Defining cult movies The cultural polities of oppositional taste Ect by Mark Jancovich, Antonio Lizaro Reboll, Julian Stringer and Andy Willis ‘Manchester Unversity Frese1B Art, exploitation, underground how much Ilva Hk Dr. utr, ACD. or sect aol wha antoranaly Snowman Bele lsd hope wo Gem at soar] ny Sn te vm ey ‘Wiig in de mi-1980, rch Slmnker fon Wes opened kis ss "Guly Plesre wh he ptugraph above. On the one hand, ‘Naess admsson of forive tps tothe arthouse tose fins iced yTngrar Bergman, Asin Resi, Marguce Duras, Det Polo Pasolini and other prominent European Rm directors of the 195s and 197s provides erly evidence oe leveling highline isinctions in asthe care that ar since come tbe conse akeyaspectof postmodern. And tie pecly these es h Contemporary Scholae of weal and mei altars who advocate sucha leveling kave recived and inergeeted Waters words - for ‘rample, Andrew Ros, who fel decade ag th only "Waters {ould be capable of hilany confesing, she ose Compete imersion of taste possible, tothe guy please he experienc in watching at Bie (Ros 1949: LS. Om che oer hand eading ‘Wars words almost two decides bene, 1 eanotbelp at be szrck by her appropriateness for ayone working field of fim sedis today expeall for anyone wh ike even rks fn Earopean at ina ofthe 1960s nd 19705 a1 do eas is jose the gh wordt nda ow the highow ea tare dismantling project bas proceded a visa cinema, Fo itis not so mach hat posrbtua theory and postmodern cule hare sliminaed the dstncton berwren the ew ae has ined he This uation as paral wo do wth he hatrgraphy of Ea pean are inom of he 195 od 19606 This hisorrap, whce ventures ocasiaalyoatietherabrice af ter eater ‘movement under which praseally all work on a ccna ween, hs geecalls comideed und epeieted is oie: ms ete mad ent response to Hollywood lol domination iw sem snr sues terns (Armes 1976, Kewin 1978, Kole 198 Bocéwell 1985 Sorin 1991s Ocr 1995) Sach work endo crap site the silstc and indus diflrenesbeeneen Earpen et ‘nema and Helly wood cinema, whe scksowleging that ved ferences were nthe late 1960s incorporie ins row Hollpmood ‘del of srsanal and youth-onentes cinema, The ey of aoe ean ats cinema i thus ded sarily to akery wo Ameticst ome cinems, with al tht ena for he erent hare ton of is sss and cll impact. In shor the ste of at ‘tena cbolarsip hs been tek ithe same rat for decade “The monn station eve? much the seat of the sie in ‘axe ule that have characterized seademic Fm sade” theree iG eciematon rom Mi 1968 on Ahsan Mary sed ‘emits, poyehosraae and feminin quer tec, psclaa ist utr sie and el None of ise ean decry cote scholshp and hore work on lagged sector oo far like cil sach x Erich’ ery of American expt tion lls and oan Hawkins dy of arcoror ana ceseonet reception. Hawkins fine compelingcorespondnce bree the ‘ppostionl posioning tha bo parcinna fans ad at ln Sheps ake Hollywood cinema correspondences bose ost in ‘ontemporay cl ln fanins and mainder vdeo caloges {hat It cheek tj! what ln sues has ratory conser "adel oppote high and ow forms Her flsis on hoor as pe hasthe bese vantage oie rom which oy the aloha ner to ist everywhere i ne twenty “alive le ce ture! provides an impor senunt ol gen ry sna cal ture formation and negosanon (swine 2000: 28, One ofthe ‘many ieresingfestares of Scheiessady hs penodtion which states the sscenson, apogee and delension of ame ‘eploiaton Rerwen the years 1919 and 1959, For 1959 sa thear of he fest cresting ofthe French New Wave ad of the New Ttalan Cinema, eri marker nar cnema httocagapy fore bepnnng of igh moder pase whine such as Pashia ‘mon mow and Covent. fndewd, among the may tors Schaefer notes as conebusing eo the decline of clas expan in, tis the ig popula of European at cineme and ina bation of the Ameiean exploitation fm in the ne T9503by the likes of Rus Meyer, whom The Inna lr Tens prompted an svalache of imitators, har ate eal o my Undestaning of he inverseconsberaeen art and exploitation cima th eel of ‘oth marketing and