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Volume 3, 2019
The Institution of Engineers (India)
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Theme
Grid Management in a Multiple Energy Resources Scenario
About the Electrical Engineering Division Board of IEI
The Institution of Engineers (India) has established Electrical Engineering Division Board in the year 1954. The
Division consists of quiet a large number of corporate members from Government, Public, Private sectors and
Academia and R&D organizations.
Various types of technical activities organized by Electrical Engineering Division Board of IEI include All India
Seminars/Workshops, Panel Discussions, Lectures and Symposiums etc, which are held at different State/Local
Centres of the Institution. The apex activity of the Board is the National Convention of Electrical Engineers which is
organized every year on a particular theme approved by the Council of the Institution. In the National Convention,
several technical sessions are arranged on the basis of different sub-themes along with a Memorial Lecture in the
memory of M S Thacker, former Director General, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, GoI, New Delhi, which
is delivered by the experts in the field.
In order to promote the research and developmental work taking place in the field of Electrical Engineering, IEI
publishes the Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B, which is Scopus indexed. The Journal is
published six times in a year and serves the national and international engineering community through dissemination
of scientific knowledge on practical engineering and design methodologies pertaining to Electrical, Electronics &
Telecommunication and Computer Engineering. Due to multi-level activities related to this engineering discipline,
the Electrical Engineering Division encompasses the following the thrust and emerging areas of technology:
• Provision of SCADA in Transmission and Distribution
• Special Focus on APDRD
• Up-gradation of Skills in Power Sector
• Energy Conservation Building Code [ECPC 2006]
• Generation of Electricity from Hydrogen
• Alternative Energy – Solar and Solar PV
• Alternative Energy – Natural Gas, Bio-mass/Rice Husk
• Recent Development in Cleaner Nuclear Technology
• Smart Grid in our villages, in context to Indian Scenario
• Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy
• Distributed Generation and Power Quality
• Reactive Power Control and Pricing
• FACTs Controller
• Integration of Communication Technology in Power Sector
• Energy Conservation
• Use of Transducers in Electrical Systems
• Grid Management in a Multiple Energy Resources Scenario
• Industrial Automation
• High voltage Engineering in Direct Current
• Development and recent changes in national and international power market
• Electrical Energy Conservation and Management in Process Industry
• Micro Hydel Projects for isolated areas
• Usage and Restrictions for LED fixtures
• Concept of Micro Stirling Engine
Publishing Annual Technical Volume of Electrical Engineering Division Board with ISBN is another initiative taken
by IEI to encourage the students, researchers and professionals attached to this engineering discipline, who can
contribute papers on contemporary topics in the related fields.
Annual Technical Volume
Electrical Engineering Division Board

2019
Grid Management in a
Multiple Energy Resources Scenario
The Institution of Engineers (India)

AN ISO 9001 : 2015 CERTIFIED ORGANISTAION
“99 years of Relentless Journey towards

Engineering Advancement for Nation-building”
Dr G Ranganath, FIE
Chairman
Committee for Advancement of Technology and Engineering (CATE)
A n electric grid, is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to

consumers. Power stations are located at remote places, away from heavily populated
areas, near a fuel source (renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro) to take advantage
of renewable energy sources. The electric power generated at the source is stepped up to a
higher voltage at which it connects to the electric power transmission net. The bulk power
transmission network will carry the power long distances, sometimes across international
boundaries, until it reaches its consumer. Electricity is not easily or efficiently stored in
large amounts. In an electricity grid, power generation and power consumption must be
closely matched at all times. If power generation and power consumption get out of balance,
blackouts and other systemic failures occur. Therefore efficient grid management is very
important for proper distribution of power.
The third Annual Technical Volume of Electronics & Telecommunication on the theme
“Grid Management in a Multiple Energy Resources Scenario” focuses on the measures
which add value to sustainable development of the process industries in this field.
This volume is the compilation of the articles contributed by the scientists, experts in the
field and Corporate Members of the Institution. I sincerely believe that the Volume will
be of immense value to the academicians, researchers and professionals working in this
emerging field of technology and will facilitate future scope of research in the field.
Dr G Ranganath
Editor in Chief
Annual Technical Volume of

President Editor in Chief
Mr T M Gunaraja, FIE Dr G Ranganath, FIE
Chairman, CATE
Secretary and Director General Consulting Editor
Maj Gen (Dr) S Bhattacharya, VSM (Retd), FIE Mr R R Tanwar, FIE
Chairman, ELDB
Members of the Editorial Board

Mr P Rajamani, Prof (Dr) S K Calla, Prof H B Goswami, Mr M R Kothari
Mr M Marbaniang, Mr R L Mahajan, Mr N R Nadella, Mr K K G Nair
Mr P R Natarajan, Prof (Dr) K K Rout, Mr R K Sharma
Mr N S Singh, Mr N K P Sinha, Mr D A Shishak, Mr S Dharmalingam
Editorial Team
Technical Department, IEI
Mr N Sengupta, Dr S Ghosh, Mr K Sen, Mr T Chakraborty, Ms A Dutta, Mr Partha Mukhopadhyay, Mr A Basu, Mr T Biswas,
Ms H Roy, Mr S Bagchi, Mr P Chakraborty, Ms P Nath, Mr P Mukhopadhyay, Mr T Chakraborty
Publisher
Maj Gen (Dr) S Bhattacharya, VSM (Retd), FIE
Secretary and Director General for The Institution of Engineers (India)
Publication Office
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accepts no responsibility for the statements made by individuals in the paper and
contents of papers published herein
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the Royal Society. Reprints of any portion of the publication may be made provided
that reference thereto be quoted.
As per Bye-Law 118, copyright of each paper published in Institution Journals or

Proceedings in full or in abstract at its Centres shall lie with the Institution.
Printed at M/s Florence Offset Process Pvt. Ltd., 6A S N Banerjee Road, Kolkata 700013
Contents
A Comprehensive Survey on Modeling and Optimization of Hybrid Renewable 9

Energy Sources in Power System
Battula Raveena, B Venkateswara Rao
A Literature Review on Control and Stability Analysis of Microgrid 16

Shraddha Gajbhiye, Navita Khatri
An Objective Analysis of Micro-Synchrophasors Technology for Monitoring 27

and Control of Active Distribution Network
Mohd Zuhaib, Abul Khair, Mohd Rihan
Classification of Power Quality Variations in Wind Power Systems - 37

A Simulation Approach
M S Raviprakasha, Raghvendraprasad Deshpande
Distribution Grid Planning and Operation Concept Interconnected 44

with PV Solar System
Alack K Ganguly
Droop Control of Interlinking Converter in Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid 51

Krishnarajsinh A Jadav
Grid Management in a Multiple Energy Resources Scenario 63

Dev Kumar Jaiswal, Shailendra Somani, Deepak Sharma

Md Sadiqur Rahman Boruah

Rajesh Kumar Sharma

Shreya Karmakar, Joy Chakraborty
Power Tracing and Mapping of Dynamic Behaviour of a Microgrid 87

Ankit Sontakke, Jiban Krishna Das, Konika Das Bhattacharya, Dipankar Mukherjee
Stability Enhancement of an Islanded Microgrid using Battery Storage 97

Shridhar Shantaram Khule, Sharad Wasundarao Mohod
Various Frequency Control Methods & Introduction of Fast Response 106

Ancillary Service in India
Nadim Ahmad, Subhendu Mukherjee, Manas Das, Pinki Debnath, Shabari Pramanick
A Comprehensive Survey on Modeling and

Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy
Sources in Power System
Raveena Battula, Venkateswararao Bathina

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
V R Siddhartha Engineering College (Autonomous),
Vijayawada 520007, Andhra Pradesh
 bvrao.eee@gmail.com
 braveena2013@gmail.com
Abstract
The off-grid is a system and life style designed to help people function without the support of remote
infrastructure such as an electric grid. In electricity, off-grid can be a standalone power system or mini-
grids typically to provide smaller community with electricity. Off-grid solar systems operate from the
stored energy in a battery bank. The purpose of this survey is to collect information from the previous
literatures in renewable sources and different optimization technique in renewable energy sources.
Therefore, the complete bibliography and survey on the renewable energy sources are incorporate
with optimization technique up to date. In present days, the demand of the electricity is more so to
compensate the demand the off-grid renewable sources are used. By optimally utilizing the renewable
sources transmission losses can be minimized and generation of power through conventional energy
sources also minimized.
Keywords: Solar power, Wind power, Optimization, Renewable energy
Introduction supply and helps to deliver energy produced

by renewable energy technologies to the final
Renewable energy is the energy that is generated consumer. The renewable energy sources are
from natural processes that are continuously environment friendly; these are clean sources of
replenished. This includes sunlight, geothermal energy and have a lower environmental impact,
heat, wind, tides, water, and various forms these energy sources cannot ever run out,
of biomass. This energy cannot be exhausted investments are usually spent on materials and
and is constantly renewed. Renewable energy workmanship to build and maintain the various
technology is a term used to refer to hybrid facilities and renewable energy sources help
technology or other forms of technology that countries to become less dependent on foreign
store up energy created or produced by renewable energy supplies.
sources, are able to anticipate renewable energy
Electrical Engineering Division Board 9

Power System with Renewable Energy grid consideration the following authors Surya
Sources Prakash et al. [6] presented the three different
mode of operation is presented i.e. Autonomous
The researchers delt with the possibility of mode when the DC micro-grid is not connected
using Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for to grid, Current control mode. i.e., when either
the efficient energy supply to consumers that of the ESS or VSC are in current control mode
may reduce energy consumption costs [1]. This and dual mode, when both ESS and VSC are
system provides conditions for the efficient in DC link voltage control mode. The aspects
energy supply by selecting rational combination related to the connection of renewable sources
of traditional and renewable energy sources. A of energy to the grid was presented and focused
technical solution was presented for a photovoltaic on the Photo Voltaic Power Plant (PVPP) [7]. By
plant created especially for the utilities of a real this project they decrease of short-circuit power
high-voltage substation [2]. The results obtained is a consequence of the increase of renewable
show that the initial investment is covered after energy (as a number and as a capacity) and of the
half of the life cycle of the solar plant. The decrease of the conventional generation capacity
following author deals about reduction of losses in operation. The author Nicolae Golovanov [8]
i.e.; P. Lezhnyuk et.al [3], research suggests the also done the project on the smart grid his paper
technique of renewable source of energy stability shows the impact of connecting Renewable
account, the given technique is based on the sources to the Smart Grid with regard to improving
analysis of generation and consumption schedules Power Quality aspects. The impact of integrating
and also gives the introduction of the SDG and renewable sources on Power Quality indices in the
RSE in electric network can improve their grid was analyzed and the measures for avoiding
technical and economic indices reduce losses of the negative impact. His aspects are related to the
energy. Reduction of the cost is the aim of the A. exchange of information among different systems
Burgio et al. [4], they proposed that the energy used in the Smart Grid– DMS, SCADA, DFR,
storage system was used to increase the self- OMS, MDMS, security of the grid and security of
consumption rate of a prosumer equipped with a IT networks have been reached in the work.
PV plant; the ESS was used to reduce imbalances
as well. The adoption of the storage system Optimization Based technique for Off
allows decreasing the costs related to imbalances, Grid and on Grid Power System
increasing the net total incomes (TE) due to the
exported electricity to the utility grid. By taking Optimization means maximization or minimization
the power quality consideration the K. Nigim, of one or more functions with any possible
and J. McQueen[5], proposed that instantaneous constraints. An objective function of optimization
short term requirements of power are exchanged technique is to expresses one or more quantities
with the hosting grid to mitigate instantaneous which are to be minimized or maximized. The
intermittency. Long term storage support for optimization problems may have a single objective
the introducing low voltage distribution grid is function or more objective functions. Usually
incorporated by producing hydrogen fuel for use the different objectives are not compatible. The
to support grid required peak demand. Some of variables that optimize one objective may be far
the authors presented a review ona new control from optimal for the others. The problem with
strategy for improving power quality. A novel multi-objectives can be reformulated as single
control strategy is used for four leg inverter based objective problems by either forming a weighted
system. The inverter is supplied with the hybrid combination of the different objectives or by
renewable sources like solar and wind energy treating some of the objectives as constraints.
systems. Tied inverter has also the capability The different types of optimization techniques
of improving the power quality. By taking the are Mimetic algorithm, Differential evolution,
10 Electrical Engineering Division Board

Evolutionary algorithms, Genetic algorithms and of the PI controller.

Particle swarm optimization
Different types of optimization techniques for
Chun-Liang Liu et al. [9] proposed the Particle reduction of the cost show the impact of emission
Swarm Optimization (PSO) based MPPT allocation criteria on the emission reduction
algorithm for PGS operating under PSC. The and operational cost of the power system [15].
proposed method boasts the advantages such as Electrical sector can contribute immensely in
easy to implement, system independent and high the reduction of carbon emission. The optimum
tracking efficiency. They main objective is to emission allocation is very critical to assure the
develop a MPPT algorithm for centralized-type economic efficiency of any power system. The
PGS operating under PSC. The other author Yi- addition of renewable generation technologies
Hwa Liu et al. [10] consider to develop an accurate in generation mix reduces our dependence on
and system-independent MPPT algorithm for depleting fuel resources, reduces the carbon
centralized-type PGS operating under PSC. The emission and also optimizes the operational
following authors Sabrine Jaziri, Kamel JEMLI cost of the electricity. The main objective is to
[11] presented the optimization of photovoltaic minimize the fuel cost associated with thermal
pumping system. The MPPT technique is used units while satisfying constraints [16]. There
to track the maximum power point of the PV basic objective of UC is to reduce the fuel cost
array for any temperature and solar irradiation considering all constraints. While compare the
level at all times. For that, Perturb and Observe study stable the startup cost is reduced and total
(P&O) method and incremental conductance spinning reserve or average spinning reserve has
method are realized. The implementation of two increased by using PL-PSO or PL-GA, hence
MPPT approaches i.e.; P&O approach, and GA reliability of supply is improved. The problems
optimized ANN based approach was presented are minimizing the cost and handling risks due to
for purpose of finding the maximum power point WEGs [17]. To solve these problems, the Fuzzy
of solar PV system [12]. The optimized data set is optimization technique has been chosen and the
used to train the ANN using Bayesian regulation problem has been formulated in Mixed Integer
technique provides the most accurate maximum Linear Programming (MILP) technique. The
power point. The researchers Seena Paul, Dr. fuzzy model of objective was generated where
Jaimol Thomas [13], proposed the maximum attempt of reducing the uncertainty of wind unit
power point tracking using genetic algorithm was also incorporated.
optimized artificial neural network employing
PI controller is compared with maximum power The following authors deals about different
point tracking using incremental conductance. optimization technique in renewable resources
Due to some disadvantages of these methods like such as like smart and micro grids. An interactive
perturb and observe, incremental conductance, system of the smart power grid with distributed
parasitic capacitance, constant voltage and PV power generation and the cloud computing
constant current etc. They use of Artificial Neural system has been developed, jointly taking into
Network for maximum power point tracking account the service request dispatch and routing
has increased. The other author also did the problem in the cloud with the power flow analysis
project on the PI controller on faults condition in power grid [18].The objective of the power
i.e; Irani Majumder et al. [14],design the PI grid controller is to maximize its own profit and
controller for a PV connected micro grid where perform load balancing among power buses,
the stability factor is taken into consideration i.e., minimizing the power flow from one power
under various faults like LLLG fault, grid voltage bus to the others, whereas the objective of the
frequency variation. They use the cuckoo search cloud controller is to maximize its own profit
optimization technique for optimizing the gains with respect to the location-dependent pricing

signal. The aim is to investigate Community the limitation of implementing renewable power
Energy Storage (CES) impacts on AMI-based sources. The earlier literature deals with the
Volt-VAR Optimization (VVO) solutions for disadvantage such as instability i.e.; Tomah
advanced distribution networks [19]. In this the Sogabe et al.[24], take the challenge of forming an
authors consider the impact of a 50 kW/100 kWh optimal decentralized renewable energy system is
Community Energy Storage system on smart grid to overcome its intrinsic disadvantages such as
adaptive VVO. The VVO engines which intend the instability and the limit of the power output.
to operate with CES have to work in conjunction In his work they report the deep learning artificial
with CES’s BMS (Battery Management System) intelligence techniques to predict the energy
as well as other energy management tools consumption and power generation together with
incorporated in CES. The author Ning Zhou et the weather forecasting numerical simulation. The
al. [20], also chosen on smart gird. He applied a Oktoviano Gandhi et al. [25], give an overview of
special population dynamic model to investigate the multifarious optimization tools and techniques
the performance of DSM algorithms under human employed to manage power dispatch. They also
behaviour effects. They adapt the SISA (susceptible discuss the advantages and limitations of the
infected-susceptible with autonomous infection optimization techniques and the applications.
model to describe the population behavior of Ayman Esmat et al. [26], proposed a novel Energy
smart grid customers. The optimization of a Management System (EMS) in micro-grids using
micro grid operating in a “urban district-like” Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique to
environment is considered, combining both the solve the generation dispatch problem. They also
optimal scheduling of the micro grid sources and proposed EMS was implemented using MATLAB
demand response strategies, implemented in the and tested on two case studies with and without
district buildings [21]. They propose the Model RES-Wind Turbine (WT). A combined cost
Predictive Control (MPC) technique to minimize optimization scheme is investigated to minimize
uncertainties coming from renewable resources both operational cost and emission levels while
and to reduce the complexity. An Approximate satisfying the micro-grid’s load demand. In this
Dynamic Programming (ADP) approach is paper [27], Nathan Kowahl and Anthony Kuh
proposed to investigate the optimal operation of extended their work by assuming key models and
energy systems in islanded microgrid considering forecasts are unknown and implicitly learned via the
stochastic wind energy and load demands [22]. softmax algorithm with neighbourhood updating.
A battery control strategy is also presented to They implements the algorithm approximate
maintain the battery state of charge in a certain dynamic programming with a goal of reducing
range which will help to increase the battery dependencies on models and forecasting while
lifetime. The traditional Dynamic Programming achieving good performance. Miriam Allalouf
(DP) approach is also implemented to validate et.al.[28], investigated data traffic engineering in
the percentage of optimality of the proposed ADP smart grid network infrastructure, in which the
approach for stochastic cases. huge volumes of data cannot be fully delivered
to the utility data center, and are partly processed
Some of the authors use different types of by active intermediate nodes. Their approach
optimization technique for the different works. handles the congestion of performing off-line
They constructed the optimization model for an intelligent quality-aware volume reduction of
designing of Energy-Storage Capacity in a wind the flows. H. Abdul-mateen et al. [29] presents
power coupling with vanadium redox flow battery an optimum configuration for hybrid renewable
storage system, then get the minimal load lack energy generation systems based on OSPSO.
rate through computing and the optimal battery Anovel technique is used to extract the optimum
capacity [23].VRB energy storage system can sizing of Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation
make power output well-distributed and improve System (HRES) with storage system via Open

