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 PH YS IC S
87

A
Chapter 3

MOTION & FORCE

eclives I

Understand displacement from its definition and Illustration.

Understand velocity, average velocity and instantaneous velocity.
Understand acceleration, average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration.
Understand the significance of area under velocity- time graph .
Rec all and use equ atio ns, wh ich repr ese nt uni form ly acc ele rate d mot ion in a stra igh t line incl udi ng
falling in a uniform gravitational field with out air resistance .
Recall Newton' s laws of motion.
Describe New ton' s sec ond law of mo tion as the rate of cha nge of mom entu m .

Define impulse as a product of impulsive force and time.

Describe law of conservation of momentum.
inc lud ing ela stic col lisi ons betw een
the law of conser vation of momentum in simple applications
two bodies in one dimension.
ibe the for ce pro duc ed due to flow of wat er.
Descr
Under sta nd the pro ces s of roc ket pro pul sio n .

in a non- res isti ve me diu m .

13. Understand projectile motion
ran ge of pro jec tile mo tion .
14. Derive time of flight, maximum height and horizontal
as pro jec tile mo tion.
15. Appreciate the motion of ballistic missiles
and hor izo nta l ran ge of pro jec tile.
16. Derive time of flight, ma xim um hei ght

f -
 > PHYSICS
Chapter No. 3
 Chapter 3 [Motion <fc p
s PHYSICS
to

Limitation of average velocity

.
Average velocity docr not tell US that the motion is steady or variabl e and the
^ Acceleration Scholar’

rate of change of
91
The time vetoed nrQ
path is straight or curved
If a squash ball comes Iback to its starting point after bouncing of the wall several Unit
of acceler ation is nt /sec> )
'

* body i called
Acceleration.
also its average velocity is zero. SI unit Tf e
mensions of
times, its total displacement is zero and acceleration are
Unit and Direction nymma
Direction
. [ 1
J .It is a vector
M i
Acceleration is also a vector quantaV
SI unit of velocity is ni/.scc (i . e . ms ) Its dimensions are LT
'1 300.000.0X1

(m the directio n of change in velocity ^ the dlrection of

acceleration is along
quantity and its direction is along the direction of displacement .
vtrjwn )

-«3» un Wiv«
210.000
». 00•
f«Ot
•"** u*« * .. Average Acceleration
, For Your Information
„
„ r
f Mtti
. •„
»
Instantaneous Velocity 1.000 Uwn WUU MI f , The ratio of the total change in velar*
MB
>w«a
_ average acceleration. iT to the total tin
me
taken is called A'
,
L

33.1 r unUt Aj )
^ ^
, as time interval At following the time t , approaches -*
The limiting value of
At
•>-
If •. *
<
' « IT
f eBui «i *
i .«
4
Inn,I ,
Let vI is the Initial velocity of the body which
, 1
Changes t0 the final velocity "
c

; * "«*
tty

zero is called instantaneous velocity . * he « v

to me then VelocityM
t
^
(
HI too
'
Mathematically a
4
ivnti
Munwn n «>ng ,- , 4?
v v = change injj city & A measurement of
A

mass independent

Ad
0 01 (
Mlkinu w»1
-J Then theavera«e ac«!£ o js|
'
^ £ ivenby
of gravity. The unknown mass
a calibrated mass me are
a light weight rod. If the
m and
mounted on
Vln = lim
* At -»0
—At
/
.
3 v =
V?

At
- V, AV
At
equal, the rod will rotate
wobble about its centre.

Do You Know?
masses are
without

Explanation *4
B
Instantaneous Acceleration ?
r 2o
Consider a body is moving along the curve as shown in figure. The body moves i |15
Av
— »
from point A to point B in time A . Let r, is the position vector of point A and
/
r/if /imams' va/«e of — as the lime
intervals , following the time t, f 10

x approaches to zero is called instantaneous

o acceleration. J0
r2 position vector of point B then displacement of the body during this short Mathematically 1 2 3 4
•
time ( )
time interval is How the displacement of a vertically
Av thrown ball varies with time ?
auu = lim —
Arf =r,-r, 51 0- At
EXPLANATION:
If value of A/ is small, the value of Ad will also become smaller When . for Your Information
Positive acceleration
If the velocity of a body
The variation of displacement
with time Is parabolic .
Is increasingjts acceleration Is positive.
Ad The Change n velocity miy Negative acceleration
A/ approaches to zero the point A approaches point B In this case . —At- be due to change In the velocity of a body is decreasing, its acceleration is
approaches to a limiting value called instantaneous velocity. I) magnitude negatlve
negative. The
„ federation is also called retardation or deceleration.
Note il) direction Edition for uniform acceleration
.or a body moving
The average velocity of the body may be zero even though its instantaneous III) In both of above
^ with uniform acceleration, Its average and Instantaneous acceleration are equal
velocity Is not zero .
ll What are velocity time graphs ? Discuss.
Uniform velocity -
If the body covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time, the body is
said to be moving with uniform velocity. Velocity Time Graph
Non-uniform velocity
If the body covers unequal displacements in equal intervals ( time,
The graph which represen
graph .
r ,
velocity
» .
ts the variation of nritv with time is called velocity-time
body is *
said to be moving with noti -uniform velocity.
Condition for uniform velocity
Let us consider
the case of a body moving along a straight path. t • •
\
1 nfi
if the average and instantaneous velocity When the body moves
of a body are equal the body is moving velocity, v time graph Is a horizontal t
with uniform velocity. with uniform
straight lin
Sh0Wn ln figure -
>T
OK
instantaneous velocity does not change, the body
^istanee ref
ered by the body = Area of rectangle Flo.3.4

^ is saiettb be moving with

 Chapter 3 [M linH „
92
SeboUr’* PHYSIO - XI (SMbjettiv .>
= ( length ] ( wdth) . ,,
= vt
=s
t
v

•
-
A native sign j pptt
oppos te to that of inrtial
The above equations
^ ^ ^ those quantities
vetocitv
'

can also be applied

to free
direction Is Do You Know ?

Case II
When the body moves With uniformly releasing velocity (i.e . with uniform
as
. V bodies by replacing a by g.
About acceleration due to Gravity (g)
motion of

aether a t*on,, the vfc oot time Cr c

. 9 h is a inclined .
straight line with time axis
m the absence of air all bodies fall frufy
'

* Z caAl<
*
shown m f gjre FKH5 the action of gravity with uniform accelrr
^ wider

^ *
oody « Area of triangle occeler due to
Distance covered by the gravity It is denoted by g.
= i- (base) (height) Its average value near the surface of SL L f
measure of strength of gravitation eid Jf , * 9Jm/u4
^* is a
I
2
= vy , r
* I v~
0 v
2
I
2
v
i

F «
‘
s
n
maximum value at the
per
pofKJ
^
n 1 tw.
The value of g decreases with height as well
, «
unit mass f l.c. gravitational field strength % * — )
Al of m
m

*S fW
Case HI
- body moves wit r .
^ r iforrni / mcreas - ng velocity (i e, with .
DO VOU KNOW?
Velocity time graph »
04 Discuss Newton's lav, of motion briefly .
When r
* tXFLANATMJrt
;
«
.

form ecoilenfoo^ i • *
' - .
vt 'ooty nm < - graph r <i < / / /w as shown . never perpendicular to ,
axis an n represent ir. fi ,KBR>
\txwOm% to
*• !««
o f«g vrt
*Note accelcniUnn
About Newton's Law of Motion
at trw

- . * body Ulk
• alfkmUMh
rw
*
'« m « »;' •
'.
f
ir . * 4' \ # * o > s d <A-
' T jtiori s e iu
#
- j to TI .I- slop -* of the ? Sir lsa » c Newton published his empirical laws of motion
;
his famous in
m c«lM
% e
.
tangent *• tf f pOtf *
*
' book
"prlndplo* in i$87.These laws hold food for bodies moving with .
Vifr hcanc of veiouty - time graphs
* . 20
-
imaller spe W as compare to the speed of light
§pamby
W g*
• ' v «dor * / * rr , e gt pi •
. tou.
* to average act elerution 10 For fast moving objects such as atomic particles in accelerators ,
LA (tauo
* 14«I w

• +< ’
!
gr . . p » to distance co / « - r - d h / relat vistic mechanics developed by Ablert tInstein is applicable i
’ i .
*
i
; .

j
the body
Write Q' jdtf . t
' • vatlom of motion for uniformly accelerated bodies ? 20l
.' .
\
. ,
'/ -
Newton's First Law of Motion / Law of Inertia
Statement
* A

. of a yfi
I i

IhroWfl I l »i llm#> A body wilt remain al rest and a body moving with un form
at rest Au
V Iwily la w«rd«*
* ii|
velocity will continue to do to, unless unbalanced external force eu i w»
Equation of Mot , on for Uniformly Accelerated Bodies It * «
4

. .

-- -
tiruiunoN
lht \ Is alto known as law of inertia
•
Cwdtv r ody n mov r|with ur form et': <deration along n straight line if Its
Ir • # v * 0' *7 s ^ * n4 h * r t re. # interval its final / elocity become wthgn
^
toed

* EXPLANATION:

^
e a>
(•) v » r,
*

as *v/ - ,
§?
4
M
, tCil
vl * K II
i t (he fini half off
"
vclotlly goo « on decf
and thun bttomci ie
maximum hi nfht
^
Inertial frame of reference
The frame of reference In which Newton’s first law holds * ca ed *****
frame of reference, for example earth Is approitmatefy an
" ji fir m#
* 0
ea
0
or «f
a
•a We
*r>
(hi) / V
1
M
2 I the hall move# In lie*
illrecllon with IsM*
of reference
«eu * N

How to apply Iheat equations In problems vilotlly, till K Newton'i Second Law of Motion
• These eeiuatons are usef ^i o v <'> linear r eu- with | tinning point Jlglffcft ttittment
acceleration
' uniform jn
I ( tarfi /ig point, th#
vr’
Wen a force a bod , U prod****
| •' " J is applied on ) 1

•
'inea oguai w direct
• When tha ebjact moves a org a ilralghl line , the direction of U upward Initial direction. The magnitude of aueUmium fc
n t on does nut change ‘ IQfx
* and inversely proportional to its **** *
^
Kkiacaiars
in suci t <isei all v« »r « * an be treated
Mathematically, it is expressed as
• lit prupian,! vecto - cen be tn tied F =ma
like scalers, the
0< initial velocity poslll
** Where F - applied force on body
m = mass of body
a = acceleration produced
 GbapUt 3
* y

*
'4

1
— -P UJI
"1
^ V 3 I C S - X I ( Subjective )

