LCVJÒK LJ IKVBV
NBFCWBV JM ZMB S
LKV LCPJFFCKMJV
 

2.88. IKVB BPNBLB JM ZM VJM\CLK.

 Lcsjòbr ib iksb nbfczb prk

rkpu
puj
jstb IN2 fkm um fkmfrjtk lj 028 ad/fn0 y bfjr
fjrk lj rj
rjeeujrzk
rzk lj
<088 ad/fn0, ib iks
iksb skpkrtb um tb`cqu
cqujrîb lj fkmfrjtk lj j>28 fn y ercsk pbr
pbrb bn`b
n`bs fbrb
rbs
s,
fkmtr
kmtrb
bpc
pcsk
sk lj : fn y pjsk
pjsk jspj
jspjfc
fcec
ecfk
fk 0088
088 ad/n
ad/n6
6, bljn
bljnâs
âs sj ij bscd
bscdmk
mk um :% lj cms
cmstbib
tbibf
fckmj
ckmjs
s
sbmc
sbmctb
tbrc
rcbs
bs,, fbrd
fbrdb
b vc
vcvb
vb lj 488
488 ad/f
ad/fn0
n0..
 

2.82. XPJLCNVCKMBNCJM\K.

Xkr ik vcstk jm pibmtb tjmjnks trjs iksbs lcejrjmtjs, ib IN2 js umb iksb fkmtcmub, ib IN0 y IN6 skm iksbs
fkm um skik jxtrjnk fkmtcmuk, y bi cdubi quj ib iksb IN< js fkmtcmub fknpijtbnjmtj pjrk tcjmj um vkiblk
jm um jxtrjnk quj mk fbn`cb nufok ji prkfjlcncjmtk lj prjlcnjmsckmblk. Xkr ik tbmtk tjmjnks 7

Iksb fkmtcmub7
 6:
6:8
8 
ℍ≪  >   > 20.:
20.: 
0? 0?

‷ Iksb fkm um jxtrjnk fkmtcmuk7

 6:
6:8
8 
ℍ≪  >   > 2<.:
2<.:?
? 
0< 0<

 BVZNCNKV 2: fn
 

2.80. NJ\PBLK LJ FBPDBV.

Fbrdb Nujrtb7
Jijnjmtk Xjsk umctbrck (\M-n) Jspjskr Xbrfcbi (\M-n0)
\b`cqujrîb 8.02 2.88 8.02
 Bfb`blk 0.08 8.8: 8.22
8.22
Iksb 0.<8 8.2: 8.65
Vu` \ktbi 8.5?
% CV 8.86
\ktbi (FL) 8.42

‷ Fbrdb lj Vjrvcfck7
T > 
 +  > 8.4
8.42
2 + 8.
8.48
48 > 
..  /
/

‷ Fbrdb lj Lcsjòk1 Fknk ji bmfok lj lcsjòk js umctbrck sjrâ ji ncsnk7

T > 2.
2.<
<
 + 2.
2.4
4
 > 2.
2.<
< 8.
8.42
42 + 2.
2.4
4 8.
8.48
48 > . /
/
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

Fbrdbs lj lcsjòk bpicfblb7

 B @ F L
2 2 2 2

0.2? \M-n0

‷ Lcbdrbnb lj nknjmtk eijftkr7 Xkr iks fkjecfcjmtj BFC

 Bpkyk \rbnk Nknjmtk (+) \M-n Nknjmtk (-) \M-n

 B B-@ 0.<6 0.<6

@ @-F 2.53 2.35
F F-L 2.06 2.35
L 2.06
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

‷ Jseujrzk prknjlck jm ji jijnjmtk eijxckmblk7

A > 8.?
8.?: ¼ Ô  >  8.?
: Ô ¼  8.?:
: Ô 028 Ô 288 > .   

Biturb ÷tci lj ib iksb7

 > ℍ  > 2
2:
:  0.: > 

.  

Bfjrk nîmcnk7
   > 8.2?
8.2? Ô ℍ > 8.
8.2?
2? Ô 2: > .
.

Zsbmlk `brrbs lj 6/? tjmjnks7

0.
0.48
48 
0
0
¸  


 >  > 6.?8 ← <
<  6/?
6/?""
8.
8.42
42 
0
0

28
288
8 
    >   > 0:  ← ∊ 6/?" H 8.0: 
<
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

‷ Fbifuik lj bfjrk jm ji
j i bpkyk B7

     .
N > 0.<6    1  >
0.<6  >   >  .    
∊ .

b>  ∐
∐


  > . 