Space Particle Swarm Optimization (OSPSO). renewable sources power plants.” In European
The Sinan Kurt et al. [30], constructed a detailed Energy Market (EEM), 2017 14th International
link layer model by employing the characteristics Conference on the, pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2017.
of Tmote Sky WSN nodes and channel
5. Nigim, K., and J. McQueen. “Grid connected
characteristics based on actual measurements of dispatch-able operating modes for hydrogen
SG path loss for various environments. A novel production from renewable energy sources.” In
Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) framework Electrical Power & Energy Conference (EPEC),
is created by using the aforementioned link layer 2013 IEEE, pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2013.
model for WSN lifetime maximization by joint
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7. Stefan Gheorghe, Nicolae Golovanov and Dorel
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Stanescu. “The management of renewable
However it is conclude that off-grid renewable sources of energy and their connection to the
sources are important for rural applications and grid” International Conference on Modern Power
on-grid renewable sources are important to Systems(MPS), pp.1-5, IEEE.
meet the demand and it also improve the system
stability. By using the optimization technique it 8. Stefan Ghheorghe, Nicolae Golovanov, George-
can reduce the generation cost of the system. In Cristian Lazaroiu and Radu Porumb,“Smart Grid
this paper different optimization techniques are integration of Renewable Sources and Improvement
of Power Quality,” International Conference on
discussed to reduce the cost of the system.
Control Systems and Computer Science (CSCS),
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A Literature Review on Control and

Stability Analysis of Microgrid
Shraddha Gajbhiye, Navita Khatri
Electrical Engineering Department
Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology & Science, Indore 453331, Madhya Pradesh
 shraddhagajbhiye@gmail.com
 navitakhatri@gmail.com
Abstract
Various renewable energy generation requires common platform for integration which evolves concept
of microgrid. The microgrid considered being open energy system in which power flow is bidirectional
in nature, hence control is more complex. The effective operation i.e. (stability, frequency, power
sharing) of microgrid is primarily governed by inverter control strategies. This paper examines and
categorizes different inverter based control strategies. This paper summarises and compares various
control method methods to distinguish their advantages. Finally future work discussed to identify open
areas for various droop control strategies in microgrid.
Keywords: Microgrid, Droop control, Virtual impedance droop control, Adaptive droop control,
Powerful droop control
Introduction degree of controllability and operability in terms

of its operation, thus maintaining the stability of
The conventional AC grid is based on large scale
power network [5,6], DG units allow micro grid
power generation and major source of energy are
to play a major role.
exhaustive fuels (like diesel, coal and gas]. The
demand for electrical energy is rising exponentially In general literatures classify load sharing control
which results into weaker grid in terms of methods of DG units based on Communication
reliability and stability [1-3]. To meet the demand and Non-communication.
of power generation new options are opened up Communication control based methods are
in terms of renewable energy generation [4]. summarized as Condensed control, Master and
The effective involvement of various renewable Slave Inverter control and Dispersed control. [7-
energy sources based generation result into many 17].
advantages like better environmental policies, Non communication control based methods are
fuel less generation, and bidirectional power classical droop control [18-46], virtual scheme
flow, utility end active participation. The service based method [47-58] and create and reward
grid find difficulty to connect directly to DG’s, based method [59-66].
which comprises of, solar thermal panels, Micro This paper examines and compares different
turbines and fuel cells etc, therefore the need of control and load sharing methods of inverters
microgrid arises. This interface is a low voltage which can be applied to microgrid. This paper
distribution structure, comprising of DG units, shows recent 14 years research on control
energy storage device and load. As compared strategies.
to classical generator, DG unit possesses high

The paper is organized as follows Section 2: The main advantage of this method is that
gives an outline of the different communication current sharing is to be continued there for
control methods, Sections 3, 4 and 5 give outline both steady state and transient state. Yet,
of different types of non communication control this control method contains a centralized
methods. Section 6 focuses on future prospects. controller, which makes hard to enlarge the
Finally section 7 gives conclusion on the different system. Also to gain synchronization between
methods of droop control. the modules, current has to be distributed
between all the converters by using high band
Communication Control Methods
width communication lines. This method is
It can achieve proper voltage regulation and load highly dependable on communications and it
sharing. Also without using a secondary control, reduces the reliability.
the amplitude of output voltage and frequency are
(b) Master and Slave Inverter Control: In this,
near about close to their ratings. But these control
inverter which connect in parallel and in
method, require communication link between the
starting module acts as master inverter. The
modules, which ultimately effect the cost of whole
master inverter is in charge of parallel control,
system. Also if the length of communication link
while the other inverters act as slave inverter
is large, it get interfered, results is reduced system
[10, 11]. It can achieve good performance
expandability and reliability.
in power sharing [12]. If the master inverter
Types of communication control methods are:- fails the control action which is enhanced,
(a) Central Limit Control (CLC): This method would switch to another inverter and that
is discussed in [8,9] and is illustrated in inverter become new master. Thus parallel
Figure 1. It requires current sharing modules operation of inverter would not get affect. But
and common synchronization signals. The the drawback of this method is that, output
Phase Locked Loop (PLL) of each circuit current overshoot take place during transients
maintains the balance between the phase of and hence transient performance is not good.
output voltage, frequency and synchronization (c) Dispersed Control:- The Dispersed control
signal. Also each module tracks the average is generally applied to converters connected
current to gain equal current distribution. in parallel [13-17]. In this type of control,
Fig 1: Schematic for Central Limit Control

the average current is shared, and particular Therefore, communication strains are frequently
control circuit and no central controller is prevented particularly for long distances and
used in each inverter and every module excessive investment cost.
is symmetric. Also regulation and power
sharing are well controlled. Yet there is no (a) Classical Droop Control
connection between inverters. This debase the
adaptability and repletion of the system. Here The fundamental concept of this control stage (also
more conflicts are there in the system because named foremost control) is to imitate the role of a
number of parallel segment and connection synchronous generator, which is to minimize the
lines distances will increase. frequency, when rise in active power occurs. The
active and reactive power given, when the output
Non-communication Control Method impedance of inverter is particularly inductive:
The control techniques that function with non

communications for control of electricity sharing (1)
are based on droop concept [18-28]. Operation
without communication is frequently integral
to connect remote inverters. It can keep away (2)
from high cost and complexity, and improve
redundancy and reliability requirements of a It can be observed that active power is mostly
supervisory system. Also, such a device is less reliant on the power angle, although the reactive
difficult to extend because of the plug and play power particularly reliant on the amplitude of
feature of the modules which allows replacing output voltage. A block diagram of classical droop
one unit barring stopping the entire system. control is shown in Figure 2.
Fig 2: Block Diagram of Classical Droop Control

As classical droop control method is trustworthy. Droop/Boost control method, provides

However, there are some disadvantages, enhanced act [34-38] for controlling hugely
resistive transmission line of LV ac microgrid.
1) Absence of multiple control target.
But, this method fully depends on parameters
2) Instead of highly inductive line impedance of the system, which naturally decreases its
there should be mixed resistive and inductive utilization.
line impedance as in microgrids.
ii) Droop Based Method on Complex Line
3) In microgrid voltage is not overall variable, Impedance:
therefore it is hard to share reactive power
Many issues can’t be solved by the usage of
within parallel inverters can also produce
the classical droop manage method, such as
circulating reactive current.
line impedance reliance, inaccurate P or Q law
4) This method only examines fundamental and sluggish transient response [29-33]. In
values, and not deal with voltage and current [39], thinking about the influence of complex
harmonics. impedance, it introduce the controller that
For minimizing above limitation following solve the linked active and reactive power
methods are discussed in [29-33]. relation, provides excellent dynamic work,
and be greater handy when the components of
i) Voltage Real Power Drooping or Frequency the line impedance resistance and inductance
Reactive Power Boosting: are comparable (X≈ R) in MV microgrids.
Figure 3: Virtual Impedance Loop-based Droop Control

iii) Power-Angle based droop control method: (b) Virtual Scheme Based Method
In this distributed source voltage’s phase angle (i) Virtual Impedance Loop-based Droop Control
is set corresponding to system wide common The classical droop control can’t give an adjusted
timing [40-42], so that power demand can be reactive power sharing among parallel-associated
shared between DGs. inverters under line impedance imbalance. Thus,
This method can give appropriate load the mismatch in reactive power sharing is a major
sharing between the DGs, without a steady issue in an AC microgrid. A few examinations
state frequency drop, But, if synchronization have accomplished adjusted reactive power
of native control boards are not there the sharing executing virtual output impedance in
defect of the crystal clock of the processor droop control approach through a quick control
(digital), makes frequency slightly different loop which copies the line impedance (Figure 3)
of each inverter, which increases instability of [47-50].
the system. Mostly the virtual output impedance is chosen
iv) Voltage based Droop Control to lead line impedance [51-54]. Along these
lines, the virtual output impedance can be picked
This method is one of P/V control type. This
through the summation approach, in which
approach shows a band control of constant
adjusted reactive power sharing is accomplished
power of AC microgrid island type. It makes
if the voltage drop from each inverter to AC
full usage of the output voltage range which is
bus[55-58].
allowable [43-46].
The estimation of the virtual impedance is
By connecting the P/V droop control, Pdc
decreased utilizing the summation approach,
can be altered, in case if outpace the constant
which limits the debasement of voltage
power band, result in more elasticity in AC
regulation. Reactive power sharing is enhanced
microgrid, and the voltage- limit violation
if the adjustment in output voltage is uniquely
avoided. Yet this control method needs the
higher than the voltage drop over the line than the
micro sources to dispatch energy easily. So,
reactive power.
in this control method to dispatch the energy
DGs need multi-stage controller, which (c) Create and Reward Based Methods
affects the system frequency. The classical droop control includes a few issues
Figure 4: Block Diagram of Closed-loop System with Adaptive Droop Control

Figure 5: Powerful Droop Control
to be understood, for example, line impedance modified as:

reliance, incorrect power sharing, and moderate
transient reaction [59-61]. Therefore, variations of (2)
the traditional droop control have been proposed where, ΔE is zero under grid connected mode
to address these issues. [64]. But, ΔE can’t be zero for islanded mode,
(i) Adaptive Droop Control because the active power cannot be zero. Another
issue is the voltage drop caused by the droop
In 2002, Kim et al., proposed the adaptive droop and load changing impacts. Less voltage drop
control method to extensively keep up the voltage can be accomplished by choosing a lesser droop
magnitude with precise reactive power sharing coefficient. For quick reaction this is require to
[62,63]. In this system, the most extreme reactive choose larger value of droop consistent.. The
power Qmax drawn from every unit is put away voltage drop can be gotten by changing E* − Vo
and contrasted and reference amount of reactive by a specific path through essential rule of control
power Qref as shown in Figure 4. In the event that hypothesis. This system is expert utilizing the
the most extreme reactive power is not exactly the enhanced droop controller exhibited in [65-66],
reference value, at that point the voltage amplitude and the approach is otherwise called powerful
takes after the classical Q/E droop condition. droop control. This procedure is a control
The distinction between the output reactive power approach that alters the droop condition by
Q and reference estimation of reactive power Qref deducting the RMS of the inverter output voltage
is used as an extra incentive to set the voltage from the voltage set point as shown in Figure 5.
amplitude which is desired. This approach repays the voltage drop in view of
the droop and load impact. Besides, it keeps up
(ii) Powerful Droop Control the load voltage inside the rated value however
In this method the classical voltage droop can be with poor reactive power sharing.

Future Prospects the droop control procedure remove the basic

drawbacks of the classical droop control (i.e.,
From the past dialog, it can be presumed
impact of impedance imbalance on active and
that each of the proposed control procedure
reactive power sharing, frequency deviation, and
has its own particular qualities, favourable
active reaction). Also, the survey demonstrates
circumstances, disadvantages, and applications.
that modify a single control technique for all
The droop control procedures are based on
applications or enhancing the shortcoming
limited estimations of system state factors. These
of classical droop control by one variety is
factors absolutely assigned the DG and give
troublesome. Despite, a broad comprehension
repetition, since they maintain a strategic distance
of the varieties of the droop control method can
from basic communication interface for safe task.
address their shortcomings and improve the
Conversely, the classical droop control shows a
outline and, execution of a microgrid.
few drawbacks also.
Distinctive varieties, for example, virtual References
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An Objective Analysis of Micro-Synchrophasors

Technology for Monitoring and Control of Active
Distribution Network
Mohd Zuhaib, Abul Khair, Mohd Rihan

Department of Electrical Engineering, Z. H. College of Engineering and Technology,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202001, Uttar Pradesh
 mohd.zuhaib@zhcet.ac.in
 abulkhair1986@gmail.com
 n.rihan.eed@amu.ac.in
Abstract
The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) has proved its benefits in enhancing the situational awareness of
the grid operator in the transmission network. They are widely accepted and used in several monitoring
and control applications. They enable deep insight of dynamic behaviour of the transmission system
possible. These conditions are also penetrating in modern distribution network due to the penetration
of Distributed Energy Resources, changing load behaviour etc. This lead to a new concern in
Distribution System operation and demands improved monitoring and control capabilities. Since the
measurements are to be done at a lower scale, µPMU technology, a customized form of conventional
PMU in terms of sampling rate, bandwidth and accuracy is quite promising and is gaining momentum.
This paper discusses the emerging issues in the modern distribution network and highlights the utility
of µPMU to address these issues. Several potential diagnostic and control applications enabled due to
µPMU technology are also discussed to address distribution concerns relating to the management of
distribution systems with multiple sources of generation.
Keywords : Micro phasor measurement unit, Synchrophasor measurement, State estimation phasor
data concentrator, Distributed energy resources, Smart distribution system, Distributed energy
resources
Introduction for better system reliability and requires better

management/control of the network. The
In recent years Distribution System (DS) has been penetration of DER into the grid has introduced
transformed in several ways, such as deregulation, variability, uncertainty etc. in the grid but at the
penetration of Distributed Energy Resources same time provide diverse energy opportunities
(DER) like solar, wind, hybrid electric vehicles for grid services.
etc. These developments have transformed the
grid from passive to complex active network. It also results in short-term and unpredicted
This has led to the need for stricter requirements disturbances in the power grid that reflects in
the form of variation of voltage, current, and

phase angle. This demands a need for more synchrophasor technology and its benefits in
advanced sensors and monitoring technology the DS, section III summarizes the impact of
to observe, manage, control and understand the DER in the DS, section IV gives an overview of
grid at distribution level [1, 2]. After successful Smart Distribution System (SDS) equipped with
implementation of synchrophasor technology advance sensor and measurement devices while
worldwide for monitoring and control of section V highlight the potential application of
transmission network, extensive research µPMU in smart distribution environment. The
work is being carried out to identify its utility paper is concluded in section VI.
at the distribution side. Various educational
and industrial platforms such as University of Synchrophasor Technology
California at Berkeley (UCB), Power Standard Micro-Synchrophasor Measurement
Labs (PSL), Lawrence National Lab (LBNL)
etc. have come forward and worked together A complex representation of sinusoidal voltage
to develop a high precision µPMU and explore and current having both magnitude and phase
its effectiveness in various diagnostic and angle synchronized with the help of precise time
control applications in the DS. After successful stamping techniques are called synchrophasors.
development and testing of µPMUs, several This measurement is done by µPMU. It calculates
µPMUs were installed on the distribution circuit positive sequence component of bus voltage
in LBNL and UCB campus. For monitoring and and their respective currents with around 1
visualization, a powerful time series database micro-second synchronization accuracy. This
called Berkeley Tree Database (BTrDB) was time synchronization of samples from different
developed. Several such projects are going on to location on a common reference signal helps
customize the existing PMU Technology to work in phasor calculation of different locations
effectively on the distribution scale. Dynamic (Figure 1) at the same time instant as defined
nature and complexity of the distribution network by the time tag. The µPMU measurement of the
also demand this kind of supervision by the PMU. same time stamp is used to determine the current
However, both networks are quite different in operating state of the power system [6, 7].This
several aspects. The DS has highly unbalanced technology is considered to be the most promising
and asymmetrical architecture. They also possess technology for complexDS monitoring and control
diversity among circuits and are subject to more due to its ability to collect voltage and current
external influences. The system parameters phasors from widely dispersed location. It helps
such as voltage, current, phase angle difference, in developing the coherent picture of the complete
power flows etc. are quite small compared to the power system and enhances the decision-making
transmission system [3]. Therefore the monitoring process of the grid operator. These devices are
of DS by conventional PMUs cannot be justified widely accepted as they can provide grid operator
and is economically illogical. Therefore concept better knowledge of the static and dynamic states
of µPMU comes in to picture that has the same of the system [8].
time synchronized measurement capability that of
conventional PMUs but customized according to Why Micro-PMU in DS ?
the DS architecture in terms of resolution, sampling Since µPMU provides precise phase angle
rate, bandwidth etc. This paper discusses the role difference, it can play an important role in
of µPMU in the DS and examines the range of distribution planning and operation. This is
applications it offers in its better monitoring and because the measurement of the phase angle
control [4, 5]. between two points with µPMU leads to accurate
The paper is divided into the following sections. measurement of impedance. However higher
Section II briefly describe the concept of accuracy is required in case of DS compared to

