2017 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)
Cost - Benefit Analysis ofElectric Boiler at
Combined Heat and Power Plants
Polina Ivanova, Antans Sauhats, Olegs Linkevics
Faculty ofPower and Electrical Engineering
Riga Technical University
Riga, Latvia
polina-ivanova@inbox.lv. sauhatas@,eef.rtu.lv. olegs.linkevics@,rtu.lv
Abstract—Nowadays, energy companies operate under the
conditions of a high competition due to the wide integration of
intermittent generation in energy production process, the
fluctuation of electricity and prices of fuel, increased demands to
energy efficiency and its production flexibility. For saving leading
position, the energy companies must take appropriate steps in a
timely manner as a reaction to the reasons of competitiveness
mentioned above. In line with the proposed methodology, the
installation of electric boiler at combined cycle gas turbine power
plant is evaluated for the reducing of production costs and
increasing of its competitiveness, operating under the condition of
open electricity market and located in the area with low share of
intermittent generation and high level of biomass energy sources.
Key-words—Biomass heat energy sources, electric boiler,
electricity price, natural gas heat only boiler
Nomenclature
HOB - heat only boiler
EB - electric boiler
CHP plant - combined heat and power plant
BIO - biomass heat energy source
CU - cogeneration unit
NG - natural gas
CC - combined cycle
P - electric power, [MW]
Q - heat power, [MW]
NGLVH - low heat value of natural gas, [MWh/m3]
ta - ambient temperature, [oC]
-if: - factor of carbon dioxide emission of natural gas,
[t/MWh]
ifBarg — average efficiency of HOB, [-]
^EBavg — average efficiency of EB, [-]
PmNG - price of natural gas per month m, [€/m3]
pern - carbon dioxide price per time unit i, [€/t]
PE - electricity price per time unit i, [€/MWh]
Research presented in this paper has been co-financed by the National
Research Program LATENERGI (2014-2017)
978-1-5386-3846-0/17/$31.00 ©2017 European Union
- EB production costs of heat energy per time unit i,
[€/MWh]
- modified EB production costs of heat energy per time
unit i, [€/MWh]
- HOB production costs (fuel and carbon dioxide
costs) ofheat energy per time unit i, [€/MWh]
- biomass heat energy sources production costs of heat
energy per time unit i, [€/MWh]
- heat load of electrical boiler per time unit i, [MW]
- modified heat load of electrical boiler per time unit i,
[MW]
I. Introduction
The operation of CHP plants is influenced by such factors
like availability of intermittent generation, the fluctuation of
electricity and fuel price, the incremented requirements in
energy efficiency and production flexibility and the
appearance of new competitive heat energy sources [1], [2],
[3]. The influence of these factors varies in accordance with
the geographical location (climate and the presence of energy
sources) and economic development of a country [4]. For
example, in Germany the operation manner of CHP plants is
determined by the variability of intermittent energy sources.
However, in Latvia these energy sources are not plenty
available, so the situation at electricity market and, from the
recent time, the intensification of competition impact the
power plants running conditions. In both cases, CHP plants
operate in cyclic modes. It means that the operation takes
place with frequent start-ups / shut-downs or load reduction in
line with electricity price (low or high) and intermittent
generation availability [2], [4].
These conditions of cyclic operation can be characterised
in the following way: rapid start-ups and ramp rate, operation
at partial load, increment of the allowed number of start-ups
[5], [6]. In previous work [3], the authors divided the
approaches of power plants flexibility and efficiency
increasing into five groups. They are: (1) upgrade of
equipment, (2) storage opportunities, (3) operation
optimization, (4) new installations, (5) competitiveness and
leadership increasing.
 2017 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)

In this publication the installation of electric boiler is going
to be evaluated. It is the most compact and cost efficient
transformation of power into heat (hot water or steam). The
main applications of this equipment are the following [7], [8]:
1) The regulation of electric grid parameters;
2) The ensuring of the safety of energy supply
(valuable backup boiler in case of breakdown in the fired
boilers or in the fuel distribution system);
3) The adjustment to the electricity price (decoupling
of electricity and heat production);
The electrode boilers operate under the high voltage (4 - 24
kV) and their load is up to 70 MW. Meanwhile, the electric
resistance boilers mainly operate under low voltage (< 700 V)
and their load is up to 4 mW (Tablet) [17], [18].
To achieve the high installed capacity of electric boilers
more than one boiler should be installed. The investments and
operation costs of electric boilers are low [13], [16], [17]. The
investments are decreasing with the increasing of electric
boiler size.
TABLE I. Classification of Electric Boilers [17], [18]

