dawe Survey instruments used to monitor gamma radiation must be capable af measuring radiation in the range of A. 0-2000 mr. B. 2 mRhr-30,000 mR. ©. 0-200 mRihe D. 2 maRtar-1000 mR. Dine, A radiation area refers to any aree accessible to personnel in which radiation exists such that an individual ‘could receive in any one hour # dose exceeding: A. 2 millirems, B. 100 millirems C5 millirems. D. 500 millers, Dus Sensitivity Radiographic sensitivity depends on the combined effects of two independent factors, One is radiographic con trast and the other is: A. radiation quality. B. density. C. penetrameter image. D, definition Per@ Level IT] 120. Using the equation a = 100 J Thi2 where © = 20% = percent equivalent penetrameter sensitivity 4,2 1.25 in. = section thickness to be radiographed r penetrameter thickness 4 = 1116 in. = hole diameter Determine penetrameter thickness: A. 16 inches B. 0.020 inches ©. 0.015 inches D. 0.030 inches Cen 121, Radiographic sensitivity is A: 4 general or qualitative term referring to the size of the smallest detail which can be p, {nth ona radiograph only a mesure of the contrast properties of the radiographic system, C- & term usually applied to the contrast properties of the radiographic system. 1D. a term which reflects film speed and contrast properties, 42034, PT 122, Radiographic sensitivity is totally controlled by: A. film and sereen combinations. B. those factors which control radiographic contrast and definition ©. kilovoltage and milliamperage D. kiloveltage and film processing, A204, P67 123. The visibility of a certain penetrameter hole on the radiograph may mean that: A. a cavity of the same diameter will be visible. B. o cavity one-half the hole diameter will be visible C. cavity of the same diameter may be invisible D. the hole and cavity will have equal detectability, A208 124. The penetrameter is used to: ‘ ‘A. determine the size of cracks and pores that ean be detected. B. determine the erack depths that can be detected © determine critical flaw size. D. indicate the quality of the radiographic technique, A208 2, The sensitivity requirement 2-27 represents: A. penetrameter thickness 2X the specimen thickness with the required penetrameter hole 2 percent of the specimen thickness B. penetrameter thickness 2 percent of specimen thickness with the required penetrameter hole 2X the penetrameter thiekness ©. penetrameter thickness 2 percent of the specimen thickness with the required penetrameter hole 2 percent of the specimen thickness D. penetrameter thicknoss 2 percent of the specimen thickness with the required penetrameter hole percent ofthe penetrameter thickness, cue 126. The term radiographic sensitivity usually refers to the ability of a radiographic technique to detect discon: tinuities. In practice, sensitivity is specified as: A. the measurable unsharpness on @ radiograph, B. the ratio of the smallest thickness difference visible on the radiograph to the thickness of the material being examined ©. density difference between two areas. D. dogree of concentration of ¢ radioactive source, Das 127, The image quality indicator (penetrameter) should not be used to: A. judge the size or establish acceptance limits of discontinuities. B. judge the adequacy of a radiographic exposure. C. determine film/screen combinations adequacy. D. judge the adequacy of part-to-film distance. F610Level ITL 128. Radiographic sensitivity iy affected by’ A, subject contrast BL geometric and film graininess factors. ©. film contrast. : D, allof the above Pe Contrast and Definition 129, Which of the following parameters do not directly affect radiographjc definition? A. Focal spot or source size B. Density ©. Type of sereen D, Radiation quality aus 190. Using a filter at the X-ray tube, masking to lesson the thickness range, and a multiple-film technique are ways of correcting: A. low density, B. low latitude, ©. poor definition D. low radiographic contrast, Past 181. Poor definition can be improved by doing all but one of the following: A. inerease source to-film distance. B. use a smaller physical source size. ©. change from Class II to Class I film. D. change from lead to fluorescent screens. Fag 182, Based on the characteristic curves of the films shown in Figure 7, which film provides the highest contrast? AX BY CZ D. Cannot be determined from the curves Pan 49) f. e deo fim 19) 00 ° + 2 3 Log tlatveExpeae Expoaure Tene) —- FIGURE 7133. 134. 136. 136. 131. 138. 139. 140, Aa. Level It Subject contrast depends on: A. milliamperage, source strength, distance and film type. B. filmscreen type C. nature of the specimen, radiation quality (KV) and the intensity and distribution of the D, scattered radiation. Lambert’ law. 20.34 Film contrast refers to A. the density difference in two adjacent regions of film. BB. the steepness (slope) of the characteristic curve. the ratio of X-ray or gamma ray intensities transmitted by two selected portions of a specimen 420-35 1, minimum perceptible density change. In general, the contrast of radiographic films jexcept those designed for use with fluorescent sereenst |A. increases continuously with film density in the usable density range. B. decreases as the density is increased. ©. remains practically unchanged for different density levels. D, is inversely proportional to film density. A20.35, ‘The graininess of all films: increases as the kilovoliage is increased. decreases as the kilovoltage is increased. is not dependent on kilovoltage, is totally controlled by Lambert's law. A206 pose Which of the following is not # factor in radiographic contrast? A. Film type B. Radiation quatiey ©. Degree of film development D. Nona the above cee. P29 Specimens with uniform thickness and composition by definition have: ‘A, high subject contrast. B. good definitior C. high film contrast. 