Figure 1 : Common Reference for Phasor Calculation at Different Locations
transmission system because of different X/R 4. The numbers of nodes are much larger, even
ratios. Phase angle measurement also provides the distribution transformer in the system
information about the direction of power flows itself constitutes a circuit node. Therefore it is
that can be used for topology changes and error quite complex to perform the State Estimation
analysis. Challenges offered in monitoring and (SE) for such complex network.
control of the DS are [9, 10].
Impact of DER on Distribution System
1. The order of phase angle difference between
Before the introduction of DER into the grid on a
two nodes is significantly because of smaller
large scale, it is necessary to understand its impact
power flows and reactance between the lines. for guaranteeing power quality, estimating feeder
Accuracies of commercial available PMU is capacity and figure out both the cost and benefits
around ±1o, however, for the µPMU accuracy associated with it. In view of certain environmental
of the order of ±0.05o should be achieved [9]. challenges posed by conventional energy
resources such as CO2 emission, large investment
2. The DS measurements are highly
on DER infrastructure is continuously increasing
contaminated with noise and filtering of
particularly in the DS. However, it affects its
these noisy components is also a challenging characteristic based on its size (penetration level)
task. This is because of a large number of and location (site of the network) [12, 13]. Its
devices in the DS including load, transformer, introduction in the DS affects the power flow
switching capacitor that is the prime source of through the network, voltage level at consumer
harmonics and transients [10]. equipment and switch fault rating. Therefore for
DG interconnection separate network has to be
3. The latency of µPMU should be reduced.
designed or existing network has to be improved
The sampling frequency should be high for
to enable DG interconnection without breaching
capturing the accurate dynamics of the system.
standards such as voltage variation, fault current
However, it may result in data handling issues
limits, phase imbalance etc. The possible impact
[11].
that should be considered is listed in Table 1 [14].

Table 1 : Possible Impact of DER on DS
Smart Distribution System technologies capable of handling huge amount

of data. This data can be effectively utilized to
Since DGs integration has post a major challenge estimate the state of the DS through feedback
in DS, which were not capable of handling control system, hence can improve the situational
dispersed generation and change its state to active awareness even at the distribution stage.
network. This active nature leads to certain steady Figure 2 shows the conceptualized model for
state and disturbance constraints, power quality smart transmission and distribution grid where
issues like voltage sag and swell, reactive voltage precise phasor measurements are obtained not only
and power control, island operation, protection at transmission level but also at each important
related issues etc. [15, 16]. This demands precise distribution node. They not only contain PMUs but
monitoring and control of the DS for its smooth also incorporate smart and intelligent devices like
operation. Hence there is need of a paradigm shift smart meters or AMI, protective devices etc. This
in speeding up the modernization of the existing enormous amount of data containing information
DS and successful implementations and testing of DS is sent via proper communication network
of µPMU in the distribution circuit is a major and received, concentrated, aligned at master
boost towards this direction. Also the recent PDC at decision and control support system. This
advancements in information and communication system is basically a backbone for determining
sector proves to be a major breakthrough in accurate preventive, controlling and protective
transforming the conventional grid to smart DS measures [19, 20].
for its better monitoring, control and protection.
However it demands revisions in network Application of Micro-PMU
architecture and finding new rules and regulations
for DS [17, 18]. Several potential applications supported by
µPMU are presented in the literature. They are
Just like Smart Transmission Grid, Smart distinguished as diagnostic and monitoring,
Distribution Grid is a hybrid system that operation and control, and planning applications.
includes advanced power and measurement Diagnostic and monitoring applications are useful
equipments and with advanced communication for the grid operator for the better understanding

Figure 2 : Smart Distribution System
of the past or present status of the DS which source of error is the error in phase identification
enhances their decision-making process regarding [2, 22].
system interconnection, equipment maintenance
etc. Operation and control applications are State Estimation
specifically used for altering the operating states
The SE characterizes the operating state of the DS
of the network such as demand response or
by determining the steady-state voltage and angle
power injections, network topology etc. Various
diagnostic and control applications are discussed. magnitude at various nodes in the distribution
These applications are broadly classified network. Characterizing the operating states
depending upon their utility in DS analysis and means determining the active and reactive power
control [4, 21]. flows in each line, power injected and withdrawn
from each bus etc. However, the SE in case of
Monitoring and Diagnostic Application a DS is more challenging than the transmission
system.
Some of the potentially useful monitoring and
diagnostic applications include the following. This is because modeling of the DS is very
Phase Identification complex due to phase imbalance, small X/R
ratios, a large number of nodes and few physical
It is very difficult for the utility to obtain the exact measurements compared to nodes [23]. This
information about the load connected to 3 phase problem can be eliminated by voltage and angle
distribution line. However, it is essential to avoid measurement from µPMU as a state variable into
excessive losses due to over/under loading of any DSE, which may provide accurate information
phase as a result of unbalance loading. It usually into the Distribution Management System
occurs due to maintenance, restoration, and (DMS). Figure 3 shows the basis for SE and the
reconfiguration activities which are very difficult function it offers for real time as well as offline
to track. Among diagnostic applications the major applications [24, 25].

Figure 3 : SE basics and its application
Topology Status Verification with DG acting as a source of harmonics. Since

power flow between the lines depends on the
Detection of opening/closing states of the
phase angle difference between the nodes,
switches is very important for safe operation and
placement of µPMUs at an important location in
accurate estimation of the states of the system.
It plays an important role in real-time operation the distribution system make this approach more
and control of the DS. In the literature, most economical [8].
of the algorithms for topology detection are Unintentional Islanding
based on SE. They include states of switching
devices as an additional state variable. These In the modern power system, unintentional
are easy to implement but highly depends on the islanding is considered as one of the most
accuracy of the SE. Various topology detection important aspects as it allows greater penetration
algorithm based on µPMU data are presented in of DGs and DS with more complex dynamic.
the literature. Their effectiveness is based on the Sometimes potentially dangerous conditions arise
fact that the signature it depicts under different
due to the isolation of DG from the grid, even
topology transition. However, its accuracy also
though it continues to supply the local portion
depends on the location and number of µPMUs
of the network. Therefore it is very important to
installed through the DS. The idea behind this
approach is the specific signature it creates in the distinguish between the fault condition and the
measurement under different switching states [8, abnormal condition arises due to the separation
26,27]. of DG from the grid. Measurement of the phase
angle between an Island and the remaining
Reverse Power Flow Detection grid is the most important parameter that can
determine that an island can be synchronized to
Its goal is to determine the reversal of power
the remaining portion of the grid during a stressed
flow in a radial distribution network. However,
grid condition. This not only reduces the stress
it is not of much concern in some situations and
on the conventional energy resources but also
its significance relies primarily on the type of
ensures distribution power quality which is one
protection system used by the utility. Its affect the
of the most desirable features in modern power
system voltages and post-operational challenges
system [2, 28].

Figure 4 : Classification of Applications in DS Based on Analysis and Control
Operation and Control Applications Some potential control applications are broadly
classified in Figure 4 [8].
Phasor based control using µPMU may enable
proper management and active control of the Protective Relaying
distribution network. Presently most of the
The idea here is to accommodate the abnormal
controls suggested are confined to the simulated
conditions in the power system with the suitable
environment but the continuous efforts in this protection scheme. With µPMU, it is possible
direction may produce promising results. The to develop a supervisory relaying system that
basic idea is that phasor measurement may reflect suggests individual device setting based on the
even very small changes in the operating states condition in the power system which includes
of the power system. These include generation, abnormal behavior.
demand, and other contingencies. By tracking
the target phasor at any point in the network, Volt-VAR optimization
any abnormal behaviour in the system can It is a function that determines the optimized set
be prevented by proper control action. It also of control actions for all the voltage regulating
diminishes the computational requirements and VAR control devices without breaching
for power flow calculations required for any the actual operating constraints such as load,
abnormal detection. Therefore phasor based demand or voltage limits etc. The µPMU can
control using µPMU data offers potential control offer an inherent advantage in this regard but its
application in the modern power system. It may effectiveness is yet to be explored.
include Voltage-VAR optimization, micro-grid
Micro Grid Control
coordination, protective relaying, intentional
islanding and synchronization of micro-grids etc. To harness the opportunities for active control

based on µPMU measurements, the grid is first UGC under MANF category as Junior Research
to be operated in an islanded mode and then Fellowship.
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Classification of Power Quality Variations in

Wind Power Systems - A Simulation Approach
M S Raviprakasha, Raghvendraprasad Deshpande

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan 573202, Karnataka
 ravidmagge@rediffmail.com
 raagu.deshpande@gmail.com
Abstract
Use of renewable energy sources is continuously increasing due to environmental concerns. Among
various renewable energy sources, wind power generators are widely in use mainly due to their inherent
advantages. Significant Power Quality (PQ) issues, such as, voltage sag and swell due to change in
wind speed may result at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). Hence, in practice, it is observed that
the interconnection of Wind Generators (WG) will lead to PQ problems. Apart from this, the nonlinear
loads connected to the system are responsible for significant PQ issues at the PCC. In this context,
the classification of PQ disturbances assumes importance. This article looks into PQ disturbances as a
twofold problem and attempts to give a novel solution based on the approaches that use S-Transform
and Artificial Neural Networks. Use of Shunt Active Power Filter and STATCOM are employed to
address the PQ issues. The results are obtained through the simulation models developed in MATLAB.
The developed algorithm can be easily implemented in real time and can be used as a reliable tool to
attain improvement in PQ.
Keywords: Power quality, Point of common coupling, Wind generators, Shunt active power filter,
STATCOM
Introduction Classification of PQ events is carried out using

Expert Systems, Fuzzy Expert Systems, Modular
The output power of Wind Generators (WG) is
Neural networks, Support Vector Machines, Least
environment dependent which leads to significant
Squares Support Vector machines (LSSVM), etc..
Power Quality (PQ) issues, such as voltage sag
The reasoning and connected study to extract
and swell. It is observed that high penetration
features of the PQ events for classification purpose
of wind can cause various unpredictable PQ
is carried out by signal processing techniques,
disturbances. Hence, it is necessary to classify
such as: Fast Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier
PQ disturbances to initialize control actions for
Transform, Wavelets, modified wavelets, etc..
smart converters to have grid-support functions
Among the various signal processing techniques,
as required. In this context, classification of PQ
a modified wavelet transform, known as Stockwell
events has been considered for detailed study
Transform (S-Transform) has many advantages as
by various researchers through different tools.
compared with other techniques. The S-transform

provides frequency-dependent resolution while classified using ANN. The current harmonics at
maintaining a direct relationship with the the PCC are mitigated by Shunt Active Power
Fourier spectrum. The phase of the S-transform Filter (SAPF). The results obtained through the
referenced to the time origin provides information simulation models developed in MATLAB yield a
about spectra that is not available from locally THD of less than 5 %, well within the compliance
referenced phase information in the Continuous of IEEE 519 standards.
Wavelet Transform [1-7].
Methodology
Apart from these, the nonlinear loads connected
The system considered for study is shown in
to the system lead to significant power quality
Figure 1. It involves, wind driven Self Excited
issues at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC),
Induction Generator (SEIG), Solar PV (SPV)
such as current and voltage harmonics [8]. In
system, Storage Device (battery) and associated
fact, PQ disturbances, either at the source end
power electronic converters. Only the PQ issues
or at the PCC due to load, generally worsen the
due to variations in wind speed and non linear load
equipment life span. Various forms of voltage sag
are considered. The classification of PQ events is
and swell occurrences caused by change in load,
outlined in this section. S- transform is used to
variation in wind speed need to be considered.
extract the voltage signal. It is programmed in
A new methodology incorporated for addressing
MATLAB to get S-matrix from which different
these issues has been outlined and discussed in
statistical features are extracted. The different
this paper. A soft-computing approach based on
signals, which are classified by the algorithm are
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and S-Transform
given in Table 1.
are employed. Various voltage sag and swells are
Figure 1 : System Considered
Table 1 : Sag/Swell Description

Following is the step-by-step procedure to extract iii. Following Signal Statistical Features (SSF)
various features and classify the signal under are extracted from S-matrix:
consideration:
SSF1: Energy of the magnitude contour
i. The voltage signal is considered, for various corresponding to maximum absolute of each
cases of wind power generator operations. column of the S-matrix,
ii. For above individual cases, signal processing SSF2:Standard deviation of the magnitude
is carried out using S-transform technique, to contour corresponding to maximum absolute
finally arrive at the S matrix. The final form of of each column of the S-matrix,
continuous S-Transform is [1-2]:
SSF3: Energy of the phase contour,
SSF4: Standard deviation of the phase
(1) contour,
The voltage signal Si(t) can be expressed in SSF5: Mean of the magnitude contour,
discrete form as si (kT),k1,2,., SSF6: Mean of the phase contour,
(N-1), where T is the sampling time. The discrete SSF7: Skewness of the magnitude contour,
Fourier transform is obtained as:
SSF8: Skewness of the phase contour,
SSF9: Kurtosis of the magnitude contour and
(2)
SSF10: Kurtosis of the phase contour.
Using (1), the S-Transform of a discrete time
series s(kT) is obtained with f→ n/NT and iv. Features extracted in step 3 are used to train
the neural network.
τ→ jT as:
v. Finally, the system is validated for new set of
(3) inputs and classification of PQ disturbances in
terms of different classes are obtained, which
where f is the fundamental frequency of the signal are further utilized to initiate control actions
and τ is the time variable for Gaussian window for STATCOM.
Amplitude and phase of S-matrix are obtained Equation (3) gives the constant average of the
from (3). The rows and columns of S-matrix depict time series into zero frequency voice, so that
respectively the frequencies and time vectors. the averaging of the amplitude of the S-matrix
Figure 2 : Block Diagram of SAPF

over the time results in Fourier spectrum. Using

the time frequency localization property of the
S-Transform, sag and swell signals are detected
and analyzed. ANN based soft computing (7)
approach is used as a pattern recognition tool in Results and Discussions
classifying the PQ events. A major advantage of
neural networks is their ability to provide flexible The proposed scheme is verified through
mapping between inputs and outputs. Neural the simulation models developed in MATLAB.
Network Training tool available in MATLAB Results obtained are twofold; Classification
toolbox is used in developing the algorithm. of PQ disturbances and mitigation Sag &
Swell and THD reduction at PCC using SAPF.
Active Power Filter Figure 3 reveals the classified PQ disturbances.
To compensate the current harmonics The voltage signal at the PCC is processed through
produced by nonlinear loads, Shunt Active Power S-transform and Neural Network as discussed.
Filter (SAPF) are most commonly used. Block The voltage waveform at the PCC during change
diagram of SAPF control structure is revealed in environmental conditions are shown in Figures
in Figure 2. Hysteresis controller is used for 4 and 5. Sag and Swell can be observed in voltage
controlling of SAPF switches in order to generate waveform.
switching signals. The instantaneous reference The PQ disturbances can be addressed by
current of the APF (i*ca, i*cb, i*cc) are obtained employing FACTS devices. A Static Compensator
by subtracting the load currents (ila, ilb, ilc) from (STATCOM), is one of the key FACTS device,
reference current template (i*sa, ii*sb, i*sc). which can be used to arrest voltage variation.
Switching pulses for converter are obtained by Various sags and swells at the PCC mitigated by
subtracting (i*fa, i*fa, i*fa) from the symphonious deploying STATCOM.
current produced by SAPF. From instantaneous
Figure 6 shows the voltage waveform at the PCC.
power and voltage of AC source, reference
It is observed that, voltage waveform is improved
currents are obtained.
to 1 p.u. The details of the STATCOM used
Power pavg can be written as: are given in appendix. Further, the harmonics
produced by non-linear load are mitigated through
SAPF. Figures 7 and 8 give harmonic distortion
(4) before and after harmonic compensation. Total
Instantaneous three phase responsive force in Harmonic Distortion (THD) calculated through
every phase gets to be: FFT tool is also given in the FFT plot. It is
observed that, SAPF is able to reduce the effect
of harmonics, further, it is also observed that
the THD obtained is well within the IEEE 519
(5) guidelines.
The reference compensating currents can be Conclusions
expressed as [8]:
The power quality issues in context to wind
power generators duirng change in wind speed
are addressed. Available literature mainly
concentrates the PQ issues either as a classification
problem (sag/swell) or mitigation of THD. The
(6) main contribution of this work is, it looks into PQ
APF currents are computed as: disturbances as twofold problem and attempt has

