Giant Panda: Giant Panda at The Ocean Park Hong Kong

Giant panda - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Giant_panda
Giant panda
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), also known as

the panda bear (or simply the panda), is a bear species Giant panda
endemic to China.[4] It is characterised by its bold black-and-
white coat and rotund body. The name "giant panda" is
sometimes used to distinguish it from the red panda, a
neighboring musteloid. Though it belongs to the order
Carnivora, the giant panda is a folivore, with bamboo shoots
and leaves making up more than 99% of its diet.[5] Giant
pandas in the wild occasionally eat other grasses, wild
tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents, or carrion.
In captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub
leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared Giant panda at the Ocean Park Hong
food.[6][7] Kong
Conservation status
The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central
China, mainly in Sichuan, and also in neighbouring Shaanxi
and Gansu.[8] As a result of farming, deforestation, and other
development, the giant panda has been driven out of the
lowland areas where it once lived, and it is a conservation- Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
reliant vulnerable species.[9][10] A 2007 report showed 239
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27
outside the country.[11] By December 2014, 49 giant pandas Scientific classification
lived in captivity outside China, living in 18 zoos in 13
Kingdom: Animalia
countries.[12] Wild population estimates vary; one estimate
shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the Phylum: Chordata
wild,[11] while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that Class: Mammalia
this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000.[13] Some
reports also show that the number of giant pandas in the Order: Carnivora
wild is on the rise.[14] By March 2015, the wild giant panda Family: Ursidae
population had increased to 1,864 individuals.[15] In 2016, it
was reclassified on the IUCN Red List from "endangered" to Genus: Ailuropoda
"vulnerable",[1] affirming decade-long efforts to save the Species: A. melanoleuca
panda. In July 2021, Chinese authorities also reclassified the
Binomial name
giant panda as vulnerable.[16]
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
The giant panda has often served as China's national symbol, David, 1869[2]
appeared on Chinese Gold Panda coins since 1982 and as one
of the five Fuwa mascots of the 2008 Summer Olympics. Subspecies
†A. m. hastorni
A. m. melanoleuca
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Giant panda - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda
A. m. qinlingensis
Contents
Taxonomy
Classification
Etymology
Subspecies
Description
Pathology
Genomics
Giant panda range
Ecology
Diet Giant panda
Predators
Behavior
Reproduction
Human use and interaction
Early references
Western discovery "Panda" in Traditional (top) and
Panda diplomacy Simplified (bottom) Chinese
Zoos characters[3]
Conservation Traditional Chinese 熊貓
Biofuel Simplified Chinese 熊猫
Population chart Literal meaning "bear
See also cat"
References Transcriptions
External links Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin xióngmāo
Wade–Giles hsiung2-mao1
Taxonomy IPA [ɕjʊ̌ŋ.máʊ]
Wu
Classification Suzhounese yón-mau
Yue: Cantonese
For many decades, the precise taxonomic classification of the
giant panda was under debate because it shares characteristics Yale Romanization hùhng-māau
with both bears and raccoons.[17] However, molecular studies Jyutping hung4-maau1
indicate the giant panda is a true bear, part of the family IPA [hȍŋ.máːu]
Ursidae.[18][19] These studies show it diverged about
Alternative Chinese name
19 million years ago from the common ancestor of the
Ursidae;[20] it is the most basal member of this family and Traditional Chinese 貓熊
equidistant from all other extant bear species.[21][20] The giant Simplified Chinese 猫熊
panda has been referred to as a living fossil.[22]
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Etymology Literal meaning "cat

bear"
The word panda was borrowed into English from French, but Transcriptions
no conclusive explanation of the origin of the French word
Hakka
panda has been found.[23] The closest candidate is the Nepali
word ponya, possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone of the Romanization meu-yùng
red panda, which is native to Nepal. The Western world Southern Min
originally applied this name to the red panda.
Hokkien POJ niau-hîm
In many older sources, the name "panda" or "common panda"
refers to the lesser-known red panda,[24] thus necessitating the
inclusion of "giant" and "lesser/red" prefixes in front of the
names. Even in 2013, the Encyclopædia Britannica still used
"giant panda" or "panda bear" for the bear,[25] and simply
"panda" for the red panda,[26] despite the popular usage of the
word "panda" to refer to giant pandas.
Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese

language has given the bear 20 different names, such as mò (貘
Panda cubs
ancient Chinese name for giant panda),[27] huāxióng ( 花熊
"spotted bear") and zhúxióng ( 竹熊 "bamboo bear").[28] The
most popular names in China today are dàxióngmāo ( 大熊貓 literally "giant bear cat"), or simply
xióngmāo (熊貓 "bear cat"). The name xióngmāo (熊貓 "bear cat") was originally used to describe
the red panda (Ailurus fulgens), but since the giant panda was thought to be closely related to the
red panda, dàxióngmāo (大熊貓) was named relatively.[28]
In Taiwan, another popular name for panda is the inverted dàmāoxióng (大貓熊 "giant cat bear"),
though many encyclopediae and dictionaries in Taiwan still use the "bear cat" form as the correct
name. Some linguists argue, in this construction, "bear" instead of "cat" is the base noun, making
this name more grammatically and logically correct, which may have led to the popular choice
despite official writings.[28] This name did not gain its popularity until 1988, when a private zoo in
Tainan painted a sun bear black and white and created the Tainan fake panda incident.[29][30]
Subspecies
Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the

basis of distinct cranial measurements, colour patterns, and
population genetics.[31]
The nominate subspecies, A. m. melanoleuca, consists of

most extant populations of the giant panda. These animals
are principally found in Sichuan and display the typical stark
black and white contrasting colours.
The Qinling panda has a light brown
The Qinling panda, A. m. qinlingensis,[32] is restricted to the and white pattern
Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi at elevations of
1,300–3,000 m (4,300–9,800 ft). The typical black and
white pattern of Sichuan giant pandas is replaced with a light brown and white pattern.[31] The
skull of A. m. qinlingensis is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars.
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A detailed study of the giant panda's genetic history from 2012[33] confirms that the separation of
the Qinlin population occurred about 300,000 years ago, and reveals that the non-Qinlin
population further diverged into two groups, named the Minshan and the Qionglai-Daxiangling-
Xiaoxiangling-Liangshan group respectively, about 2,800 years ago.[34]
Description
Adults measure around 1.2 to 1.9 metres (3 feet 11 inches to
6 feet 3 inches) long, including a tail of about 10–15 cm
(4–6 in), and 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) tall at the shoulder.
[36][37] Males can weigh up to 160 kg (350 lb).[38] Females
(generally 10–20% smaller than males)[39] can weigh as little as

70 kg (150 lb), but can also weigh up to 125 kg (276 lb).[9]
[36][40] The average weight for adults is 100 to 115 kg (220 to
254 lb).[41]
The skull of a giant panda at the
The giant panda has a body shape typical of bears. It has black
Smithsonian Museum of Natural
fur on its ears, eye patches, limbs and shoulders. The rest of the
History (Catalog Number 259403,
collected by David Crockett Graham animal's coat is white.[42] The bear's distinctive coat appears to
in Wen Chuan, Sichuan, China, serve as camouflage in both winter and summer environments.
Dec. 1934.[35] The white areas may serve as camouflage in snow, while the
black shoulders and legs provide crypsis in shade.[43] Studies in
the wild have found that when viewed from a distance, the
panda displays disruptive coloration while close up, they rely
more on blending in.[44] The black ears may signal aggressive
intent,[43] while the eye patches might facilitate them
identifying one another.[43][45][46] The giant panda's thick,
The skeleton (left) and taxidermy woolly coat keeps it warm in the cool forests of its habitat.[42]
model (right) of "Tong Tong", once The panda's skull shape is typical of durophagous carnivorans.
bred in Ueno Zoo at the National It has evolved from previous ancestors to exhibit larger molars
Museum of Nature and Science, with increased complexity and expanded temporal fossa.[47][48]
Tokyo A 110.45 kg (243.5 lb) giant panda has a 3D canine teeth bite
force of 2603.47 newtons and bite force quotient of 292.
Another study had a 117.5 kg (259 lb) giant panda bite of 1298.9
newtons (BFQ 151.4) at canine teeth and 1815.9 newtons (BFQ 141.8) at carnassial teeth.[49]
The giant panda's paw has a "thumb" and five fingers; the "thumb" – actually a modified sesamoid
bone – helps it to hold bamboo while eating.[50] Stephen Jay Gould discusses this feature in his
book of essays on evolution and biology, The Panda's Thumb.
The giant panda's tail, measuring 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in), is the second-longest in the bear family,
behind the sloth bear.[39]
The giant panda typically lives around 20 years in the wild and up to 30 years in captivity.[51] A
female named Jia Jia was the oldest giant panda ever in captivity, born in 1978 and died at an age
of 38 on 16 October 2016.[52]
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Pathology
A seven-year-old female named Jin Yi died in 2014 in a zoo in