audiences Gebater 1999: 331-309). (mould lke a complrste the hora sue ofthese high ad ow cinemas of he 1960s by arging ha they proceeded at sampy spre tlerate modes ffm practice, buts aed dicts nd esas otaddee In some respec nor saying anything new: Asc 281959, Ath Knight ss alling pan the charseesaton ofa ema ‘selitstandforegbead only sein hath cit dsinon esween artand exploitation Bours wold ssn lei the der ‘se of bic effec served inthe lob of the snouir eb ‘mans For make no mistake abou ithe aoe operators = may thar rie intese ae i busines easly a tei conges- tom who enue Mr Rack and Bal Wasa Termape Wee oF Gard of Ede’ (right 1959: 24, eyes er, alin Kel ‘weed in with rane of he vn, 2 Baroque argued yet sncere jevemiad on how tbe edaested aden ter essa He” rush the sue elindulgen napa theme aude se Hl Wood “proach” finding wi fulfilment nth form of cheap a0 5) cangratltion on her ents and thi Her Ral 1961-62: 5). Although by no mean clea os what Kal wants trom audiences istend, she doer denw Ane simaiten beswern nadie mages iain ofthe Fea hody and thot ofthe more ‘leg aout French publeations Found on tects ables of rst and profesor These ety ster act the growing thon snd patronage of Europe at ls in Amer win ‘he lores rungs ofthe ato’ scomemporsy curl consumption ‘were sagen lst tthe fd of et es th seed ins objet the epporeanty o legimae the einem 2, Lest perhaps Dt ot gate forgrten Viral al of he choos who hive wren on arsine aa movement cea Bld of ex olan, unseen 205 twlity mension the dea to which ex anes and al i> Pays of sexuality ace eosin clemen' of Eoopean st ens pal nds Wan, for example, has een commenced tat ‘nef the mostimporsen sped ofthe New Wve whe pres lence of lve stories in whch wha oo plac nthe bedroom wah as important as what took pace everyere el! (Willams 1996 451, 495), And Peer Les, wen on EutorAserian cine, inwracively points oa cha it was nether Flin ne Ress tat Brige Bardo whose And God Created Woman owed conven sional morality an ‘shocked and exited 1958 audiences th Fer unapologeie muy ~ wo ws the leading pcsnaty nthe breakthrough of foreign a Rn olrersaencs nthe United State, Expl sxuly became expeced in foci lino such ‘mete that “foreign "at lw ad fy ade fl” ‘nee fr several years almost synonys (Lev 1993.13). Bat what Takes Ler cel represen of ar cats hioriogreph his ext senegce: “More iatererinay many ofthe acest fovien impor of the period were noe mel explic bur though Sophiced works as well Ths ye, ut gesture regarding sex plotation and ar cinema i ubiquitous ir sholly work onthe Tae, and ts precedens extend bck othe seriou exposes ‘ofa nema. A content ato he board he nin tht he onlin inte US ofsexand adalrieted mater wih foreign ‘rar fli was a post Badr phenomenon. Although the oe of tay research canerne at cinema ins high soar pose eae 18601 wl gn ith x predecsr athepead tmediely after the Second World War and othe 1950 in onder to offer 3 resi of hat sb asl, ‘Wha cealy moter he wok of which [am here providing secs a deste vo reviaiz the ay of a soa onthe oe hand, and on the other to make uee of the kinds of eats material haar so mach 2 pt of euee® fi and dia ha ‘grb. L wil concentate inthis ate em pablisty materia ‘more pasculsrly US ditrburos presbook ave x fa looked fea hundred oro of there hooky hich rangi length an se {roma single twovided TO inch by 12 nch see manger nd ‘ore eaborate bound or spled bolle of up te fureen pages in Fengh Visca ele Merchanding Manoa Shownsts Nan tal Exhibitors Showman's Mans or Showzan's Caml, these preshooks are dred ino various tos plot srropes ardeis pags oxo promtion eon oss and uratored ‘Tevlerexoling the Ge mers cxplraann ad merase od the font and ok, pracy 7 prsbook fot Opn (2 (ete 1) lcs fatale forthe fim ner bel ‘is oy sentiments adage op ths ane Hing at lsbansm, oleae and pla sxe’ fhe mek of ths inn ceny ways tof Ameria exltacen ine ofthe se pret mage ofthe young women irked ob cris verb appeaninavey od nie ok Bayer Basmprebok for fe Bye Ts hat