THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

IVY JEAN A. FELICIANO, LPT.

Math 212 (4037)
ANGELITO D. GARDOSE, PhD.
December 11, 2021
ABSTRACT ALGEBRA (FINALS)
Instructions: There are 30 items, and the total number of points is 100. Show all your work.
Please make your work as clear as easy to follow as possible. Points will be rewarded on the
basis of neatness, the use of complete sentences and correct presentation of logical argument.
I.) Mark each of the following TRUE or FALSE. (1pt each)
TRUE 1.) Any definition a person gives for a group is correct provided he or she can show
that everything that satisfies the definition satisfies the one in the text and conversely.
FALSE2.) Any definition a person gives for a group is correct provided that everything that
is a group by that person’s definition is also a group by the definition in the text.
FALSE3.) The proper attitude toward a definition is to memorize it so that you can reproduce
it word for word as in the text.
TRUE 4.) In a group, each linear equation has a solution.
TRUE 5.) Any two groups of three elements are isomorphic.
FALSE6.) A group may have more than one identity element.
TRUE 7.) Every finite group of at most three elements is abelian.
TRUE 8.) An equation of the form a*x*b=c always has a unique solution in a group.
FALSE9.) The empty set can be considered a group.
FALSE10.) Every set of numbers that is a group under addition is also a group under
multiplication.
TRUE 11.) Z 4 is a cyclic group.
TRUE 12.) Every group is a subgroup of itself.
TRUE 13.) Every ring ha a multiplicative identity
TRUE 14.) Every element in a ring has an additive inverse.
FALSE15) The distributive laws for a ring are not very important.

II) Show your solution completely.

(For #s’ 1-2) In the following, determine whether the systems described are groups. If they
are not, point out which of the group axioms fails to hold. (5 pts each)
1. Let * be defined on Z by a*b=ab.
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

Answer:

If a , b ∈ Z , then ab ∈ Z
The set is closed.
( ab ) c =a ( bc ) ∴ it is associative
a ∙ 1=1 ∙ a=a ,a ∈ Z , identity exists
if a ∙ b=1
1 1
b= , ∉ Z if a ≠ 1 ,−1
a a
∴ this set with operation * does not form a group.

2. Let * be defined on Z by a*b=a-b.

Answer:
G1 : Associative
( a∗b )∗c=a∗( b∗c )
( a−b ) −c=a−( b−c )
a−b−c=a−b+ c
G2 : Identity
e∗x=x∗e=x
Let e = 0
0+ x=x +0
x=x , 0∈ Z
G3 :Inverse
∃ inverse a '
' '
a ∗a=a∗a =e
' '
a ∗a=a∗a =0
Let a ' =−a
−a∗a=a∗(−a)
−a+ a=a+(−a)
0=0
Since G1 failed to hold, ∴ a∗b=a−b defined on Z is not a group.

3. (5pts) Given: a∗b=a2 −b. What is the value of 3*4?

Answer:

Substitute 3 for a ; 4 for b  a∗b=32−4=9−4=5

4. (5pts) Given: x∗y =¿ 3 x −4 y ∨¿. What is the value of 2*6?

Answer:
Substitute 2 for x ; 6 for y  x∗y =|3 ( 2 )−4 ( 6 )|=|6−24|=−18

5. (5pts) Given: r∗s=2 r +3 s. What is the value of 3*(4*5)?

Answer:
Starting on the parentheses, substitute 4 for r ; 5 for s
 2 ( 4 )+ 3 (5 )=23
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

Replace r with 3; s with 23  2 ( 3 ) +3 ( 23 )=75

6. (5pts) Given: a∗b=a−b2. What is the value of (2*1)*3?

Answer:
Starting on the parentheses, substitute 2 for a ; 1 for b
 2−12 =1
Replace a with 1; b with 3  1−3 2=−8

7. (5pts) Find the list of subgroups of Z 4?

Answer:
The elements of Z 4 are the possibilities for the remainder when an integer is divided
by 4.
The only nontrivial proper subgroup of Z 4 is {0, 2}. Note that {0, 3} is not a subgroup
of Z 4, since {0, 3} is not closed under +. For example 3 + 3 = 2, and 2∉ {0, 3}.

So, the subgroups for Z 4 using lattice diagram:

Z4
↓
{ 2,0 }
↓
{0 }

8. Complete Table 5.25 to give the group Z6 of 6 elements.

Z6

+ 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5 0
2 2 3 4 5 0 1
3 3 4 5 0 1 2
4 4 5 0 1 2 3
5 5 0 1 2 3 4

9. Which elements are generators for the group Z6 ?

Answer:
1 and 5 are the generators of Z6 because the order of 1 and 5 is 6.