Zhengzhou, China, after showing symptoms of gastroenteritis
and respiratory disease. It was found that the cause of death
was toxoplasmosis, a disease caused by an obligate intracellular
parasitic protozoan known as Toxoplasma gondii that infects
most warm-blooded animals, including humans.[53]
Genomics
The giant panda genome was sequenced in 2009 using Illumina

dye sequencing.[54] Its genome contains 20 pairs of autosomes
and one pair of sex chromosomes.
Bones of the left forelimb

Ecology
Diet
Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivoran, the giant

panda's diet is primarily herbivorous, consisting almost
exclusively of bamboo.[51] However, the giant panda still has
the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific
genes,[55] and thus derives little energy and little protein from
consumption of bamboo. Its ability to digest cellulose is
ascribed to the microbes in its gut.[56][57] Pandas are born with
sterile intestines and require bacteria obtained from their
Pandas eating bamboo.
mother's feces to digest vegetation.[58] The giant panda is a
highly specialised animal with unique adaptations, and has
lived in bamboo forests for millions of years.[59]
The average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to

30 lb) of bamboo shoots a day to compensate for the limited
energy content of its diet. Ingestion of such a large quantity of
material is possible and necessary because of the rapid passage
of large amounts of indigestible plant material through the
short, straight digestive tract.[60][61] It is also noted, however, 0:34
that such rapid passage of digesta limits the potential of
microbial digestion in the gastrointestinal tract,[60] limiting Pandas eating, standing, playing
alternative forms of digestion. Given this voluminous diet, the
giant panda defecates up to 40 times a day.[62] The limited
energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The giant panda tends to
limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain to limit its energy expenditures.[63]
Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and round face, are adaptations to its
bamboo diet. Anthropologist Russell Ciochon observed: "[much] like the vegetarian gorilla, the low
body surface area to body volume [of the giant panda] is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This
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lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allows the giant panda to subsist on nutrient
poor resources such as bamboo."[63] Similarly, the giant panda's round face is the result of
powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw.[63] Large molars crush and
grind fibrous plant material.
The morphological characteristics of extinct relatives of the giant panda suggest that while the
ancient giant panda was omnivorous 7 million years ago (mya), it only became herbivorous some
2–2.4 mya with the emergence of A. microta.[64][65] Genome sequencing of the giant panda
suggests that the dietary switch could have initiated from the loss of the sole T1R1/T1R3 umami
taste receptor, resulting from two frameshift mutations within the T1R1 exons.[66] Umami taste
corresponds to high levels of glutamate as found in meat and may have thus altered the food choice
of the giant panda.[67] Although the pseudogenisation of the umami taste receptor in Ailuropoda
coincides with the dietary switch to herbivory, it is likely a result of, and not the reason for, the
dietary change.[65][66][67] The mutation time for the T1R1 gene in the giant panda is estimated to
4.2 mya[65] while fossil evidence indicates bamboo consumption in the giant panda species at least