95
Do you wear seat belt
J
1
Newton' s Third Law of Motion
!hen
1 it is
Statement ( hrswr Ny
•
f lion and reaction
( are eijuu l m ma gni tud e and opp osit e in dire non *
r
I.4MM In t ' < mm p4rii
*
U *«
* * * -•
* t»<4 ixmt Kr
*
— fX
.*.
C l j r i y, when twobodies of different masses
mo ving with same

. . ' •! i « .
• i M»
Explanation
•

» dif fic ult to stop the ma xslv e one . 1 :ities

bod ies intt r ct with eac h oth er the n, acti on and reac tion EXPLANAllON:
then it
sho
*
ws tha t the moving body has a q
Wh two
n This
. to which it. exe .

e rts a When a moving car stops

A forw I ll feppltal Ail (he f . tig forc e on
nth
gj it

^^ ^ ^
Irxcc . art for the « urn leng th oft irr e The y nev e c am * * jn /thing tha t tnes to stop . The qujfoty 0 f movri quickly, the passengers
fey flUl ft ' JB ( A Use f « Md Afvari «v y which describes the
but always act on different bodies ihnr^tv A> A t <i» iiti|i ,i i*im- 1 »,ij ,
, , t y of motion is called momentum. move forward toward the
IT. windscreen. Seat belts
Id Uft I
**
** in
4M«cttkW U ttu ir. m n tftvhr Q. 7 Show that N s is equiv . ms 'change the forces of
Q,3 What is inertia ? Explain. *( >.*h lh< N.-tfi, f /ftt - f H
' * motion and prevent the
fwrfcncd H‘ b# b< » tod Uf« bm passengers from moving
. * (

itttuv r * uu?- »r J fiwti ht«t

* *
Proof f Thus the chance of injury is
greatly reduced.
\
EXPLANATION:
Inertia N S = A# — • In » kg.
'

* * kg ms ’ ( v W = i kgUL When you fall towards

For Your Informulinr
^ •
•
1
The propertyof hody due to which it tends
a to maintain its state of rest Aci cn . ArtJ re action 3 forward direction, you
or uniform motion Is called inertia. b l«kcc
* each ixhei Q.8 How force ar d momentum are related to each other ? State Newton apply force on the belt. As

Explanation J. second law in tirmj of momentum

's a reaction the belt applies
force on you in back
It Is a natural resistance to acceleration that all objects have . The greater uint In I’ ifi lc I
1‘ .. direction and thus you are

.** . * *
4
A car «ccckr 4 » Along a KM saved from injury.
the object ' s mass, the greater this resistance . So ,
VO (art CIMU> )
The mass of the object is u quantitative measure of its inertia Momentum and Newton' s Second Law of Motion
Examples E X PLA % A TKW* Point to Ponder
f' t , \ttuc ro«d >
Consider a > ody of mass m moving with velocity v , . A force F is applied on
When you make a turn while driving a car , you move the opposite
way in which the car turns the corner . CA
* 0 \
« of he .v jimr
but does n move ii.
7 *
:H
° 0G t i,o r time t and its velocity changes to vf
Acceleration produced by the force is
• You get pressed back In your seat when an airplane takes off.
-
Your face Is smashed against the windshield if your car suddenly
stops against a brick wall. ns Firil
ZX&
..
of motion gives tH
- -*
a = —v f
- v,
t
4

1
M
definition of force w He sec or According to Newton's second law of motion
Q. 6 Define and explain linear momentum.
taw give the measurement c'
* H
force.
,
J U in F-ma
«Quation (1) in ( 2), we have
(2)

Momentum
POINT TO PONDEK
What is the effefl on ihc speed of A
*
- V,
The product of mass and velocity
Mathematically
of moving body is called linear momentum.
fighter plane chising another* wh
it opens fire ? What happens to ll
speed of pursued plane hCI\
*
*
F=m
^ t

returns the fire?

* OK mv. - mv
F= : (3) Which hurt you In the
p = mv EXPLANATION: t above situations (a) or (b)
When the fighter plane opens fire. Where and think why?
Where p = the momentum of the body its momentum will be in *ck
m = mass of the body direction due to reaction force
v
* , = n tial momentum of body *»" •'
EXPLANATION:
The time of collision at In
backward direction and therefore !® ? ”
case ( a ) is smaller and
v = velocity of the body speed will decrease When ti = final omentum body
^ of * * vr therefore, the impulsive
Direction pursued plane opens fire in b 2nd
direction , die momentum will &clor‘ ' n of momentum
* , terms
force F will be greater
which may hurt you.
Since v is a vector quantity, so
having same direction is same
momenta n is also a vector qua
as that of veioc ?/ .
ntity ter " zsxssfr h
therefore its speed will increase
,
>+
* ‘
V
*
\
 Chapter 3
PHYS|C^ ~ XI (Subjective)

serva tlon of Momentum 97

This i« morr K «*IUMJI fo« vn of Nowton' s second law of motion. Because it can f Con
*
family be applicable for the rises when mass Is changing. .^
p E is more Itcncrji
[Poo You Know 7]
Which will be more
;

_
Al
for tMample effective in knocking s bear
form of force than F k
"
As rocket acceletales, It loses mass because Its fuel is burnt and ejected to proof system of two smooth clown.
provide greater thrust. ^
er an isolate
^ moving with velocities Al i.

.
a rubber bullet or
Opn
v , and
.
ii

.<“
a lead bullet of the
1
Q. 9 Define Impulse how It Is related to momentum? and
V » tl» an, „„m h
same momentum
* r

r m Your hair acts like

crumple (soft) rone on y
J »« The »
“ «
** « n J B n;
v k EXPLANATION:
For knocking the bear
impulse = Fxt acts on the
, ^
1
skull A force of « N might . Let
Utopolst
be enough to fracture you,
/,
jnd vi respect ively bear. In using the rubber .
ft *
bullet, the time of collision t
» When large force acts on a hotly for a very short internal of time, then the naked skull ( cranium I f = force exerted on m, by m2 will be smaller (due to
product of force and time for which the force acts , is called impulse offorce . bony part ), but with a * bouncing) and impulsive

•
Mathematically .
covering of skin and hak j
force of soN would bt
rr\ 2 by m,
j = force exerted on
:
According to Newton' s second law of motion
force F will be larger hut in
case of lead bullet, the time
i 1_ (U -»
Unit
1 =F l
* needed Why It Is so ?
EXPLANATION:
The hair on the skull act <$
- ,
-
m vj - m v
#

I
, ,
of collision t will be greater
(due to penetration) and
the impulsive force F will be
/
St unit Of impulse is kg-m/scc or N-acc . It is same as that of linear momentum. smaller. Therefore, the
The dimensions of impulse are (MIT It Is a vector quantity.
a soft tone. For naked skuS
So the change in momentum of mass m is , rubber bullet will be more
a force of 5 N is sufficient -» - -* effective, to knock down the
Relation between Impulse and momentum to fracture because in tha
case time of collision at a
OR ,
m vj- m v = F x t ,, (1) bear.
According to Newton's second law of motion
r smaller and the Impulsive Similarly
— *
p mv, - mv, ,. ,,
_ force F will be more -*
( 2) _ m v' -m v
t effective rn case of the
, P Do You Know ?
Using equation ( 2 ) in (1), we have covered skull and hair, atb t 1
greater and the force F So the change in momentum of mass m 2 is
-» -* t
so effective. Tc
r
<
Tl = m v r - m v i not
OR
xt produce the fracture, m2 v'j- m, v 2 = Fxt (2) <
t *
| force SON instead of $
* Adding equations (1) and ( 2), we have
OR I = m Vf -m V i ( 3) will be required. -* -* -*
mi vj- m, v, + m2 v' - m2 v 2 = F x t + F x t
^ 1
Thus, impulse = change in momentum o the body

*
Instantaneous change in momentum of body due to impulsive force is called A motor bicycle's :safety
impulse.
Concept of Impulse Does a moving object have
OR
v
^ ,
^
m v -m ,,
V + pjxt
. (3)
helmet is padded so as to
extend the time of any
collision to prevent serious
Some times the applied force is not constant and it acts for
short time. e.g. when
impulse ? Wording to Newton's third law action and reaction are always equal but injury.
•
1
*
. a hat hits a cricket ball the ball force varies from instant to
collision. In such cases it is more suitable to deal with force
instant during
No, When the body is
moving uniform velocity °
PPosite in direction. So, EXPLANATION:
The impulse is the product
and time (i.e. then F = 0 so impulse Is of F and t. 'Hie padded
impulse ) instead of either quantity alone . 2 ero.
F =- F
helmet will increase the
Impulsive Force When the body Is moving =5 -
* time of collision t and thus
^ Force acting on a body for very short internal of time is called impulsive force with variable velocity then
Wns
F+ F* = 0 ( 4) the impulsive force F is
decreased.
force is acting continuously - equati00 ( )
4 in ( 3), we have
b.10 What is an isolated system? State and explain the law of Hence no impulse is
oMinear momentum. conservation produced because no fort
* =0
acts for short Interval of
\4 OR
time.
mi v,+ m2 v2 = m, vj + m2 v 2
abated system \
6 System on which no external agency exerts any force. vfii1
>sth at: = final momentum of system
T
Chapter 3 r », 1

98 » fl PHYSICS — XI (Subjective)
Scho|
Inelastic collision? ^ , - ', Kv, + ', _ V ) ( v 'i ~ V;)( V '; + V > )
99

i
Q.11 Define elastic a nd

Comm ons(ot
(V V

.
(v - v ' ) ,
V ,+ V 1 = V 2 + Vj
(v' - v ), ,
d mcns
\ \ OR ,4
I Elastic and Inelastic Collision oua asijc
\ \e\ V- v 2 = v 2-v '1
/

r coWtsion OR
(3 )
- V2 = ~ (v

.
Elastic Collision , is called * SmoothawAV . V 1~ v 2 )| A)
is conserv ed OR
* >iou- TOtatm
»/
'*' ^
^^*
The collision , in which Where
elastic collision. * \mpactparang (v . V )
, = magnitude velocity of first bail reiative to second baH before the col ision.

I
t
Example
Bouncing back of a hard ball from
collision.
a marble floor is approximately an elastic
zero. (Head
on
Hence
^
(v ',-v 'i) = magnitude of velocity of second ball relative to fin ball after the collision;

Relative speed of approach = Relative speed of separation

Inelastic Collision
system is not conserved is called
The collision is which the kinetic energy’ of the ; of two bodies m, and ma after
Q.13 Find the expression s for the velocities
inelastic collision.
Example elastic collision in one dimension.

