CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
One of the problem facing Nigeria climate change is as a result of air pollution, on

account not only on climate change but also its impact on public and individual health due to

increase morbidity and mortality. The association and interaction between humans and their

respective physical surroundings have been greatly studied as multiple human activities

influence their environment. Which compose of the biotic (living organisms and

microorganisms) and the abiotic (hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere).

Pollution which is therefore define as the introduction into the environment of

substances harmful to human and the living organisms which can be physical, biological or

chemical means being introduce in the environment. Air pollution is one of such form that refer

to the contamination of the air in the atmosphere or air irrespective of indoors or outdoors. The

sustainment of all living things is due to a combination of gases that collectively form the

atmosphere; the imbalance caused by the increase or decrease in the percentage of these gases

can be harmful to survival.

Air which is an essential element in the life to both humans and other living thing

need to breathe in clean air. Anthropogenic activities from industrialization and modernization,

as well as some natural disasters such as earth quake and volcanic eruption pollute the air (Ajayi

& Obiye,2017). Air pollution is a problem to both developed, underdeveloped and developing

countries, factors such as population growth and urbanization invariably place greater demands

on the environment and stretch the use of natural resources to the maximum. Such high demand

of natural resources often leads to pollution. Activities created by human have an adverse effect

on the environment thereby polluting the water we drink, the air we breathe in and also the soil

in which plants grow. Although the industrial revolution was a great success in terms of
technology, society and the provision of multiples services, which also bring about the

production of huge quantities of pollutants emitted into the air that are harmful to human health

and environment. Without any reasonable doubt the global environmental pollution is considered

an international climate issues with diverse facets. Economic, social, and legislative concerns

and lifestyle habits are related to the most problem, which make urbanization and

industrialization reaching an unprecedented and upsetting proportions worldwide in our era.

According to world health organization anthropogenic, air pollution is one of the biggest

public health hazards in the world, with total accounts for about 9 million deaths per year.

Without any doubt, all of the aforementioned are closely associated with climate change, which

are subsequently event of danger and the consequences can be severe to mankind ( kari Tr &

Peterson TC). Climate changes and the effects of global planetary warning seriously affect

multiple ecosystems causing problems such as climate variation, food safety issues, animal

extinction and damages to plant. It is also known that the majority of environmental pollutants

are emitted through large-scale human activities such as the use of machinery, power-producing

stations, combustion engines, and cars. Because of these activities are performed at such a large

scake, they are by far the major contributors to air pollution with cars estimated to be responsible

for approximately 80% of today pollution (Moller & Schuetzle). Some other activities are also

influencing our environment to a lesser extent, such as field cultivation techniques, gas stations,

fuel tank heaters, and cleaning procedures (Jacobson Mz &Jacobson Pmz),

Air pollution and climate changes are inseparable. Climate is the other side of the same

coin that reduces the quality of our Earth (Vitale C & Maurizia). black carbon, methane,

tropospheric ozone and aerosols which are pollutant affect the amount of incoming sunlight. As a

result, the temperature of the earth is increasing, resulting in high rainfall, high sunlight ray and

melting of ice, iceberg and glacier. In this vein, climate changes will affect he incidence and

prevalence of both residual and imported infection in Nigeria.

 Air pollution is one of the greatest problem in Nigeria, which has a serious toxicological

impact on human health and the environment. The sources of pollution in Nigeria vary from

small unit of cigarettes, emission of carbon by motorist, vehicles and machines (automobiles and

Industrial activities), evidences gotten scientifically are conclusive that the earth is warming and

climates are rapidly changing with serious and potentially damaging consequences. Climate

change is gradually leading to environmental issues such as deforestation, land degradation,

freshwater shortage, food security and air and water pollution in the world. A Projected increase

in extreme climatic events as well as more changes in the weather patterns may further threaten

the means of livelihoods in the face of inaction.

In Nigeria, the agriculture and food security, water resources, public health, and settlements

sectors are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Most vulnerable regions are coastal regions

and erosion and desertification-prone areas in the southeastern and northern parts of the country

respectively. While everyone is vulnerable, the most vulnerable groups are farmers, fisher folks,

the elderly, women, children and poor people living in urban areas.

Nigeria which have taken the challenge of climate change seriously. The First National

Communication was produced November, 2003. A stakeholders’ initiation workshop on the

second National Communication (SNC) took place in December2006, and it should be finalized

before the end of the year.

Nigeria which now has a Department of Climate Change Unit (DCC) in the Federal Ministry of

Environment Abuja, the DCC which was created to implement the Convention and the protocol

activities. It also coordinates the activities of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change

whose membership are drawn from the Ministries of Finance, Agriculture, and Water Resources;

Energy Commission, Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Foreign Affairs,

Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Industry, NGOs (Nigerian Environmental

Study/Action Team), and the Academia.

Since the industrial revolution in Europe, human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels

and clearing of forests, have greatly intensified the natural greenhouse effect. Human activities

have been causing changes in the amounts of greenhouse gases which include carbon dioxide

(CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide, aerosols (small particles) and cloudiness earth’s in the

atmosphere. The most significant of these gases is CO2, and the concentration is increasing

rapidly. It is estimated that CO2 increased from 280 parts per million (ppm) during the industrial

era of the 1750s to about 390 ppm by 2010, with has an annual growth rate of 1.5 to 2.0 ppm. It

is projected that the concentration could reach 550-800 ppm by 2100. This build-up of GHGs has

set the earth inexorably on the path to the “global warming”. Global warming is now regarded

as the most serious environmental challenge of our time.