4) The substitution of the equipment, which is not Hot Hot

Steam/low Steam/high
Parameter water/low water/high
economically profitable. voltage
voltage
voltage
voltage
These applications provide the efficient, flexible and Load, MW <6 0,150-0,3 <70 <40
Voltage, kV 0,4 - 0,69 0,4 - 0,69 6 - 14 6 - 14
competitive operation of CHP plants.
The aim of electric boiler use is determined by the
situation in the country. For example, in Germany the electric The comparison of EB with natural gas HOBs is presented
boilers are mainly used to provide the power plants in Table II. The electric boiler is more efficient,
participation in frequency control, adjust CHP plants operation environmentally friendly and flexible, than heat only boilers
to the fluctuations of intermittent generation and prevent them [17], [15], [11],[19].
from mothballing [9]. In Latvia the electric boiler can be used
TABLEII. Comparison of Gasand Electric Boilers [17], [15],
to decouple the production of electricity and heat at CHP [11], [19]
plants (at present) and to substitute the equipment with higher
production costs (in the near future). Parameter Gas boilers Electric boilers
Efficiency pHOB = 80- 105%* v ~ 99 - 100 %
Unlike [9], [10], [11], [12], [13] in this publication the use Start-up Less than 1 hour
Full load achievement less than
of electric boiler is going to be investigated (in line with the 30 s; Quick load change
Production costs PQHOB = f(PmNG; PQEB = f(PiE), assumed II" =
introduced methodology) regarding low share of intermittent
per time unit, i P.CO2; fOBa-,g) 100%, then PQEB = P,E**
generation, but where power plants operation is influenced by Environment (local CO2, CO,CH4, -***
the situation at electricity market and the operation at a high emissions) NOx, etc.
competitive environment. 400 V; 1-3 0.13-0.16
MW [M€MW]
The remaining part of this paper is organized in the 10 kV; 10 0.06-0.09
following way: Section II provides an overview of the MW [M€MW]
technology; Section III determines the research problems and 10 kV; 20 0.05-0.07
hypotheses; Section IV proposes and describes the evaluation MW [M€MW]
methodology and the calculation algorithm; Section V 1200-6200
Total O&M [€ per MJ s per -
provides the case study; Section VI presents the main year]
conclusions of this work. Fixed O&M - 1100 [€/MWper year]
Variable O&M - 0.5 [€/MWh]
II. The oveview of technology * The highest efficiencies are due to flue gas condensation; ** PiQ,EB = RE for equality explanation see
Section IV; *** Environmental impact depends on the production technology of the electricity
An electric boiler serves for producing hot water directly for the electric boiler,
from electricity. There are different technological solutions of The following valuable today characteristics of electric
EBs. They are grouped in Fig. 1. There are two types of EBs: boiler can be concluded analysing the information of Table II:
with electric heater (electric resistance boiler) and electrodes.
The least is divided into immersion-type (immersed electrodes 1) Highoperation efficiency;
to conduct electricity through the water) and jet/spray (rely on
2) Electricity is used as fuel, no fuel or feeding systems or
water jets striking an electrode plate). The water jet is the
stack;
resistive element type boilers [14], [15], [16].
3) Fast start-up. Easy to regulate. The increase/decrease of
load in a few seconds. Adjust the output from
approximately 10 - 20% up to 100%;
4) Extremely dependable and easy to maintain.
III. Definition of the Problems and Hypothesis
A. The Describtion ofExisting Situation in Latvia
The present situation in Latvia is the following: (1)
Fig.1. Groups of electric boilers [14], [15], [16] increased competition among energy companies due to
 2017 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)
expansion of the regional market; (2) significant changes in
fuel and electricity market prices; (3) increased requirements
for energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sector;
(4) new regulatory mechanisms in the market [1], It has
changed the operation manner and the role of cogeneration
power plants, In this research, it is presented with the example
of AS Latvenergo production units: CHP-1 and CHP-2,
Briefly, CHP -2 is located in Acone, i,e,, 28 km from Riga
(capital of Latvia) and CHP-1 in Riga, They are the power
plants of combined cycle gas turbine, CHP-2 consists of two
cogeneration units (CHP - 2/1 (P = 413 MW and Q = 274
MW) and CHP -2/2(P = 419 MW and Q = 270 MW) and five
HOBs (Q = 5 X 116 MW), CHP - 1 is 2 X 1 CC power plant
(P = 144 MW and Q = 145 MW) and it has three HOBs (3 X
116 MW), Natural gas is used as a primary fuel, Both power
plants can operate in joint district heating system at the
ambient temperature above -10 oC [20],
B. Problem 1: cycling operation of cogeneration units
Electricity price fluctuates during the day time, When it is
low the operation of the cogeneration units is not
economically profitable, That is why they are in a shut-down
mode or stay in operation with the reduced load, During these
periods the heat energy is provided by HOBs (fully or partly)
and electricity is bought (Figure 2),
Fig.2. Examples of CHP-2/2 operation in January and March 2015 (A: It is a
period, when HOBs are in operation for a long time, They substitute the CU
due to low electricity price; B & C: HOBs provide heat energy during CU
start-up and shut-down; D: CU is in outage during the night (low electricity
price), that is why HOBs are in operation; E: HOBs and CU are operating,
HOBs partly provide the heat energy, because CU runs with reduced load
(OpFlex upgrade))
To reduce the costs of cycling operation the authors state
the “A” hypothesis, taking into account the advantages of EB,
i,e,, the HOBs substitution with EBs can reduce the production
costs of power plant, because during the period of low
electricity the heat energy production costs of EB is lower than
the production costs of natural gas fired HOBs,