9 Bouncing back of a hard ball from sandy floor

• Collision of two tennis balls.
Determination of velocities after collision
Note (l |
Momentum and total energy• are conserved in ail types of collision. We can calculate the velocities of the masses after collision by solving equations
(1) / (2) and (3) . * I
I Perfect elastic collision can not be possible.
Q.12 Show that relative speed of approach is equal to relative speed of separation for elastic col Velocity of m iss m, (i e v / ) ..
one dimension. From equation ( 3 ) ,
- vv = v , - v;+ v ', (5 )
Using equation ( 5 ) in (1), we have
Elastic Collision in One Dimension
Consider two smooth, non-rotating hard balls of masses m, and m2 moving in such a way so that theira
, ,
m ( v, - v ') = m2 [ ( v, - v 2 + v 1) - v 2 )

,
ne along the same straight line with initial velocities v and v2 respectively. When they make head oncoi OR , ,
m,v - m v = m2 v - m2 v 2 + m2 v
* -m 2 v2
with each other their velocities becomes v/ and v2' respectively as shown in figure. OR m, v ', + m v ', = m , v, - m v,+ m v + m
3 2 2 2 2 v2
According to law of conservation of linear momentum OR ( m, + m ) Vi, ( m, - m ) v, + 2 m v
7 >
2 2 2
mfvT m2v2= m v i+m2V 2
* ,
OP m,v,-m,Vt = m,v -m,v (m - m7 ) ,
m,( v,- v ',) = m2 ( v '-vj
2 2
.
v1 = v ,1 +
2m 2
OP (1)
2

As collision is perfectly elastic, so K.E. is also

(m ,+m ) 2 (m , +m ) ;
V2 (6)

conserved i.e
1 t j
, .
I , Before
,»
cOlll on Velocity of mass m 2(i.e. v / )
—. m,v, m2 2 =r m,v ,AJ
v - >
+ - m2 v 2 1
Using equation (6) in ( ), we
2 2 2 5 have
J
-
1
C
1 / 2 1
- m,v = m v a * m2Vl 2
7
= v, - v 2 +
( fflt ~ m )
2
v. +
2m1 ,
2 * v
, , ,
1
.
- m fv, - v ', ) =
1 J
2
1 V ,
,
(m + in2) (m + m )

^ * , ,
m v 1- v 'J) m 2(v j v 1)
Diaiding equation ( 2 ) by (1)
2
-' ,
m,
ffli
v' «

v2a
L On , + m 2 )
lmi + m / ) + ( m| ~ m 3 )
,
J
.
Vi I
2mfr
.
(m + m,)
.1
J
2 mi - ( rn, m )
| n> U
' 4
n
nyv / ) olll
After c *
i
° (m , m j)
v ,i i
( m F m;), vi

;
,
m ( v, - v,' ) ®i( v 2 - I FIB 3 9

. 9'
*
 Chapter
100 ^ 2S .
* ’s PHYSICS
- XI (Subjective) 101

2m, 2 m2
- m 2 ) V.
v a*
(m, + m 2 )
v, +
(m + m )
Vj
, , ( L
V ^ ")
i+
( m, + m2 )
v2 - case ( li )
‘ (m, + 2
2 nl v =0

vi = ; r v, +
(m + m 2 )
2m
,
(m
,
, +<nj)
(7)
v =
‘(m + m )
vi +
( m
2m
+ m )
(0) . oom m

vI -0 O+O Before collision

v' = v =0 v = v.

.
'
Q.14

<®
and
2m ,
(m + m2 )
.
v! +
(m2 - m )
,
, v
,
oo m m

2m V, (m - m) (0)
Case I v2 "
( m + m)
+
(m + m) . After collision

F g. 3.11
f
\
• When m, and m2 are equal i e. m, = m2 = m (say) .
In this case, equations (6 ) and (7) become,
V
2
= 22Lv .i + o
2m
v:I = i - m2 ) V,
2m 2
I+
V2
(m + m 2 ), (m, + m2 ) '=
V2 VI

Result -
, mass mi comes to rest and m2 moves with the velocity of mi .
v =
, (m - m)
(m + m)
.
vi +
2m
(m + m)
v2
V,
case (I)
V ,
After collision
Case III
V.1 =
2m
0
V.
1+
2m
2m
V,
99m, m,
When lighter mass mi
t.e.mi« m2 or
,
mi * 0 &
equations
collides
v 2
(
=0
6
.
)
with

and (
a

7
massive

) become
body

,
m2 at rest

v| = 0+v 2 Before collision in this case

case (iii)
v; = V2 y _
.
( m, -m )
2
VI +
2m2
Vi . v, = 0
1
(m + m,) , (m, + m2 )
and
, (0- raj)
V.l +
2m2
(0)
o
m. 9
- vi = m
2m (m2 - m,)
99 (0 + m2 ) (0+ m2)

.
Before collision
v -
'
(m, + m2 )
V,! +
(m + m2 )
v 2
, m,
-^
<

Vi -
2m (m - m)
After collislc
Fle- l-IS
v
^; -
m
v +O
2
v = -v v =0

(m + m)
V,; +
(m + m)
v2
- and
v = V| 9
m 9
After collision

2
2m
1 2 V, =
2m , Vi . + (m, + rrij) Fig 312
2m 2m (m , +m ) 2
2
v; = v, + o

Result
-
v2 = V , 2
2x0
(O + n )
vI. +
(m2 - 0)
(0 + m2)
^
(0)

v'2 = 0 + 0
The masses m, and m2 exchange their velocities aftfi r collisic
v'2 = 0
Case II Result
When mt and m, are equal while the tar et mas. at rest as before collision.
After collision mass m remains at rest while mi bounces back with the same spaed
i.e. v2=0, In this case, e atir s (6) at 7) bee >me, . 2
 Ldue!)
102

. pHVSICS XI ( Subjcclivc)
in..
103
Cas e IV
body nr at rest , change in momentum
When a massive body m, collides
i.e. m1»m 7 or ma acO & va=o.
with a light er
' '

j — ^ time

In this case, equations ( 6) and ( 7 ) become,

. ( »o rn.)
'“ ' , \ tin F =
-m v
( m, m,) -
vi +
2m,
.
V2
ca se ) I*' 0
(|V Mewton ' s third
t
law of motion, a force
= on the wall is equal but opposite. So
\\
( m, + m 5 ) (m + m2 ) , v,= From f -
» N
’

( in
g' S
( 2m; Q
v;i * v,i + (0)
,
( m + 0) (m + 0) , t m
ni t
iHii
Before col||6|0
m,
vj * — v, + 0 t.0 ) - n
L A

m. ( m t- ci ) So,
11 v
>v
ca cul d

0.1 „
vI 5: \' force can be te product of mass of water striking normally per second
I Thus and change in
and velocity.
.

v2 =
2mi
V .+ (m 2 - m ) , v2
fVn, Example
Suppose wat a pipe at 3 kgs
" 1
and its velocity changes from 5 ms 1 to zero on striking the wall,
I (m + m2 ), ,
(m + m2 )
F 3-
After colin
then <63 I
3.13 -V -
'
*
•
*
V, «
2m
V,I +
.» *1' n * iv. / om , r' bne.vm OJ cornoo
l 1

. n yiil. - 0 ) = 15 N
QL -
•
ipujan
(m + 0) , ,
(m + 0) Q.16 Is mor ?ntum conserved, when momentum changes are produced by
, 2m,L * s < m ybca sviwiwr . Hfiw * bilioa. explosive forces ? Explain. E anol is sai&S' n
.
v:
* m V +0 , i F*C

! 0— r v « Explosion is due to the

= 2v,
result of internal forces
v2 Ii "

v 9mO 03 dr • 19 Momentum and Explosive Forces

Total momentum remains same when momentum changes occur due to explosive forces
Result r: within an isolated
system.
After collision, mass m, moves with saute velocity but the mass m moves with 1
2 Examples
the velocity double the speed of m,.
1- Explosion
of a shell or bomb
Q.15 Find the force due to water flow . When a movingc Suppose a bomb is falling, in its way it explodes
into two pieces. The momentum of the oomb fragments
quickly the P- combined by vector addition is equal to the original momentum of falling bomb , as shown in • gu ' e
jiiuve forward W
Force Due to Water Flow Sc
: 2- Firing of a rifle
windscreen .
Suppose water from a horizontal pipe strikes
a wall normally
hen it exerts 3 force on the wall. Let initially the
,
’chan ge the f®3
motion and pfl*
, ,
wnen a bu let of mass m fired is from a
rifle of mass M with a velocity
-*
\ .
water flow is v and on striking the wall,
velocity of
it comes to at
passengers
Thus the
iw ®
chance # ,
Momentum before fire
n{ tja| momentum is
zero as both bullet and rifle are initially at rest.
cO . J =>
is greatly reduce-
rest so final velocity becomes zero.
Thus, X '
EXPLANATION Momentum after fire GJ
^
V-

.
.
initial velocity of water = v = v rn When you 611
1
fonvard IS the velocity of recoil of the rifle.
final velocity of water =
vf = 0 41 SS
55 ; Accord*ing Then - f na
momenturn = m v + M \ '
_v apphes

^
change in velocity of water A v p
-
to the law of conservation of momentu ,
* = v =o v= - - momer> tjm before fire = momentum
m
mass of the water that hits the wall
in tine t = m you
injury
310
. ** after fire qrijfl
change m momei. -> of xter = 0 = Mv‘ )
^ = mA v = -my \

Then according to Newton's st d law of r OR M \ ' = -rn v

;nn,
tfon ?
the tforce F exerted on the water is given bv
 . PHYSICS - XJ Subjcctnt )

=
v
or the rocket t . *
. ne gases s
M y nfie «$ *et> " The fan *
s F=M a
*-
2)
y reo of ^ ^
50

Q. rj-c
— cr 5 tr*e
e . eocr. r ~eco r
*
>
«s • en :~ s
-
? v- express o' for attention
= • se*^
,
^
;
ccs ' ts'
-
ec s masse '
*
'OC« e* s i = accelerator cr *tr
y oateL - V1 = “ h

© 0'
= M '
—
m •~ 3

—
=
locket Propulsion passes - e 2 S i !*'
’

r the - ret tereases to me ?r

—
" "

&ne
* otkmg Principle
PS ** '«ta izzzerz&r i ease:
' -
' ozzr zr r^sec cr re s » y certsesvsoor cr momentum an t fee 1? ir Derive eepreaion kr the
'XR? 3 s c ce-cc e
"

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. '

^ y s threwr a*. 5r angfe

—
'lector! zlkirs 2, cr near re od {

^Vopuisiec
_
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er%me »~r er. - g
r ejecting 3L
- rcr .
gsssec frorr its

-
he nxxet gains & i
-
rr
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.
tner.~_
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e: to /«
'csir

^
ts t
*
-
'
engine. A ' r
*

--
'