Based on recent IPCC publications, the average temperature at the surface of the Earth has

increased over the past century by about 0.6°C. It is estimated that global average surface air

warming by 2100, could be between 1.8°C and 4.0°C (likely range is 1.1°C to 6.4°C). Because

of the delaying effect of the oceans, surface temperatures do not respond immediately to

greenhouse gas emissions, therefore climate change will continue for hundreds of years after

atmospheric concentrations have stabilized. Thus, it is imperative to address the problem

adequately at local, national, regional and international levels.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Nigeria’s which is greatly depending on fossil-fuel has an economy with a large climate sensitive

agricultural sector, the development of a climate change policy and response strategy is

inevitable. High responding to climate change will require Nigeria to seek opportunities and

design actions which will reduce the vulnerability of the people to climate change impacts. This

should include opportunities for to build a resilient and high growth carbon efficient economy that

is able to thrive in the era of increasing focus on reduced dependence on fossil energy sources for
development. It must also build a climate-resilient economy and society. This makes a strong

policy directive and responsive strategy for the country necessary.

Air pollution threatens the health of people living in close proximity to the source of pollution by

causing or aggravating sicknesses like, heart problem, cancer and respiratory disorder (Ajayi &

Ogbiye). In Nigeria, climate change portends a serious threat to poverty eradication and

sustainable development. This is because the country has a large rural population that lives on

climate-sensitive economic and development sectors (agriculture and fisheries) and natural

resources (such as water, biodiversity, grassland). In addition, the adaptive capacity of the rural

majority to climate change impacts is very low. Perhaps a far more important parameter is the

operation of the nation’s oil and gas sector which makes Nigeria a major emitter of GHG in

Africa. Unfortunately, most current development strategies in the country tend to overlook

climate change risks. The costs of not addressing climate change or not adapting to it are very

uncertain, but their welfare consequences are expected to be enormous.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

1. Create awareness on the impact of air pollution to climate change on human

health

2. The causes of air pollution in illupeju

3. To examine the extent to which climate changes due to air pollution in

Ilupeju, Lagos state affect the communities in the area.

4. To find out ways to address the stated problems in Ilupeju, Lagos state.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. What are the visible impact of air pollution due to Climate change in your area?

2. What do you think constitute the major causes of air pollution in Ilupeju

3. Suggest a way you think can mitigate air pollution in Ilupeju

4. What steps have you taken to curb the contribution of air pollution to climate change

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

1. Address climate change within the framework of sustainable development,

which ensure climate change response is a sensitive issue to both youth, children

and vulnerable group in the study area.

2. Mitigate the effect of air pollution to climate change in Lagos state and the

whole at large.

3. Significantly increase public awareness in addressing the challenge of climate change

4. Revisit Nigeria climate change policy and response strategy.

1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Industrialization which has significant undesirable side effects, particularly in terms of air

pollution in urban areas and emissions of greenhouse gases, possess an impact global climate

change (WHO, 2001). Evidence is also growing of transport’s negative impact on local

populations, particularly on the poor in developing world cities (Meena, 2003). The health

consequences of urban air pollution are high with increasing risk of death particularly from

cardiopulmonary causes, and allergic illness such as asthma, cancer, among others.

The rapid growth and development in manufacturing industry in Lagos state show that the

area can be challenging to climate change, with broad line of benefits and consequences of

industrial development. Given the unquestionable role of Lagos state as the industrial and

commercial nerve center of the entire country, the manufacturing sector of the Lagos economy

has continued to attract a lot of attention by successive government, be it military or civilian at

both state and federal levels, even at the local government level. Private investors both indigenous

and foreign, as well as researchers are not left out behind in this respect. In Nigeria, the geospatial
assessment of air pollution is hampered by data gaps for both ambient air pollution, of which this

study aims at filling such gaps and provide a starting point for the sensitization of the public and

policy makers about the imminent dangers of air pollution in Lagos city. Outcome of the study

will also be useful by researchers, the public, city planners and local authorities to understand the

industrial energy usage and emissions levels in Lagos and further avail well researched data with

critical analysis.

1.7 STUDY AREA

The study area for these research was Ilupeju Local government area of Lagos state. Which is

stipulated in the southern-western part of Nigeria.

Ilupeju is a large community that shares its boundaries with areas such as Mushin, Oshodi,

Obanikoro and through some parts of ikorodu towards Oju elegba. It consists of popular streets

such as Town planning way, Ilupeju bypass, coker road down through Tinubu road, Association

Avenue, Ilupeju Industrial Avenue amongst other.

Ilupeju which is stipulated in Lagos state which has a population of 21 million people living

in a 3,577 km² area (Ndambuki & Omole,2014). This give a population density of 5,870 km³ per

persons.

Ilupeju which has an industrial estate which is the major concentration of industries in lagos

state with many medium and large-scale industrial establishments. It is claimed that about 70-

80% of the manufacturing companies operate within the facilities which covers the core area of

industrial activities in lagos state.