C. Problem 2: competitiveness increase
The district heating system in Riga consists of two regions:
the Right and the Left Bank, which are not connected, AS
Latvenergo cogeneration power plants are located on the Right
bank of Riga district heating system, They together with CHP
plant Juglas Jauda (14,9 MWe and 16 MWth) provide the heat
energy to the consumers, The heat load of Jugla Jauda is
insignificant if to compare with AS Latvenergo production
units (1617 MWth) that is why it is omitted in this publication,
At present, the unique situation is formed on the Right
Bank of Riga District Heating System, This is an appearance
of the new biomass heat energy sources with total thermal
capacity of 150 MW; they can offer the lower heat energy
price than natural gas fired units, For the increasing of power
plant competitiveness the electric boiler can be used during the
period of low electricity price and produce cheaper energy
than the biomass energy sources, That is the reason for the
second “B” hypothesis: the use of electric boiler can increase
the competitiveness of CHP plant,
At present, the unique situation is formed on the Right
Bank of Riga District Heating System, This is an appearance
of the new biomass heat energy sources with total thermal
capacity of 150 MW; they can offer the lower heat energy
price than natural gas fired units, For the increasing of power
plant competitiveness the electric boiler can be used during the
period of low electricity price and produce cheaper energy
than the biomass energy sources, That is the reason for the
second “B” hypothesis: the use of electric boiler can increase
the competitiveness of CHP plant,
D. Future aspects
Nowadays, the provision of regulation service to the
transmission system operator is not so common for CHP
plants in Latvia like in Germany, Firstly, Latvia is a part of
BRELL (Belorussian-Russian-Estonian-Latvian-Lithuanian)
power ring, and Russian hydro plants provide the primary
regulation, Secondly, there is a cascade of Daugava
hydropower plants in Latvia and Kruonis pumped storage
plant in Lithuania, which can regulate frequency due to their
ability of fast response of changes in energy system,
That is why the ability of EB to provide the service for the
transmission system operator in not under consideration in this
publication, However, it could become urgent after the
disconnection of Latvia from Russian system and its further
synchronous operation with the system of central Europe [4],
IV, Methodology and Algorythm
The developed methodology is valid if the electricity price
supplied to EB is equal to the market price, i,e,, transmission
and distribution costs are omitted, It is possible in these cases:
the consumed electricity with EB refers to the power plant’s
auxiliary consumption or EB use the electricity produced by
intermitted generation or EB maintains the power grid
parameters (important service now and in near future), etc,
Equations (1) - (5) are used to calculate the hourly and then
annual income, expected in line with the hypothesis “A ”:
The HOBs substitution with EBs is well-founded if the
inequality is valid, i,e,, the heat production costs of EB are
lower than HOB heat production costs,
(1)
The production costs of heat energy produced by natural
gas fired HOBs are assumed equal to the variable component
of the production costs, i,e, fuel and carbon dioxide costs (2),
 2017 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)
As the fuel costs form 60 - 80 % of heat energy price of
natural gas fired units
" W* +** * (2)
The production costs of heat energy produced by electric
boiler are equal to the electricity price supplied to the electric
boiler (in this work it is assumed, that qEB = 100%):
(3)
The hourly income can be calculated by (4), if the HOBs
substitution with EBs is well-founded:
(4)
The income per year is equal to
(5)
The equations (6) - (11) are applied to calculate the hourly
and annual income, which are going to be achieved in line
with “B” hypothesis. If the HOBs substitution with EBs is
profitable, then two opposite situations are possible. In case of
(6) the heat energy price is assumed equal to the heat energy
(6)
(7)
According to (7) the price of heat energy is determined by
(8). It is assumed that the modified production costs of EB are
less than the costs of biomass heat energy sources to 1
EUR/MWh. It is an assumption made to compete with the
biomass heat energy sources.
(8)
Fig. 3. The algorithm of calculation
In contrast to the natural gas fired units the fuel costs of the
biomass heat energy sources form 40 - 50% of heat energy
price. That is why such additional variable costs like the costs
of auxiliary electricity, taxes and other costs are taken into
consideration [21]. Expression (9) is applied to determine the
production costs (variable component) of heat energy
produced from the biomass heat energy sources:
a*®" i- w * a*®" + oas x a*®" (9)
- costs of biomass (raw materials), [€/MWh]
- taxes and other costs, [€/MWh]
HAS /I - costs of auxiliary electricity, [€/MWh]
The hourly income of electrical boiler superiority under the
biomass boiler can be calculated as the following
(10)
The annual income is equal to
(11)
The calculation algorithm is illustrated in Figure 3. It
consists of three parts (I, II, III). Part I ensures the data
processing and analysis (a), the input data collection (b) and
development of calculation platform (c).
Part II corresponds to the evaluation of “A ” hypothesis.
The period is noticed, where the profitable HOBs substitution
with EB is observed (d). For these periods, the hourly (f) and
annual (g) incomes are calculated. Otherwise, the income is
equal to zero (e).
Part III ensures the examination of “B ” hypothesis. Part III
is connected to Part II, because the EB superiority under the
biomass heat energy sources (h) is determined in the region,
where EB exceeds the HOBs. If it is reasonable to use EB, the
 2017 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)