10. (5pts) Show that the set of all nonnegative integers (including 0) under addition is not
a group.
Answer:
G= set of all nonnegative integers, a∗b=a+ b.

G1 : Associative
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

( a∗b )∗c=a∗( b∗c )

( a+ b ) +c=a+ ( b+ c )
a+ b+c=a+b+ c
G2 : Identity
e∗x=x∗e=x
Let e = 0
0+ x=x +0
x=x , 0∈ Z
G3 :Inverse
∃ inverse a '
' '
a ∗a=a∗a =e
' '
a ∗a=a∗a =0
Let a=2
Let a ' =−2
−a∗a=a∗(−a)
−2+2=2+(−2)
0=0, but -2 ∉ G

It is associative, identity is 0, but inverses do not exist. For example, above, inverse of
2 is -2 ∉ G. Therefore, the set of all nonnegative integers (including 0) under addition
is not a group.

11. (5pts) Give two tables that are structurally alike. Explain briefly your representation
of symbols.

Answer:

Table 1.1
+¿ 0 1 2 The isomorphism between Table 1.1 and Table 1.2 is
explicitly given as
0 0 1 2
ϕ ( 0 )=a , ϕ ( 1 )=b ,∧ϕ ( 2 )=c .
1 1 2 0
Confirm ¿ the tables that
2 2 0 1
ϕ ( x+ y )=ϕ ( x )∗ϕ ( y )
for all x , y ϵ { 0,1,2 } .
For example , ϕ ( 0+1 )=ϕ ( 1 )=b∧ϕ ( 0 )∗ϕ ( 1 ) =a∗b=b ,∧hence ϕ ( 0+1 )=
.

¿ a b c
a a b c
b b c a
c c a b
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

Table 1.2

12. (10 pts) Give the definition of a group and give one example (illustrate the axioms
being satisfied)
Answer:
A group < G, *> is a set G and a binary operation on G such that G is closed under
and;
G1. For all a , b , c ∈ G, * is associative: ( a∗b )∗c=a∗(b∗c ).
G 2. There is e ∈ G called the identity such that for all x ∈ G: e∗x=x∗e=x .
G3. For all a ∈ G, there is an inverse a ' ∈ G such that a∗a ' =a'∗a=e.

ab
Example: ¿ Q+¿, 2 >¿ ¿
G 1.
( a∗b )∗c=a∗(b∗c )
ab a∗bc
∗c=
2 2
ab bc
c a
2 2
=
2 2
abc abc
2 2
=
2 2
abc abc
=
4 4
∴ G1 holds.

G 2.
e∗x=x∗e=x e=?
∃ e=2 such that e∗x=x
2∗x=x∗2=x ex
=x
2x x∙2 2
=
2 2 ex =2 x
x=x e=2

Since 2 ∈Q+¿ ,G ¿ holds.

2

G 3.
' '
a' = ? a∗a =a ∗a=e
a '∗a=2 ' 4
∃a =
a'a a
=2
2
a ' a=4
4
a '=
a
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PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

a∗4 4
= ∗a
a a
2=2=2

Since G1 ,G2 and G3 hold, ∴<Q +¿,∗¿¿ is a group.

13. (5 pts) Give the definition of a ring.

Answer:

A ring < R, +, ∙> is a set R together with two binary operations + and ∙ , called
addition and multiplication, respectively, defined on R such that:
R1: < R, + > is an abelian group.
R2: Multiplication ∙is associative: ( a ∙ b ) ∙ c=a ∙(b ∙ c) for all a , b , c ∈ R.
R3 : For all a , b , c ∈ R, the left distribution law a ∙ ( b+c ) =(a ∙ b)+( a∙ c ) and the tight
distribution law (a+ b)∙ c=(a ∙ c)+( b ∙ c) hold.

14. (5pts) State the Lagrange Theorem.

Answer:
Theorem of Lagrange (“Lagrange’s Theorem”). Let H be a subgroup of a finite group
G. Then the order of H is a divisor of the order of G.

15. (10 pts) Prove that every cyclic group is abelian.

Proof:
Let G be a cyclic group and let a be a generator of G so that
n
G=¿ a≥ {a ∨n∈ Z }
If g1 and g2 are any two elements of G, ∃ integers r and s such that g1=ar and g2=as .
Then
g1 g 2=a r as=ar +s=as +r=as a r=g1 g 2 ,
so G is abelian.