  Ô   Ô.
    >  >   > . 
 =    . . . . . . . . . KAJS

 

Zsbmlk `brrbs lj 2/0" tjmjnks7

:.
:.<<
<< 0
0
¸  

 >  > <.0?
<.0? ← : 
  2/0"
2/0"
2.
2.04
04 0
0

    > 288 

  > 08  ← ∊ 2/0" H 8.0
.08
8
:
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

‷ Fbifuik lj bfjrk jm ji
j i trbnk B-@7

     .
N > 0.<6    1  >
0.<6  >   >  .    
∊ .

b>  ∐
∐


  > . 

  Ô   Ô.
    >  >   > . 
 =    . . . . . . . . . KAJS

 

Zsbmlk `brrbs lj 2/0" tjmjnks7

:.
:.<<
<< 0
0
¸  

 >  > <.0?
<.0? ← : 
  2/0"
2/0"
2.
2.04
04 0
0

    > 288 

  > 08  ← ∊ 2/0" H 8.0
.08
8
:
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

‷ Fbifuik lj bfjrk jm ji bpkyk @7

     .
N > 2.35    1  >
2.35  >   >  .     
∊ .

b>  ∐
∐


  > . 

  Ô   Ô.
    >  >   > <.6<
<.6<  =    . . . . . . . . . KAJS

 

Zsbmlk `brrbs lj 2/0" tjmjnks7

<.
<.6<
6< 0
0
¸  

 >  > 6.<2
6.<2 ← < 
  2/0"
2/0"     :
2.
2.04
04 0
0

    > 288 

  > 08  ← ∊ 2/0" H 8.0
.08
8
:
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

‷ Fbifuik lj bfjrk jm ji trbnk @-F7

     .
N > 2.53    1  >
2.53  >   >  .     
∊ .

b>  ∐
∐


  > 8.??

  Ô   Ô.
    >  >   > 6.4<
6.4<  =    . . . . . . . . . KAJS

 

Zsbmlk `brrbs lj 2/0" tjmjnks7

6.
6.4<
4< 0
0
¸  

 >  > 0.3:
0.3: ← 6 
  2/0"
2/0"     :
2.
2.04
04 0
0

    > 288 

  > 08  ← ∊ 2/0" H 8.0
.08
8
:
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

‷ Fbifuik lj bfjrk jm ji bpkyk F7

     .
N > 2.35    1  >
2.35  >   >  .     
∊ .

b>  ∐
∐


  > . 

  Ô   Ô.
    >  >   > <.6<
<.6<  =    . . . . . . . . . KAJS

 

Zsbmlk `brrbs lj 2/0" tjmjnks7

<.
<.6<
6< 0
0
¸  

 >  > 6.<2
6.<2 ← < 
  2/0"
2/0"     :
2.
2.04
04 0
0

    > 288 

  > 08  ← ∊ 2/0" H 8.0
.08
8
:
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

‷ Fbifuik lj bfjrk jm ji trbnk F-L7

     .
N > 2.06    1  >
2.06  >   > .
.      
∊ .

b>  ∐
∐


  > 8.56

  Ô   Ô.
    >  >   > 0.5?
0.5?  =    . . . . . . . . . KAJS

 

Zsbmlk `brrbs lj 2/0" tjmjnks7

0.
0.5?
5? 0
0
¸  

 >  > 0.20
0.20 ← 6 
  2/0"
2/0"     :
2.
2.04
04 0
0

    > 288 

  > 08  ← ∊ 2/0" H 8.0
.08
8
:
 

2.86. Lcsjòk lj ib iksb IN2.

‷ Fbifuik lj bfjrk jm ji bpkyk L7

     .
N > 2.06    1  >
2.06  >   > .
.      
∊ .

b>  ∐
∐


  > 8.56

  Ô   Ô.
    >  >   > 0.5?
0.5?  =    . . . . . . . . . KAJS

 

Zsbmlk `brrbs lj 2/0" tjmjnks7

0.
0.5?
5? 0
0
¸  

 >  > 0.20
0.20 ← 6 
  2/0"
2/0"     :
2.
2.04
04 0
0

    > 288 

  > 08  ← ∊ 2/0" H 8.0
.08
8
:
 

2.8<. LCVXKVCFCÖM ECMBI LJI BFJPK.

∊ 2/0"H
2/0"H 8.
8.08
08
∊ 2/0"H
2/0"H 8.08
8.08 ∊ 2/0"H
2/0"H 8.
8.08
08
∊ 2/0"H
2/0"H 8.08
8.08

∊ 6/?"H
6/?"H 8.08
8.08   ∊6/?" H 8.08
∊6/?" 8.08 ∊ 6/?"H
6/?"H 8.
8.08
08
∊ 2/0"H
2/0"H 8.
8.08
08
∊ 6/?"H
6/?"H 8.
8.08
08