CLEGG IMPACT TECHNICAL NOTE SOIL TESTER x1 fewer (The Clegg Hammer) May 1994 (he Mar 95, Ver: Jan 0) CALCULATION OF PENETRATION AND ELASTIC MODULUS FROM CIV ‘This Technical Note is a theoretical analysis of the effect of varying the hammer mass, height of drop and contact area, leading to the calculation of the depth of hammer penetration and of a “hammer elastic modulus.” In his thesis Millar (1977) reasoned that the acceleration-time relationship could be assumed sinusoidal, Following on from this Dentamaro (1984) considered that for low values of CIV (below 15 - for the 4.5 kg Clegg Impact Soil Tester) for a Kaolin clay where penetrations were generally greater than 1 mm and could be physically measured that a constant retardation situation could be assumed, Le. no “rise and fail” tme. By the process of double integration it was possible to calculate velocity-time and then penetration-ime. The peak force could also be calculated from the mass and peak deceleration so that a “theoretical” dynamic CBR could be calculated (Clegg 1980). This was further extended to the calculation of an “elastic” modulus (Clegg 1983). The purpose of this technical note is to illustrate the process of calculating hammer penetration ‘and modulus thereby making @ comparison between the various hammer configurations that have been used. The assumption of constant retardation with time will be used as the integration process is easier to follow. ‘The acceleration-time diagram is as follows: aT = time taken to reach velocity zero a a =a constant which may be assumed ‘as unity for low CIV t aT T Acceleration, 1 = A, where A= CIV-10-g (1) Velocity, x= A Vo, where Vo = /2gh and h is the height of drop (2) Penetration, x = = Vo-t 8) Technical Note 1 1 “These Techaizal Notes present data analysis and: theoretical eancepts aimed at stimulating ciscussion om the topic of dl impact testing, Your comments are tactted. DR BADEN CLEGG PTY LTD _ INT'LPH 461893871780 - —— WEB: clegg.com.au 72/23 BISHOP ST, JOLIMONT, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6014 (PO BOX 17, WEMBLEY DC, WA 6913) AUSTRALIAFor boundary conditions, x, = 0 when ¢ = aT’ 0=Aat-Vo and T=— With a=1, T= Fo 2-CI¥-10-g = 2eh 2-CIV10-g By substitution, x= h CIV-10 From elastic theory for a rigid bearing plate and assuming Poisson's ratio as 0.5: Penetration, onl) (5) Elastic Modulus The peak contact stress may be calculated from CIV, WV 10-g mr p= ©) where m= hammer mass ‘Substituting equations 4 and 5, (98 Boye y @ Equations 4 and 7 may be used to produce graphs of penetration versus CIV, and E versus CIV, and so make a comparison between the various hammers. These are shown as Figures 1 and 2. The theoretical curves for the Standard CIST (4.5 kg at 50 mm diameter dropped 0.45 metre) based on sinusoidal acceleration versus time have been added for comparison. Technical Note 1 2 Phese Technical Motes present data analysts and. themetical concepts aimed at stimutatiag escussion on the toe of soil impact testing. Your comments ane inotted. DR BADEN CLEGG PTY LTD INT'L PH +61 8 9387 1780 WEB: clepg.com-au 2/23 BISHOP ST, JOLIMONT, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6014 (PO BOX 17, WEMBLEY DC, WA 6913) AUSTRALIAIt can be seen that for a given modulus, radius and basic assumptions that cv = cons (8) m On this basis it is possible to make a comparison between the various Clegg Hammer configurations by testing on an operational check ring and comparing the actual observations with calculated values using Equation (8): Note: The actual hammer diameter for Hammer No. 5, the 20 kg Heavy Hammer, is 130 mm whereas the other hammers have a 50 mm diameter; however, the Heavy and other hammers were tested on an operational check ring at 50 mm diameter (OD) so the radius for Heavy Hammer in this instance was considered to be the same as that of the others. Hammer Number ] mass (m) | height (i) | Calculated Values | Observed Values as.on inkg | inmetres | in CIV units where | on Check Ring in Figures 1&2 L-CIV =10-¢ CIV units i 45 045 = (@S-reference) 2 25 0.30 31 34 3 45 0.15 16 45 4 Os 0.30 71 74 oer! 20.0 0.30. 1 14 6 25 0.45 38 37 From the foregoing it may be concluded that a comparison between various hammer configurations can be made on an analytical basis and that this can be used to compare the hammer penetrations and also extended to the calculation of a “hammer elastic modulus.” REFERENCES CLEGG, B., 1980, AN IMPACT SOIL TEST AS ALTERNATIVE TO CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO. 3rd ANZ Geomechanics Conf Vol 1 pp 225-230, Wellington, New Zealand. CLEGG, B., 1983b, DESIGN COMPATIBLE CONTROL OF BASECOURSE CONSTRUCTION. ARRB, ARR 13 (2), Melbourne, Australia, DENTAMARO, AL, 1984, CORRELATION OF THE CLEGG IMPACT TESTER TO THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO FOR CBR 20% OR LESS. Technical Report, Dept Civil Eng, University of Wester Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia Millar, LR. 1977, APPLICATION OF THE SOIL IMPACT TESTER TO ROAD PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION. Honours Theses, Dept Civil Eng, University of Westem Australia, Nedlands, Wester Australia Technical Note 1 3 "These Techuival Notes present data analysis and: heretical concepts aimed at stimalating discussion on the tapie of sock impact testing. Your comments are invited. DR BADEN CLEGG PTY LTD _INT'LPH 461893871780... ______. WEB: clegg.camau 2/23 BISHOP ST, JOLIMONT, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6014 (PO BOX 17, WEMBLEY BC, WA 6913) AUSTRALIAas Pret \ \ a \ mast (a)" height (ni 40 \ ae 2 \ x OSS \ 3 i ‘ a5 35 Sale \ aes i. te alt ai \ ; sora \ ® enw viaire ‘vets ‘ couskdered sinuecidel- WAMMER PENETRATION am crv (20.9) FIGURE 1, CIV ve Hammer Penetration for Single Blow, various masses and drop heights. Technical Note 1 Page 4 These Techaical Notes preseat date analysis and theoretical concepts aimed. at stimulating discussion on the top of sel impact testing, Your comments are inekted, DR BADEN CLEGG PTY LTD INT'L PH +61 8 9387 1780. WEB: www clogg com au 2/23 BISHOP ST. JOLIMONT, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6014 (PO BOK 17, WEMBLEY D0, WA 6913) AUSTRALIA45 rey 28 (mn) height (h) kg in nets 0.48 9.30 0.15 90:30 0.30 0:45 ola 40 35 30 cane shere x vo tine £ ered sinusoidal - 2 2 25 5 g af y 20 Zé 1s 10 5 4. ° © 2 4 é a 0 i i ex (20.9) FIGURE 2. CIV va Hanser “Elastic” Modulus, various masses and drop heights. Technical Note 4 Page 5 These Technical Notes present data analysis aud theoretical concepts aimed. at stimudating discussion on the topie of soit impact testing. Your comments ane tnutted. DR BADEN CLEGG PTY LTD_INT'LPH +62 89387 1780, WEB: wee clege com au 2/23 BISHOP ST, JOLIMONT, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 6014 (PO BOX 17, JOLIMONT DC, WA 6513) AUSTRALIA