*
*

-
-
w

il Proj«ctac
r*«
gji &ET the convene aettfertfi due * p^nr* c*i
21
mere 5 ': ~<re ~ ^ hr »g ac engne of me rocket contrives to expe

voersrong
^ ^ -
girseo Dc re cc ar of nc ec goes cr / versasing as long 2 re engines ie
» Afoccos to.ee c 5 c e r
£
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t ' re t
err s r: c r
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eno —
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p«art vm&Lto orerro^e re g ty, 5
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-
csiie f me ~
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.
r ~ 5 mn
v c rare'
± r g ter

-
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- , , . ..
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JS . ~ of s t» d »*
-=
o
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m?roe r c mo: 5£T tV aona c
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= «
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3 i atoo • •

^ ^-
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*^
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y'

se e^a 'or.eu ere rr.ee flgtr/iet r /ngr me of

- fare* ?* <*$. V re ooc 'as * - *^ . -*J *

re^
JJ
-
A« »erat#m of
^
ritr g'eeur s>eec
t

^
vc//

4ct
» c sce'C e
fifcsr it : : 0 >e tt ^Tucr r >cr.e ro
^
#
*
mx > "«c* er
asceer cr E r
Trajectory
#constat*
,
ro« p
^
*M( w
« net'/
5l

: ce ert rter e
- -
. -
-
'
, r
J3

* v re e/tscet ^ r * *< -
^>e c*r foto vec c . re mtJjett e t ca ec n r
^ -orn rne W?K*^ «f «

* ^ fose# rf gxec 'e^r. efc re

>
xtr e nss *? >*• r t
-
' .
^o
 106

and
So equ ( 2 ) becomes

-
1
( 2)
Chapter 3 [ \|„
ti n & f. „
pUYSICS - XI

jal vertical
(Subjective)

velocity of projectile = v = v sinO

acceleration = a = - g *
, • mu (
107
1
V
vertical ¥ o' !
'

2
Equation ;i represents the horizontal distance while equation ( 2 ) represents the I 0 Lrtiral velocity at highest point = vN = o
height = y = H = ?
of tne body maximum equation of motion,
0 ding to
3 CC 2 2
Q.19 Oerlve expression for the instantaneous velocity of a projectile thrown fio
* 2 aS = Vf “ vi
at an angle 0 with horizontal.
1
OR 2 ayy = “ VY
' 2 V
A V
2l gt H = o - ( v sinO ) ,
instantaneous Velocity (v j . V r -

-2 gH =
2
sinO
2

Suppose a proper >s Ved with ir inai velocity

* . at an angle i > witn horizontal.
V -ir
'V
H Pr -
v sin O
ig
Let ^ r /. ‘ I
Worijorua ! compo 1«nt 0 mrfjal vekK * ry» v
V *
* * t
= v cmff Tjme
by body to cover rhe distance fr e place of
of nrtia velocit / r v . - v.sinO B i t v t^e taken it hits the ground is called the time
where
- the place
(

projection to
Horfaontal component of velocity V
V ce f ere > s rfo horizontal force along horizontal axis so acceleration a, = 0
df flight.
es back totaame level so it covers no
JO. * of / e oc ty a *
ar / instant t is * . im rm t nq
* *
, Information
*
As the body goes up and
rtjca ! distance, i. e .

y =0 adi 1 i^tun i si tit

v . r t j i i m i c a } velocityf of projectile = v, = v, sinO
*x '
' a 0) *
V
-
r: »
acceleration due to gravity = = -g
a , .. For Your Information
» y c V> .(1) time of fi ght - 1 = ?
. i? ill* . b i c i\ jiizith
1.
/ #r > ws o r«lodty —
* * H = R mJ,x
S = v,t +

^
/e ' 'a ' O" oor - ' of / * v. / v a' / 4
* vw a.t * r <1 1 ,
O | 2) V g ar <f. y - v i «0
* y
y*v t
*
1
“
art wfl n\

'/ / •rxu* y For Your Information

*f *r At/ , d of
* * V. * /
0' ,
o « ( v ainG) i - ~ gt ?
/
* 4 4' / rflsunt ‘ri The factor which remains constant

% < trtOf > tA va Vrfy

*
* If /
MU lath * gt
2

- ( v j 8in 0) t
dufHlg the projectile motion arc
* horizontal velocity
•both x and y components pf
** *' &
'* * * ***** m#4t angfe
*
„ fhfr n. m ( hit
drop
t
- 2 v yin0
(

( 2)
acceleration

* 0 '
>* .
»„/ M %
\ rt a
M jrn*«, distance
of projectile
a /irr tjrn
" ,/cl i
If
" ( 4/
t
.
//( /
*
c , (tuif for,K of pro
which a projectile covers In the horizontal direction is called
.
.- - * )ectlvt

r, A
* rt . ., • , m kir>t * o .*
r 0A
'

f. / PI
i di p ^ rrt<enh »f «

A ' l A l K;*4;
- *• ,
,
ly fr
Vh t 4
I
~ a,t' bdeomes
i 0/ ftb t
' t ’4 \ * 2 v. sinO
Ui Mft . r+ v x *
fr,)
, , ;
- - .- / . I ' » » v»
- W V , COftO r 4 0
I fAtUgM hi . v l r 4 .
ttir ai
• /
’ cii K
i/ 4 /
^ v r#
of# r » fV . . 4 f 4
* < 1 tlMI
0> r iJffi ,v)K affi 4 » Ihr UH#^ - ** OR R „y / (2 >inOcoiO)
Uifir viftK,-*l
»/,y
i'
/t f >H»
U+ »,« ,»
' .<„, ( 3 ) [ v 2 sin 0 cosO sin 20|
I 1I « g/"* / r*r
> ) M lirjfcHIHil tt<« rnnivnum
< *** II

I'
' ' nt +
J r« »
•

of
' • «/*
 —
108 Chapter 3 [Moti -
s PHYSICS XI ( Subjective)

--
5choiar 109

-
Maximum Range For Your Information
spherical earth
Tne ^ange of me projectile will be maximum when sin20 has maximum value. for
trajectory will be elliptical > oee pan

„,w
*
Ballistic
i.e.

OR
sm 20 = 1
20 = sin ^ (i) i Uses o
useful
e
* *
only for short range
• «o
,
4 « &B
Actual path
missiles are
1 The ballistic
OR 20 = 90* ranges and greater precision powered annd rerr' ote
OR 0 = 45’
For large ifontrol guided
In the presence of air
missiles are used.
friction, the trajectory
and for long trajectories the air friction is not n
So, equation R=
, :
sin28
v
becomes
Water is projected froent
pips at the same speed- ^ *
At high speed
the force of air friction is more than gravih / it , .
e and some of a high speed
projectile fall short of a
g foe * times parabolic path
an angle of 30° and
2 at 60°. Why arc the rangese EXPLANATION:
R
*
=
V; sin2(450) EXPLANATION: ^ „ ." ' ° Due to air friction , the

—
g The range of a projectile is p , for this purpose tho gie f£ pr ectio vertical and horizontal
The air friction creates difficulties So f 6 a
a
>
2
v sin90° R=
V
1
sin 20
*
needs a high degree of precision.
° " velocities decrease and
therefore, ( the height
OR RM = g As
g
sin 20 = sin 2
and range both decrease
sin 60° = 0.866 which make fall short

E v.2
And sin 20 = sin 2 60° = a of a parabolic
(4) [ v sin 90° = 1] 120° * 0.866
*
trajectory, as shown in
g Therefore, R is same for boftik the Figure.
Note: angles.
We can express the range of the projectile in terms of maximum range FORMULAE
as
R =RDXJtsm20 For an angle less than 45 * the faq .
reached by the projectile arid ibc ®
Q. 2i Define ballistic flight, ballistic missile and ballistic trajectory. both will be less. When the iqki
projection is larger than 45°, the W
attained will be more but the rr;
again less. Ad
Ballistic Flight EXPLANATION:
I
2 Average velocity Vav =
At
When a projectile is given an initial push and is then allowed to move The range is given by, R = .J_ sini:
g
freely due to inertia and under the action of gravityt then such a flight is
called a ballistic flight
The range depends on sin 20.
=
When 0 45°, the range becomes
maximum that is
3 Instantaneous velocity v a--,
*
Limn
° — At
Ballistic Missile
The un- powered and unguided missile is called ballistic missile.
Ballistic Trajectory
„„ -— g
v2
sin 90* mZL
g
v2

The values sin 20 for all other angl

. ^ 4 Average acceleration a »v 3
V2
At
- VI Av
At
The path followed by the ballistic missile is called ballistic trajectory. or greater lhan 45° are less than I
therefore, < > » range, regarding
Explanation 4
angles is smaller lhan the range # -
Ballistic missile moves due to the super position of two independent The height h is given as, 7 - M- 0Limit AV
motions:
,

h
_ vf ? jin1 5 Instantaneous acceleration «
* At
g
a straight line inertial flight along the direction of launch angle 8.
• vertical gravity fall.
• The gravity and inertia are responsible for the parabolic path of
renter
-
The height depends
values of 0 ,
on
the height
greater and smaller for smaller
o.
**
^
6 2
nd
law of motion F ma
projectile. 7 Unaar momentum P mv

-
Effect of Inertia
2 nd
law of motion In terms of m v i -m vi
Due to inertia an object should move straight off in the direction in which it is 8 F
momentum t
thrown, at constant speed equal to Its Initial su °x particu! I / In empty space .
Effect of gravity
Due to gravity straight path changes Into a curved i ectory.
for flat earth (For short ranges)
The trajectory of projectile Ispar oli
'
9

10
Impulse
Law of consarvatlon of linear
momentum
-I*
- Fxt

mlvl
•

, nijVj
-
*4
1
nv| *
o

m 4
r*

v ,
“*
Fwf m v r - m v
 Relation between relative velocity
11 of approach and relative velocity of
separation
V|- v2
— ( vi - vi ) Multiple Choice Questions
Velocity of mass m, after collision in , m|! m j 2 m2
12 v, = — - V ,I + V2 possible answers to each statement are given below. I ck ( S) the correct answer :
one dimensional elastic collision m , + m2 m + m2 , four
Velocity of mass m 2 after collision in 2m , m2 m ,
13 V2 = v ,I + V2 of the following can be zero if a body is in motion for some time?
one dimensional elastic collision ,
m + m2 m + m2 , 1.
Which
(b ) Displacement
(a) Speed
14 Force due to water flow v m covered ( d ) None
F=— v (c ) Distance
t displacement covered by body is zero, then what can you say about its distance ?
2. If the
mv negative ( b ) It may and may not be zero
15 Recoil velocity of a rifle v = ( a ) It is
M zero ( d ) It cannot be zero
( c ) It must be
16 Acceleration of rocket mv
3- The slope of tje velocit y time graph for retarded motion is:
( b ) Positive
M ( a ) Zero m
Horizontal distance of an object ( cl Negative ( d ) Neutral
17 x = vttt with velocity v. What is relative velocity between them
thrown horizontally from height h Two bodies are moving in opposite direction
4-
( b ) v
18
Vertical distance of an object
y=
1 ,: ( a ) \[iv
2
thrown horizontally from height h ie (c) -
.
( d ) Zero
x- component of instantaneous
5 Area under velocity time graph represents.
19
velocity of a projectile Vf* = V « = V, COS 0 ( b ) Displacement
(a ) Force
y- component of instantaneous (c Distance
) ( d ) Acceleration
20
velocity of a projectile vf> = vi sin 0 — gt
becomes equal if body has •
6. Instantaneous and average velocities
Instantaneous velocity of a ( a ) Zero acceleration (b ) Uniform acceleration
21
projectile V = T/ Vi + Vft ( c ) Variable acceleration ( d ) Moves in a circle