Fig 1: Map of study area Ilepeju

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Pollution: the introduction into the environment of substances harmful to human and
the living organisms. which can be physical, biological or chemical means

GHG: greenhouse gas any gas, such as carbon dioxide or chlorofluorocarbons, that
contributes to the greenhouse effect when released into the atmosphere.

Climate: The long term manifestations of weather and other atmospheric condition in
aa given area.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 FOCUS OF THE REVIEW

Pollution is the introduction by man into the environment of substances or energy liable to

cause hazards to human health, harm to living resource as ecological damage; or interference with

legitimate uses of the environmental (M.W. Holdgate 1993). Environmental pollution according

to Miller (1998) is “any addition to air, water, soil or food that threatens the health, survival or

activities of human or other living organism”. Such chemical or form of energy that causes harm

is called pollutant. The pollutants can be solid, liquid, or gaseous products or wastes produced

when a resource is extracted, processed, made into products or used. Equally, it can take the form

of unwanted energy emissions, such as excessive heat or radiation (Miller Supra).

Climate change is increasingly in everyday reality. Intensive growth and frequency of

droughts, floods, extreme weather events, and other impacts speak loudly for the need to deal

with this real and serious threat (Fatile, 2013). The United Nations (2007) defines climate change

as a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the

composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability

observed over comparable time periods. The major characteristics of climate change. According

to Fatile (2013) include rise in average global temperature, ice cap melting, changes in

precipitation, and increase in ocean temperature leading to sea level rise.

We can therefore define air pollution as the destructive effects of any sources which

contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere and/or deterioration of the ecosystem. Air pollution

is caused by both human intervention or natural phenomena. Which can be made up of many

kinds of pollutants including materials in solids, liquid and gas phases (Vallero D, 2007). Air
pollution could also be any substance that holds the potential to hinder the atmosphere or the well

being of the living being surviving in it. The sustainment of all livings things is due to a

combination of gases that collectively form the atmosphere; the imbalance caused by the increase

or decrease in the percentage of these gases can be harmful to survival. In order to perfectly

understand the causes of air pollution, air pollution will be classify into many sub division

2.1 CLASSES OF AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution can be classified into two section such as invisible and visible air pollution

Visible air pollution: as the name implied, these are air pollution that can be visible. Which

comprises of the smog you can see over the city is an example of visible pollution.

Invisible air pollution: invisible air pollutant is less noticeable, but they can be more deadly.

With examples such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. These can be

furtherly divided into primary and secondary air pollutants

Primary air pollutants: primary air pollution can be caused by either primary or secondary

sources. These include pollutants that are a direct result of the process is refer the primary

pollutants. Examples of such pollutant would be the sulfur-dioxide emitted from factories,

Secondary air pollutant: these are the ones that are caused by intermingling and reaction of

primary pollutants. Example of these are Smog created by the interaction of several primary

pollutants is referred to as a secondary pollutant.

Mitigation of climate change

Renewable and clean energy: The energy sector are the most needful sector for climate change

mitigation. It is important to control greenhouse gases by adopting renewable energy

development. Despite recent movement in Nigeria toward the development of policy and

legislation in support of renewable energy, there are few existing renewable energy projects
(Dioha and Emodi, 2018; Elum and Momodu, 2017). The vast majority of renewable energy

consumption that do exist are derived from hydropower (Achike et al., 2019; Dioha and Emodi,

2018; Elum and Momodu, 2017; Yahaya and Nwabuogo, 2016). The development of solar

energy is new to the country, with growing interest from investors. The bioenergy industry could

receive a boost from a persistent increase in the production of sugarcane, maize and cassava

(Elum et al., 2017). It is necessary to develop innovative financing schemes that will reduce the

cost of low carbon technologies for consumers in addition to making it a profitable project for

investors (Dioha and Emodi, 2018).

Other sectors/lifestyle choices: There is a need to encourage sustainable lifestyle choices

among Nigerians. These include less meat consumption, phasing out of inefficient appliances,

and greater access to and use of public transportation. Public infrastructure and services for

effective waste reduction also need to be encouraged (Dioha and Emodi, 2018; Nkechi et al.,

2016; Elias and Omojola, 2015).

Tree planting/reforestation: Reforestation in Nigeria is only about 10 percent of the

deforestation rate (Elum and Momodu, 2017, 74). There is an urgent need for a more aggressive

tree planting.

Climate Change Adaptation

Vulnerable groups can be more affected by climate change due to limited resources and low

adaptive capacity (BNRCC, 2011). Studies demonstrate that rural women in developing

countries, for example, are more vulnerable to climate change as they have low adaptive

capacity.

Agricultural initiatives: The adoption of existing and new technologies for adapting to climate

change and variability is a high priority for many ecological regions in Nigeria. This includes

crop diversification, the adoption of drought-tolerant and early maturing varieties of crops; and

crop cover (Achike et al., 2019; Amadi and Udo, 2015; Federal Ministry of Environment, 2014).

Studies show that Nigerian farmers on their own and with the help of government and other 5
intervention agencies are already adapting to climate change using these and other methods

(Ifeanyi-obi and Nnadi, 2014). In addition, agricultural extension services are essential to

improving agricultural productivity by providing farmers with useful farming and weather

related information and skills training that can enhance their productivity (Oluwole et al., 2016;

Federal Ministry of Environment, 2014). The current irregularity of extension services in Nigeria

is a constraint to agricultural adaptation (Oluwole et al., 2016; Federal Ministry of Environment,

2014).