modified heat energy price of EB is determined, that can with total heat capacity 150 MW can be approximately 12 M€
compete with the heat energy price of that of biomass heat [9]. According to [22] the pay back ratio can be calculated as
energy (h). Otherwise, the income is equal to zero (j). Then the the capital costs divided by the benefit. Therefore, it is up to 4
hourly (k) and annual (l) incomes are calculated. years.
V. Casestudy
Taking into account the data analysis of hourly production
and the pattern of CHP-1 and CHP-2 operation the following
calculation platform is developed for the analysis of “A ”
hypothesis. The calculation platform implies:
• QHOB total = QChp-1+Chp-2; ta > - 10 oC the sum of HOBs
production at CHP-1 and CHP-2, then the power plants
operate within joint district heating system;
• if QHOB total < 150 MW, then EB = QHOB total and QHOB =
0MW.
• if QHOB total > 150 MW, then EB= 150 MW and QHOB =
QHOB total-QEB Fig. 5. The operation of EB according to the hypothesis “A ”

Figure 4 illustrates the “preferable generation platform” of
HOBs substitution with EB. It means that both situations are
reflected, when JjP™ < and JjP™ > ^JX™. Due to
the integration of EBs into the heat energy production process
(5927 h) the operation hours of HOBs are reduced from 5927
to 2656 hours (Table 3). And the operation hours of EB at
“preferable situation” correspond to 5927 hours (Table 3).
QHoe
Fig. 4. Preferable generation platform ofHOBs substitution with EBs
The amount of income in “A ” hypothesis is determined by
the following parameters: the price of electricity, the number
of operation hours, the price of natural gas and carbon dioxide,
the size of EB. The first two are the most significant
parameters.
To check the “B” hypothesis the calculation platform of
Fig. 5 was modified taken into account the statements:
1. if < and QHOB total < 150 MW, then QEB =
0 andjQBI0 = QH°B total;
2. if < and QH0B total > 150 MW, then QEB =
0 andT^10 = 150 MW and QH0B = QH0B total - QBI0;
3. if 41*" > and QH0B total < 150 MW, then QEB =
QH0B total, QBI0 = 0 MW and QH0B = 0 MW;
4. if ^**“< and QH0B total > 150 MW, then QEB =
150MW and
4.1. if QH0B total - QEB < 150=> QBIO = QH0B total - QEB
and QHOB=0
4.2. if QH0B total - QEB > 150=> QBI0 = 150 MW and
........... Q'Q'-tQ'Q'.................................................. ...