? 2
v sin 9 Inertia of an object is measure by its
22 Height of projectile H= ( a ) Volume (b ) Density
2g
( c ) Mass ( d) Temperature
2 v, sin 0 8.
23 Time flight of projectile T = 2nd law of motion defines
g (b ) Acceleration
, ( a ) Inertia
vf sin 26 ( d) Both a and b
24 Range of projectile R _ with
g I 9- When a body moves in a straight line then its displacement
coincides

Maximum range of projectile

v 2 (a ) Distance < b > Force
R max
25 (dl
T
'
lc) Vel0 ity
1 10. ‘
The rate of change in momentum of a body falling freely is equal to

(a ) K.E. (b ) Momentum
( c) Power (d) Weight the greater
Which vehicle experiences
h, A small sports car collides head-on with a massive truck .
lrnPact force (in magnitude) ?
( a ) The car ( b ) The truck
( ci They ( d ) None of these
experience the same force ?
U.
in ab ve question, which vehicle experiences the grea er ceieration
° ^
J 3
) The car
c) They experience the same acceleration
tA\ None of these

Lx '

li
 CjjJjOlJJ
. pHYSICS XI (Subjective)
112 Chapter 3 113
peflnitlon of acceleration:
13 . A base ball ol mass m Is thrown upward with some Initial speed. If air resistance is neglect
The time rate of a change of velocity of a body i ,
called acceleration .
force acting on the ball when it reaches Its peak is
Mathematically,
( a ) mg and upward ( b ) mg and downward
(c) Zero ( d ) None of these * Av v , -v
14. A body is moving in a straight line such that the distance covered by it in time t is proporti
square of the time t. The acceleration of the body is:
onal toth . where v , = initial velocity of body
( a ) Constant (b ) Zero
( c ) increasing -
( d ) Decreasing = final velocity of the body
vr
15. SI unit of impulse is equivalent to
—»
( 3 ) Force ( b ) Momentum Av = change in velocity during tirm At
( c ) Acceleration ( d ) None S.l units of Acceleratio n & velocity;

16 . Taking off rocket can be explained by SI unit of velocity is m/ sec.

( a ) 1st law of motion (b ) 2 nd law of motion SI units of acceleration is jft/ sec *
(c ) 3 rd law of motion ( d) None
Q.3.2 An object is thrown vertically upward Discuss the.sign of acceleratio n due to gravity, relative to
17 . Which component of acceleration is zero in projectile motion? velocity, while the object is in air ?
( a ) Horizontal (b ) Vertical .
( Bwp 2003, Mir Pur 2004 Fsd 2008 )
( c ) Both ( d ) None Ans. Sign of acceleration due to gravity relative to velocity is negative .
18 . A fighter plane drops a bomb when it is at the top of enemies target . Bomb misses the target duetc Explanation: J
( a ) Due to bad weather (b ) Due to action of gravity All those quantities are assigned to be negative sign whose direction is opposite to the direction of
( c ’ Due to horizontal component of velocity ( d ) All of above initial velocity.
19. .
A ball is thrown horizontally from the top of tower What happens to the horizontal componer ' So when the object is thrown upward, the direction of gravitational pull is opposite to the direction of
its velocity ? imtir: , velocity so the sign of acceleration due to gravity relative to velocity is negative.
( a Firs: ncreased then decrease (b ) Increases Q- 33 Can the velocity of an object reverse direction when acceleration is constant ? If so, give an example.
( c ) Remains same , , Lhr 2010- 2011)
(d) None of these (Federal 2003-2005, Lhr 2005 , Sgd 2005 , Grw 2005 - 2010, Fsd 2008 Mir Pur 2009
20 . What is angle of projection, so that the horizontal range is equal to maximum height ? Ans. Yes, it can be possible.
( a ) Tan~1 ( 4) ( b ) Tam (3 )
’ Example:
( c ) Tan- ’ (2 ) -
( d ) Tan i (1) due and becomes
When a body is thrown vertically upward its velocity
zero at the maximum height. After that it will reverse its
goes on decreasing
direction of
to
velocity ,
gravity
hut the acce e .
rat . on

remains constant during whole f ight [ i.e 9.8 m / s ) .

2
ANSWERS Q- 3 - 4 Specify
l. b 2. b .
3 c 4.2) .
5 c 6, a 7 c . .
8 b 9. u ' .
lO d the correct statement:
a* An object can have a constant velocity even its speed is changing,
11 c. 12. a 13. b .
14 a 15 b . .
16 c 17, a 18 c. 19. c 20.1
.
b An object can have a constant speed even its velocity is changing.
c An object can have a zero velocity even its acceleration is not zero.
-
d* An object subjected to a constant acceleration can reverse its velocity.
Short Questions of Exercises Ans.
Statements (b), (c ) and (d) are correct.
of virii*
1 Explanation:
0.3 1 What ii the difference between uniform and variable velocity? From the explanation
velocity, define acceleration, Give SI ur ‘s velocity and acceleration ?
( a) As when speed changes, velocity also changes so it s not ne
^ ^ - J ^ fcr)

A *i.
*»
.. -
wp 2004, D G Khan 2005 2006, Lhr 20
'*
( b)
direction. So it is a true statement velocity become * 1 C TO
Difference between uniform and variable velocity : hard bi .‘V
te) sudden
is stopped oy apply * fithe
.
r
• In cast of uniform va' ocity the body covari taual dltolacemtnti in eauat Inttrvali of tim * ^ when a moving object
that instant but acceleration
'
is not So it s tru£ statement
case 3
' to e re oc ty ' c in unta ' * dliDiacemt nti in
^ equal ,
Intervals of Uma

\ • or may chanat
r case o variable vt oc» ty, of both
' * magnitude or direction velocity
f ©'m / e oc t / coth the mag de - J d » recnon mains the fame.
"
 si •

Chapter 3 [Motion\
-
,
1
((
PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)
115
ub|i« ct I?* thrown veilU ally up, After leaching It maximum height, lt % velocity r V(
W \ UM \ A \ \ ^ 11
. ^ l

-* jt 1 «, true statement.

... » .
,
u\ u « r|iM itlon i amAln » onstnnt (I v 9.8 So 11 is also fruct statement . #
* Af .
A w \ <% w standing on the top ol a tower throws 1 b il! straight up with . . " , bo „„m, „
..
S mo w b nlio
tnltlii) velocity Vi and at the same time throws 1 second ball straight . h WM"
, * .e. *Om/sec th
, „ ,
%
It strikes the ground? Ignore air friction.
*
doth the balls hit the ground with H? /2HL.' peoc
» l
.
downward with the same speed Which boll will have large speed when lower
2
%
Vp V ,
II
l
V,
• .
Q 38
«» «
constant
find the chan ge In
) throughout tho
(l , l t motion of

momentum for an object

In terms of momentum?
the fcft dy ' * m

tuWjrted
.
to a given force for a given time and state law
«
** «
» « *
% 0| motion
t MpUrtetlon:

.
( Bwp 2004, Federal 200 s, Grw 2008 )
.
the hall whit h is thrown vertically up with velocity v, will have same
voloi lly v, when It reaches hat k to the top of tower . So the two halls have
jonn; downwaid vtloctty at top ol towei , Ilence they hit the
ground with
%
Z Z An -.Lct m mas s of the body

Jv*,/ m final velocity ^ 1

,
v a= Initial velocity

ti
%
einterval
I- - applied force

same final volot ny .

-
and acceleration a of . car are;
ft

Xi. 6 f Kpla ln tho < Ircur mlan ces In whic h tho velo city v 1
Then
(I) Parallel f motion,
(II) Anti parallel
(ill) Perpendicular to one another
According, to Newton
-
rI- ma
*

(Iv) v I
ft
* zero but a Is not zero -.
1
Jk
ni

( v ) a Is zero but v h not zero Comparing equations (1) and ( 2 ) we get

(I id 1005, I odof ! iOOS, Mir l*ur
1

* .
2009 Mtn 2009, Grw 200% 2009 2010
)

Ans. ( 1) Parallel;
F v .-v
*

-ft m At
and acceleration > ar
alon g strai ght path then velo city v
* -•
-
ll the Velocity ol the car h Incre asing a
m v,r * mv
pat allot . F
At
( ID Anti parallel
final mom entu m. -»
then velocity whil e m v 1 represents
a straight path where m v , represents the initia l mom entu m
> para llel, lor exam ple when the brakes a Thus we can say
v and a » < dera tion a are anti
applied to a moving car . Second law in terms of momentum
The time rate of change of momentum of body is equ al to the app lied
(Ill) perpendicular to each other

oath then the velocity v and are mutually

II the tar is moving In a circular
perpendicular . Am. Impulse force and
then the
^ prod uct of
^
_

for a shor t Intc rval of time

(Iv ) v Is zero but a* Is not zero
ft
When a large force acts on a moving body
4 s called Impulse.
If moving far Is stoop ed bv appl ying sud den hard brak es then at that
.
Insta nt the velo city of tfit
delation '
becomes zero hut the acceleration is not zero

( v)
-aft is zero but v is not zero * F xt I
So
As f rce is
the time rate of change of momentum
* >
zero but ^a .Is zero. ° -
acceleration.
mov es with unif orm veloc ity thru v is not tbb 4 4
«
When car
.
aa 7 Motion with constant velocity is a spec ial case of moti on with cons tant
IS
F
- m vf mv, -
statement true ? Discuss . . ** Lhr X 0 9 )
°
t
( Kwp 2005 f
°*'
20
r F x t * m v f * mv,
•
*
°
 PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)
117
flight
- of

.^ ^
1 = m v,i m v ( / = Fx / ) Time
,
n.ghr " ''
So the impulse is equal to the instantaneous cha nge in mo me ntu m of the body .
is called ^ om he place f
Proiection to the place where it Just to
Q- 3-iO State the law of conservation of linear momentum, pointing out the importance of
time Q °
Explain, why under certain conditions, the law is useful even though the
iso lat ed
isolated?
system is not
compu ,
= O. If v sin 0 is the

( Mtn 2003, D.G.Khan

2005, G
S = v,t + pt ’ *
Ans: Law of conservation of momentum
Total linear momentum of an isolated system always remains constant
Importance of Isolated system
. O

,
= ( VjSinO ) t - gt1

^
Law of conservation of momentum holds only for
Application for not completely Isolated systems
iso

When the effect of external force ( like frictional and

compared to the forces between the interacting objects,
lated systems otherwise it

gravitational forces ) is neg ligi bly

is not valid

mu
^ gt’
t
g
*
*
(v sin 0) t

2 v, sin0 %
Q.3.11 Explain the difference between elastic and
then this law become applicable * Range of the projectile
.
inelastic collisions Explain how would a
bouncing btf Maximum distan e which & pro * life covers in the horizontal distance is called the range
behave in each case ? Give plausible reasons for the fac
t that K.E is not conserved in most cases? .
If v cosO is horizontal opmponent of initial velocity then range of projectile R for the total
of projectile.

