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Removal of Color from Textile Industry Effluent

Article  in  Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences · June 2020

DOI: 10.24214/jcbps.D.10.3.29904.]

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JCBPS; Section D; May 2020 –July 2020, Vol. 10, No. 3; 299-304. E- ISSN: 2249 –1929
[DOI: 10.24214/jcbps.D.10.3.29904.]

Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences

An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences
Available online atwww.jcbsc.org

Section D: Environmental Sciences

CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article

Removal of Color from Textile Industry Effluent

Aijaz Panhwar1*, Khalida Faryal2, Aftab Kandhro3, Nazir Brohi4, Samina Khanzada5
and Kamran Ahmed1.

1
PCSIR, Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan.
2
Centre of Environmental Sciences, University of sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
3
M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan.
4
Institute of Microbiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
5
Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

Received: 12 May 2020; Revised: 29 May 2020; Accepted: 04 June 2020

Abstract: Water is a very important and vital part of our environment. It is becoming
rare; making its availability is also a main concern. The textile industrial effluent is most
pollutant which contains large amount of pollutants. A strict rule for decolorization is one
of the key concerns in industrial sector. Several treatment methods have been employed
for treatment of effluent, including coagulation, adsorption, biological, ion-exchange,
electrocoagulation etc. No Single treatment method is suitable to treat the highly polluted
effluent of both industries. In this study the effluent was treated by chemical coagulation
and followed by activated carbon. Three coagulants, aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride
and ferrous sulphate were used. By different amounts of coagulants and activated carbon
attained significant results. The color was decreased upto 15, 52 and 79 Hazen by alum,
ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate with combination of activated carbon, respectively.
Keywords: Activated carbon, Chemical coagulants, Color, Effluent, NEQS, Textile.

299 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. D ; May 2020 –July 2020, Vol. 10, No. 3; 299-304
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INTRODUCTION

Textile industry is among the most polluting industries throughout the world, especially in developing
countries. In Pakistan, Textile is well organized industrial sector and adds lion share in country’s
economy including jobs. The production of textiles involves many different steps and most of these
processes generate highly contaminated liquid streams [1]. Textile wastewater usually contains refractory
dyes and other organic chemicals causing a variety of problems in the natural aquatic environment due to
its intense color and toxicity [2]. Textile industries 93% of the intake water comes out as colored
wastewater due to dyes containing high concentration of organic compounds and heavy metals [3,4] .

It is also one of the biggest consumers of potable water as well as the chemical additives during various
steps of textile processing [5]. A major contribution to color in textile wastewater is usually the dyeing and
washing operation. During dyeing, most of the dye is exhausted on the fibre, but the unfixed dye goes into
wastewater causing deep colour [6]. Wastewater released during dyeing and finishing process possess
complex characteristics such as strong color due to the presence of residual dyes, high pH, dispersants,
leveling agents, acids, alkalies and large amount of suspended solids (SS). This increases the chemical
and biochemical oxygen demand, alters the pH and gives the water bodies (rivers) intense colourations [7]
. Presence of very high concentrations of these dyes can be highly visible and hence, the receiving water
bodies not only become aesthetically unacceptable but also the discharge of these effluents can be
carcinogenic, mutagenic and generally very harmful to the environment [5].

Tremendous amount of dyes in textile sectors are continuously being exhausted in wastewater streams
due to their poor adsorb ability to the fiber [7] . During production process, different type of chemicals are
used such as strong acids, strong alkalis, inorganic chlorinated compounds, hypochlorite of sodium,
organic compound such as dye stuff, bleaching agent, finishing chemicals, starch, thickening agent,
surface active chemicals, wetting and dispensing agents and salts of metals. Various dyes are used during
dyeing stage for coloring purposes; multi colors are used to improve best of products [8] .

Dye wastewater effluent may lead to environmental problem such as eutrophication in receiving water
bodies, and environmental concerns about the possible toxicity and carcinogenicity of some organic dyes.
Dyes also decrease light penetration and photosynthetic activity, causing low dissolved oxygen in water
bodies [9-11]. Activated carbon is a big potential for the treatment and used as an adsorbent. Other
treatment methods can be operated during the process of wastewater of dyes removal not better than
adsorption method with some factors such as cost, efficiency, operation system and so on. Besides,
industrial wastewater for color removal can be treated biologically, chemically and physically. The
industries involved in dye production and usage are high in color and organic content [12]. Various
Physico-Chemical techniques are known which can effectively decolorize textile wastewater, but amongst
them Adsorption is one of the removal technique [13].