1D, Tow subject contrast poz ‘The sharpness of outline in a radiographic image is referred to as: ‘A. definition, B. sensitivity. C. latitude. D. contrast. Poor radiographic definition could be the result of: ‘A. focal spot size. B. sourcetofilm distance. : C. poor film-screen contact. D, allof the above. P86 Geometric Factors Another term frequently used to describe geometrical unsharpness is: A. radiographic distortion. B. penumbral shadow. ©. radiographic enlargement. aoe D. geometric enlargement,Levelt i canditions, Maximum specimen igure 8, determine the geomelricl unshaspnoss under the fall re ri cats LD inches source datance i 40 snches, andthe foal spot sie 1 mim The geomet sharpness is: ti A. 0,010 mm, B. 0,100 mm. ©. 0.04 mm. | D. 0.25 mm A209 eee oy" FIGURE 8 Nomogram for solving the equation U, = Feid 149, Which of the following is not a factor to be considered to reduce geometric unsharpness? A. Source to-film distance B. Objectto-film distance ©. Source strength D, Source size A209 144. In the following equation for geometric unsharpness, what does Ul, represent? U, = fe A. Image size B. Penumbra C. Source-to-film distance D. Specimen-torfilm distance A208 oo9 146. 146. 147 148. 49, 150. 151, 152. 183, Level lit ‘The size of the penumbral shadow ean best be reduced by: A. using a larger diameter source. B. using a faster speed film. CC. increasing the sourceto-ilm distance. D. increasing the specimen-tofilm distance Deviation from the true shape of an object as exhibited in its shadow image is called: ‘A. definition, : B. latitude, ©. contrast. D. distortion. A206, Fag ‘Which of the following rules of shadow formation is not true? A. The effective focal spot or source size should be as small as practical ‘The distance between the focal spot or source and the test object should be as great B practical ©. The central ray should be as nearly perpendicular to the film as possible to preserve spatial D. relations. ‘The test object's plane of maximurn interest should be perpendicular tothe plane of the film F-S to 20 Given an iridium-192 source 0.125 inches in diameter, a geometrical unsharpness of 0.020 inches and # material thickness of 2.5 inches, determine the minimum source-to-object distance, ‘A. 126 inches B. 2466 inches C. 15.6 inches D. 18.1 inches Fate2i Geometrical enlargement resulting from increased object-torfilm distance is useful in: A. increasing definition. B. reducing physical source size. ©. reducing senttered radiation 1D. macroradiography. A20-10 Magnification and geometric unsharpness: ‘A. are actually the same thing. can be distinguished as follows: magnification refers to the degree of enlargment, and ‘unsharpness refers to the penumbra B ©. are not directly related D. can be combined to yield total unsharpness, A205 t08 Geometric unsharpness (U) is obtainable from: ALU, = Et where F = source size a d = source-to-object distance B.U,= 4 = object-torflm distance Fr ©. u,= Fd Dus fe A208, P21 Using the formula U, = Fr, iF = 3.0 millimeters, ¢ = 5.0 inches, and d = 49.0 inches, U, is approximately A. 0.020 inches. B. 0.028 inches 0.014 ine D. 0.006 inches. A208 Image distortion refers to: ‘A. a combination of goometric unsharpness and magnification. BB. deviation from the true shape of the object. C. magnification minus geometric unsharpness, ie 1D. a combination of graininess, unsharpness, and magnification. : ahe aU Intensifying Screens 154, Phe most commonly used intensifying material in fluorescent screens for industrial radiography is €. cesium iodide. D. ealeium tungstate a6 Fluorometallie intensifying sereens compared with lead foil sereens can reduce the exposure time by factors up 155. to: A. 100 Bo. ©. 500, By : a6 156. The Bunsen Roscoe reciprocity law states that the product of a photochemical reaction is dependent only upon ‘the produet of the radiation intensity and the duration of exposure and is independent of the absolute values of either of these quantities separately. This law is invalid for which of the following? A. X rays B. Gamma rays C. Fluorescent screens 1B, Lead foil screens A623 157, The quality of the radiation necessary (o obtain am appreciable intensification from lead screens depends upon all the following except A. film type, B. kilovaltage ©. milliamperage. D. thickness and material pf Lest object A202 158, An alloy of 6 percent antimony and 04 percent lead should be used for sereens instead of pure lead because it provides: A. greater definition. B. less mottling effect, C. better wear resistance D. ahigher intensification factor. 20-27 159, The intensifying action of s lead foil sereen is eaused by: A. the addition of € percont antimony to the lead 1B. the electrons emitted under gamma or X-ray excitation ©. preferential absorption by the lead atoms. D, characteristic and scattered radiation originating in the sereen, po Wz fluorescent sereens would show: 160. In comparison to radiographs mace with lead sereens, radiographs made us A. better contrast. B. good definition. ©. higher density, D. poor definition P36 161. Variation in the thickness of lead screens from 0.005 inch to 0.010 inch: A. has very slight effect on intensification, B. has very significant effect on intensification . actually has no effect on intensification D. only serves to increase geometric unsharpness. 16-24 Scattered Radiation 162, Scatter radiation caused by the specimen being radiographed is usually referred to as: A. backscatter. i B. side scatter. ©. undercut, D. forward scatter. Deo | 62