Ans. Difference between elastic and inelastic collision:

- .
(Bwp 2005 2008 Grw 200S thr
2009!. tcan be expressed as
R = vu * t
. time of flight

In case of elastic collision the K . E of the system

is conserved while n case of nelastic collision
the K [ $
putting values , we get #
not conserved.
X
2 v sin G
But the total linear momentum and the
total energy of th ? system remains constant m both typescf g
collision.
,' ( 2 sin0 cos0 ) o
Behoviour of bouncing ball: x*R
g
When a hard ball is dropped onto a marble floor , it _ v sin20
reb ounds to very nearly the initial height. It loses

) R= —
' • negligible
amount of energy in the collision with the flo
or. Then such collision is appro
elastic collision. * zie ty r
J g
( 2 sin 0 cos 0 = sin 2 0 )

But if the ball is not able to reach the initial Maximum Range
height then there is a loss of kinetic energy and sue?
collision is called inelastic collision. The range of the projectile is maximum when the value of sin20 has maximum value. The maximum
Solid reasons for loss of kinetic energy: value of Sine function is one. Thus
In case of inelastic collision, the loss sin 20 = 1
of kinetic energy is due to
• friction of ball with floor < 20 = sin ’(1)
• friction of ball and air 20 = 90°
• sound 90°
Q.3.12 Explain what is meant by projectile motion? Derive
e = —2
the expression for
a. the time of flight 0 = 45°
b. the range of projectile. So
2
v, sin20
Show that the range of projectile is maxim R
horizontal.
um when projectile is thrown at an angle of 45°
^ 2
g
v, sin2(45° )
(rw JJ 2003, D.G.Khan 2005, Mir Puf 2006- 20 « Rma* =
g
Ans. The two dimensional motion under the const Pit
acceleration due to gravity and inertia is call**’ v, sin90° *
projectile motion.
Examples A foot ball kicked by a pic
A ball thrown b , a cric ;cer.
 mn

118 Chapter 3 [Moti PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)

^
*
,
School 119
Q 3-13 At what point or points in its path does a projec
tile have its minimum speed, its maximum
( Gr
\ foti n
'
The
0
°
fea
g«
r
Ph
fro
fur
m
thc
B
r
to C:
le ls us that he l
^
,city of the car
,
Ans: Minimum speed: * the value of acceleration is zero, that is a = 0. °
mains constant from 5 th to h
15 * second, it means
The speed of the ba 1 is minimum at its maximum height because at this point the from C to D :
vertical com Molioo o fea r
of velocity become zero
The ve loc ity de cre ases uniformly i0 zero from
15 to 19 gL
Maximum speed:
The ac ce le ra tio n of the car during last 4 seco
nd is -
" '
“ “ ^
'
He speed of ba . i is maximum at
Av = v 2 - v 0 - 20 ,
>) its oo nt & projection a=
At t2 -t
=
1 9 - 15 , A
) the point just to hit the around (point of landing)
( a ) Afhat is meant by
. -5 9
ballistic trajectory? p negative sign indicates thz velocit
< .
*o owed sr a " :jn- po / / e ^ ed and urgjided project e nc
*
c Co ve re d by Ca r :
car decreases during these fou
r sec onds.
c '
- e pa * ' fo < owed o / *.re powered and Toul Bis^
dec project Distance covered * Area of AABF +
^ of rectangle BCEF + Area of ACDE
c. 32!" fo oweP 0 /
- fowowed by
- n - po // ered ded projectile

Am:
- 3
a
pat

s the correct ar. swer

powered and gu ded projectile.

0 14 "' ) What happens when

^ *
answer.
a system of two bodies undergoes an elastic collis
ion ? Identi fy the correci
3535553
5
p *
i
- .
"or end " o* the *> /st changes
'e mor rtturr of the s stem does rot cha
A 1500 kg < arg velocity reduced 20 ms to 15 ms 1
in 3.0 s. How large was the average
^ / nge retarding force.
c ~ ' e 906 « cor e to rest after a> rgon
Given Data:

Am .
d T> cr«rg/ co fervafctf aw s rotate
*
fs rS the correct answer
* d Mm of the car
--
m 1500 kg

-
' •/ r > r 2004'240t 2009. 0 ftJO-
'

O'
Wl 200
* 200 « Mtn 2004 200)

-
*
Initial velocity * v ( * 20 ms
* 1

* 200) 2008, 8 » 2 '7 2008, Kd

' nal velocity *
vr 15 ms ' 1

Solved Examples f fii» d:

Time - t •3.0 s
* A

r. Average retarding force F ?

The vcfaAtlysate graph of a car mo . mg on a straight roa
*• 3,7. Describe the motion of the
d is
tar and find the
» %
i
•
I ^ oilation;
A,/ , / (Jm
*

Altaic ewvrred. 4 ' g to Newton ' s sound law in term of momentum.

t To
i Lc£!i
M t 0 ' of rar fro r A t o B
* v; I^ hrig
t

.
rig
' valuer we gC|
Vapf
* r>M <>- f Hart / ou rev . 4 . fi vcFiCily intrsswri
V 4f
mmvmipaudwkmm&mkt
%
* - .. v in 5 iecondt. i . L500 * I* - 1500 / 20
3
Av
Af f - 22300 - 30Q00
t
a -
of
h
y - 750
)

^ " GTso,wl
^gaiivr fejjy 5how that the force ii retarding force.
*
tto

> simple 3,3

Chapltf

I wo spherical India of 2.0 kg unci .VO lift masfCi arc: moving towafd* each other with
-^
> (MOUQB 4 y
53
}
scb“!
^
PHY 8IC 8 XI fSubjtttin ,

vilotill
nu and 4 iiis» respectivel y . What must he the velocity of the ftnallci lull aftci colliik tl
007 - 0.14
^ 1
1
1
v>

^
*

velocity of the bigger ball is 3.0 nit ^^ 0.07 * 0.14

0 07
Given Data: A 9
Mass of smaller ball =* mi 2.0 kg 0 , 21
Mass of bigger ball * m 2 = 3.0 kg vfi ° -3ms
Initial velocity of smaller ball = V| - 6.0 ms i Now
Initial velocity of bigger ball “ v 2 * 4 ms- i
v;' =
2m ,
Final velocity of bigger ball = v' = 3.0 ms i n> , ni 2

To Find : Putting values, we get

Final velocity of smaller ball = v[ ? 2 x 0.07
Calculati on : 0.07 4- 0.14
According to law of conservation of momentum .
*
Momentum before collision = Momentum after collision
mi V|+ m2 v2 = mi v[ + m 2 vj
As both the balls are moving toward one another , so their velocities arc of opposite sign 2HEH5E A .
Let the direction of smaller ball is positive and bigger ball is negative, thus A lOOg golf ball is moving to the right with a velocity of 20 ms 1 . It makes a "

head on collision with

niivi + m 2 (-v 2 ) = nij vj + m2 (- v ' ) an 8 kg steel hall initially at rest . Compute velocities of the balls after collision .
,
Given Data :
putting values, we get
Mass of the golf ball = mi = 1 OOg 0.1 kg =
2 x 6 + 3 x (-4) = 2 x vJ + 3 x (-3 ) Velocity of golf ball before collision = vj = 20 ms " 1

-
1 2 1 2 * 2 vJ - 9 Mass of the steel mass = m 2 = 8 kg
Velocity of the steel ball before collision = v2 = 0
or 2 v[ - 9 = 0 To Find :
or ;
2 v =9 Velocity of golf ball after collision v, ?
v!i = 4.5 ms 1 \ docity of steel ball after collision v
?
"

IMJUMU Calculation:
right while the second ball is at rest . If the collision were perfectly elastic, what would be tk
velocity of the two balls after the collision?
*
A 70g ball collides w ith another ball of mass 140 g . The initial velocity of (fie First ball is 9 ms tot As v /
.-
m i -m2

putting values , we^ get

. V) +
2m 2
m| * m 2
v 2
m| + m 2 J

Given Data :
Mass of the first ball = ni| * 70g = 0.07 kg vj - 0.1 8 x +-
20 0 (As v 2 0)
Mass of the second ball = m 2 = 140g = 0.14 kg
Velocity of the first ball before collision = Vi
Velocity of the second ball before collision = v 2 = 0
To Find :
= 9 ms- i

Now
vfI
v'
--- 0.1 +8
- 7.9
19.5 ms
x 20
'1

Velocity of first ball after collision * v[ = ?

Velocity of second ball after collision = v: '= ?
v i

Puttin8 values, we get

- 2 m|
i r i| 4 m 2 J
V|+
ro 2 " mi
km|
V:

Calculatio n:
As the collision is perfectly elastic, so
v .i =
ni | - m 2

m! + m 2
vi +
( 2m
\m l +
1
2 J
v;
v:JI « fa
0.2
» 0.0
x 20 * 0 (A« vj
- 0)

V|
Puitvng values, we get
" Fi * 20
vaf * 0.3 ms '1

-
>.jr* [
i f*NT ''

V' &
 122 Chapter 3 [Motion PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)
iWTBWByin
Ar
5a ^
Schol
,=O 123
A hose pipe ejects water at a speed of 0.3 ms through a hole of area 50 cm . If the

is zero after striking.