Insurance and other financial tools: Insurance provision has the potential to reduce the impact

of climate change on insurance policy holders. Nigerian insurers have not, however, paid

sufficient attention to the impact of climate change (Elum and Simonyan, 2016; Federal Ministry

of Environment, 2014). The Nigerian government should support private insurance firms through

policies that would encourage public-private partnerships (Elum and Simonyan, 2016; Federal

Ministry of Environment, 2014). Efforts to scale up agricultural insurance also requires building

the capacity of farming communities to understand and effectively demand appropriate insurance

products (Hansen et al., 2017). Access to credit, such as through microfinance institutions, is also

essential to the ability of farmers to adapt to climate change (Abraham and Fonta, 2018; Abaje et

al., 2015).

Infrastructure: Irrigation facilities are increasingly important as rain fed agriculture becomes

more unreliable, yet they are extremely lacking in Nigeria (Federal Ministry of Environment,

2014). Good roads are also important for efficient distribution of necessary agricultural inputs to

rural farmers (Abaje et al, 2015). Urban areas should consider the effects of climate change in

city planning. Residential developments, for example, require the maintenance of adequate

spaces to allow for easy infiltration of surface runoffs during rainfall (Akeh and Mshelia, 2016).
2.2 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution or pollutant have it sources from which it emergences from it can be Natural

sources and man-made sources.

Natural sources: natural sources of pollution include dust carried by the wind from locations

with very little or no green cover, gases released from the body processes of living beings

(carbon dioxide from human being during respiration such as Methane and Oxygen). Smoke

from the combustion of various inflammable objects, volcanic eruptions, etc . along with the

emission of polluted gases also makes it to the list of natural sources of pollution.

Man-made Sources: man-made sources can be further divided into outdoor pollution sources

and indoor pollution sources

Outdoor Pollution Source: The major outdoor pollution sources include power generation,

vehicles, agriculture/waste incineration, industry and building heating systems. Smoke features

as a prominent component. The smoke emitted from various forms of combustion, like

in biomass, factories, vehicles, furnaces, etc.

Waste dumped in landfills generates methane, which is harmful in several ways. The reactions of

certain gases and chemicals also form harmful fumes that can be dangerous to the well-being of

living creatures.

Indoor Pollution Sources: In low- and middle-income countries, mostly burning fuels such as

dung, coal and wood in inefficient stoves or open hearths produces a variety of health-damaging

pollutants. These include carbon monoxide, methane, particulate matter (PM), polyaromatic

hydrocarbons (PAH) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). Even burning kerosene in simple

wick lamps also produces significant emissions of fine particles and other pollutants. According

to World health organization Exposure to smoke from cooking fires causes 3.8 million premature

deaths each year.

 2.3 Various Causes of Air pollution

1. Burning of fossil fuel:

Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum for energy in

power plants, and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution. Billions of

vehicles run on roads are powered by gasoline and diesel engines that burn petroleum for

releasing energy. Petroleum is made up of hydrocarbons, and engines don’t burn them cleanly.

As a result, pollutants such as PM, nitric oxide and NO2 (together referred to as NOx),

carbon monoxide, organic compounds, and lead emit from vehicles including trucks, jeeps, cars,

trains, airplanes, causing a high level of pollution. These modes of transportation form part of

our daily basic needs, so we rely on them heavily.But, their overuse is killing our environment as

dangerous gases are polluting the atmosphere. Carbon Monoxide caused by improper or

incomplete combustion and generally emitted from vehicles is another major pollutant along

with Nitrogen Oxides, that is produced from both natural and man-made processes.

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), exposure to outdoor air pollution

contributes to as much as 0.6 to 1.4 percent of the burden of disease and 4.2 million deaths every

year.

Fig 2 Pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel

2. Agricultural Activities
 Ammonia is a very common byproduct of agriculture-related activities and is one of the most

hazardous gases in the atmosphere. The use of insecticides, pesticides, and fertilizers in

agricultural activities has grown quite a lot. They emit harmful chemicals into the air and can

also cause water pollution.

Farmers also set the field and old crops on fire in order to keep them clean for the next round of

sowing. The burning to clean fields is said to cause pollution by releasing harmful gases in the

air.

3. Waste in Landfills

Landfills are land areas in which waste is deposited or buried. These deposited or buried wastes

generate methane. Methane is a major greenhouse gas that is highly flammable and very

hazardous.

E-waste is another grave concern involving a lot of unscientific dismantlings such as chemical

leaching, burning wires and others.

4. Exhaust from Factories and Industries

Manufacturing industries release a large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic

compounds, and chemicals into the air, thereby depleting the quality of air.

Manufacturing industries can be found at every corner of the earth, and there is no area that has

not been affected by it. Petroleum refineries also release hydrocarbons and various other

chemicals that pollute the air and also cause land pollution.

5. Mining Operations

Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using large equipment.

During the process, dust and chemicals are released in the air causing massive air pollution.

This is one of the reasons which is responsible for the deteriorating health conditions of workers

and nearby residents.

6. Indoor Air Pollution

 Household cleaning products, painting supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause air

pollution.Suspended particulate matter popular by its acronym SPM, is another cause of

pollution. Referring to the particles afloat in the air, SPM is usually caused by dust, combustion,

etc.