Figure 3 : Output obtained after processing voltage signal (Signal classes S1 to S6)
Figure 4 : Voltage variation at PCC due to change Figure 5 : Voltage variation at PCC due to change
in environmental conditions (sag) in environmental conditions (swell)

Figure 6 : Mitigation of voltage sag and swell by using STATCOM
Figure 7 : Spectrum analysis without harmonic compensation
Figure 8 : Spectrum analysis with harmonic compensation

been made to give a novel solution. Classification using SAPF is also highlighted in this work.
of PQ disturbances is done through ANN and
References
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Distribution Grid Planning and Operation

Concept Interconnected with PV Solar System
Alack K Ganguly
AMS Consulting, Lucknow 226016, Uttar Pradesh
 ganguly_alack@hotmail.com
Abstract
It is now universally accepted standards that Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) sources are the
key components to a sustainable energy supply infrastructure since they are both inexhaustible and
nonpolluting. A number of VRE technologies are now commercially available, the most notable being
photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind power, biomass, and various forms of hydraulic control. The paper
mainly deals with the concept of planning and operation for distribution grid interconnected with the
solar power system. Modern technologies for the changing nature of the distribution grid system have
detailed with low and 100% solar power penetration to the existing grid system. Further, emphasis on
the inverter-dominated grid with power system stability and protection system has given with pros and
cons and proposed actions that utility can take continuously and vigorously to improve on reliability,
resilience, safety, cost-efficiency, and customer flexibility.
Keywords: VRE, Photovoltaic, Planning and operation, Resilience, Safety
Introduction in reverse direction. The operational complexities

may be detrimental not only to respective DTs but
Indian Power sector has targeted massive
also to transmission systems eventually forcibly
integration of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE)
shutting down the thermal plants.
with upcoming 175 GW of renewable energy by
2022, which include 100 GW from solar {40 GW The instantaneous penetration may be even more
from rooftop photovoltaics (PV) and 60 GW from important factor when considering the actual
utility-scale solar}, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW stability of a power system at a high VRE level.
from biomass and 5 GW from small hydropower. PV solar power, in particular, has an inherent
To ensure, one nation-one Grid and with challenge associated with because it does not
substantial penetration of renewable energy, it is produce any energy during the night. Utilities
required to have existing sub-station up-gradation worldwide have undergone the impact of large
at the local level. The Distribution Transformers amounts of PV solar power causing problems in
(DTs) of power utilities are generally designed to system planning and operation in a distribution
cater the domestic load demand. During the period system. One of the attributes is system resilience,
more PV solar power getting added at distribution which is the capability of the system to react, resist,
system and the local load is less than sanctioned and recover under high - impact, low probability
load then excess power need to be transported to events. Recovery times at the distribution system
the grid for commercial purposes. In such case, having a complex network are more than those for
DTs design may not be suitable for the power flow generation and transmission system.

Concepts of the New Distribution System by synchronous machines maintains synchronism

and damps mechanical oscillations through their
The challenges of today’s distribution grid need
synchronizing and damping torque components
to be addressed by modernizing the electric
of the total electric torque. The abundance of
grid and streamlining customer procedures at
inertia and synchronous torque from synchronous
the same time enhancing safety, reliability, and
machines along with their controls allows for the
affordability. Three primary objectives are:
mitigation of the large active and reactive power
1. How to plan, design, and operate the grid, imbalances in the grid.
2. Create an investment roadmap to allow for In contrast, PV solar power typically connects
interoperability among distributed resources, to the grid through a power electronics interface
utility assets, and customers, called an inverter which converts dc to ac power
3. Leverage regulatory requirements. and manages the flow of energy by controlling
switching semiconductor devices at a faster time.
To tackle these objectives, one must have new To highlight the differences between inverters and
design standards to be developed to support electrical machines, inverters are often described
enhanced technology deployment, and new as having zero inertia with no moving parts, and
operating methods should be deliberated to their response depends almost entirely on the
leverage distributed resources [1]. control strategy. If we build a zero-inertia system
Inverter-Dominated Grids solely with grid-following inverters, it is unclear
which grid assets would regulate the voltage
In general, VRE resources such as PV solar power because grid-following inverters merely act like
often use inverters to connect to the grid, and if the a sinusoidal current source that “follows” the
instantaneous penetration of PV solar power were voltage at its terminals; hence it is called grid-
more than 50%, the system would be operating following unit. To overcome this shortcoming
as an inverter-dominated grid. They are two type, of the grid-following inverters, it is necessary to
i.e., grid-following and grid-forming inverters. It develop next-generation grid-forming inverters.
is evident that the synchronous generators have a
stationary part (stator) and a rotating part (rotor) Also, controllers of grid-forming inverters must
that produce a rotating magnetic field inducing employ advanced control methods to maintain
a voltage within the stator windings, in turn, adequate power quality characteristics of the
produces ac power at 50Hz. Once synchronized to energy supply to loads. Alternatively, researchers
the rest of the grid, the real power of the machine have explored to create so-called virtual
can control through the shaft torque, and reactive synchronous machines or virtual inertia. In this
power is controlled through the field current. type of application, fundamental equations of a
machine or its inertial responses are programmed
Rotating component inside each machine exhibit on the inverter controller [2].
mechanical inertia, and, as such, they are capable
of storing kinetic energy in this rotating mass. The Consequence of Power System
During system disturbances, an interconnected Stability
system of machines can withstand fluctuations The removal of synchronous generators from
in net load and generation. Further, the total the system will eventually reduce system inertia,
amount of system inertia across all interconnected which results in transient and small-signal
machines is proportional to the ability of a system stability.
to absorb variations across loads and PV solar
system. Consequently, a system with low inertia l Transient and small-signal stability: In a
is vulnerable to more abundant and undesirable 100% solar power system, the stability
frequency deviations. The active power injected of synchronous motors and synchronous

condensers, can be frequent and severe PV solar power inverters usually mitigate these
because of the lack of inertia in the system. risks with anti-islanding features built into the
controls.
l Frequency regulation: Significant frequency
deviation can lead to shedding, instability, Black Start
machine damage, and blackout. Solar system
Inverter-dominated solar power system will need
controllers, if carefully designed, is superior
to be able to provide sufficient starting current,
to the response from conventional generators
or the loads must be segregated in such a manner
because of the fast response speed from the
as to enable controlled repowering of the grid.
power electronics interface.
Reliability officialdoms must consider these
l Volt/volt-ampere reactive (VAR) regulation: distinctive characteristics of inverter-based solar
PV solar power system can provide voltage power in their plans to resume power supply after
regulation using voltage controllers; however, blackouts or natural disasters.
it is likely to reduce their ability to deliver real
power while providing voltage services. Resilience Capabilities of Grid Systems
l Power System Protection: Inverter-dominated Ensuring an uninterrupted electricity supply is a

PV solar power system can typically provide challenging task, as power systems are exposed
only a small amount of rated output current, to several threats. These threats can be mainly
which may cause the protective relays to lose categorized in typical power system outages and
the ability to sense the reduced fault current. extreme events, driven by natural disasters/ severe
However, inverters can react extremely weather [3].
quickly to grid disturbances and may be able to Table 1 : Comparison between Typical Power
disconnect from the grid, thereby not causing System Outage and Natural Disaster or
thermal overload on grid components. One Extreme Weather Conditions [3]:
possible solution is the use of synchronous
condensers to provide desired fault current Typical Power System Natural Disaster/
or converting large, retiring thermal plants Outage Extreme Weather
into synchronous condensers for the above Low impact, high High impact, low
purposes. probability probability
Unintentional Islanding More predictable/ Less predictable/
controllable controllable
Unintentional islanding can pose the following
Random location and Spatiotemporal
risks: time of occurrence correlation between
l Exposure to energized conductors, faults and event
l Transient over voltage or out-of-phase Supported by Unforeseen event
reclosing could cause potential damage to contingency analysis
tools
PV solar power system and utility-owned
equipment, A limited number of Multiple Faults
faults due to component
l Increase in restoration time caused by the need failures
to isolate a PV solar power system that did not Network remains intact A large portion of the
shut down correctly may reduce reliability, network is damaged/
l Distribution circuit breakers may exceed their collapsed
fault current ratings, and Quick restoration More time and resources
consuming/ more
l Current-voltage regulation schemes may stop
extended restoration
working correctly.

The main characteristics of resilient critical A methodological approach for microgrid with
infrastructure are resistance, reliability, resilience framework is portrayed below.
redundancy and response & recovery. [4]
Energy Resources
Local Conditions
Availability
Shareholders Network
Participation System Design Infrastructure
Operational
Capabilities
Role of
Stakeholders
Role of
Stakeholders
Business Model
Fig 1 A Methodological Approach : Resilience Framework
Figure 1 depicts a methodological approach, in Further operational capabilities, the role of

its first stage, includes the assessment of four stakeholders and business models need to be
main aspects: [5] considered while designing and development of
the system.
• Local Conditions: environmental elements
such as temperature and humidity. Modernizing the Grid
• Energy Resource Availability: identification In cases where distributed grids become
of energy resources such as wind, solar predominant (e.g., renewable intermittent solar
radiation, and water inflows. energy paired with energy storage) and grid usage
• Stakeholders Participation: involvement of becomes equally variable, assuring a secure and
local stakeholders such as representatives of reliable supply will require an intelligent, modern,
local communities, institutions, and private resilient, flexible, and safe grid.
sectors. Smart Technologies for the Changing
• Network Infrastructure: vital for a microgrid Nature of the Electric Power System
embedded in the distribution system. The However, legacy planning and operations
resources and the smart grid system to be analytics and systems need to be more “VRE
deployed for the microgrid should consider the friendly” and “VRE ready,” including the
impact on the existing network infrastructure following considerations [6, 7] :
during normal operation.

l Distribution monitoring, protection, l Digital system protection. Solar power

automation, and control. Advanced with inverter technologies creates various
automation schemes already deployed in operating scenarios not addressed by existing
distribution systems to improve reliability protection schemes. Circuit power flows, and
are frequently monitored and controlled in fault-current levels will change based on solar
real time by supervisory control and data system size, output, and location.
acquisition (SCADA) and can provide added
Time and Location
support for enabling PV solar power by
incorporating the visibility and flexibility Regulatory and state initiatives are also looking
necessary for operations. at PV solar power integration policies and
practices including distribution system planning,
l VRE data and cybersecurity. Sources
operations, and investment. A component of
of information on new PV solar power
the full integration of solar energy is to identify
installations should better be integrated with
optimal locations where the solar system can be
utility information systems.
best integrated to provide the most significant
l Smart inverter technology. Inverters are benefit to the electric system as a whole.
significant technologies to facilitate solar
To meet this need, the Electric Power Research
energy integration.
Institute (EPRI) launched a research effort and
In short, successful and seamless PV solar power suggested the need for the following [8] :
integration requires a comprehensive, holistic
l Improved customer load models that capture
approach that includes investment in foundational
the progressive and spatial variations of
and enabling infrastructure, distribution
changing demands at higher levels of details
automation, communications, and information
in a set of data,
systems. A review and update of existing
operations, planning, and engineering standards l Advanced forecasting methods, capable of
and design practices is needed. Last but not least, characterizing both customer inclination to
changes are necessary to current regulatory, adopt PV solar power technologies,
policy, and business approaches. l Planning processes and tools capable of
Future Distribution System Architecture capturing the increasing levels of variability
and uncertainty and risk to the system.
The critical technologies for distribution grid
modernization include the following [6, 7]. Recent Research Findings
l Advanced sensors and management Recently scientists and engineers have described
systems. To provide cost-effective monitoring their findings and research methods due to the
of key electric variables, including bi- penetration of renewables in the power system as
directional power flows, voltage, currents, mentioned below:
equipment, and solar power status as well as v New research team efforts at Stanford
provide fault information to circuit breakers University, USA has found that grid reliability,
and other protection devices. resiliency, and security can enhance by using
l Advanced distribution and substation artificial intelligence, machine learning, and
automation technologies. Distribution and data science [9, 10].
substation automation guarantees enhanced v System security requires cross-functional
grid flexibility as well as improved asset coordination of energy management systems
management that will increase asset lives, (EMSs) and distribution management systems
reduce costs, and improve reliability. (DMSs) including their operators. With the

increased environmental consciousness and z Pursue grid modernization within regulatory

focus on addressing climate change, the frameworks and plans to address the
integration of new technologies on to the integration of solar energy,
existing electric system and continuous load
z Develop plans and pursue implementation of
growth are among the forces which need to be
advanced distribution control and operations
addressed [11] .
systems,
v Further in an article from an advanced
z Develop communications and control
vendor used in DMSs: The design framework
architectures for grid modernization:
integrates traditional grid monitoring,
substation and distribution automation
analysis, operation, and management with
with solar system integration, control, and
fault location, isolation and supply restoration,
communications systems,
as well as the outage management systems
[11]. z Deploy and implement commercially available
technologies such as digital protection,
v Researchers from Texas A & M University
advanced automation, fault location, isolation,
poses a question about how EMS and DMS
and service restoration (FLISR) technologies
in a coordination manner make progress in
and systems,
addressing resiliency issues because resiliency
is different from the traditional reliability z Pilot projects are to be implemented to test
requirement. “While minimizing the and validate the feasibility of innovative
likelihood of large area, long-duration outages technologies, and concepts to enable grid
is important; a resilient system prepares to modernization,
deal with such outages by minimizing their z Advanced facilities are to be developed
impact and can reinstate service quickly and which are capable of testing the performance
learns lessons from the incident to improve and operation of modern grid architectures,
performance in future” [12]. including advanced communications and
v In another article from Toyo University, Japan control systems, and apply these testing
EMS and DMS designs are merged since methodologies to advanced pilot installations,
the utilities still own both transmission and z Develop utility standards for emerging
distribution segments of the grid. Due to the technologies, solar energy and storage system
penetration of renewables, particularly PV interconnection, and utilization of advanced
solar power, their central dispatch has an automation systems.
extensive PV output forecast system connected
to the Japan Meteorological Agency for z Develop partnership models with software
continuous monitoring of solar radiation and developers, to accelerate the detailed
other weather conditions. A new control and modeling of the solar energy system within
protection system prevents cascading events planning and operations analytics.
as a part of the EMS/DMS design [13]. z Work with universities and community
Conclusions colleges to develop training curricula in
support of the modernized grid.
The following conclusions have emerged from
the ongoing discussions: References
z Develop a vision for the modernized 1. Southern California Edison: Grid Modernization
Distribution System Concept of Operations,
future distribution grid that includes a high
January 17, 2016.
penetration of solar energy and storage
system, 2. Benjamin Kroposki, Brian Johnson et at.,

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11. A. Safdarian, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, and M.
Power Infrastructure to Extreme Weather Events,”
Lehtonen, “Benefits of demand response on the
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5. Guillermo Jimenez-Estevez, et al., “Achieving Mar. 2016.
Resilience at the Distribution Level,” IEEE Power
12. M. Kezunovic, J. D. McCalley, and T. J. Overbye,
and Energy Magazine, pp. 64-73, vol. 15, no. 3,
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grid,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, pp. 74-
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7. J. Romero Aguero, “Applying self-healing a liberalized environment,” IEEE Trans. Elect.
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8. Jeff Smith, Bruce Rogers, Jason Taylor et al.,

