Lecture 4(a)

Agenda
• The types of magmas
• Volcanoes
 Types of Magma
Types of magma are determined by their
chemical composition. There are three general
types:
• Basaltic magma – SiO2: 45-55 wt%, high in Fe, Mg, Ca, low
in K, Na
• Andesitic magma - SiO2: 55-65 wt%, intermediate. in Fe,
Mg, Ca, Na, K
• Rhyolitic magma - SiO2: 65-75%, low in Fe, Mg, Ca, high in
K, Na
 Gases in Magmas

• Magmas contain gases.

• High pressure keeps the gases in solution in the liquid
magma.
• When pressure is decreased such as when magma rises to
the surface, the gases come out of solution and form a
separate gas phase.
• Gases give magmas their explosive character because the
volume of gases expands as their pressure is reduced. The
composition of the gases in magma is:
• Mostly water vapor and carbon dioxide
• Minor amounts of sulphur, chlorine, and fluorine gases.
 Gases in Magmas

• The amount of gases in a magma is also related to the

chemical composition of the magma.
• Rhyolitic magmas usually have higher gas contents
than basaltic magmas.
 Types of Magma
Temperature of Magmas
The eruption temperature of various magmas is as follows:
•Basaltic magma - 1000 to 1200 C0

•Andesitic magma - 800 to 1000 Co

•Rhyolitic magma - 650 to 800 C.

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Viscosity of Magmas
Viscosity depends primarily on the composition and
temperature of the magma. Higher SiO2 (silica) content
magmas have higher viscosity than lower SiO2 content
magmas. Lower temperature magmas have higher viscosity
than higher temperature magmas (viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature of the magma).
 Types of Magma
• Viscosity of Magmas Basaltic magmas tend to be fairly
fluid (low viscosity), but their viscosity is still 10,000
to100,0000 times more viscous than water.
• Rhyolitic magmas tend to have even higher viscosity,
ranging between 1 million and 100 million times more
viscous than water.
• Viscosity is an important property in determining the
eruptive behaviour of magmas.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes
Volcanoes
Volcanoes
Volcanoes
Volcanoes
Volcanoes