woud seem o ror comida pssly fer ea Caged ‘plots te a eke unformly pmcdachey te arler as ‘Toman ses cle bg wed oe feb a mal det Show dor ae pt Howe of hs bec ggg wed corny mind when loka thaw ashe Bele The Hel Aci usw Go in oa pry cad Ca sre have gases se or cumple Best 0 contents etre of post burt at fn Feri Sepia lan ‘ony coca’ Sn with hi fee Ens sce pon sb conaning ap ‘sow oy and French eof Gorn heal sad tem, wae po ingot ase Mul and ean se sil Mor Mae ati eee Cary, Gins tong Sopa Lovet and epee ero NB gL LTE ARE occas ‘really pushed through European cinema's appeal to a growing a! ae a oseAmerican asence (Miller snd Faris 1996: 56-61), Thelwof the Young Ingmar Bergman were simlariy markered and noc Explosion pioneer Kioger Bab handed Bergman's ise major Success in Ameo, reese in 1988 ar Mona The Story of ad Gil and accompanied by an ad campaign tht feted Hae Anderson in Several ream thang poss. Ard evens econ and espected a purvesor of film arises Reno s implicated 9 ls tndeney inthe American pressook for ffl French Can (Con, aretd bythe Uaied Motion Pctute Organcesion ss Only the Fran Can, where once agin the image of ested woman wth bed leg ora sound grein high Lick is everyaere present Equally popular inpore ems int she USA nse mide 1350s, were Betish comedies of the Cany On or Dirk Bopatde Dacer Serica wells the subse comic paeamime fits of feguesTo Comedy or ligtheartednes i signed inthe ad for these lin ‘hroogh he we of abou dawn faces as oppoed tothe pho ‘ogrphed or otherwise relstilly tendered human figures of amas, buat o esume The chases of omy imports of the period often appear ma aca two-dimensional sented br eartoonie forms nthe cate of Mr Hat's Foiay dione In tbe US in 1954 by GBD Taernatonl Fl the fiir pose of the svunear ele character erect i andeon hips ppeat lon the font cover ofthe pressook, gazing ol the page with char Sets aplomb. nthe 2d mst however, Me Hot ben fo ‘ard and stogped dow in order provide an occasion fr 8 Composition pling male voyeurism snd female gear of ‘cuionsm Figie 19) Suchan exper of Muheyeague oe Ing elton are epesced thoughout head campaign for Amer at burlesque anda cap fino the sane eras wel for he Gest wave of nadiecte Ame ce Maller snd Tai 1996 82-83; MeCany 1995: 39) Indeed the hoe uf Lacy Bese as the theaies! moi for Chaape ecertsines ily aloo 1959 seplonatin Sm of he sme mune inchs concent gly road one that dese spon and extends the general impression ‘fnaughines md ae omady that peat ithe alee tf the French me tha peceded toughout the 1930s ke te Renoir fn of 1956, the American recone The Advent of [sety Pecan do 10 what only she French can The ad campaians for French td Ulan ts As i the 1960 thar are my focus rework he ropes of ter poedesstas an ratche “The Year's Funniest Film!" s moan 1 sts of batho hele scam seas” them up a notch or two. The ovesied and elaborate Exhibitors Showmacihip manual fr Boat 7, dated inthe US by Teseph E Levine n 1963, inane of te more overly explains, hich snot appropri considsing tis ommbs slee sto ss $ laa, producer generated stenpt to csh i on the commer success of three marketable Italian dcaces and th peo scueses. The eapgeried se of Loven, Eerg and Seba a lation to De Sica Flin and Vacont throughout the bol be: plies the dese to whch Ferale sss aes poops nore as able image hun the nares ofthe ato etn them aill driven Boeecco ndieh cate m al wore acd the eid stage tation thc tbe he ln oe the only i by sliding ch ecrandthe bepning There is anther possible reading, another posible audeNone some general shits do appeat Ones tha is rom ther ast their starr a ational pedac,eeby Sang ht Posen racine, Lkewie, the hig coographes and Eomotations become les and less ncn ah explaion ue ten upped. Th Frencirleiancopraced onus fen The Seen Deny Sn ns scoped is Washngon, DG, 1982 yan expan brochure tat empasoed intent tc apes arty of actor and etna proved hough stages aterainmen of am adalt nate, The bret forts ln nor Ina, asus ceva faiaty with the