Droop Control of Interlinking Converter

in Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid
Krishnarajsinh A Jadav
Department of Electrical Engineering
Government Polytechnic, Rajkot 360002, Gujarat
 Krishnaraj.jadav@gmail.com
Abstract
Distributed generators based on renewable energy resources plays a dominant role in reduction
of global warming. Microgrid concept realizes emerging potential of distributed generation.
Interconnection networks of Distributed Energy Resources, Loads and Energy Storage Systems define
a “Microgrid”. The hybrid microgrid is the concept of combining both AC and DC microgrid together
through interlinking converter. Hybrid microgrid reduces multiple reverse conversions that occur in an
individual AC or DC microgrid. The main objective of this paper is to keep the hybrid microgrid system
in autonomous operation with active and reactive power sharing between AC and DC microgrid. The
droop control algorithm is implemented for smooth power transfer between AC and DC microgrid. A
hybrid microgrid is developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that the system is
stable under dynamic conditions.
Keywords : Microgrid, Hybrid microgrid, Interlinking converter, Droop control
Introduction is to study and implementation of droop control

technique for power sharing between AC and DC
The generation and transmission system have
microgrid, while conjointly showing dynamic
been stressed by the increase in power demand.
modeling with simulation of a hybrid microgrid
At the first look, interconnection of Distributed
in presence of different types of distributed
Generators (DG) with the main grid can be a
generators and various load conditions.
feasible solution [1]. The distributed energy
resources create its own problems as it solves some Renewable energy resources are integrated
problems [2]. Therefore new concept is introduced with microgrid to reduce the emission of CO2
to realize emerging potential of the DG, that and consumption of fuel. In AC microgrid AC
views generation and load as a subsystem, which power is converted into DC power using an AC-
is known as microgrid [3]. A microgrid is cluster DC rectifier to supply DC loads. AC-DC-AC
of loads and sources, which includes one or more converters are used in industrial drives to control
DG units. Like an integrated system, microgrid motor speed. AC power generated by AC sources
can be operated in two different modes namely must be converter to DC in DC microgrid.
grid connected and isolated mode. Microgrid Similarly, DC power generated by DC sources
can detect and eliminate emerging problems must be converter to AC in AC microgrid. DC
through extensive measurements and advanced distribution becomes attractive for an industrial
diagnostics that quickly return the system to a or residential DC lighting system.
stable state after gone through interruptions or The development of hybrid microgrid eliminates
disturbances [4]. The main focus of this paper

multiple reverse conversions that occur in an system is analyzed[8]. The solar irradiation and
individual AC-DC microgrid [5, 6, 7]. Compare cell temperature are also taken into consideration
to conventional AC distribution system, DC for PV system design. Only PV system power
distribution has the advantage that power supply generation is considered in the paper. Wind
connected with the DC grid can be cooperatively system is isolated from the AC grid in both grid
operated. The DC microgrid operates in isolated connected and isolated mode of hybrid microgrid.
mode in the case of abnormal or fault condition The performance analysis is carried out from
in AC microgrid. Hybrid microgrid architecture simulated results of MATLAB simulation.
is presented in Figure 1. In the hybrid microgrid Simulated hybrid microgrid system is presented
AC and DC microgrid will share power through in Figure 2.
interlinking converter. This interlinking converter
operates in bidirectional that allows power flow
from AC to DC or DC to AC. The main focus
of this paper is to implement droop control
strategy to this bidirectional converter for power
sharing. Hybrid microgrid system is developed
in MATALAB/Simulink with wind and solar as
distributed generators. Energy storage system is
also included in the simulation that provides power
in isolated condition. All AC sources and AC
loads are connected in AC microgrid. Similarly
all DC sources and DC loads are connected in DC
microgrid. Figure 2: MATLAB Simulation of Hybrid
Microgrid System
Hybrid microgrid system is subdivided in to

five subsystems. Each subsystem is masked and
appropriate pictures are placed on the subsystem
blocks. These subsystems are discussed in brief
with simulation results in section III.
Photovoltaic System
Photovoltaic (PV) array in DC microgrid is
designed for 100 KW. Mitsubishi PV-UD190MF5
Module data is used for PV array design.
Mitsubishi PV-UD190MF5 Module data are
extracted from the NREL System Advisor Model
(SAM 2014) [9]. The System Advisor Model
Figure 1: Hybrid Microgrid Architecture
(SAM) is developed by the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory (NREL). Subsystem of PV
system is presented in the Figure 3. Design
System Configuration parameters are listed in Table 1.
A hybrid microgrid system is simulated using PV array is design from equivalent circuit of PV
MATLAB / Simulink environment. The operation cell. It includes three subsystem of photo current,
is carried out for grid connected and isolated diode and series and parallel resistance. PV
mode of hybrid microgrid. Along with the hybrid subsystem modeling is presented in Figure 4.
microgrid, the performance of the photovoltaic

Figure 3: Photovoltaic System

Electric Vehicle Battery Charging (EVBC)[10,
Table 1: PV System Parameters
11] is implemented and presented in Figure 5.
State of Charge (SOC) is used to protect battery
from over charging. If SOC goes above 98 percent
then gate pulses of buck converter becomes zero.
Reference voltage is kept in a range 350 to 325 for
ultra-fast charging.
Two PI controllers are used for constant current
(CC) and constant voltage(CV) control. Constant
voltage control is composed of battery voltage,
battery voltage reference, two PI-controller and
limiter. A difference in values between battery
voltage and battery voltage reference is passed
through PI-controller that generates reference
signal for charging. Ratings of battery parameters
are listed in Table 2.
Energy Storage System
Energy Storage System (ESS) is developed
for backup power supply in isolated mode. If
Figure 4: Photovoltaic Subsystem

Figure 5: Electric Vehicle Battery Charging

step down the DC bus voltage of 400 V to 350 V
Table 2: Electric Vehicle Battery Charging and charge the battery. Boost Mode: In this mode
battery will supply power to DC bus. So, it will
operate as step up converter which step-up the
battery voltage of 325 V to 400 V DC. ESSMODE
MATLAB function is developed, that will decide
the mode of operation of ESS system. The signals
required for both the mode are developed in the
respective subsystem. This signal is fed using
go-to block to respective MOSFETs. Ies1and
Ies2 represent buck mode signals. Ies11and Ies22
represent boost mode signals. This both signals
DC grid voltage is less than 400 V then it will are generated by traditional pulse generation
provide power, otherwise it will store energy. technique. This ESSMODE block will take DC
The complete subsystem of ESS is presented in grid voltage as an input. This will be compared
Figure 6. It consists of Buck-Boost converter. with the reference voltage. If load in the system
There are mainly two operating mode of Buck- is higher than PV generation, then based on the
Boost Converter. Buck Mode: In this mode Buck- droop characteristics voltage of the DC microgrid
Boost Converter will operate in buck mode to will be decreased. So, output of the ESSMODE
Figure 6: Energy Storage System

will be set to 1. This signal will be given to the Active and reactive power measurement block
switch which decides the pulses given to the measure the active and reactive power of AC
Buck-Boost Converter. If ESSMODE output is 1, microgrid. This block will calculate the values
Then Ies11 and Ies22 signals are selected by the of active and reactive power using instantaneous
switch. In this case battery will supply power to values for line to line rms voltages and line
the DC grid. If ESSMODE output is 0, Then Ies1 currents. These are exactly the quantities that
and Ies2 signals are selected by the switch. In this are measure using three phase measurement
case battery will store energy from the DC grid. block. Figure 8 shows active and reactive power
measurement subsystem. Measured P and Q value
Interlinking Converter Control
is forwarded to droop controller. Vabc is converted
Droop control of interlinking converter control into dq0 using abc to dq0 transformation.
is divided into three subsystems as shown in
Interlinking converter that is used for power
Figure 7.
sharing between microgrids is presented in
Figure 9.
Figure 7: Interlinking Converter Control
Figure 8: Active and Reactive Power Measurement Subsystem

Figure 9: Interlinking Converter
Figure 10: Block Diagram of Droop Control
The details of control strategy used during the n = Q – V droop coefficient (V var–1)
implementation in MATLAB are presented in
QN = Nominal reactive power (var)
Figure 10. Equation 1 and equation 2 represent
droop control characteristics. Q = Measured reactive power (var)
f = fN – m (PN– P) (1) It includes active and reactive power measurement
from the available voltages and currents, P-f and
V = VN – n(QN – Q) (2)
Q-V Droop control, voltage combination, dual
where, loop control, and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
pulses generation [12, 13]. Droop control focuses
f = Reference frequency (Hz)
on the configuration that regulates the power
f N = Nominal frequency (Hz) injected by one microgrid to other [12, 13]. This
m = P-f droop coefficient (Hz W–1) control strategy is somewhat universal because
of its ability to use with different configurations
P N = Nominal active power (W) without having change anything internally [12,
P = Measured active power (W) 13]. Every block will be expanded to show the
operations on the variables inside.
V = Reference voltage (V)
Droop controller subsystem is presented in
VN = Nominal voltage (V)
Figure 11. Inputs of this block is nominal power

Figure 11: Droop Control Subsystem
Figure 12: Pulse Generation Subsystem for Interlinking Converter

Pn, nominal frequency fn, nominal voltage Vn and is implemented. The vdr and vqr are d-axis and
measured P and Q power. Based on droop control q-axis component of Interlinking converter
equation 1 and 2 droop controller subsystem is AC capacitance voltage respectively. PWM
modelled. From P-f droop control [13] frequency generator subsystem is presented in Figure 12.
reference is calculated and reference angle is PWM generator subsystem will generate gate
obtained. This angle is used to generate sin and pulses for interlinking converter in inverter
cos reference for abc to dq0 transformation. mode. Based on the voltage and current loops
From Q-V droop control [13], reference voltage dq reference is generated. Then using dq0 to abc
amplitude is calculated. That is used to generate transformation block reference sinusoidal signal
three phase sine wave reference signal. This for PWM generator is generated. This block
Vdr&Vqr reference voltage is forwarded to PWM generates pulses for carrier based PWM (Pulse
generator block. Vd &Vq voltages of AC grid are Width Modulation) for self-commutated IGBTs
also forwarded to PWM generator block. bridges. Depending on the number of bridge arms
selected in the “Generator Mode” parameter, the
(1) block can be used either for single phase or three
phase PWM control. PI parameters are tuned
by Good Gain Method. System stability of the
(2)
control system can be check by applying a step
From equation 3 and 4, dual loop control strategy change of the input. If the stability is poor, try

reducing the controller gain somewhat, possibly characteristics with variation in solar irradiation.
in combination with increasing the integral time. The nonlinear nature of PV cell is noticeable as
shown in the Figures 13 and 14, i.e. the output
Loads
current and power of PV cell depend on the solar
In AC microgrid two AC load subsystem are irradiation. As the solar irradiation increase output
connected. In both subsystems three phase current and power is increases.
symmetrical AC loads are connected with the
Figures 15 and 16 verify that with increase of
AC microgrid. Load 1 is having 15 kW, 11 kVAr
cell’s working temperature, the current value of
ratings and Load 2 is having 8 kW, 5 kVAr ratings.
PV module increases, whereas the maximum
Resistive load of 100 ohm is connected in DC
power output reduces. Since the increment in the
microgrid.
output current is much lesser than the decrement
Simulation Results of voltage, the total power will decrease at higher
temperature.
Figures 13 and 14 represent I-V and P-V
Figure 13: I-V Characteristics for Different Irradiation
Figure 14: P-V Characteristics for Different Irradiation
Figure 15: I-V Characteristics for Different Temperature

Figure 16: P-V Characteristics for Different Temperature
Simulation of hybrid microgrid system is analyzed reactive power of both loads.

in grid connected mode and isolated mode. Two
Load 2 is connected after 0.4 seconds. Load 1 is
load conditions are taken into considerations.
permanently connected with the AC microgrid.
Initially Load 1 is connected permanently with
Figures 19 and 20 shows active and reactive
the AC microgrid, then after 0.4 second load 2 is
power flow from DC to AC microgrid. So, at
connected. Simulation results of both conditions
0.4 sec we can easily identify the change in load
are presented and analyze in below subsection A
condition and according to it change in power
and B.
flow. As the load on AC side is increased, power
DC to AC Mode flow takes place from DC microgrid to AC
microgrid. After 0.4 sec Active load on the AC
In this mode microgrid is isolated from main grid.
microgrid (Pint) is 23 kW and reactive load is
Only PV system will provide power to AC and
(Qint) is 16 kVAr.
DC loads. Figures 17 and 18 show active and
Figure 17: Active and Reactive Power of Load 1
Figure 21 shows the AC microgrid voltage the main grid. In the night time or in cloudy
during the entire transition. AC microgrid voltage atmosphere PV system is in standby mode. So,
remains constant during transition at 0.4 second. in this condition, power is supplied from AC
microgrid to DC microgrid. Power flow through
In this mode AC microgrid is connected with

Figure 18: Active and Reactive Power of Load 2
Figure 19: Active Power Flow from DC to AC Microgrid
Figure 20: Reactive Power Flow from DC to AC Microgrid

Figure 21: AC Microgrid Voltage in Inverter Mode
Figure 22: DC Microgrid Power Transfer in Rectifier Mode
interlinking converter and DC microgrid voltage to harness maximum power from PV system.
is presented in Figure 22. Waveform shows steady For the industries relevance traditional droop
state condition with stable DC microgrid voltage. control technique is used for power sharing via
Conclusion interlinking converter, which is more reliable
and can be operated without any communication
The modeling of hybrid microgrid is developed channel. Droop control strategy ensures power
in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The balance in the hybrid microgrid under varying
present work mainly includes PV system, Wind
generation and load conditions. It also ensures the
generation system, Electric Vehicle Charging
smoothness of power flow and the stability of AC
(E.V.C.) and power sharing between AC and DC
microgrid through interlinking converter. Only and DC microgrid. The simulation results verify
PV system power generation is considered in the implemented control strategy for stable operation
paper. Control strategies are developed for all the of hybrid microgrid. This hybrid microgrid
converters to maintain stable system under various concept can be realized in the remote military
loads and generation conditions. Maximum camps or any industries where both the AC and
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used DC power is used.

References “Intelligent Voltage Control in a DC Micro-Grid

Containing PV Generation and Energy Storage”,
1. G. Pepermansa, J. Driesenb, D. Haeseldonckxc,
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Lee, Taeck-Kie Lee, Chung-Yuen Won, “Battery
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solution”, in PESC’04 Aachen, Germany, IEEE, phase AC/DC PWM buck converter”, Vehicle
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and Control”, Wiley-IEEE Press, ISBN: 978-1-
118-72068-4, pp. 1-340, December 2013. 11. Zheng Chen, Ziling Nie, Yuhong Fu, and Chris
Chunting Mi, “A Bidirectional Power Converter
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of microgrids”, in Power Engineering Society IECON 36th Annual Conference on IEEE
General Meeting, IEEE, 2006. Industrial Electronics Society, pp. 3049-3053,
6. Wang Panbao, Wang Wei, XuDianguo, Liu Guihua, 7-10 Nov. 2010.
Li Ming, “An Autonomous Control Scheme for
DC Micro-Grid System”, Industrial Electronics 12. Poh Chiang Loh, Ding Li, Yi Kang Chai,
Society, IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference Blaabjerg F., “Autonomous Control of Interlinking
of the IEEE, pp. 1519- 1523, 2013. Converter With Energy Storage in Hybrid AC-
DC Microgrid”, Industry Applications, IEEE
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Fookhoong Choo, “A Hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grid
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Energy Society General Meeting, IEEE, pp. 1-8, 13. Jadav, K.A., Karkar, H.M. & Trivedi, I.N., “A
2011. Review of Microgrid Architectures and Control
8. Kumars Rouzbehi, Arash Miranian, Jose Ignacio Strategy” J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. B (2017) 98:591.
Candela, Alvaro Luna, Pedro Rodriguez, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40031-017-0287-3.