Around seven million premature deaths caused every year due to the combined effects of

ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution cause, WHO says.

7. Natural Events

There are certain natural events such as volcanoes, forest fires, and dust storms, which are

nature-born and cause air pollution.

Fig 3: Pollution in Ilupeju caused by motorist

2.4 Disastrous Effects of Air pollution

1. Respiratory and Heart Problems

The effects of air pollution are alarming. They are known to create several respiratory and heart

conditions like asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, heart attacks and strokes along with

cancer, among other threats to the body. Several million are known to have died due to the direct

or indirect effects of Air pollution.

2. Child Health Problems

Air pollution is detrimental to your health even before you take your first breath. Exposure to

high air pollution levels during pregnancy causes miscarriages as well as premature birth, autism,

asthma and spectrum disorder in young children.

It also has the potential to damage early brain development in a child and cause pneumonia that

kills almost a million children below 5 years. Children are at a greater risk of short term

respiratory infections and pulmonary diseases in areas exposed to air pollutants.

3. Global Warming

Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is witnessing due to global

warming.With increased temperatures worldwide, an increase in sea levels and melting of ice

from colder regions and icebergs, displacement, and loss of habitat have already signaled an

impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren’t undertaken soon.

4. Acid Rain

Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the

burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combine with these air pollutants,

becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great

damage to humans, animals, and crops.

5. Eutrophication

Eutrophication is a condition where a high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants gets

developed on the sea surface and turns itself into algae and adversely affects fish, plants, and

animal species.
6. Effect on Wildlife

Just like humans, animals also face some devastating effects of air pollution. Toxic chemicals

present in the air can force wildlife species to move to a new place and change their habitat. The

toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.

7. Depletion of the Ozone Layer

Ozone exists in the Earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful

ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of

chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.

As the ozone layer becomes thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and

eye-related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.

2.5 Impressive Solutions to Air Pollution

1. Use the Public Mode of Transportation

Encourage people to use more and more public modes of transportation to reduce pollution.

Also, try to make use of carpooling. If you and your colleagues come from the same locality and

have the same timings, you can explore this option to save energy and money.

2. Better Household Practices

Discard fireplaces and/or wooden stoves used for heating homes. Use gas logs in place of wood.

Also, eliminate the use of gas-powered lawn and gardening equipment. Avoid setting fire to

garbage, dry leaves, or other materials in your yard, and lighting bonfires in the open. Try to

mulch or compost your yard waste. Use cleaning products and paints that are environmentally

friendly.

3. Conserve Energy
Switch off fans and lights when you are going out. A large number of fossil fuels are burnt to

produce electricity. You can save the environment from degradation by reducing the number of

fossil fuels to be burned.

4. Understand the Concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle

Do not throw away items that are of no use to you. Instead, reuse them for some other purpose.

For example, you can use old jars to store cereals or pulses.

5. Emphasis on Clean Energy Resources

Use of Clean energy technologies like solar, wind and geothermal is on the rise these days.

Governments of various countries have been providing grants to consumers who are interested in

installing solar panels for their homes. Undoubtedly, this can go a long way to curb air pollution.

6. Use Energy-Efficient Devices

CFL lights consume less electricity than their counterparts. They live longer, consume less

electricity, lead to lower electricity bills, and also help you to reduce pollution by consuming less

energy.

Several attempts are being made worldwide on personal, industrial, and governmental levels to

curb the intensity at which air pollution is rising and regain a balance as far as the proportions of

the foundation gases are concerned.

This is a direct attempt at slacking Global warming. We are seeing a series of innovations and

experiments aimed at creating alternate and unconventional options to reduce pollutants. Air

pollution is one of the larger mirrors of man’s follies, and a challenge we need to overcome to

see a better tomorrow.

2.6 Climate change responses

Mitigation and adaptation are the two main responses to climate change. Mitigation refers to

“measures that may either reduce the increase in greenhouse emissions (abatement) or increase

terrestrial storage of carbon (sequestration)”, while adaptation refers to “all the responses to

climate change that may be used to reduce vulnerability” (Ifeanyi-obi and Nnadi, 2014, 2).

Climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives should be integrated in development

projects and programmes in order to reduce the vulnerability of people to the impact of climate

change (Akeh and Mshelia, 2016).

2.7 HISTORY OF AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN LAGOS STATE

Nigeria, as a developing nation, is particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change. The

economy of the country depends on natural resources, which are particularly vulnerable to

climate change. Disease, loss of livelihoods and settlements can force entire communities into

relocation or complete extinction and even refuges status, as critical as the impact of climate

change is, Nigerians are not aware of what climate change is or its impacts. Perhaps the

biggest obstacle is the lack of awareness and knowledge. According to Adeniji (2010)/

Nigerians need to be educated and informed about climate change and how it can impact our

lives drastically. For instance, the former Lagos state governor Raji Fashola in 2014 has

warned about the likely effects of Hurricanes Sandy on the State. The Nigerian

Meteorological Agency has also warned of more natural disasters ahead caused by

unfavourable weather conditions. Experts recently warned that preparedness is vital in the

event of man-made and natural disasters (Punch, 2015).