7 mya,[64] signifying that although complete herbivory occurred around 2 mya, the dietary switch
was initiated prior to T1R1 loss-of-function.
Pandas eat any of 25 bamboo species in the wild, such as Fargesia dracocephala[68] and Fargesia
rufa.[69] Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit.
Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less.[70]
Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, the
giant panda must have at least two different species available in its range to avoid starvation. While
primarily herbivorous, the giant panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth and will eat meat, fish,
and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the giant panda's bamboo diet,
though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements.[71]
Pandas will travel between different habitats if they need to, so they can get the nutrients that they
need and to balance their diet for reproduction. For six years, scientists studied six pandas tagged
with GPS collars at the Foping Reserve in the Qinling Mountains. They took note of their foraging
and mating habits and analyzed samples of their food and feces. The pandas would move from the
valleys into the Qinling Mountains and would only return to the valleys in autumn. During the
summer months, bamboo shoots rich in protein are only available at higher altitudes which causes
low calcium rates in the pandas. During breeding season, the pandas would return to lower
altitudes to eat bamboo leaves rich in calcium.[72]
Predators
Although adult giant pandas have few natural predators other than humans, young cubs are
vulnerable to attacks by snow leopards, yellow-throated martens,[73] eagles, feral dogs, and the
Asian black bear. Sub-adults weighing up to 50 kg (110 lb) may be vulnerable to predation by
leopards.[74]
Behavior
The giant panda is a terrestrial animal and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the
bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains and in the hilly province of Sichuan.[75] Giant pandas are
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generally solitary.[59] Each adult has a defined territory and a female is not tolerant of other
females in her range. Social encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which
pandas in proximity to one another will gather.[76] After mating, the male leaves the female alone
to raise the cub.[77]
Pandas were thought to fall into the crepuscular category, those who are active twice a day, at dawn
and dusk; however, Jindong Zhang found that pandas may belong to a category all of their own,
with activity peaks in the morning, afternoon and midnight. Due to their sheer size, they can be
active at any time of the day.[78] Activity is highest in June and decreases in late summer to
autumn with an increase from November through the following March.[79] Activity is also directly
related to the amount of sunlight during colder days.[79]
Pandas communicate through vocalisation and scent marking such as clawing trees or spraying
urine.[9] They are able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock crevices, but do not
establish permanent dens. For this reason, pandas do not hibernate, which is similar to other
subtropical mammals, and will instead move to elevations with warmer temperatures.[80] Pandas
rely primarily on spatial memory rather than visual memory.[81]
Though the panda is often assumed to be docile, it has been known to attack humans, presumably
out of irritation rather than aggression.[82][83][84]
Pandas have been known to cover themselves in horse manure to protect themselves against cold
temperatures.[85]
Reproduction
Initially, the primary method of breeding giant pandas in