Grid Management in a Multiple Energy

Resources Scenario
Dev Kumar Jaiswal, Shailendra Somani1, Deepak Sharma2

1
Schneider Electric Infrastructure Limited
Gurugram 122002, Haryana
 devi1973jaiswal@gmail.com
 shailendrasomani@gmail.com
2
Schneider Electric Solar India Pvt. Ltd.
Bangalore 560067, Karnataka
 deepakbeawar@gmail.com
Abstract
In this paper, there is elucidation on value proposition of Grid Management in Multiple Resources.
This includes requirement of Grid Management, its advantages and implementation through smart grid
concept.
There are many resources available for power generation like Nuclear, Thermal, Hydro and Renewable
(solar, wind, biomass) etc. To meet future requirement and optimum utilization of generation resources,
present system should be more efficient. We need digitalization as the key enabler and Internet of Things
as catalyst. If IT infrastructure like data transmission are added with energy Grid, it converts into Smart
Grid. Smart Grid bring together traditional and new player in complex competitive environment. It
combines electricity and IT infrastructure to integrate and interconnect all users to continue to efficient
balance demand and supply over an increasingly complex network.
In an efficient transmission system, the voltage control and reactive power management are the two
aspects of a single activity which influences reliability and facilitates smooth flow of power across the
transmission network at reduced loss. In terms of reactive power management, the generators as per
the statute are obligated either to supply or absorb reactive power to improvise the voltage profile at
the point of interconnection within the acceptable level depending upon the requirement by the system
operator (i.e SLDC) for secured operation of the grid. The monitoring of such requirement of reactive
power is being done by the system operator over SCADA in respect of large generators connected to
the grid. However, in case of small generators, especially, wind, solar etc. (inverter based generators)
where the reactive power management cannot happen through intervention of system operator in view
of the capacity being small and numbers being large, the reactive power management should happen
dynamically and automatically. [1]
Keywords: Distributed energy resources (DER), Green energy, Dynamic and automatic compensator,
Digital substation and smart grid, High voltage ride through (HVRT), Low voltage ride through
(LVRT)

OVERVIEW in [2] the following :

Grid management is required for addressing • Real time grid operation
growing electricity demand, for reduction of Co2 • Outage management
demand to dipping pollution and due to constraint
on existing network. There are three accelerator • Demand Management
which are further pushing demand of Grid • Operation planning
management:
Smart Grid: The Smart Grid conceptual
1. Technology Availability architecture is given in Figure 1 which combines
2. Active government and regulator electricity and IT infrastructure to integrate
and inter-connect all users - that is: generators
3. Active end user (centralize and distributed generation), operators,
As we know, substations are node of power system marketers, consumers etc. - to continue to
grid where electrical power is transformed, either efficiently balance demand and supply over an
step up or step down switched in transferred. increasingly complex network. The below 5 keys
Substation are connected with national grid and domains in smart grid are connected [2] :
Grid becoming smarter and digital will require real Centralized Generation- Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro
time management, cyber security and integration Power Plant etc
of distributed energy resources.
Distributed Generation- Renewable (Solar, Wind,
Distributed grid is operated with basically Small Hydro, Biomass and Marine etc.)
connected with transmission line with customer.
They ensure safe and secure operation with Demand Response: Adapting real-time consumer
quality and continuity supply at all time. This demand for energy is another way to increase the
manage the power flow in optimal way to avoid stability of the electricity grid. This is Demand
energy losses. Proper Grid management help us Response, which aims at encouraging consumers
Figure 1 : Multiple Energy Sources Connected with Grid and Load [2]

to use less energy during peak hours, or to move remote control fault restoration and preventive
the time of their energy use to off-peak times such maintenance; more efficient with wide scale
as night-time and weekends. monitoring; and more productive by reducing
OPEX.
This is achieved by collecting and sharing energy
usage data in real-time, between end-users and the Smart Generation: Upstream in the Smart
utility operators. It relies on financial incentives, Grid, the energy mix is evolving. In addition
education and other methods - and not on tariffs. to traditional generation from nuclear, coal, oil
Although Demand Response does not necessarily and gas, the share of renewable energy from
decrease total energy consumption, it is expected photovoltaic, wind farm, small hydro plants,
to reduce the need for upgrade investments in marine energy, biomass etc is growing fast.
networks and/or power plants. Demand Response Efficiently connecting these sources to the
is a new activity for end-use customers, starting in electricity grid means solving two main issues:
the US but now being piloted in many countries in
1. stability, which is affected by the intermittence
Europe and Asia.
of renewable energy sources, especially in
Efficient Enterprise: For enterprises and public ‘weak’ networks;
administrations, Active Energy Efficiency is the
2. two-way flow, because renewable energy
fastest, cheapest and most efficient way to reduce
sources are highly distributed and are found
their energy bill and their CO2 emissions while
in the Generation but also in the Distribution
managing their business growth.
and end-user parts of the grid, which impacts
Efficient Home: Consumers look for competitive network management and supervision.
prices and want to contribute to CO2 emissions
Distributed multiple energy sources connected
reduction. They are ready to play an active role
with the grid has their inherent advantage and
including controlling consumption, producing
challenge. One side they have following benefits -
energy, driving electrical cars etc. Thanks to new
information technologies, homes can be equipped 1. Reliable Energy: Utility can reinforce the grid
with Active Energy Management solutions that infrastructure with reliable zone across the
allow them to save up to 30% on their annual grid. And end user leverage on site generation
energy consumption. Once they are also connected during grid outage.
to the Smart Grid, they can take advantage of new 2. Efficiency and optimization: Utility leveraging
Demand Response systems that are now being cheap energy flexibility and end user can
tested around the world. optimize local production v/s consumption v/s
Flexible Generation: Today’s grid is faced with grid consumption through demand response
the needs to integrate multiple energy resources and tariff management
like renewable energy sources while optimizing 3. Green Energy: Access more green energy by
capacity and demand – two challenges it was not better integrity of renewable sources which
initially designed for. It means evolving from a results less utilization of polluting power
one-way energy-only grid to a two-way energy + plant
data grid, in addition to more price transparency.
4. Reduce significantly energy bill
This requires increased flexibility. Distribution
networks have to become more automated 5. Minimize carbon footprint by maximize
to manage the data flowing through it; more utilization of renewable energy resources
protected, addressing the issue of cyber security; 6. Secure the energy supply by anticipating off
better able to measure energy consumption at all grid events
levels and adjust demand; more reliable by using
Other hand, they have challenges for grid stability

and reliability. As the increasing numbers of solar, event is called LVRT. When the grid voltage rises
wind and small hydro plants being added to the above the preset high voltage(HV) threshold, the
grid, controlling, monitoring and stable operation event is called HVRT [3,4].
of grid is necessity.
If the voltage ride through extends beyond the
CEA and various utilities has taken the suitable preset delay time (the disconnect delay), the
steps time to time and formed various guidelines. inverter/generator goes offline. Such situation
All distributed generators (including renewables) makes the adverse impact on the grid stability.
to ensure the adherence to same. Planning,
The Inverter/generator reconnect to the grid when
Engineering and selection of the equipment’s
the voltage returns within preset grid limits.
should qualify the requirements. Now, the time
has arise that distributed sources not only ensure In case of higher load in grid, grid voltage tends
the better generation but contribute for the grid to go down and various sources shall see the same
reliability. and tends to go out of the grid. In such cases worst
scenario may be grid collapse/ black out. Similar
We shall discuss two important parameters which
is the case for the high voltage situation.
are key for grid stability in case of multiple energy
sources - These situations should be avoided when multiple
sources which are connected to the grid shall have
1) Voltage Ride Through (VRT)
the LVRT and HVRT features inbuilt.
2) Reactive Power Compensation
During LVRT and HVRT, the Inverter/generator
In the present system of penalizing the Generator should remain online and its output current should
for reactive power drawal, only the lag (import) be continuous in order to ensure the grid stability.
reading recorded in ‘Form-B” is considered as
Low Voltage Ride Through
a means to thwart the Generators against drawal
of reactive power during the period of drawal of Wind and Solar generating units/stations
active power by the Generators. The inverter based connected to the Grid, shall remain connected to
Generating plant makes use of power electronics the grid when voltage at the interconnection point
to achieve various types of customized reactive (measure on HV side of interconnection) on any
power management by providing suitable settings or all phases dips up to the levels depicted by the
in their inverters and one among such types is thick line in Figure 2.
both voltage and P .F dependent. Vt - Actual Voltage,
Over the years the penetration from renewables Vn - Nominal Voltage.
especially from wind and solar is on the increase
and therefore there is a dire necessity to have Provided that during voltage dip, the wind and
system driven automatic dynamic reactive power solar generating unit shall generate active power
management hacked up by necessary checks and in proportion to the rated voltage.
balances which will persuade Generators to be Provided further that during the voltage dip, the
alert in maintaining the voltage profile at the point generating units/stations shall maximize supply
of interconnection within the stipulated level. of reactive current till the time voltage starts
1) Voltage Ride Through recovering or for 300 ms, whichever is lower
[3,4].
VRT is the capability of the equipment (inverter)
to maintain output current and remain on line Example – Inverter based system [5]
when the voltage in the grid is temporarily outside As per below Figure 3, it is illustrated how the
the nominal dead band. When the grid voltage LVRT function support the grid voltage stability.
drops below the low voltage(LV) threshold, the When grid voltage goes below the nominal

Figure 2 : Voltage Dip in Wind / Solar Generating Units[3, 4]
Figure 3 : Inverter Output Current during LVRT [5]
voltage, inverter/generator shall continue to remain connected to the grid when voltage at the
supply the current/power up till the grid stabilize interconnection point (measure on HV side of
or max 300ms (as prescribed by the utility). interconnection) on any or all phases (Symmetrical
or Asymmetrical over voltage conditions) rise
High Voltage Ride Through
above the specified value for specified time as per
Wind and Solar generating units/stations Table 1 given below [3,4].
connected at all voltage levels to the Grid, shall

Table 1 : Symmetrical or asymmetrical over voltage conditions [3,4]
2) Reactive Power Compensation efficiency in transmission of active power and

increased losses. [3,4]
The CEA (Technical standards for connectivity
to the Grid) Regulations-2007 under section B As such, checks and balances needs to be exercised
of Part-II of its notification dated 15.10.2013 to ensure that the Generating stations supply
stipulates that the Generating station using reactive power to the Grid whenever the voltage
Inverters (both wind and Solar) can supply at the point of interconnection is below the rated
dynamically varying reactive power support so value and absorbs reactive power whenever the
as to maintain power factor within limits of 0.95 voltage at the point of interconnection is above
Lagging to 0.95 Leading [3,4]. the rated value duly verifying the VAR exchange
with reference to the voltage value using load
Also, as per section 8.6.3 of KEGC- 2015, the
survey. [3,4]
limit for voltage at the point of interconnection
for exchange of VAR is stipulated to be 95% (0.95 In order to achieve the VAR exchange a solution
pu) to 105% (1.05 pu) of the rated voltage [3,4]. was developed and implemented at one of the
Inverter based (Solar) site to achieve the grid
Considering these requirements for the Grid, the
voltage stability.
exchange of VAR by the Generators using Inverters
shall commensurate with a power factor margin Solution Outline and Summary
of 0.95 (lag) [though PPA stipulates 0.85 lag] to
Solar and Wind Inverter can provide the reactive
0.95 (lead) and voltage margins of 95% to 105%
current in support of grid voltage during abnormal
of rated voltage at the point of interconnection.
or normal events. When the voltage support
That means to say, the Generating stations under
function parameter is set to ON, the inverter
the Regulations, have the obligation of supplying
injects either capacitive reactive current or
reactive power to the Grid during low voltage
inductive reactive current depending on the grid
conditions and absorbing reactive power from the
voltage (at interconnection point) feedback as
Grid during high voltage conditions. The above
shown in Table 2.
requirement of the Grid is required to be ensured
through relevant settings in the inverter for all In view of above following key points needs to be
the inverter based Generating stations before adheare and implemented at site for grid voltage
permitting interconnection. [3,4] stability.
The settings so kept at the time of interconnection 1. Voltage Feedback - Voltage at the
may get disturbed subsequently for whatever interconnection(eg. 110 kV) shall be fed to
reasons (may be intentionally or un-intentionally) regulate the VAR.
resulting in VAR exchanges not to be in accordance 2. VAR Exchange - As per the voltage band
with the requirement of the Grid, thus burdening provided in Table 3.
the Transmission system resulting in decreased

Table 2 : Capacitive Reactive Current or Inductive Reactive Current Depending on the Grid Voltage
Table 3: Dynamic Reactive Power Support
Note : Positive kVAr values shows that VAr from generator to grid whereas negative kVAr values shows that VAr from grid
to generator.
3. Automatic compensation - The voltage profile Solution Set up, Testing and Results
at the interconnection point (eg.110 kV).
A solution as per set up as outlined in 2.1 was
4. Dynamic compensation - The percentage of planned which is the integration of the SCADA
power generation from inverter (software & hardware) and Equipment’s
(Inverter, Potential Transformer, Meters etc).
In addition to above a response time of 2.5 seconds
A logic in SCADA is developed (testing set up
shall be permitted for the dynamic variation of
as per Figure 4) to process the interconnection
the reactive power and the generator shall be
voltage as input to provide set point to inverter
intimated to provide dynamic reactive power
along with the kW generated that instance to
support as defined in the Table 3.

Grid voltage is regulated at the inverter terminal

by producing or absorbing reactive power (QAVR)
with Reactive Power droop function.
In voltage regulation, the adjustable parameters
Vi1, Vi2, Vs1, and Vs2 define the voltage control
gain and the target or reference level. The Q(V)
function is enabled if the “Vac-Regulation”
parameter illustrates as per following voltage
regulation curve as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 4: Programable Logic and Control Set up
for Solution Simulation Testing
provide Dynamic and Automatic reactive Power
compensation.
Figure 5 : Standard Voltage Regulation Curve [1, 5]

The change in reactive power for regulation is a Reactive power (QAVR) is calculated using the
function of voltage as follows : following equations:
QAVR=f(Vac)
The compensation level (QAVR) is an additive The reactive power droop function cab be disabled
reactive power component as the settings for automatically or enabled based on current level of
regulating voltage levels as defined in Table 3. active power.

Figure 6 : kVAr Supplied/ Absorbed as per % of Inverter kW Generated
After simulation & testing, solution was plant like Solar and wind etc. are relating to Grid
implemented at Solar PV site and results were and such inverter based generating plant should
collected as shown in Figure 6 which were as per make use of power electronics and automation to
planned solution. Below figure demonstrate that achieve the grid stability by contributing through
during the low voltage situation reactive power reactive power compensation and voltage ride
being supplied by Inverter to grid and during through.
the high voltage situation reactive power being
It is evident that distributed energy resources
absorbed from grid.
should have smart & intelligent connected
Conclusions products which should actively contribute for the
grid management.
In this paper indeed of Grid Management or
Smart Grid have been described. Access to energy References
24x7, reliable, safe, clean and green energy 1. Karnataka Electricity Grid Code 2015
on economical price should be available for all
human being. In order to achieve above goal and 2. Schneider Electric Manuals & Catalogue
effective utilization of available resources Grid 3. Central Electricity Authority (Technical Standard
Management is being deployed world vide. In for connectivity to the grid) Regulation 2007 on
view of speed of urbanization, digitization and 21.02.2007 and amendment of these regulations
industrialization energy requirement is increasing notified on 15.10.2013.
day by day. By using new technologies and 4. Further, Draft second amendment of above dated
enabling distributed and connected energy can 15.11.2016.
redeﬁne the way we live our lives. 5. KPTCL Circular – KPTCL/B28(a)/CEE/
Now these days more number of renewable RT&R&D/EEE/20 dated 26/07/2017.


Resources Scenario
Md Sadiqur Rahman Boruah

M/S Satcon, Kolkata 700156, West Bengal
 boruahsr@gmail.com
Abstract
The issues that involved in operation of a large grid of interconnected geographically scattered different
types of generators and loads are- (i) Security and Stability of the System and (ii) Economic Operation
and Control.
Grid management sets out the rules for the grid operator to address these issues so as to achieve the
objectives of a secured, stable and economic operation. In an electricity grid, power generation and
power consumption must be closely matched at all times. If generation and consumption get out of
balance, the grid becomes unstable resulting blackouts and other systemic failures. Electricity must be
produced on demand, as needed. Electricity demand changes throughout each day and throughout the
year. To meet the demand a combination of power plants are operated all the time (to meet the base
load) and others plants are used when the demand peaks up. Together, all the generating plants must
have the collective capacity to meet actual demand on real-time i.e. whenever needed.
Large swings in demand as well as frequent fluctuations of generation mostly caused by variable
renewable energy plants are expensive and problematic. Reducing large swings in demand allows
for the more cost and energy efficient design and operation of the electricity grid and its generators.
Similarly a large fluctuation of generation mostly by renewable energy plants (Solar and Wind) is a
major threat to grid stability and security. With integration of large variable RE projects with the grid
in recent times, the problem becomes more complicated.
Below it is attempted to describe how this issue of mismatch of demand and generation in a grid can
be best addressed with available options and technologies both at the consumer’s side as well as at the
Supplier’s side.
Demand Side Management: [1] customer’s systems so that they know when a
change in their demand is desirable (supply is
Demand Side Management (DSM) or Energy
low, use less or supply is high, good time to use
Demand Management is the modification of
more).
consumer demand for energy through various
methods such as financial incentives and The objective of demand side management is
behavioural change. to encourage the consumers to use less energy
during peak hours and or to move the time of
The essential component of DSM is some form
energy use to off-peak times such as night time
of communication with the customer or the
and weekends.