dieeor 0 crap Toul iced inthe ered foreach episode ini lane Pan fe ‘mentons tat he feature wl be preceded by “Pasco condiced by Leopold Slows, Sime by bry Ellen Bate: No mere ee ‘iment, The Seven Deadly Snr an ke preseason st he Word Mapas aka cet et te ea stort of cre czour worn that the keocure's eon fand ay Pages asus poses and ges conning dasa gues of Hel. Jen beaty) ports toward ha othr he ofa cinerea for inet sation audiences, especially American nes ately vied x oi Ter vet nc, the US dsbutors age a age for another Fan ean coproduton roms “anew look seven old sins tht ae I The Fanch New Wave ihre sis ret bu the appeal ofthis flns univer Asin she 1952 brochute, acd female fre sls th ln, us thse there no edna no cael lance between cll capil and seal commerce No ner cluscal ner proportions and aire ths tren woman blige the nal) viewer to eterno he word of fm tat na fray French” Unie the cover image of the penout reson, there snake coiling around the won’ body “Eve ha aeady fallen nto, now ts Adan’ th ewer) The slaonhip [eewten French cinema and lyf centossesis tsp re ced bees ie same The ad campaigns for European ar lm of comserably higher ‘esentatons of women andl opt ses forphrographe represen ‘shows. Tes commonly claned tha she young bteroexea couple the focus of New Wve ci ad uch of he tages in he American dtrbators manta forthe file of hs penod and that are not strictly pital French! movement centres on the modern couple, The sense of fun of ‘Comedy replaced in head for many ofthe seco ls ors both eastern ind westen Europe she ur ofthe 196 ya sl thermore grim conception of rome coupling wk es eo “kan elmer Angst teensy tue that any ofthe at Bn ‘his period depice what wa seeined as mote tac portal ofromamc or mate life han haere by Hallrwood fmt of he ‘ime ca, Overcast empl thee 2 ska fm the face and epresion of the worn charter inthe len {oped by anomie ot dou, her gue Ged out of ae wy wugit or apprehetsion. The vew provided ote male, on the ‘oes handy aways obscured by the foreprovid fas of the femnle and often hu scondary et asesary presence indeed simply By the back of hi head. For fms such so Hirsbime mo mous Laverda and The Canes Are Flog ihe ae are more lesappropate indices of eh subject matey, which concenraes on a mover female protagonis, her hestations and action as she Covers the eran of modern romance, the te vee i ha Underaing Br he fidy of thar al ope ring in Seloymenti he 1960 Zen erntonlprsboo for The 400 ‘lous (igre 22), the 2d mae for which ll onan an nage ge from the ony instanceof eeonenal embrace i the fms when ‘Anvoine Deine prs om Pars sen corer his mother wes an rot his teplather, and rlosts that mom othe eae lore fhacends he ls geography of ambiguous possi forthe wow Bed youth and hs sar for ident feedom and. acral scknowledgemene Tepiation sete bore in the mien of ab ade escent boy rather thn an adele woman, and idee tefl seen cally concerned with Deine!’ comple tltonshi os mother Butthead for The 400 Blows ago oveewheininay oly a sel malefemale romani alton that ute snp nota predom Sau clement of he H's narae, My pot snot so ach thst ‘head is mileading at tht the New Wane comple snd modern romance ar alinarks of European at fin matheing in he USA, shat they extend ois marginally concern with the sce, The heterosexual couple wope ioe ake othe poi of Pa Sonate or olen esaping in ads for othe at ls of te 19608 Io se ofthe Lope Perares camp fr The Night Ua nti) (igure 2), the image of Marcll Mastroianni forcing Bamel ‘upon Jeanne Moreau spi the kind of oerdeermined spec that my exe overpomers the msage ofthe tex. What i en sour ts motion prerre a appets nthe ade ees be te ble aoteo pov thought ad cmon ae specter some 25 ro Image provocstive sel atracing that might for some trons arouses more racer frm of feling The psionst a "hing: woken rape ofthe women inthe pressbook ager for att “ONE OF THE GREAT TIMELESS FRENCH PICTURES” 2c x25 tinet-180 es) ‘Ada #208fins sach 28 The Night, Rocco and His