TABLE III. The Operation Hours of Electric boiler in Different

All the statements can be summarised as the following: if
Situations the EB cannot exceed the HOBs it will not be competitive
with BIO (6) and (7) and the periods < F/5 should
Preferable “A” “B”
Before be taken out from the red area in Fig. 5. It results into the
situation hypothesis hypothesis
illustration in Fig. 6.
HOB, h 5927 2656 4670 2681
EB, h - 5927 2663 336
BIO,h - - - 5647

Income, M€ - - 3.3 0.13

According to (1) the periods, where (grey

area above the black line) or 4,0 (blue area

under the black dash line) should be omitted. As a result, the

operation hours of EB reduced to 55 %. It is from 5927 hours
to 2663 hours (Tab. 3 and Fig. 5).
In line with (5) the annual income of HOBs substitution
with EB is 3.3 M€. Therefore, the hypothesis „A ” is validated,
i.e., the use of EB instead ofHOBs during the periods oflow
electricity price ensures more profitable operation of the Fig.6. Operation of electrical boiler in line with hypothesis “B ”
power plant. Assuming that the investment into electric boilers
 2017 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)
In accordance with Fig. 6 and Tab. 3 the EB can exceed
the biomass heat energy sources for only 336 hours from 2663
available, that is why the annual income (125 387 €) is
positive, but it is insignificant to payback the investment of
EBs.
According to the operation manner of the power plant in
2015, the values of input data and assumptions made in this
work the installation of electrical boiler cannot increase the
competitiveness of the power plant. The main parameters
determining the magnitude of “B” hypothesis income are: the
electricity price; the number of hours in operation; the price of
wood chip.
VI. Conclusions
In accordance with the assumptions of this paper the
electrical boiler can be used to decrease the production costs
(“A” hypothesis) and increase the competitiveness („B”
hypothesis) of the power plant operating under the condition
of open electricity market and located in a country with low
share of intermittent generation and high level of biomass
energy sources. The both hypotheses are valid, i.e., the
obtained income is positive. The question is in the payback
ratio. In the case of “B” hypothesis, the income is too low,
that is why the installation of EB is unprofitable, but it is
promising in the case of “A ” hypothesis. The magnitude of the
income is variable very much, as it is determined by many
parameters. The decrease of electricity price and the increase
of electrical boiler operation hours, wood cheap and natural
gas price can have the positive effect on the financial
justification of the electrical boilers installation.
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Polina Ivanova received B.Sc. degree in environmental science and
Ms.Sc.Ing. degree in heat power and heat engineering at Riga Technical
University in 2012 and 2015 respectively. Currently she is a PhD student in
the field of electrical and power engineering at Riga Technical University and
since 2013 she is a planning engineer at JSC Latvenergo. Her research
interests include the improvement of thermal power plant efficiency and
flexibility. E-mail: polina-ivanova@inbox.lv
Antans Sauhats received Dipl.Eng.,Cand.Techn.Sc. and Dr.hab.sc.eng.
degrees at Riga Technical University (former Riga Polytechnical Institute) in
1970, 1976 and 1991 respectively. Since 1991 he is a Professor at Electric
Power System. Since 1996 he is the Director of the Institute of Power
Engineering of Riga Technical University. E-mail: sauhatas@eef.rtu.lv
Olegs Linkevics is the Head of the Development Unit of JSC Latvenergo
Research and Development business function. He has been working for the
energy company since 1995. In 2008 he received Doctor degree in power
engineering sciences. Since 2009, in parallel to his work for JSC Latvenergo,
he has also been nominated as an associated professor at RTU Faculty of
Power and Electrical Engineering, where he teaches “Energy sector basics"
lecture course and advises for bachelors’, masters’, and engineers’ theses. E­
mail: olegs.linkevics@latvenergo.lv