DSM includes (i) programs that are immediate energy consumption. In a Smart Grid, a wide
and focused to specific like brief curtailment of range of actions can be taken at the customer side
energy-intensive processes used by a utility’s of the electricity meter in response to particular
most demanding industrial customers, and conditions within the electricity system (such as
peak period network congestion or high prices).
(ii) programs that are broad and less immediate
such as the promotion of energy-efficient Another method of Demand Response is
equipment in residential and commercial sectors. Dynamic demand control whereby switching of
DSM activities attempt to balancing the demand some appliances are either advanced or delayed
and supply to a perceived optimum, and help the by a few seconds to increase the diversity factor
end users to benefit for reducing their demand. Use of the set of loads. This concept is implemented
of Information and Communication technologies by monitoring the power factor of the grid and
in modern times has been transforming the grid other internal parameters of the loads. The loads
to a Smart one which enables the DSM program are switched on or off at the optimal moments
to automatically send signals to end-use systems to balance overall load with generation. This
to shed load depending on system conditions. switching is advanced or delayed the operation of
This ensures precise tuning of demand to match an appliance only by a few seconds, so it would
supply at all times thereby reduces capital not be noticeable to the end user. This type of
expenditures for the utility. In a Smart grid, the dynamic demand control is frequently used for
DSM can address the critical condition during the air-conditioners.
peak times by reducing the demand and adjust
the demand upward in the areas of large variable Distributed Energy Resources
renewable energy when the generation goes up
Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are
unpredictably.
generation plants or controllable loads that
DSM Programs are directly connected to a local distribution
Energy Efficiency and Conservation: Energy system or connected to a host facility within
the local distribution system. In contrast to the
Efficiency is the goal to reduce the amount of
conventional power plants like coal fired, large
energy required to provide products and services.
hydroelectric dams which are centralized and
For example, insulating a home allows a building
need long transmission lines to transfer power
to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve
over long distances, the DERs are decentralized
and maintain a comfortable temperature. Use of
and are located close to the loads they serve. DERs
energy efficient devices like LED lamps, energy
are small, modular and flexible technologies
efficient motors etc consume less energy for the
mostly REs (solar, small hydro, wind, biomass
same level of services provided by less efficient
etc.) having capacities of only 10 MW or less. A
devices. Thus energy conservation goal is
DER may consists of a number generation and
achieved by using energy efficient devices.
storage systems in that case it is called a Hybrid
Demand Response: This is a method to reduce Power System. The DERs can be controlled
demand or shift part of the peak demand to off and managed within the grid using Smart Grid
peak times so as to flatten the demand throughout technologies. DERs are faster, less expensive
the day or year. Demand response programs have option to high centralized power plants and high
primarily focused on peak reduction to defer the voltage transmission lines. The use of REs like
high cost of constructing generation capacity. solar, wind, small hydro, biomass etc also provide
It includes all intentional modifications to environmental benefits. DERs enables the grid to
consumption patterns of end users that are aimed collect energies from multiple sources and thus
to change the timing, level of demand, or the total improve security of supply.

Supply Side Energy Management Renewable energy sources are intermittent in

nature, cannot be used as reserve; it is therefore
Supply Side Management (SSM) refers to actions
a challenging task to integrate renewable energy
taken to ensure the generation, transmission and
resources into the power grid. Integrating more
distribution of energy are conducted efficiently.
large-capacity RE into the grid brings variability
This has become especially important with the
and uncertainty. At the same time, there will be
deregulation of the electricity industry in many
continuous unexpected disturbances stemming
countries, where the efficient use of available
from load variation, grid faults and conventional
energy sources becomes essential to remain
generation outages.
competitive.
Supply side management involves choosing Broadly these challenges are classified as technical
energy resources and then utilising them in the and non-technical issues and described as below:
most cost-effective and flexible configuration for
A. Technical Issues: [2]
operation.
Scheduling of operation of different generating The following are the technical issues involved in
resources connected to the grid is a critical large RE projects:
function of the Supply Side Management. Since 1. Power quality
Demand and Energy prices keep on changing
throughout the day and the year and so the a. Harmonics
operator has to determine which mix of energy
resources he should at any given time. b. Frequency and voltage fluctuation
Supply side energy management also has to focus 2. Power fluctuation

for the long term when selecting which energy
a. Small time power fluctuations
resources best suit. It also requires a thorough
understanding of the energy needs of the end b. Long time or seasonal power fluctuations
users and their consumptions patterns like how
much and when they consume as well as their 3. Storage
locations. It also has to focus on meticulous study
4. Protection issues
for proper forecasting of demand and energy
growth for a foreseeable future in order to enable 5. Optimal placement of REs
preparation of plan for building new plants or
adding capacities to the existing plants. 6. Islanding.
Grid Integration: B. Non-technical Issues

A major issue to be addressed by SSM is the 1. RE technologies are excluded from the
grid integration i.e. synchronization of different competition which discourages the installation of
energy resources to the grid and operate those new power plant for reserve purpose.
within the worked out schedule of time providing
stable and desired quantum of power and with Some of the Possible Solutions for Better
the capability to dynamic perform i.e. the output Utilization of REs [2, 3]:
is adjusted to match in order to respond to the
demand fluctuations. While it is not a big issue for 1. Integration of Energy Storage systems with
conventional power plants like Thermal, Nuclear RE plants:
or Hydro as they provide stable power and can be This is going to be the game changer soon.
used for reserve so as to use it whenever necessary Some of the Energy Storage System has been
but the same is not true for REs (solar and wind). described below in a separate section.

2. Development of Grid-friendly RE Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Generation which are generally used in FACTS (Flexible
Technologies have been developed in recent AC Transmission System).
time and are continuously improving to 5. Active Power Control, Ramping and
make the RE generations more predictable, Curtailment
controllable and dispatchable. Many
algorithms /software for more accurate Earlier wind turbine-generators did not have
demand forecasting for short and medium term unit control mechanism and built to generate
have been developed based on more accurate a constant power so they did not have the
weather forecasting data available, use of capability to ramp or reduce generation
which also contribute in proper generation in response to grid’s situation. With lower
scheduling. penetration of wind generators, this was not
a significant problem to overcome, but now
3. Power Electronic Technology a large numbers of wind generators are being
Power-electronic technology enables to added so unit control mechanism has to be
integrate renewable energy sources into the incorporated to the wind turbine-generators to
electrical grid. Rapid developments have achieve this capability.
been made during the last few years in Power Energy Storage System [4] :
electronics and use of fast semiconductor
Grid scale Energy Storage System (ESS) is a
switches that are capable of switching quickly
collection of methods used to store energy on
and handling high powers and introduction
a large scale within an electrical power grid.
of real- time computer controllers which can
Electrical energy is converted to a suitable form
implement advanced and complex control
of energy like Chemical energy in battery and
algorithms has made it possible to address
stored during times when production exceeds
many issues of grid integration. These
consumption, and returned to the grid by instantly
developments in fast semiconductor switches
converting to electrical energy when production
have also led to the development of cost-
falls below consumption.
effective and grid-friendly converters. The
performance of power electronic systems, Energy storage helps during emergencies like
especially in terms of efficiency and power power outages from storms, equipment failures,
density, has been continuously improved by accidents or even terrorist attacks. But the game-
the intensive research. changing nature of energy storage is its ability to
balance power supply and demand instantaneously
4. Voltage (Reactive Power) Control and within milliseconds, which make power networks
Regulation more resilient, efficient, and cleaner than ever
This is major issue for Wind Generators. Wind before.
generators are induction type so it can not Electricity is not easily or efficiently stored
generate reactive power to build voltage and in large amounts. The Electricity Storage
they consume reactive power from the grid Association identifies six categories of Energy
for the purpose. Sometimes it makes difficult Storage Technologies:
to manage the reactive power flow in the
grid to maintain the voltage profile. Reactive • Solid State Batteries: A range of
power control capability can be provided with electromechanical storage solutions, including
the generator using a combination of power advanced chemistry batteries and capacitors.
electronics based switched capacitor banks Solid-state battery technology is capable of
and Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Static higher energy density, have longer lifespan

and can be built for very high capacity. produced can be used as combustion fuel
Though presently it is costly compared other directly or can be mixed with natural gas for
batteries, but it is believed that it will soon use. One such project has been implemented
become cheaper as mass productions start in Germany where the produced Hydrogen
picking up. gas is injected to the natural gas pipeline.
• Flow Batteries: Also called Redox Flow • Thermal: Capturing heat and cooled to create
batteries where the energy is stored directly energy on demand.
in the electrolyte solution for longer cycle life
• Pumped Hydro-power: Creating large-scale
and quick response times. Earlier Lead Acid
reservoirs of energy with water. Though it is
battery was the only choice but tremendous
a primitive method but still is in use in large
developments have been made in recent times
numbers.
and many new technologies have emerged
providing solution for large scale storage. References:
Hydrogen–Lithium bromate, Hydrogen– 1. Energy Demand Management – Wikipedia
Lithium chlorate, Sodium–Bromine
polysulfide, Vanadium–vanadium (sulphate) 2. Issues, Challenges, Causes, Impacts and
are some of promising technologies. Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources - Grid
Integration: By Er. Mamatha Sandhu (Department
• Flywheels: Mechanical devices that harness of Electrical Engineering, Chitkara University,
rotational energy to deliver instantaneous Punjab Campus, Rajpura-01, India) and Dr. Tilak
electricity. Thakur, (Department of Electrical Engineering,
PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh-12,
• Compressed Air Energy Storage: Utilizing India).
compressed air to create a potent energy
3. Grid Integration of Large-capacity Renewable
reserved.
Energy Sources and Use of Large-capacity
• Power to Gas: In this method the extra grid Electrical Energy Storage : White Paper by IEC.
power is used to extract Hydrogen gas from 4. Energy Storage – Wikipedia
water by electrolysis. The Hydrogen gas so


Resources Scenario
Rajesh Kumar Sharma
Kota Super Thermal Power Station
Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd.
Kota 324008, Rajasthan
 rajeshk.sharma.2009@gmail.com
Abstract
Renewable generation is being encouraged as per national policy. The cost of wind and solar energy
has fallen rapidly to the levels comparable to that of traditional resources. The increasing share of
renewable energy presents a new set of technological challenges not previously faced by the grid and
demand for technological developments and urgent policy framework. Although small penetrations
of renewable generation in the grid can be smoothly integrated, accommodating more electricity
generation from these renewable sources requires new approaches to extend and operate the grid. The
variability of renewable resources introduces uncertainty in generation output and affects wind/solar
generation capacity. The system stability is a great concern due to intermittent nature of renewable
sources when fed into the conventional electricity network. The power quality issues like frequency,
voltage sag and swell, active and reactive power flicker and harmonics need consideration in case of
integration of green energy to the grid. This paper addresses the challenges and possible solutions for
safe integration of renewable energy into the grid.
Keywords: Renewable energy, Eco-friendly generation, Environmental norms, Variability,
Transmission system, Balancing power, Flexible operation, LVRT
Introduction increasing environment pollution threats due to

industrialization and depletion of limited fossil
When India got independence in the year 1947,
fuels& international pressures for pollution free
the total power generating capacity was around
atmosphere have compelled the nation to adhere
1362 MW. The main resources of power in the
to stringent environmental norms and focusing
grid were Thermal Power Generation and Hydel
attention to more eco-friendly power generation.
power generation. The hydel generation was used
A brief review of emission standards notified by
to provide startup power during grid failure&
ministry of environment is placed in the below
also to produce electricity when excess water
Table 2 [2].
is available. Proper planning & development
in this field has led to great enrichment &as on Promotion of renewal power generation and their
30.06.2018 the spectrum of installed capacity of penetration into the grid in India started from 1981
various types of generation in India areas depicted onwards. Efforts are on both at nation and state
in the below Table 1 [1]. level to harness renewal energy for meeting the
increasing energy on requirement of the country.
High growth rate of energy consumption,
dependence on import for petroleum fuels, The grid is a historical patchwork of local or

Table 1 : Spectrum of Installed Capacity of Various Types of Generation in India as on 30.06.18
Total Power Generation in India as on 30.06.2018 3,43,898 MW

A Coal Generation 196957 MW 57.27%
B Gas Generation 24897 MW 7.24%
C Diesel Generation 837 MW 0.24%
D Nuclear Generation 6780 MW 1.97%
E Hydro Generation 45403MW 13.2%
F Small Hydro Generation 4486 MW 1.3%
G Wind generation 34046MW 9.9%
H Solar generation 21651MW 6.3%
I Bio Mass Generation 8700MW 2.53%
J West to energy 138 MW 0.04%
generation
Table 2 : Emission Standards Notified by Ministry of Environment, Notification dated 07.12.2015
Industry Parameter TPPs(units) installed TPPs (units) TPPs(units) to

before 31/12/2003 installed upto be installed from
(Standard Limits) 31/12/2016 01/01/2017
(Standard Limits) (Standard Limits)
Particulate matter 100 mG/Nm3 50 mg/Nm3 30 mg/Nm3
Thermal Sulphur Dioxide 600 mg/Nm3 (Units 600 mg/Nm3 (Units 100 mg/Nm3
Power Plant (SO2) smaller than 500 MW smaller than 500
capacity units) MW capacity units)
200 mg/Nm3 (for units 200 mg/Nm3
having capacity of 500 (for units having
MW and above capacity of 500
MW and above
Oxides of Nitrogen 600 mg/Nm3 300 mg/Nm3 100 mg/Nm3
(NOx)
Mercury(Hg) 0.03 mG/Nm3(for units 0.03 mg/Nm3 0.03 mg/Nm3
having capacity of 500
MW and above)
regional generation resources and loads, with Sharp increase in renewal generation (wind
electricity generation located as far as 1000 miles and solar) and their penetration in the grid have
from population centers. posed a new set of challenges not previously
faced by the grid. Where in the brighter side of
Five Nos. regional grids- Northern Grid, Eastern
this penetration is increase in eco-friendly clean
Grid, Western Grid, North-Eastern Grid, and
energy, saving of natural fossil fuels on the darker
Southern Grid have now been integrated to form
side is its uncertainty due to time varying nature
one National Grid. Grid security under all possible
& poor quality.
operational conditions is of prime concern to
ensure uninterrupted power supply to the nation. This paper mainly focuses on principal issues
We have already suffered Northern Grid failure associated with integration of wind and solar
during July 30-31, 2012. energy into the grid. Variability of generation

is addressed by forecasting, energy storage and will lead to instability. The difference between
transmission; remote location of wind and solar forecast & realization can be interpreted as the
resources addressed by transmission. volume of backup power that needs to be available
to absorb unforeseen changes in renewable energy
Technology Issues
output. With increase penetration of RE into the
Renewable Resources and Associated grid the system/grid rapidly alternates between
Transmission System [3] large surplus & deficit Renewable energy output
India is a large country. Renewable energy [4].
resources are available in abundance but the Appropriate Regulation for RE integration
same are geographically concentrated only in
Wind/Solar generators are so far not properly
specific part of the states. The location of these
regulated. There is no proper scheduling/
resources is many times far away from the
forecasting of RE generation in various states.
population (load) centers. As an example we
Data availability from RE in real time mode is
can see that in Rajasthan western part nearby
essential for smooth operation of the grid.
Jodhpur, Bikaner, Badmer & Jaisalmer is rich of
renewal energy potential and generators (wind Handling of high wind generation & simultaneous
&solar) have been setup to harness the same, low demand condition caused by load crash in
whereas load centers are in eastern part of the rainy season is a major issue.
Rajasthan. As on 30.04.2017, wind accounted Injection of wind power into the grid affects the
for about 22.03% and solar about 6.57% of the power quality. The measurements of power quality
electricity generated in the Rajasthan. However, are the active power, reactive power, variation of
due to inadequate transmission system up to load voltage, flicker and harmonics.
centers, congestion in flow of energy is frequently
experienced. Wind farms/solar parks have a Solar Energy
gestation period of about 3 to 4 months whereas it Solar energy is also a variable source of energy
takes 2 to 4 years to construct viable transmission & is available at the max 8 to 10 Hrs in a day
system. Transmitting wind electricity from their time. The solar panels have a life of about 20-
sources to distant load centers strains the physical 25 years but the associated batteries life is only
and regulatory structure of the grid. Therefore, 4-5 years. The maintenance of batteries is very
at higher share levels, accommodating these costly. Moreover, the solar panels efficiency on an
renewable resources require new approaches of average is around 20%. This affects its economics.
extending and operating the grid. Evacuation of this energy is also a major problem
Variable Nature of RE Resources similar to wind energy on the same grounds.
The uncertainty of RE generation due to variable Flexible Operation of Conventional Generators
nature of RE resources (being dependent on At present the renewable energy variability is
weather fluctuations) is to be tackled properly to handled by SLDCs almost exclusively by ramping
maintain the grid security as these uncertainties up or ramping down the conventional thermal
are much greater than the relatively predictable power plants. This is done without considering the
uncertainties of few percent in demand dealt by effects of such ramp ups, ramp downs & short shut
system operators. downs. Moreover SLDCs are demanding backing
Balancing Power Requirement down of generation on sub critical thermal units
without being aware of the fact that minimum
Due to uncertain nature of wind energy the grid is load during flexible operation will depend on the
subjected to either surplus or deficit of power. How quality of coal being used. Operating thermal
to meet with the balancing power requirement is a power plants on reduced loads or box-up during
major issue. Error in forecasting of RE generation