captivity was by artificial insemination, as they seemed to lose
their interest in mating once they were captured.[87] This led
some scientists to try extreme methods, such as showing them
videos of giant pandas mating[88] and giving the males
sildenafil (commonly known as Viagra).[89] Only recently have
researchers started having success with captive breeding
programs, and they have now determined giant pandas have
comparable breeding to some populations of the American A giant panda cub. At birth, the giant
black bear, a thriving bear species. The normal reproductive panda typically weighs 100 to 200
rate is considered to be one young every two years.[14][75] grams (31⁄2 to 7 ounces) and
measures 15 to 17 centimeters (6 to
Giant pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four 7 inches) long.[86]
and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20.[90] The
mating season is between March and May, when a female goes
into estrus, which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year.[91] When mating, the
female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. Copulation time
ranges from 30 seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure
successful fertilisation. The gestation period is somewhere between 95 and 160 days - the
variability is due to the fact that the fertilized egg may linger in the reproductive system for a while
before implanting on the uterine wall.[91]
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Giant pandas give birth to twins in about half of

pregnancies.[92] If twins are born, usually only one survives in
the wild. The mother will select the stronger of the cubs, and
the weaker cub will die due to starvation. The mother is
thought to be unable to produce enough milk for two cubs since
she does not store fat.[93] The father has no part in helping
raise the cub.
When the cub is first born, it is pink, blind, and toothless,[94] Panda Research and Breeding
1
weighing only 90 to 130 g (31⁄4 to 41⁄2 oz), or about 800 of the Center in Chengdu.
mother's weight,[17] proportionally the smallest baby of any
placental mammal.[95] It nurses from its mother's breast six to
14 times a day for up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den
to feed, which leaves the cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the cub's skin turns grey
where its hair will eventually become black. Slight pink colour may appear on the cub's fur, as a
result of a chemical reaction between the fur and its mother's saliva. A month after birth, the colour
pattern of the cub's fur is fully developed. Its fur is very soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins
to crawl at 75 to 80 days;[17] mothers play with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them. The
cubs can eat small quantities of bamboo after six months,[96] though mother's milk remains the
primary food source for most of the first year. Giant panda cubs weigh 45 kg (100 pounds) at one
year and live with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old. The interval between
births in the wild is generally two years.
In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived
through artificial insemination using frozen sperm.[97] The cub was born at 07:41 on 23 July that
year in Sichuan as the third cub of You You, an 11-year-old.[97][98][99] The technique for freezing
the sperm in liquid nitrogen was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution
to the dwindling availability of giant panda semen, which had led to inbreeding.[99][100] Panda
semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species.
[97][98] It is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and Mexico
City will now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas.[100] In August
2014, a rare birth of panda triplets was announced in China; it was the fourth of such births ever
reported.[101]
Attempts have also been made to reproduce giant pandas by interspecific pregnancy where cloned
panda embryos were implanted into the uterus of an animal of another species. This has resulted in
panda fetuses, but no live births.[102]
Human use and interaction
Early references
In the past, pandas were thought to be rare and noble creatures – the Empress Dowager Bo was
buried with a panda skull in her vault. The grandson of Emperor Taizong of Tang is said to have
given Japan two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a sign of goodwill. Unlike many other animals
in Ancient China, pandas were rarely thought to have medical uses. The few known uses include
the Sichuan tribal peoples' use of panda urine to melt accidentally swallowed needles, and the use
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of panda pelts to control menstruation as described in the Qin dynasty encyclopedia Erya.[103]
The creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as giant
panda.[103] The dictionary Shuowen Jiezi (Eastern Han Dynasty) says that the mo, from Shu
(Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black,[104] although the older Erya describes mo simply as a
"white leopard".[105] The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature pixiu (貔貅) as referring to
the giant panda is also common.[106]
During the reign of the Yongle Emperor (early 15th century), his relative from Kaifeng sent him a
captured zouyu (騶虞), and another zouyu was sighted in Shandong. Zouyu is a legendary
"righteous" animal, which, similarly to a qilin, only appears during the rule of a benevolent and
sincere monarch. It is said to be fierce as a tiger, but gentle and strictly vegetarian, and described in
some books as a white tiger with black spots. Puzzled about the real zoological identity of the
creature captured during the Yongle era, Dutch Sinologist J. J. L. Duyvendak exclaimed, "Can it
possibly have been a Pandah?"[107]
Western discovery
The West first learned of the giant panda on 11 March 1869, when the French missionary Armand
David[17] received a skin from a hunter. The first Westerner known to have seen a living giant
panda is the German zoologist Hugo Weigold, who purchased a cub in 1916. Kermit and Theodore
Roosevelt, Jr., became the first Westerners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the Field
Museum of Natural History in the 1920s. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to
bring back a live giant panda, a cub named Su Lin[108] who went to live at the Brookfield Zoo in
Chicago. In 1938, Floyd Tangier Smith captured and delivered five giant pandas to London, they
arrived on 23 December aboard the SS Antenor.[109][110] These five were the first on British soil
and were transferred to London Zoo.[111] One, named Grandma, only lasted a few days. She was
taxidermized by E. Gerrard and Sons and sold to Leeds City Museum where she is currently on
display to the public. Another, Ming, became London Zoo's first Giant Panda. Her skull is held by
the Royal College of Surgeons of England.[112]
Panda diplomacy
In the 1970s, gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese

zoos formed an important part of the diplomacy of the People's
Republic of China (PRC), as it marked some of the first cultural
exchanges between China and the West. This practice has been
termed "panda diplomacy".[113]
Adult male giant panda
By 1984, however, pandas were no longer given as gifts.
Instead, China began to offer pandas to other nations only on
10-year loans, under terms including a fee of up to US$1,000,000 per year and a provision that any
cubs born during the loan are the property of China. Since 1998, because of a WWF lawsuit, the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service only allows a US zoo to import a panda if the zoo can
ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for the giant
panda and its habitat. As a result of this change in policy, nearly all the pandas in the world are
owned by China. The pandas leased to foreign zoos and any cubs are eventually returned to
China.[114] [115]
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In May 2005, China offered a breeding pair to Taiwan. The issue became embroiled in cross-Strait
relations – both over the underlying symbolism, and over technical issues such as whether the
transfer would be considered "domestic" or "international", or whether any true conservation
purpose would be served by the exchange.[116] A contest in 2006 to name the pandas was held in
the mainland, resulting in the politically charged names Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (from
tuanyuan, meaning "reunion", i.e. "reunification"). China's offer was initially rejected by Chen
Shui-bian, then President of Taiwan. However, when Ma Ying-jeou assumed the presidency in
2008, the offer was accepted, and the pandas arrived in December of that year.[117]
Zoos
Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the Western Han Dynasty in China, where the writer
Sima Xiangru noted that the panda was the most treasured animal in the emperor's garden of
exotic animals in the capital Chang'an (present Xi'an). Not until the 1950s were pandas again
recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos.[118]
Chi Chi at the London Zoo became very popular. This influenced the World Wildlife Fund to use a
panda as its symbol.[119]
A 2006 New York Times article outlined the economics of keeping pandas,[120] which costs five
times more than keeping the next most expensive animal, an elephant. American zoos generally
pay the Chinese government $1 million a year in fees, as part of a typical ten-year contract. San
Diego's contract with China was to expire in 2008, but got a five-year extension at about half of the
previous yearly cost.[121] The last contract, with the Memphis Zoo in Memphis, Tennessee, ended
in 2013.[120]
Conservation
The giant panda is a vulnerable species, threatened by continued habitat loss and habitat
fragmentation,[122] and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in captivity.[51] Its range is
currently confined to a small portion on the western edge of its historical range, which stretched
through southern and eastern China, northern Myanmar, and northern Vietnam.[1]
The giant panda has been a target of poaching by locals since ancient times and by foreigners since
it was introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were unable to poach giant pandas
in China because of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, but pandas
remained a source of soft furs for the locals. The population boom in China after 1949 created
stress on the pandas' habitat and the subsequent famines led to the increased hunting of wildlife,
including pandas. During the Cultural Revolution, all studies and conservation activities on the
pandas were stopped. After the Chinese economic reform, demand for panda skins from Hong
Kong and Japan led to illegal poaching for the black market, acts generally ignored by the local
officials at the time.
In 1963, the PRC government set up Wolong National Nature Reserve to save the declining panda
population.[123] However, few advances in the conservation of pandas were made at the time,
owing to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology. Many believed the best way to save
the pandas was to cage them. Because of the destruction of their natural habitat, along with
segregation caused by caging, reproduction of wild pandas was severely limited. In the 1990s,
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however, several laws (including gun control and the removal

of resident humans from the reserves) helped their chances of
survival. With these renewed efforts and improved
conservation methods, wild pandas have started to increase in
numbers in some areas, though they still are classified as a rare
species.
In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in