 Climate change is an environmental, social and economic challenge on regional and scale

(Scholze Annel and Prentice, 2006; Mendelsohn Dinnar and William, 2006). It can be

exacerbated by human-induced actions such as: the widespread use of land, the broad scale

deforestation, the major technological and socioeconomic shifts with reduce reliance on

organic fuel, and the accelerated uptake of fossil fuels (United Nations, 2007). It is instructive

to note that the frequent price increase and scarcity of basic domestic fuels like kerosene is

likely to have a significant effect on government’s afforestation programmes in Nigeria.

Nigerian environmental groups have discovered that massive deforestation of the nation’s

severely depleted forest may follow if frequent fuel price increase is not addressed (Raufu,

2003).

According to Fatile (2013), the most devastation adverse impacts of climate change in

Nigeria and other subtropical countries include the following: frequent drought, increased

environmental damage, increased infestation of crop by pests and diseases, depletion of

household assets, increased rural urban migration, increased biodiversity loss, depletion of

wildlife and other natural resource bases, changes in the vegetation type, decline in forest

resources, decline in soil conditions (soil moisture and nutrients, increased health risks and

the spread of infectious diseases and changing livelihood systems (Ozor, 2009).

Climate change has been attracting serious interest among the globe due to its impact on the

weather and natural resources as well as agriculture. From decade to decade, change in the

climate has continued to be evident. Since the start of the 21st century, the world has been
witnessing the warmest in the instrumental weather record. Normally, climate change can be

described as part of the Earth’s natural variability. It is a subject of the connections among

the atmosphere, ocean and land, as well as changes in the amount of sola radiation reaching

the Earth. From country to country, community to community, challenges mounted by

change in climate cannot be underestimated (Kasali, 2011).

The formal Lagos State commissioner for Waterfront Development and Infrastructure,

Adesegun Oniru, in 2014 noted that the State government is planning to protect Majidun,

Kuramo, Oniru and Alpha beaches and other areas prone to ocean surge in Lagos. Although

Nigeria has not had any serious natural disaster in the magnitude of a hurricane or tsunami,

the worst we have had being flooding. In both past and present indicate that beyond the

government’s alert and promises, the country is not really prepared for serious natural

disasters. A recent example is the Kuramo ocean surge in Lagos. When this incident

occurred, rescue efforts were late in coming while some Kuramo victims failed to heed the

warnings concerning the looming danger (The Punch, 2014). Also, beyond the warning about

the recent flood which claimed many lives and property across the country, the best the

Federal Government has done has been to set up a committee to source relief for the victims.

2.8.1 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION IN LAGOS STATE

The continuous expansion, population increase and transformation of the Lagos city, one of the

most industrialized cities in the world have contributed to its present polluted states. It is obvious

that the increasing human activities, especially greenhouse gas emissions are posing great

environmental challenges that have resulted in loss of lives and destruction of properties in the
state. The overall effects of air pollution on Lagos Citizens and environments contribute to drag in

the efforts for its most sustainable programs. Sources of gas emission in Lagos are dump sites,

open incinerators and power generators. Other notable sources of air pollution are the vehicular

emission due to the increase in vehicles, industrial and commercial buses; the use of chemicals,

wastes and fossil fuel burning emanating from industries.

Manufacturing Industries

In terms of development and industrial infrastructure Lagos is one of the fastest growing mega

cities in the world. (Kotkin and Cox, 2013). Over 70% of the industries in Nigeria, consisting of

more than 7,000 medium and large scale manufacturing industries are located in the city. The

industrial sectors in Lagos, based on the Manufacturer’s Association of Nigeria (MAN) grouping,

are food, beverage and tobacco; textile, wearing apparel; pulp and paper products; chemical and

pharmaceutical; wood and wood products; non-metallic mineral products; basic metal; electrical

and electronic; motor vehicle and miscellaneous; and domestic and industrial plastics (MAN,

1991). Manufacturing industries in Lagos State have either wet processes or dry processes or both

and each has its respective environmental impact and contributes significantly to the effects of

Climate Change. Manufacturing operations that are most likely to be affected by climate change

regulations are those that result in significant direct Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG), such as

cement, iron and steel production, as well as those that are highly energy intensive, such as paper

and chemicals operations. Many manufacturing industries in Lagos still rely on Hydroelectric

Power Supply which is epileptic and consequently increased the use of power generating sets,

thus more carbon emissions. About 60% of total non-oil enterprises in Nigeria are located in the

Lagos State, which makes it most important industrial city in the Economic Community of West

African States (ECOWAS) sub-region. Being the highest consumer of energy, which is

predominantly fossil-based, makes it one of the largest contributors to carbon-dioxide emissions

in the country at large. It is therefore pertinent that emission reduction strategies must take

cognizance of the large manufacturing and industrial presence in the State.

Vehicular Emissions

The urban transport sector is a major source of air and noise pollution in Metropolitan Lagos.

After manufacturing of goods, poor transportation system and lack of credible alternative to road

transportation has resulted in more vehicles and greater emissions from diesel engines.

Transportation of manufactured goods involves the use of trucks and heavy duty vehicles that add

to the pollution load and release of Carbon into the environment. Studies have shown that in

Lagos State Vehicular Emissions are the highest point source contributors of carbon dioxide into

the environment, followed by the manufacturing industries. Unending traffic jams in Lagos

metropolis results in commuters spending several unproductive hours in traffic and increased

avoidable emissions of carbondioxide and other pollutants. A study conducted by the Lagos

Metropolitan Transport Management Authority (LAMATA) on air quality between 2003 and

2007 indicated that vehicles contribute approximately 43% ambient air pollution in Lagos. The

study recognized the transport sector as the fastest growing source of Green House Gases. Over

50% of the transport sector contribution to GHG emission in Nigeria comes from Lagos alone.