MATERIAL & METHODS

Sampling and its preparation: Wastewater samples from ten different textile industries of Karachi
Pakistan. (01Litre each; replicated 3x). The samples were collected in washed plastic bottles from the
point of their discharge and subjected to physico- chemical parameters by using standard procedures. As
per moral obligation with the managements of the industries owners, the details are not mentioned in this
300 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. D ; May 2020 –July 2020, Vol. 10, No. 3; 299-304.
DOI:10.24214/jcbps.D.10.3.29904.]
Removal of … Aijaz Panhwar et al.

paper. Standard protocols/procedures have been used for the collection, transportation, storage and
chemical analysis of the samples. The samples were collected in air tight plastic sampling bottles and
placed in an icebox to preserve the inherent characteristics of the effluents [14] .

Experimental method: Measured wastewater 1000 ml was taken in a capacity of 2 liter beaker. Alum,
ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate were added as 100 mg, 200 mg and 400 mg, to the samples. Stirring
was done by using magnetic stirrer followed by sedimentation and filtered after settling, using watmann
42 filter paper [15].

Statistical analysis: MS Office Excel software used for statistical calculations. All experimental
data were examined in triplicate and calculations (mean+std) were done by Excel.
Treatment Methods: There are numerous physical and chemical methods for the removal of
contamination from industries wastewater, including chemical coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange,
Biological treatment, Membrane process, advanced oxidation process and Electrocoagulation. Among all
these methods the chemical coagulation with combination of activated carbon method is very effective
and widely used.

Selection of Coagulants: It is very significant to select coagulants for the treatment of textile industry
effluent, which was a significant step of this study. Several research findings have been reported on the
study of coagulation–flocculation for the treatment of textile industry effluent, their performance
optimization, i.e. selection of the best suitable coagulant, determination of experimental conditions, and
evaluation of pH effects and study of flocculants addition [16].

Chemical coagulation: Treatment was carried out for the effectiveness of various coagulants and dosing
the samples with a range of various coagulants in different concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 mg/l [15].
The coagulation performed by mixing one liter of wastewater samples. After the adding of chemicals
(alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate) the wastewater was rapidly stirred at 200 rpm for five minute,
150 rpm for twenty five minutes and then slowly stirred at 80 rpm for more 30 minutes. The wastewater
was then allowed to settle for 60 minutes and then filtered by watsman 42 paper. After filtration, the
samples were analysed. The best results were achieved by using dose of 200 mg/l. [15].

Column experiment by adsorption: After getting good results by coagulation experimentation, the
column/adsorption study was done with dose of 5g on laboratory scale. Experiments were carried out in
glass column having 75 cm length and 2.75 diameters [15]. Adsorbent was filled in the column and at the
top and bottom glass beds were filled for the supporting purpose, at flow rate 1000 ml/60minutes [17] .

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Color of textile wastewater is one of the major issues of the industry. It is widely admitted that it is a
primary pollutant in water. The result of the sample was 3406 HU which was above the limit of EPA.
After treatment with different coagulants such as alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate, the color
reduced upto1614, 1725 and 1804 respectively.

301 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. D ; May 2020 –July 2020, Vol. 10, No. 3; 299-304.
DOI:10.24214/jcbps.D.10.3.29904.]
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Table 1: Results before and after chemical coagulation

Parameters Before Treatment Alum Ferric chloride Ferrous sulphate

Color 3406 1614 1725 1804

Table 2: Treatment results with combination of activated carbon

Parameters Alum & Activated Ferric chloride & Ferrous sulphate &
Carbon Activated Carbon Activated Carbon
Color 15 52 79

Effects of Activated Carbon: Once completion of chemical coagulation, the effluent samples were
further treated with activated carbon. Activated carbon proved more effective for the removal of color.
The result of alum followed by activated carbon was 15, ferric chloride followed by activated carbon was
52 and ferrous sulphate followed by activated carbon was 79 respectively.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that wastewater discharged from textile industries is extremely contaminated and
above the EPA limits. Before discharge of industrial wastewater into the water bodies, it is compulsory to
treat and decolorization of the effluent. In Pakistan mostly textile industries are using biological treatment
process, which is time consuming and occupy more space. Alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate
coagulants were used for chemical coagulation by using dose of 200 mg/l among all three coagulants.
Alum followed by activated carbon proved more effective than ferric chloride and ferrous sulphate. So the
color removal efficiency by alum with combination of activated carbon was very high. After assessment
of the results it was observed that the color removal process with chemical coagulation followed by
activated carbon proved very effective with 15, 52, 79 Hazen with alum, ferric chloride and ferrous
sulphate combination with activated carbon respectively. The results were acceptable and found within
the permissible limit of EPA.

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* Corresponding author: Aijaz Panhwar,

PCSIR, Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan

Online publication Date: 04.06.2020

304 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. D ; May 2020 –July 2020, Vol. 10, No. 3; 299-304.
DOI:10.24214/jcbps.D.10.3.29904.]

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