1 1
water str L
wall normally , calculates the force on the wall , assuming the velocity of the water normal
to th *|*
1

h=
~
^ ^
0~ ) (sin30 ) 2
2* 9 jT
900 x ( Q $ ) 2
,

*a|
Given Data : 19.6
Speed of water = V| = 0.3 ms- i EZ]T 5 m a;
( ii) Time of flight:
Area of the hole of water = A = 50 cm 2 = 0.005 m 2
2 v,sinQ
Speed of water normal to the wall = V 2 = 0 As t=
Density of water = p = 1000 kg m 3
Pulling values, we get
To Find :
Force exerted by water on the wall = F - ?
Calculation:
Volume of water striking the wall per second = rate of flow
= (Arca)(Vclocity)
= 0.005 x 0.3
3
= 0.0015 m Is
Now
Mass volume
Mass of the water striking the wall per second = ~~
-
time
=density x : — time
Pulling values, we get .
( 3 Q) 2sin( 2 x 30° )
= 1000 x 0.0015 R=
9.8

j= 1 . 5 kg/s
r*

-n _ 900*sin60°
9.8
Force exerted by water on the wall is 900 x 0.866
R=
F .K
Vt
9.8
R = 79.5 ml
l -"»l le .VHI
F= ( 1.5 ) x ( 0.3)
F = 0.45 N
^ )

In example 3.7 calculate the maximum range and the height reached by the ball if the angles of
[HHHEHE projection arc (i ) 45° (ii) 60°.
-
A ball is thrown with a speed of 30 ms in a direction 30° above the horizon. Determine
l the heigh
' Gi \ Cn Data:
to which it rises, the time of flight and the horizontal range. Speed of the ball = v , = 30 ms- i
Given Data: Angle = 0 = 45° and 60°
Speed of the ball = v , = 30 ms - i

/ Angle = 0 = 30° with horizontal

Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 ms
To Find:
" 2
T
° find:
(i)
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 ms

Maxmimum range = R max

r2

For G = 45°
(i ) Height attained by the ball = h = ? Height attained = h = ?
(H)
(ii ) Time of flight = t = ? Maxmimum
( iii ) Horizontal range = R = ?
,,
range = R max
Height attained = h = ?
‘
1 For 0 = 60°
C Cul
Calculation : « < ion:
(1) For height: 0)
v , sin 20 Maximum Range ( For 0 = 45°)
As
^ 2g
R=
‘>
v sin 2 G ’
Putting values, wc get g
 Putting \ alucs, we get

R
Exercise Problems
9.8
h lu M , Uf
•u Guidi ng verlit ully Ml ih« i t v< u tutgitf *A ! ‘X. >> .
# •'
M
R
900 uin%
9.8
3.1 V » *
.
,l, r ground i< ‘tone droppid . Ho» |» t
*
*
rttfei
1

Ilf
n
gruei
/' •
* t

del :
900 x I Given *
R
98
,jft ufll velocity ol the helicopter Jg
jk * 91.8 m| vertical <Jistance covered by lfie
Now ( There is negative sign , being site to initial velocity)

Height ( For 0 45°) Acce lerati on due lo

I ,, find :
2g 11me i

Putting values , we get Cikulation:

nation of motion
(30)W 45"
h*
2 * 9.8
2
900 » ( 0.707 )
h =

F- 22.9 nil
8
19 6
- 1 5 6 8 = 19.61 v 1 -
(-9.8) I
7

Maximum Range ( For 0 - 60° ) - 156.8 -

19.6t - 4.9 /
J
( ii )

K
_
„ vi* sin 20
— —— 1
4 9 / 19.6 -
/
3
156.8 0
4.9( / - 4 I 32 ) 0 -
-
- -
Putting values , we get
8

-
/
J 4
- -
t 32 0 -
R
( 30 ) > » in( 2 60‘)
_
9.8
making factors , we get
41 32 0 - --
R
—
„ _ 900* »_ inl _ 20#

9.8
-
l(t 8 ) 4( t- 8 ) 0
( t - 8 Xt 4 ) 0
- -- --
t 8 0, t 8 see
-
R - 900 x 0.866
9.8 OR t + 4 0, t - 4 sec

Now
|R - 79.3 ml But time cannot be negative , thus
rscs ( i . c time taken by stone )

Height ( For 0 - 60 * )
cruph
-
OP » rtflu ht w d of moto rbike.

- veloci ty tln t
v , iln ' 8 the following data , drew » '
h
2g 1 0 10
'
io 20 | 20 20 1 0

f (
Velocity m * )
'

, 180
90 120 150
Putting values, wo get 0 30 60
Time (a)
.
h"
r
( 30 (f / n60’ ) l the gruph to calculate
2 x 9.8
the initial acceleration
h -- 900 x 0 866
4 |^ ' he final acceleration and
- 34.4 n
fc ) he total
‘ dista nce trave led by the motor cycle
1H
Ch ap ter J
-
v P
« n0 ft
i ak ul at um: ^ I,
sM*L
(
| |» H Y 5 IC H \ l ( Su h ) rit lvr )

f tv ' m th e gi ve n da ta, \ve 03 A 127

ha ve to dr aw gia ph am i th en fin d , C

-
proton moving
with ipoed < » r i « , ) nlM i
'^
( t Ih r in iti al ac ce le ra tio n
< ), ? tI "10
K |» UM t « |
^
-
Ug h 00 20 i in tlii ik lu fl of
wi th a *|» « cd of 2 10 «| . Aa iit ito ki ig ,, „j “
0 * t
“ jH» p* r
O' ) l lu - rtn nl ac ce le ra tio n < i , M *
iiu tn tc* md
thr ou gh r Ou hta llo M , ho d i « tilt ) i tto o Oil
9
(4 h>
kn i ( In pap ri ‘ (
* lio n
I he total distance covered S ? ( , iv » o l > H «
I tom gr ap h &
w ‘
0 M tf toft u !V1
In iti al pv rd Of pf tJU in ~ v
*

(a ) - In iti al ac ce le ra tio n a , Mi i
Dl iU nu c co ve re d S
slo pe ot th e gr ap h OA
| ina l sp ee d of cla
All
OH In fin d:
v .- v Ki iar d dio i .
I in ic tak en
l i, t i
( rtli iih illH i
10 0
‘i. (»0 0
Ulu;g on of mo tio n

20
60
o, 0.3.1ms ‘
j ,
( b) Fi na l uc cc lcn iti on ar - M 01 4
I0
2 - 02 10 1 0
J

'
slope of the graph * CE ’
-
I/I

m
CP a -96 I 012 *
1 0.0 4 ^ 10
DE
- 24 00 M 014 mi 2

-.
0- 20 a *
*

U s
IK 0 IS O Or a - 2.4* 10' W ;

m
- 20 .
No w us ing the eq ua tio n fo r ca lcu lat ing tim e V

Q ,
- 11 )
-0.67 m / '

Ne ga tiv e sig n sh ow s tha t the ve loc ity de cr ea se s du rin g

las t 30 se co nd s .
v r •v. +ot

Si tin g va lue , we ge t
t
V,
-
a
V,

( c )- Th e To tal Di sta nc e Co ve re d

S
-
I he to tal di sta nc e co ve re d is nu me ric all y eq ua l to the
( Ar ea of AO A 13) 4 ( Ar ea of rec tan gle Al lD ) 4-
-
are a un de r VC KH ity tim e gr ap h
C ( Ar ea of A CD E)
t
-- 2 10
»

8* 10*>
ft

2. 4* 10'
- l* 1107
s ~ (f M X A n ) 4 ( DD )( A B ) 4 ~ ( D£)( C 77) t“
2. 4 * 10
«
^
|t 3.33* lO n s e e J
S=
2
vo (-)

S 60 0 4 18 00 + 30 0
S » 27 00m
1
x 20 4 9 0 x 3 0 4 - x 3 0 x 2 0
2
1 » tio 0 )
masses
m ( and mj ini
arc tially at rwl
f t lc magnitude of their velocities after the spriug !»
wi th u ,pri*» K co
•
m pr
* been
cM cd bc hv
released
wi.. tlir ni . what is the

Or S » 2.1kni
Fust mass n * i
Second mass mj
-
In iti al ve loc ity of mi " vi *• 0
ln iii iii ve loc ity of m: * v 2 ~ "
^
 *A
-
* *

128 Cha pter 3 PH YS IC S - XI (Subjective)

v ,= 0
Pn. SchoJ
l o find VJ = 0 F = Ma
I :n.il velocity of mr = =? \ F
Or n = —
Final velocity of mj = vj = ? % M
put ting valu es, we get
v'
Ratio of their velocities after release
—
= v =°
:
V,
V, a=
l . Ox 10
l . Ox 10
- I7

12
"

C alcu lati ons: m,

0 = 1.0 x 10
- 17 * 12
Acc ord ing to law of con serv atio n of mom entu m 5 2
Init ial mom entu m = fina l mom entu m a = 1 . Ox 10 ms " "

;
nijV j + injY j - m , V * ( -m 2 Vj ) ‘

hoy plac es a fire cra cke r of neg ligib le mas s in an emp ty can of 40 g mas s . He plug s the end with
Wh ere neg ativ e sign sho ws tha t V| and v 2 are opp osit e in dir ecti on 3.6 A
a wooden blo ck of mas s 200 g . Afte r igni ting the fire crac ker , he thro ws the can stra ight up . It
ml ( 0 )+ m , ( 0 ) = m , vj + (-m 2 v' ) exp lod es at the top of its path . If the bloc k shoo ts out with a 1
spee d of 3.0 ms , how fast will the can
'

v
0 = m , v; + ( -m:v 2 ) he going?
& /
Given Data :
m , v; = m 2 v'
Ma ss o f can
i .
— m i = 40 g - 40 x 10 kg '

* V
Mas s of woo den bloc k = - 200g = 200 x 10 ' kg
1
Fin al spe ed of bloc k = v 2 = 3 ms
'

whi ch is the rati o of thei r velo citi es afte r the spri ng has bee n rele ased .
To find :
3.5 An amo eba of mas s l . Ox 10 kg pro pels itsel f thro ugh wate r by blow ing a jet of wate r thro ugh Fin al spe ed of can = vj - ?
tiny orif ice. The amo eba ejec ts wate r with a spee d of l . Ox lO 4 Calculations :
ms and at a rate of 1 .Ox 10 IJ gf
'

*
'

Assu me that the wate r is bein g con tinu ous ly repl enis hed so that the mas s
of the amo eba remain
,
As both can and bloc k arc init ially at rest , so thei r init ial velo citie s arc v = 0 and v: = 0
the sam e . Acc ord ing to law of con serv atio n of mom entu m ,
( a ) if the re w ere no forc e on amo eba othe r than the reac tion Tot al init ial mom entu m = Tot al fina l mom entu m
forc e cau sed by the eme rgin g jet,
wha t wou ld be the acce lera tion of the amo eba ? ,
n v +111 2 =111, vJ +m j V j
( b ) If amo eba mov es with cons tant velo city' thro ugh wate r, wha t is forc e
of surr oun ding wate r
^
mlx 0+m 2 * 0=m
^ 1
v ] - -in v'
* 2 2
( excl usiv ely of jet ) on the amo eba ?
0=m, v|+m 2 v'2
< • i \ cn Dat a : -m:v 2
Ma ss of amo eba \f l . Ox 10 i: A
= = ‘
*
g vi =
mi
Spe ed of ejec ted wate r = v = l . 0 * l 0 Jm s ‘!
.
-200 x 10 x 3 3
'