the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000.
Closeup of a seven-month-old
Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to
panda cub
estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new
method that analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists
believe the wild population may be as large as 3,000.[51] In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in
China, compared to just 13 reserves in 1998.[13] As the species has been reclassified to "vulnerable"
since 2016, the conservation efforts are thought to be working. Furthermore, in response to this
reclassification, the State Forestry Administration of China announced that they would not
accordingly lower the conservation level for panda, and would instead reinforce the conservation
efforts.[124]
The giant panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is one of the
few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a UNESCO World Heritage Site
designation. The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, located in the southwest province of Sichuan
and covering seven natural reserves, were inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2006.[125]
[126][127]
Not all conservationists agree that the money spent on conserving pandas is well spent. Chris
Packham has argued that the breeding of pandas in captivity is "pointless" because "there is not
enough habitat left to sustain them".[128] Packham argues that the money spent on pandas would
be better spent elsewhere,[128] and has said he would "eat the last panda if I could have all the
money we have spent on panda conservation put back on the table for me to do more sensible
things with". He also quoted, "The panda is possibly one of the grossest wastes of conservation
money in the last half century",[129] though he has apologised for upsetting people who like
pandas.[130] However, a 2015 paper found that the giant panda can serve as an umbrella species as
the preservation of their habitat also helps other endemic species in China, including 70% of the
country's forest birds, 70% of mammals and 31% of amphibians.[131]
In 2012, Earthwatch Institute, a global nonprofit that teams volunteers with scientists to conduct
important environmental research, launched a program called "On the Trail of Giant Panda". This
program, based in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, allows volunteers to work up close with
pandas cared for in captivity, and help them adapt to life in the wild, so that they may breed, and
live longer and healthier lives.[132] Efforts to preserve the panda bear populations in China have
come at the expense of other animals in the region, including snow leopards, wolves, and
dholes.[133]
In order to improve living and mating conditions for the fragmented populations of pandas, nearly
70 natural reserves have been combined to form the Giant Panda National Park in 2020. With a
size of 10,500 square miles, the park is roughly three times as large as Yellowstone National Park
and incorporates the Wolong National Nature Reserve. The state-owned Bank of China helped to
enable the project with US$1.5 billion. One major aim is to permanently keep the panda population
stable enough to avoid a relapse to its former IUCN Red List "endangered" status. Especially small,
11 of 28 16/07/2022, 8:16 PM
isolated populations run the risk of inbreeding and smaller genetic variety makes the individuals
more vulnerable to various defects and genetic mutation. Allowing a larger group of individuals to
roam through a larger area freely and choose from a greater variety of mates, helps to enrich
genetic diversity of their offspring.[134]
In 2020, the panda population of the new national park was already above 1,800 individuals,
which is roughly 80 percent of the entire panda population in China. Establishing the new
protected area in the Sichuan Province also gives various other endangered or threatened species,
like the Siberian tiger, the possibility to improve their living conditions by offering them a
habitat.[135] Other species who benefit from the protection of their habitat include the snow
leopard, the golden snub-nosed monkey, the red panda and the complex-toothed flying squirrel.
In July 2021, Chinese conservation authorities announced that giant pandas are no longer
endangered in the wild following years of conservation efforts, with a population in the wild
exceeding 1,800.[136][137]
Biofuel
Microbes in panda waste are being investigated for their use in creating biofuels from bamboo and
other plant materials.[138]
Population chart
Year Wild[139] Change Captivity[59] Change Total Change
1976 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
1985 800–1,200 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
1987 >1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
1994 1,200 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
1995 1,000 −200 n/a n/a n/a n/a
2003 1,596 +596 164[140] n/a 1,760 n/a
2012 n/a n/a 341[141] +178 n/a n/a
2013 1,864[142] +268 375[140][143] +34[143] 2,239 +479
See also
List of giant pandas
Panda tea
Pygmy giant panda
Wildlife of China
List of endangered and protected species of China
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12 of 28 16/07/2022, 8:16 PM
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Giant panda - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), also known as

External links Standard Mandarin

Etymology Literal meaning "cat

Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese

Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the

The nominate subspecies, A. m. melanoleuca, consists of

(generally 10–20% smaller than males)[39] can weigh as little as

A seven-year-old female named Jin Yi died in 2014 in a zoo in

The giant panda genome was sequenced in 2009 using Illumina

Bones of the left forelimb

Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivoran, the giant

The average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to

Initially, the primary method of breeding giant pandas in

Giant pandas give birth to twins in about half of

Human use and interaction

In the 1970s, gifts of giant pandas to American and Japanese

however, several laws (including gun control and the removal

In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in

Year Wild[139] Change Captivity[59] Change Total Change

1976 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1985 800–1,200 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1987 >1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1994 1,200 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

1995 1,000 −200 n/a n/a n/a n/a

2003 1,596 +596 164[140] n/a 1,760 n/a

2012 n/a n/a 341[141] +178 n/a n/a

2013 1,864[142] +268 375[140][143] +34[143] 2,239 +479

15. "Giant panda population rises by nearly 17 percent" (http://news.mongabay.com/2015/0302-ha

26. "panda (mammal, Ailurus species) – Encyclopedia Britannica" (https://web.archive.org/web/201

82. "Teenager hospitalized after panda attack in Chinese zoo" (https://web.archive.org/web/200906

93. "Panda Facts" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063658/http://www.pandasinternational.o

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant_panda&oldid=1098477559"

This page was last edited on 16 July 2022, at 01:18 (UTC).

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