Brother, Where the Hot ‘hote uted forthe eve dlinguect American and wayward youth Earopesnsexplonation fio nie ovgies aw ing the same newspaper page fora spe (ce Male ud Fas 1336: 9499 for ceamples) The ssal and scrap ree esl of ther marke, more thors she hitoriogapy ona In this respect, che 1989 marketing campaign for Lous Male’ Tie io considera legis to eaptalie onthe rape ous psa fhe foreign or at pillows, nec arched eyes close rep rb the wa textually igh had iting ed lef and washed across American at howe aod teres ithe te 1960s and is conderaby abe Aescan dear rea of eaibion and reception postwar Enos ‘Specially indaseal research histories of sect cmpunite and nro (Grove Presa Jseph Levin’ 3 Enbas ee-arineney- Buc there ae ote elton a ly win ie aexploiaton neat ~ cemorshp disoures and lene ‘te sues of art ees an ober foun fat fly exhbon, Sdhencedemograptics tnd fan cla keine fal pages to peste toward shee fil aod fasiacing venues of inquiry. alhoogh Roger Commas move towards cal drbtion of European a ls with ie csataest Neve Woeld Peres in 1971 potaps the mo fou example ofsterttion between arta explain the catalogue eve of thezneal distibotion not whout precedent Corman ated 23n exploitation decor for Ameria lternational Petes and ‘eveloped ae im a producer and dbo ofboth exploation andar cinema fare. The oppose caret tajsctry was flowed by the seo ar in proponene Radley Merger: berween 1956 and 1920 his Audabon Fins dstibted im Ament some twenty sexploiation Sims from Fance, Spain, Jpan, fal Swodct and Deamnar,inlading acompistin fa by hs ova hand, The Dic tionary of Se, and the age sucess Woman. nthe ne period be dred si eo Bl to supplement his itu, and om 1973 101983 conned sms excasvey on mang barore fearates under the pacdony Henry Pars, deren ei the Tines Film Corporaon adverse the Back page of ts pes ook fr Mil for Kicks (Beat Gel the UR). © 1960 Alfane ‘epotaione xing elements of ok all, twenage ebelon tau vile abd fas cary, be tiles avaiable for rah Whose "wide appeal wil say the peterencs of audiences erence (Pure 24). Art wl, Lous Mall's Fate, Claude Chaba Leds and Rent Clement's Pre Noo ete shre como Space svt Wil fr Kies Te epenentational coves of che images aed "> promote thes films exuttor even hereon thei page se ongrent with tote ofthe a | hve shown bese siege potenti moviegoers: fear laden, vopearsn and ei ‘lon hvzontal ererosenual eeohing Whet allo ths mee she American onderground filet move: sen ofthe sue perio in bth he law cost he mie he tie sell. The prosearon of Hang Catan 1964 conde ‘sith that of oder andergound motes. Kenneth Angers Sarpio ‘ing had been charged with sbceiy and ted by acu in on Angeles onthe bass of ew frames of an crest pony Shiley Clarke's The Comecton wat turned forthe asked portayal of Arg we and doe option ofthe word it slang for here Jean Gene's Ui chant d'amour completed in 1951, bt sow for the es tie a Amerie 1963) wae ale Banned forthe ental ne sho of prison imate, Ore te, ach as Barara Rubin's {nama on Ea and Caoie Schnecias Fuses, weve araes of cational aac by watch groups and authorises: bt managed fo Stay clear of he cours soy nthe page of cemorshi ory that haveseen rt explosation, and underground cinema ora fetlenen,.@ | [FoReLE noow! —— che same scholaly pace, yt even ete they rend oe sesreated ‘into diferent concep categories and sccocded. diferent ‘veg tht ns eto do wit be spec ofthe gation nd ‘erything odo with thee raryngtatsevon the sae ase cu fare American nai camp and mice fle sash os Cando of Edin and The nora Me Tes erro ie sh as Plann Cetus, an Scorpio Rising, Scandinavian soo se sal thes challenged US ener laws equally ae uch inst ‘was asthe "prenige’Earopenn and Aree le (he Mote, The Moon is Blu, Pinky ee} that Sominate te posta history of ‘he US Profcron Code Icisearas well athe mjor rben exhibon cute of New Yor Gin Ls Angle, Chica, Cleveland, Wangton and ober Tnrge Ameren cites the 19605, these la tues sated notonl the sume ceprsenttionsl cages of