BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛 Let 𝑣 = 𝑦1−𝑛
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 1 − 𝑛 𝑦1−𝑛−1 = (1 − n)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
dividing both sides by 𝑦 𝑛 : so,
𝑑𝑣 = (1 − n)𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦
+ = 𝑄(𝑥) 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑦
1−𝑛

−𝑛
𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒗
𝑦 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑷 𝒙 𝒗 = 𝑸(𝒙)
𝑑𝑥
(𝟏 − 𝒏)𝒅𝒙
now reduced to a linear form
 2
1. y 6𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
6𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 3𝑦 3
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − − =−
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 6𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦
+ =0 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 3 3
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + − − =− 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 6𝑦 3 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 1 3 3
+ − − =0 + − − 𝑦 = − (𝑦 )
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 3 𝑦 𝑦
+ − − =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 𝑦 3
3
+ − − 3
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 2𝑥 𝑦 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 3
𝑦 −3 + − − −2
𝑦 =−
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥

let 𝒗 = 𝒚−𝟐
𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦
−2

𝑑𝑣 1 1 −3
+ − − 𝑣=
−2𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥
linear equation linear in ‘v’
 𝑑𝑣 1 1 6
+ − − − 2𝑣 =
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑣 1 6
+ 1+ 𝑣=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Linear in ‘v’

𝑣. 𝑒 ‫𝑃 ׬ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑄 ׬ = 𝑥𝑑𝑃 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
‫(׬‬1+𝑥)𝑑𝑥 6 ‫ ׬‬1+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑣. 𝑒 =‫𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑥
𝑥
1 𝑥+ln 𝑥
𝑣. 𝑒 𝑥+ln 𝑥 = 6‫𝑒 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
 1 𝑥
𝑣∙ 𝑒𝑥
∙ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥
= 6‫𝑒 ׬‬ ∙ 𝑒 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑣𝑒 𝑥 = 6 ‫𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 ׬‬
𝑥
𝑣𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 = 6 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫׬‬
𝑣𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 = 6𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

but 𝑣 = 𝑦 −2
𝑦 −2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 = 6𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 6𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦2

𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 6𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2