Large volumes of traffic, electricity generating plants and facilities, wastes generated from

different sources, pollutants and pollutions of the air, water and land, landfills, poor management

and others resulted in the presence of these oxides, particulates and the reactions, (Akanni, 2010;

Emordi and Osiki, 2008; Ogunnowo and Aderogba, 2006). Other noticeable changes are found in

the:-Total amount of rainfall per annum that is slightly increased but the spread per year and

intensities have reduced and other forms of precipitation have reduced; and-Cloud covers appear

to have increased.

Waste Management
Waste discharge and wastewater treatment are sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Although

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) have been the main focus in climate change

calculations and discussions, the potential impact of Nitrous Oxide (N2O), which is also

generated from Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is now gaining increased prominence.

N2O is one of the radioactive gases considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) for as one of the greenhouse gas emissions Inducing Climate Change (IPCC,

2013). Process of optimization for minimizing NGHG release from WWTPs is ongoing among

manufacturing Industries in Lagos (LSME, 2012). Waste management poses a big challenge to

environmental management in the State and is one of the sectors with significant contribution to

climate change globally through emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Decomposition of organic and inorganic wastes from dumpsites and landfills release GHGs such

as methane, nitrous oxide and carbon-dioxide. Poor management of industrial waste matters such

as polythene and other plastics, uncontrolled discharge of oily wastes (chemicals and liquid

hydrocarbons such as grease, oil and other petroleum products) and poor management of wastes

from the shipping industry in coastal areas also result in emission of methane and carbon-dioxide.

2.8 PREVIOUS STUDIES CONDUCTED ON AIR POLLUTION

Akinola et al. (2014) conducted a research on The significance of air pollution as one of the

contemporary issues and accelerating factors that propel climate change in both developed and

developing countries cannot be overemphasized. The problem of air pollution has seemingly

become intractable with the incessant failure of both global and local environmental policies

purportedly emplaced to address its devastating trend, particularly in growing megacities of

the world. The research shows that devastating effects of the phenomenon are more

pronounced in megacities of developing countries than in developed ones. Lagos, as an

 industrialized, commercialized and an emerging megacity in Nigeria, has been subjected to

several predictions of the negative impacts of changing climatic conditions partly caused by

ubiquitous air pollution. Efforts at stemming the tide of the increasing challenges of air

pollution worldwide has significantly been thwarted by inadequate funding, hence the need to

review the literature on the environmental implications of growing air pollution, its

contributions to climate change and its negative impacts on the lives and properties of teeming

inhabitants of Lagos. A review like this will provide a synthesis of knowledge and information

on mitigative and adaptive measures that can be adopted to minimize the impacts of air

pollution on the mega city.

The study utilizes consciously selected and current literatures on the subject matter and

found that Lagos inhabitants have been vulnerable to virtually all forms of damaging effects of

climate change majorly propelled by seemingly uncontrollable air pollution. This implies that

the situation requires proactive measures, otherwise, avoidable loss of lives and large scale

destruction of properties may be inevitable. The paper therefore advocates involvement of all

stakeholders in both mitigation and adaptation measures to climate change through

enhancement of indigenous knowledge and creation of awareness among citizens about the

need to be conscious of their carbon foot prints.

2.9 RESEARCH GAP

Although not too many research has been made on the contribution of air pollution to climate

change in the country and the impact it possesses on both health, economical, environment,

agriculture and lifestyle and daily activities in the study area and Lagos at large. This study is

aim at expanding and creating these awareness of the impact of air pollution to climate change

which have diverse implication on human and the environment.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH

The theoretical framework of this research cover the effects on air pollutions to climate changes

and how it affects human health and activities. It further emphasis on the history of air pollution in

the study area and the sources of air pollution in the study area and ways to curbs the effects in

related to climate change. Which make the theory the define the aims and concept to reality.

The theory went further to analyze the operational linkages between the contribution of air

pollution to climate and the impact of climate change in their environment. Hence, the needs the

needs for government to mitigate the vulnerability of climate variability and change.

REFERENCES

Fatile J.O (2013). Climate Change and Public Service delivery in Nigeria. Journal of Business

and Social Science.7(1) 101-102

Achike, A. I. et al. (2019). Green house gas emission determinants in Nigeria: Implications for

trade, climate change mitigation and adaptation policies.

https://trapca.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/TWP1211-Green-house-gas-emissions-

determinants-in-Nigeria-implications-for-trade-climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation-

policies.pdf

Adeniji, A. (2010). Climate Change and its impact on Political and socio-economic development

in Africa. International journal of social and policy issues 7(2): 41-68

Abraham, T. W. and Fonta, W. M. (2018). Climate change and financing adaptation by farmers in

Northern Nigeria. Financial Innovation, 4(11). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40854-

018-0094-0

Punch News (2015). Flood sacks Lagos Residence Community. October 13, 2015. P. 12
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2007). Human development report

2007/2008. Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. New York: UNDP.