tarketing and the same Pole lockup shelves, but alo te sane exibition pace ad te Feerogeneousaudepes. In is 1965 pabeaon Prien Fs Aner Srens, Michael F. Mayet, 00 ofthe plone Earopean {yt fn dsubator nd exhib, sna appease fy one ‘New York City theates then severing lore fms rom th a sory perusal Ihave ten of New York advessng nthe peviogs he Indisions ae thst hee i consierble sd tier snakes tos programming of European ar expo, aad Ame an sxplation ad avantgarde fs in New York City theaes "Brouphoar the 196 aod ea 1970 The pape ofthe ec news papers adversing the catet fm efsiag ike the New Yor [Baty News oft Ocober 1967 (gue 25), tend to chaser ar ‘undeytound and sexploaion aon te same as topcdows fasion, bur the bled across the tne none te les eadable ‘och scison and Ineo the Word 8th Steet Tener showing ‘wo new aul Es with names oo Suey opine for example se pred prominent ae enue for undegrond fine and level Eropezn ar fe, While New York Cy was ceay pivieped sie for the dracon and exhibion of explosion, art ead undezound fl inthe 1960s, {would nevertheless rede tht the exploiaionre eorespondenee that Ihave. enphiaed throopoo hear ar le ed Yo eqinal pet than he ‘underground canecions Ihave put forward 3s end. On more ever int thi pet of te clare and gene yb wl Tn 1981 Michael Siverman proved 2 tsinasing paper che Seurhera Calor; spl ther vats ater, papers on ‘ered with he financing nd producon of the noel fi Bo Suro (Biter Rice 1948), dicted by Caseppe De Sant is ‘Sonclanon,Sverman poste ht the deter ‘tad es eat nance of resent and deen he Ear pray Eee vin 2 La fly atest ae Yr By Ne, LO 08? rom wht {have heen resorting inthe makeing of Earopean prodaced fie diribed in US i the 1950s abd 1360 Sher ‘ius compelling canton needs be ceaddented ini of eer creo commer ahd scopic exchange tat cempler ‘heistoricgrarhe dvd Benen Enopean at and Aneoan cp ial isin paminingtherecepon ofr cinema thts much ihe pictur of rinrernionl hoy ht be eavnoned. A the ery [Exist offers an oppor fo some of 0 no fnge el 0 wal NoteReferences Ames 976 Te Ani nae: Noa Si Mao Er ‘esc Lon ie a Seer Beri B98) h-Cnens Nar in Neato te Fs im Mao: Usnray of Wenn Ps op 7088 Sat 4 (yap gt ‘ree Minn) ting Et or nde omic em pre THO) Mae: Re, Goel nd the Ft Pon Ka A 09 Tr gna On Habs Thad tte rnc Newt Cr 3658, Kale 050 Ie alog ete eaton igen, PinPoint A Ni nd (900, Tar Selo Te has Ho oo top aon Ned, Cig: Py Schacter F (099), "Bl Darin! Shocking! TA Fito of Expo snd owned) Cinema tn Coa aco 10989). Gy les Waton Now Yr Vnage pp 8-1 14 Midnight sex-horror movies and the downtown avant-garde The 18805-1990 saw the emergence of US and earl formation which for wan ofa beter term Lan dentiving a ste twenties eatysaneprde, Many of th mmaersdcused hee (Did ‘omar, for example) slides ars ot expesinental emake makers primaries or en sa ‘Semel ivepective of ther -etertment vale, Other sah Liney Fesenden and Abel Ferar, simpy regard theme st “independent narraive Sima who sent to mann some nese of independence fom Hollywood sus conl ad ead Ing At esto af the dirctors have ale de comet wot 2 mae no dsncton Between ie and tai nore expernental Frodeaton.Coletvly thes lmmikers and ther fae represent ‘hat Raymond Willame wold clita formations 8 Son "gr based o formal membership oe any sine clive ‘ble micfeation, bu in which thee cancion aneaton or Fou idomifeton, ether informal ot acatonaly mated (Willams 198268, ‘Whar draws these cineates and cnepiles gether i comton ban fey, ashavedcomtent formal te narrate exper [rention ew of the Boman body asa oe of soll amt poli Cal stage an interest fn aca ety polis anda mists of ‘nminitonaied mechuisos of weak snd power: Plially hey run the gamut frm anarchist vo eran Many of them have root im he pon tadergnd. They find leary pale and ‘cssionally nspitaton inthe works off G, Ballas Lous Fed tand Caine and William 5. Boroughs and re theoretical ndebed tothe wrkng of Gaoeps Baal, Jun Boiled ils Deleue, Michel Fousl, Félix Guat, Kal Marx and Fiedch