/
V1
Ma ss of wate r ejec ted per seco nd = — = 1.0 xl 0 1 kgs ' '
40 x 10-3
/
1 » » find : vj = - 15 m / sec
(a) Acc eler atio n of amo eba = a=? The nega tive sign sho ws tha t the can will shoot in the opposite direction to .hat 11 bio
( b ) l urcc of water on amoeba F*? -
< iku fifio n:
1 = mas s per seco nd x spee d of ejec ted wate r
_
3.7. An electron ( m 9.1 xl 0 ' kg ) travelling at 2.0x 10 ms undergoes
= ~3

,
hydrogen atom ( m = 1.67 x 10-77 kg ) which is initially at rc. t. Assuming
a head
the
-i

colli
on
sion
?
colli
lo
sion
be
with
perf cc l.
a
v

| IQ
t
< v - f » h cn
clastic and a motion to be along a straight line , find the ' cloeih
data:
of h > d atom

Futung values, we act Mass of electron = /n, = 9.1 x10 kg 31

F* I 0* 10 ’ * 1.0* 10*
-
-

F I 0 * 10 \
Acc eler atio n of amo eba
Velocity of electron — Vi = 2- Ox 10 ms -
Mass of hydrogen atom - 7h = 1 07 x 10 kg
)
i

Velocity of Hydrogen atom before collision = VJ*0

*
1
Sew ton a seco nd iaw ol lior.
*
 HMMMM
“

»>. - mv *~ r4
m. .
m •V
’
•

-i
1i
I Til
* y,« r •^

*
v
V *• .
'1%
. '
*1
nr
|
. -:
I
'*v i i

130
f PHYSICS - XI (Subjective)
To find:
Velocity of Hydrogen atom after collision = v 2 ?
Sebo
.
3.9
^ Two blocks of masses 2.0 kg and 0.50 kg
arc attachedJ at the two
ends of a compressed spring. The (
131

Calculat ion : clastic potential energy stored in the spring

is 10J ind the velocities
its energy to the blocks when of the blocks if the spring
As the collision is perfectly clastic, so
delivers released.
data:
v' =
2 m ,I
VI +
[ nym ]
v . , Given Mass of first block = m , = 2.0 kg
K +m,] [m +m 2 ] , Mass of second block = m } = 0.5
putting values, we get Elastic potential energy of spring = P.E =
/
V,
2 x 9. l x l 0 x 2 x l 07
+ "
"
Initial velocity of mass m = ,
i“
9.1 xlO
‘ '11
1.67 x 10"F
__ 36.4 x 10
” '
+ ° Initial velocity of mass :=0
To find:
-
/
V2
1.67 x 10- ” Final velocity of mi vj ? -
Or
-'
Vj 2.178 x 104 Final velocity of m2 vj2 « ? -
Or v2 - 2.18 x |0W Calculation:
According to law of conservation of momentum
3.8. Initial momentum final momentum
A truck weighing 2500 kg and moving with a velocity of 21 ms 1 collides
weighing 1000 kg. The truck and the car move together after the impact
with itatioun e»
.
, ,
m vl +m v3 = m vj + m 2 Vj ,
velocity . Calculate theirI
come
* Putting values, we get
Given data: 2.G <HO.5 * 0 “ 2.0* vj+ 0.5 * v'
*
Mass of the truck * m 2500 kg
Initial velocity of the truck v 21 ms *
, - ,-
-
0 2 v + 0.5 v;
-2 v
;
Mass of the car ml 1000 kg
Or v2 ‘=
—0.5 i

Initial velocity of the car v 2 =0 ( 1)

To find: According to law of conservation of energy
common (i- c combined Jvclocity after collisions ?

---
Loss of P.E.

. -inijvJ gain in K..E.

Calculation:
-
l C vj ,'
v v 7 10 - im
2
vf +
:
According to law of conservation of momentum
Initial momentum final momentum
10
- 1
-2 * :4
2 v -
» .
1
2 *0 . 5 * 1
v J
.
m , Vin v,
ni| V | 4
2

m2 vj
-- m( V
iri| V 4
; m ,vj
rn2 v
putting values , we gel
lO v -^ ? v
nr ,,
m v im Vj Cffi
^ - , 4 m )v 2 Or 1
2
20“ 2 v1' +0.5 v1 "
or v miV mivi
111
'

, 4111 , 20“ 2v, /J

+(0.5) (4vl )
2O-2 v + (0.5) 16vl' )
,
( >1
; /
As Vj - ^
- 4v
putting values, we get
v
2500 x 2141000 0
250041000
2500 ^ 21
- Before Collision
Or

-
iov; 20
’
,
20-2v' +8v;*
1

2500+ 1000 V
Or v,' 1
"2
V"
52500 m,+lul Or v;- 1.41m«
:r
3500 After Collision Pu«ing v»lu« of v { In equ. ( 1), we B«>
-
v 15m» 1
v *l - 4 « 1.41
Or vi --5.64 mi
•I

..\
.
J? .
&J'
VJ r
> x » Ul
 _
1 ftS»|

132
- - ChaPter 3 tMotio
s PHYSICS
- XI (Subjective )

3.10 A Foot ball is thrown upward w ith an angle of 30° with respect to the horizontal.
*

m pass w hat must be the initial speed of the ball ?

To th ro
* » «»
5
|
^ •

1 0 = 0x 1 -*- x9 8 xi —
i

Given Data: '

l 0 = 0+ 4.9 r
^
Angle of Projection with horizontal = 0 = 30° , I0
. jRange of football = R = 40 m i
49
Acceleration due to gravity =g = 9.8ms - l
To find :
i = 2.04
Or [ t = l .42sec.|
Initial speed of football = v / =? Now horizontal distance i
Calculation ; „X l
Using the equation
X = V

D
K
_ vi sin20
2
Putting values, we gel
x 21 x l . 42 =
g V
x = 29 82/ , I
Ryg
or 2
V =
sin 2 0 — x = .Him
f

For Calculating v ( magnitude of resultant velocity )

R x
Putting values, we gel We needv , * and vfy W
40 *9.8
>
*
( As horizontal velocity remains same )
v
Sin 2(30° )
Or 2 40 *9.8
v. =
sin 60°
2 392
V(v =0+9.8 x 1.42
Or v = 1
' 0.866 vf ) = !4 ms
v ? = 452.65 ( vfx ): + ( vf ):
Or Now resultant velocity = v =
^/ >

—
Or v = 21.27ms - i
putting values , we get
i
v = 21.3 ms •

v=> < 2
21 ) +( l 4 ) 2

3.11 A ball is throw n horizontally from a height of 10 m w ith velocity of 21 ms \ How for off it hit n
I v = V441 + 196
ground and with what velocity ?
v = >/637
Given Data :
Initial horizontal velocity =vix = 21 ms
Initial vertical velocity
Height from the ground
Acceleration due to gravity
- i

=viy = 0 -
- y - 10 m
= g = 9.8ms " 2
3.12 A W

( b)
*.,
300 A:/;I /I-1
(a )
.
How long was it in air ?
At what distance from the point vertically
Jdropped , did it strike the ground ?
M « • - ,
«*
.below the bomber
fhe bombe at the instant
was

the bomb was

To find: ^'ven Data:

b
Horizontal distance = x = ? - Height of bomber = y = h = 490m
Velocity to hit the ground =v=?
v .= 21 ms
1
300 x 1000 g3 3| - i

Horizontal velocity of bombcr =vtx =300 mh = 60 x 60 = /f v 1

Calculations:
The first thing is to find the lime to reach the ground from vertical
fall,
I
y
Initial vertical velocity of the bomb = v ,y -0
jy .

Using the following equation Acceleration due to gravity = £ -

9.8/iw

^ y
^ t + gt
2
i T
° find:
(a ) Time taken by the bomber = ? in air = r
Putting the values, we get bomb = .
r = ?
( b ) Horizontal distance covered by
M' 134

( altulahon*: S
, pHYSICS — XI ( Subjective )
135
f or calculating time , using the equation,
( A)

T° flD <)
vc hat ra ,
/lge is iame for
Ble of projecti
r %t* T i*
To pf ° ^
is same for angle of projection G 2 * 45° .
45° + 4
* ^ $
Cutting values , we get
490 = 0 xf + i x 9.8 / / °ICUUWe have to prove that range is same for 4 and 0 - 45'- 4 . As, formula for range is
-
'
2
v v? sin 2b
2 * R
490 = 9/
4 5 g
or
,* „490 Cate (i): - »- 5

y
ot :
--
t 100
1 iOsec
4.9

l v
vf stn 2 ( 45 W )
Ri - »n 2 f 4S’- -9 j
g

fb) Horizontal distance covered = X = VBXf

X t u? Sin (9Qf 2f ) -
x = 83.3 x 10 g
Since *in(90o 8 j * cos 9
* = % 33m
*

Yes the bomb will hit the ground

313 Find the angle of a projectile for which its maximum height and
R2 =
cos ( 2<pj
g ^
rar. ge remains jnaffec:ed when the angle of projection exceed or fail from 45’ by
Given Data:
horizontal range are equal.
Ma> i iT. j.rr: r:cigh * horizontal range
-

To find: 315 A SLt .

Ifsubmarine Launched ballistic missile ) is fired from a distance of 3000 km. If the Earth b
Angie of projection = 6 a ? considered flat and the angle of launch is 45* with horizontal, find the velocity with which the
Calculi Uoits: : is fired and the time taken by SLBM to hit the target
Cota Data:
As maximum height vWo Range of ballistic missile = R = 3000 km = 3 * 10* m
2 Angle of launch = 0 = 45*
*
v JUR20 * tfmd :
fUngrofprojcctile
i initial velocity of missile =v -?
Accord; sg to g, v«n ctrxfc:. XL Time taken by SLBM to hit the target =t=?
H -R >
^ dculaiioo: :
As v sin20
R=
29 g g
Or
Or
%mb
2
2stffe0*6
tic# * 4aa8
Or
values, we get
v := Ha
sm29—
* 9 g _ 29
f
3 MQ y . 4 0
Q
3
O =4 v* ~

tttoh
1
iiua**- ? ) «nW
Or b* 4 vJ = 2$U*l <f
Or 9=1361 (4) Or vI = 5.42*10W
Or v 5.42kms |
g
'

Tl®« .
b> SLBM L* (tottJ rim* of night )
114
art
ex or fail »hnrt of 45* by equal amount*, th«
^ 1*
2 v. » in0
i
F< V4J uet, we get

.
i
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