Ozor, N. (2009). Understanding Climate Change: Implications for Nigerian Agriculture, Policy

and Extension. Paper presented at the National conference on climate change and the Nigeria

Environment. Organized by the Department of Geography, university of Nigeria, Nsukkam 29

June-2nd July

The Sunday Punch (2014). Warnings about Superstorm sandy effects in Lagos. Sunday November

18, 2014, p1.

Kotkin, J. and W. Cox, 2013. The World’s Fastest-Growing Megacities. Forbes Magazines.

Akanni, C.O., 2010. Spatial and seasonal analysis of traffic-related pollutant concentrations in

Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. African J. Agric. Res., 5: 1264-1272. DOI: 10.5897/AJAR09.253

Ogunnowo, C.O. and K.A. Aderogba, 2006. Urban climate and thermal comfortability: A case

study of Lagos Metropolis. J. Environ. Cons. Res., 1,:113 -127.

Emordi, E.C. and O.M. Osiki, 2008. Lagos: The ‘Villagized’ City. Inform. Society Justice, 2: 95-

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Ifeanyi-obi, C.C. and Nnadi, F.N. (2014). Climate change adaptation measures used by farmers in

Southsouth Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 8(4).

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a63d/22bf8b8ebde892a7c9d761ee1653e0e11df6.pdf

Akeh, G.I. and Mshelia, A.D. (2016). Climate change and urban flooding: Implications for

Nigeria's built environment. https://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/50865

Dioha, M. O. and Emodi, N. V. (2018). Energy-climate dilemma in Nigeria: Options for the

future. IAEE Energy Forum.

Elum, Z. A. and Momodu, A. S. (2017). Climate change mitigation and renewable energy for

sustainable development in Nigeria: A discourse approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Reviews 76, 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.040

Yahaya, O. and Nwabuogo, O. E. (2016). Renewable energy deployment as climate change

mitigation in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human-Social Science 16(4).

https://globaljournals.org/item/6195-renewable-energy-deployment-as-climate-change-mitigation-

in-nigeria
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

This chapter contain the methods and procedure employed during the research studies. It

comprises research design, sample and sampling techniques, research instrument, validity and

reliability of instrument. It also contains the procedures for data collection, method of analyzing

the data and ethnical constraint of the research area.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design uses quantitative research methodologies which are meant to create

numeric statistics by using survey research to gather data (Dawson,2019). It used random

sampling of data from Ilupeju, most especially industrial estate area of ilupeju, Mushin local

government of Lagos state. It also uses Descriptive research design which is purely a theoretical

basis where the individual collect data, analyses, prepare and presented in an understandable

manner such as table, bar chart and pie chart. It also employed the administrative survey method

using open end and closed end question to the respondent.

3.2 SAMPLING SIZE AND SAMPLE TECHNIQUE

3.2.1 sampling size

The survey was conducted at Ilepeju in Mushin local government area of Lagos state, in

the following area such as coker road, ilupeju industrial estate, Odi-Olowo and Obokun street all

in Ilepeju. These are area with high tendency of air polluted environment with many industrial

and manufacturing facilities.

3.2.2 sample techniques

 Data were collected at both street, industrial facilities, with respondent selected at random

and a questionnaires was administered to making a total of 175 questionnaires. Out of 175

questionnaires distributed 145 were completed filled and return, which were used in data analysis

and measurement at ordinal level. This present 82.9 % of respondent rate which indicate an

acceptable level for the research..

3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The instruments used for this study were questionnaire, administered to the

respondents mentioned above. The questionnaire comprises of two sections: namely section A

which is mainly descriptive designed to generate information about the background of the

respondents. While section B contained the level at which air pollution is contributing to climate

change in the research area.

The section B which contain eleven question were derive from the aims and objective of the

research, it also covers the research problems and ways to mitigate it. It also employed

dichotomy question and also tells the importance of the research. Development of the research

instrument was designed by the researcher taking into consideration the relevance and needful of

the research in the study area.

3.4 Validity / Reliability

The validity of research instrument for data collection was determined before usage by

content, these was acheieved by scrutiny of the instrument by the research supervisor (Engr.

Oluwatoyin Ajayi) in the department of architecture, college of environmental science and

management, Caleb University Lagos State. The items were scrutinized by asserting their

relevance, clarity and comprehensiveness. This will bring out the expected responses that will

help in determining the research aim and objective.

 The reliability of internal consistency of the instrument was established through the use

of Cronbach’s coefficient Alpha method of establishing reliability. This will enhance the strength

of the research study.

3.6 PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION

The researcher presented themselves physical to the respondent in their respective homes, street

and work places which enable the researcher to have access to the respondent time and attention.

Therefore, a brief discussion of the research topics was discussed thereafter a questionnaire were

administered by the researcher to all eligible participant, which was collected after a period of

time, so as to encourage 100% retrieval and avoid misunderstanding and misconception.

3.7 METHOD FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Data generated in course of this research was presented in frequency distribution tables with raw

figures and simple percentage analysis. The research used descriptive techniques which are

based on qualitative and quantitative analyses, taking into account the numerical values or the

frequencies with which the various delineated items of the content analysis occurred.

3.8 ETHICAL CONSTRAINTS

Ethnical constraint put in adhere during the process of carrying out the research, firstly the

respondent was proper informed and willfully voluntary in taking the survey and answering the

questionnaires and the respondent were properly oriented of the aims and objectives of the

research topics and how valuable it is to the society and the county at large.