low load demand conditions caused by high RE 4. Regulations should be developed for
injection in the grid thus stresses the thermal delivering wind and solar power generation
power plant equipments, increases wear and tear forecasts, scheduling, operating procedures
in the plants, leads to rise in cost of generation to respond to power generation forecasts,
by increasing auxiliary power consumption, unit the criteria for contingencies, the response
heat rate and threaten their stability. An example to up- and down-ramps in generation, and
of KTPS for the effects is shown in the below the response to large weather disturbances.
Table 3. Data telemetry for renewable generation is to
Table 3 : Effect of Variation of PLF on Auxiliary be ensured on 33 kV or below for managing
Power Consumption Observed at KSTPS Kota balancing power requirements.
(Rajasthan) 5. Penalties/incentives schemes (deviation
Month PLF % APC% scheduled mechanism) for renewable energy
Jan’18 88.9 10.53 are to be developed by the regulators for
March’18 77.80 10.77 maintaining grid security for conditions of
October’17 68.28 10.89 over drawl/under drawl.
April’17 31.71 12.95 6. Policy to be framed for back down of Solar/
Wind generator, VAR drawl/injection for grid
Recommendations
security. During startup wind generator shall
1. Coordinated RE generation & transmission ensure the reactive power drawl shall not
system development is essential to combat affect the grid performance.
congestion in transmission/distributions
7. Under the conditions when solar energy is
networks. Energy storage systems are to be
harnessed properly, and thermal/nuclear
provided at places where congestion is at
energy is kept as backup power, regulators
maximum level.
may think of imposing solar tax on consumers
2. To manage variability of renewable energy, &utilizing this as compensation for supporting
accuracy of forecasting and scheduling is flexible operation of conventional generators.
important. Improve the accuracy of weather
8. Develop response other than maintaining
and wind forecasts, in spatial and temporal
conventional reserve, including electricity
resolution and on time scales from hours to
storage and long distance transmission of
days. The confidence level of the forecasts
renewable energy for distribution in power-
must be improved to allow system operators to
congested urban areas.
reduce reserve requirements and contingency
measures to even more economical levels. 9. As per CERC directions all wind generators
connected at 132 kV level and above must
3. Hydro power, Pumped Storage Plants (PSP),
have Low-Voltage-Ride-Through (LVRT)
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), gas
capabilities so that they can remain online and
based plants & thermal power plants can be
support the grid post faults events instead of
utilized for providing balancing power [3].
instantaneous tripping [5].
However feasibility to use them as per their
response time and economics is to be judged 10. If possible gas and hydro based generation is
and applied accordingly. Gas based power to be enhanced to control over drawl/under
plants have high efficiency, shorter ramp rates drawl of power caused by renewable energy
& startup time/cost as compared to thermal generation.
& nuclear power plants& should be utilized 11.
Static Convertors (STATCOM) can be
to meet the balancing power requirement installed with a BESS to deal with the power
preferably. quality issues.

Conclusion ups/shut downs demanded due to variability of

RE resources. CERC regulations should be made
To maintain pollution free atmosphere generation
operative in all states from the date of their issue
of clean energy (wind & solar) & their integration
without waiting for state regulatory commission
in the grid is a preferable choice. As renewable
regulations. Regulations are also to be made
energy penetration grows mismatch in the demand
operative on RE generators for maintaining the
and generation will also grow due to variable and
grid security and power quality.
uncertain nature of RE resources. Local storage
device such as batteries of adequate capacity can References
be installed near renewable energy polling stations 1. CEA executive summary on power sector
for storing the energy during surplus condition June’2018.
and supplying the same into the grid during deficit
of power. Old thermal plants can be made suitable 2. Ministry of environment, forest & climate change
notification Dated 07.12.2015.
for flexible operation by retrofitting their boilers
& turbines. Incentives/compensation for the 3. Minutes of 4th meeting of the technical committee
losses imposed on thermal generators due to their constituted by CEA for study of balancing energy
flexible operation is the need of the hour. Fossil sources dated 13.06.17.
fuels plants shall always remain reliable source 4. Verzijlbergh, R. A., De Vries, L. J., Dijkema,
of power generation as compared to variable and G. P. J., & Herder, P. M. (2017). Institutional
unpredictable nature of wind/solar energy and will challenges caused by the integration of renewable
be meeting the major power share in future also. energy sources in the European electricity sector.
Survival of thermal units is to be ensured by the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75,
660-667.
policy makers through regulations/compensation
for their part load operation and frequent start- 5. CERC order date 05.01.2016 in petition No. 420/
MP/2014.


Resources Scenario
1
Shreya Karmakar, 2Joy Chakraborty
1
Bashirhat 743411, West Bengal
 shreya03karmakar@gmail.com
2
West Bengal Renewable Energy Development
Agency, Bikalpa Shakti Bhawan, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal
 joychakro19@gmail.com
Abstract
The paper contents issues of the Multiple Energy Management and Smart Grid evolution. Energy
management is a vital development in power supply to allow a more powerful penetration of renewable
energy resources at housing and commercial complexes in urban and semi-urban areas. It corresponds
to saving of the conventional, fossil fuel based energy and reduction of the CO2 emissions. Issues
as concerned with providing more penetration of Renewable Energy sources in the utility grid are
covered here. The depletion of fossil-fuel resources has necessitated an urgent search for substitute
energy sources. For rapid change of weather conditions, seasonally and periodically, Standalone Solar
Photovoltaic (SPV) system and wind energy system are not sufficient to ensure continuous supply of
energy.
To balance the grid management system through multiple energy resources Net metering Solution is
one of the modes of crucial development in recent time. The smart energy meter which can move in
both the direction is known as smart bi-directional meter or import-export meter or the net meter. It
can record quantum of energy as taken from the utility grid (import) and quantum of energy as pushed
to the utility grid (export). The quantum of energy, which is surplus after self-consumption of the user,
is sent to the utility grid for its utilisation. Through this process, the electricity bill of the consumers is
reduced both in tariff slab and in quantum of energy used by the consumer from the utility/DISCOM
grid.
India has fixed a target to add 100 GW of Solar Energy by 2022.Out of this, 40 GW is Rooftop Solar
PV, which is the area of potential coverage of net metering. So far (upto September, 2018) 3399 MW
of Rooftop PV Power Plant has been installed in India in Net Metering mode. This paper is aimed to
develop a knowledge base on Grid management system in multiple energy resources scenario. This
article covers the Utility Grid, Net Metering through Multiple energy resources, a critical review of
schemes available in India, role of Distribution Companies (DISCOMs), gross meter and a proposed
intervention in the policy level.
Keywords: Energy management, Smart grid, DISCOM, Net metering, Solar PV

Introduction electrical system optimization and energy

economics. This is for the purpose of extending
Energy is the key of driving force for development
grid architectural platform for incorporation of
of civilization. From birth to death at every
use of renewable energy resources such as Solar
step of life, electricity is essential to perform of
PV, small hydro power, bio fuel, biomass as an
all essential activities for day to day living of
alternative of fossil fuel to increase Renewable
human being. In developing countries, energy
Power penetration, improving voltage stability
demand is growing rapidly for enhanced use of
and sustainability of power supply. The propose
more and more electrical and electronic gadgets.
control is to improve stability and power quality
In order to meet the load demand and at the
of different linear and nonlinear loads during
same to achieve the sustainable development
connected in grids and also at isolated systems.
on global market scenario, conventional energy
Success of Rooftop can be detrimental to the
is reoriented towards energy system based on
business of DISCOMs in the sense that they
renewable energy and energy efficiency. In
are and will be losing out mainly on prime and
such a context, grid connected energy systems
subsidized consumers that they were paying their
are now being implemented, that combines
charges with higher tariffs before installing the
Renewable energy (RE) including solar and
PV system with Net Meter. In such a position,
utility grid. To verify the benefit of energy
to make Solar PV System in net metering mode
resources control, grid management simulators
a success story in India and also to address
are presented and discussed in the multiple energy
DISCOM concerns, regulatory frame work needs
resources scenarios Figure 1.
change and upgradation continuously based on
In recent days, there is an increased acquisition experiences, studies and challenges faced by all
of Distributed Generation (DG) in the form of the stake holders.
Renewable Energy resources which are tied with
utility grids. There has many issues regarding
Figure 1 : Multi Energy Resource Scenario (5)

Smart Grid in the grid is a growing challenge for utility grid

in India. If these issues are addressed properly
The Smart Grid represents an unrivalled
from now, it will definitely lead towards a crisis
opportunity to move the energy industry
situation within next 3-4 years.
into a new era of reliability, availability, and
efficiency that will contribute to our economic According to report of the Govt. of India, as
and environmental health. During the transition on March 31, 2017, the share of renewable
period, it will be critical to carry out testing, based capacity in respect of the overall power
technology improvements, consumer education, generation capacity in India stands at 17.5 per
development of standards and regulations, and cent now. Indian Energy Expert agencies has
information sharing between projects to ensure recorded that so far [September, 2018] 24.6 GW
that the benefits we envision from the Smart Grid of Solar Power has been connected to the Grid
become a reality [1]. from Ground Mounted installations and the same
from rooftop mode is 3.4GW. [MERCOM Report
The benefits associated with the Smart Grid
and www.bridgetoindia.com] Given low output of
include :
renewable-based plants, this translates into just 10-
• Efficient transmission of electricity 15 per cent of the total generation mix. Globally,
• Quicker restoration of electricity after power when renewables have already crossed 20-30
disturbances per cent in the power generation mix, the grid
starts experiencing issues, requiring significant
• Reduced balancing costs for utilities, and investments in remodeling of transmission and
ultimately lower power costs for consumers distribution system[2].
• Reduced peak demand, which will also help These renewable energy resources may inject
lower electricity rates the power to the grid at different time and from
• Increased integration of large-scale renewable different locations which makes the situation
energy systems difficult for grid regulators. Such as random
changes in voltage on distribution feeders, issues
• Reduction of carbon emission. with fault detection and unwanted generation
• Improved security capacity – that all affect the reliability and
sustainability of the utility grid.
Challenges of Grid Management
The renewable energy penetration is mainly
To re-balancing the India’s massive power grid
through rooftop solar in net metering mode. As
system need to deal with the fluctuation nature of
it increases, the use of Power Electronics and
power generated from renewable energy flowing
Inverters into grid connected mode also increase.
into the system and keep supply in sync with
Power Electronics and Inverters emit interferences
demand. India has fixed an ambitious renewable
in the Power Supply Network creates a negative
energy target of 175 GW by 2022. Due to full fill
impact on the quality power supply. For example,
massive targets as much variable energy power
inverters, as used in Solar Photovoltaic System,
resources are added into the grid, it’s more difficult
generate harmonics. This leads to increased risk
to balancing. This fluctuating nature of renewable
of overheating of transformers, motors, capacitor
energy is a problem for any grid in the world.
banks etc. It can correspond to neutral conductor
Indian grid power system is generally unstable,
overload. It may cause malfunction of protection
but it is to manage manually. Unlike the developed
devices also. The Supra Harmonics in the
countries, Indian Grid faces shortfalls instead of
range of 2 kHz to 150 kHz can affect sensitive
having surplus, reserves and alternatives. The
electronics. This sensitive electronics include IT
more and more penetration of Renewable Power
Infrastructure, automation and communication

systems. So, a proper analysis of the said effects of Generally the retail tariff of electricity is designed
renewable energy inclusion in the grid can protect in such a way that the fixed cost for the grid
the potential operating issues of Distribution upkeep is not recovered by the fixed charges
Utilities/Distribution Companies, popularly payable by the consumers. The fixed cost in the
known as DISCOMs [3]. electricity business is more than 50% of the total
cost, whereas the fixed charge payable by the
Briefly, these are the challenges which are to be consumer is just about 15% or less. A large portion
addressed through smart grid technology. It can be of the fixed cost is recovered through the energy
used for renewable energy integration and energy charges. Thus a solar consumer may put some
management for developers and practitioners of burden on non-solar consumer by not paying his/
Smart grid system [4]. her fair share for grid upkeep [7].
Concept of Net Metering Operational Enhancement
Net metering is such a billing system where Now operation of modern power systems is
customers are allowed to sell excess electricity supported by a physical layer Supervisory
generated by Solar PV Plant to local or preferred Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system,
electric utility (DISCOM). Here net energy an application layer Energy Management System
between export of Solar PV generated energy and (EMS). The SCADA system covers most of the
import of DISCOM energy for a billing month is spread-out elements in a power system, with
recorded. It can record both the import and export sensors to monitor their operational conditions
energy values in compliance with parameters and report them to the operations center through
as notified by the Central Electricity Authority communication channels. Since modern
(CEA) metering regulations and DISCOM power systems rely heavily on computerized
procedures in existence. DISCOM procedure is communications and control for operations,
guided by the regulations of the State Electricity they have evolved into cyber-physical systems.
Regulatory Commission. For operation enhancement many solar and
wind power forecast method and management
Net metering policies vary state to state. Rooftop programmes have been developed in last few
solar users normally are entitled for adjustment decades. But forecast accuracy is still low as
of their electricity bill at the same rate at which compared to load demand forecast. In addition
they purchase the electricity from the grid of the to this, the situation demands some major
DISCOM. This rate covers the variable cost of the enhancements related to EMS applications. The
power, fixed costs of the installations, required underlying principle behind these developments
infrastructure which make the electric grid safe is to improve operators’ situational awareness by
and stable. This includes the cost of infrastructure evaluating potential events and their impacts, and
as needed by the DISCOM to accommodate to provide operators with guidance on possible
solar systems into their grid. Through the credit mitigating measures [8].
or received payment, net-metered customers can
effectively avoid cost payment for the grid [6]. Conclusions
Due to technological development and affluence
DISCOM Revenue
of urban middle-upper middle class population,
It is limited to the loss in ‘cross-subsidy’. If these there is always increasing demand of energy
consumers, who were paying more than the cost of requirement in India. Since electrical energy
supply, will install rooftop Solar PV system in net is the most convenient form of energy, there is
metering mode, it will be a loss to the DISCOM. continuous research work on the methods of
DISCOMs will be benefitted, if subsidized conversion and integration of any available source
categories of consumers adopt the solar system. of energy into electrical energy.

This is because the outcomes can enlighten on the References

possibilities of deploying several multiple sources
1. Energy Management and Smart Grids, Rosario
of environmentally friendly renewable energy to
Miceli, Energies 2013, 6, 2262-2290; DoI:
supply Microgrids in rural areas. 10.3390/en6042262
In respect to all the conceptual scenarios to grid
2. Beyond Net Metering: Issues and Challenges to
management need expansion and development
meet the Targets for Rooftop Solar By 2022: Adil
process involving different exposure that are Khan: All India People’s Technology Congress:
challenges as popped up in recent past and is 2019.
expected to be more crucial in next 2-3 years.
3. IEEMA Journal: Volume 10, Issue no : 4,
So, in respect to technical exposure there have December,2018
criteria for electrical system design, Control
and management. The technical exposure needs 4. Energy Management and Renewable Energy
to evolution of components, apparatus and re- Integration in Smart Grid System 1. Mohamed A.
orientation of existing electrical systems. Mohamed1, Ali M. Eltamaly2, SMIEEE, Hassan
M. Farh3, and Abdurrahman I. Alolah4, SMIEEE
Any kind of initiative, as step in the way to bring
utilities on board, can help makers to formulate 5. Conceptual Synthesis of Multi-Source Renewable
Energy Based Micro grid, Bakari M. M.
schemes for adoption of market driven models for
Mwinyiwiwa, Mighanda J. Manyahi, Nicodemu
future sustenance. Here DISCOMs have to play an
Gregory, Alex L. Kyaruzi
active role so that issues associated with insertion
of sizable amount renewable energy resources 6. Solar Net Metering: Perspective and Challenges:
into the utility grid can be mitigated. Through Shreya Karmakar and Joy Chakraborty, 33rd
such measures and steps, India can be able to Indian Engineering Congress at Udaipur,
reach at its desired targets and meet its objective December, 2018(PAPER ID: EL/100/08)
of enhancing the Renewable Energy share in the 7. Water and Energy International, Volume 61,
utility grid for mitigating climate change impacts, September, 2018
in the line of its commitment, as signed in the Paris
Climate Accord in 2015 and also for establishing 8. Grid integration of large-capacity Renewable Energy
viable alternatives of polluting fossil fuel based sources and use of large-capacity Electrical Energy
Storage
resources into the grid, as future energy sources.

Power Tracing and Mapping of Dynamic

Behaviour of a Microgrid
Ankit Sontakke, Konika Das Bhattacharya,

1
Dipankar Mukherjee, 2Jiban Krishna Das

Indian Institute of Engineering Science
and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103
West Bengal
 ankit.sontakke246@gmail.com
 poopoolee50@hotmail.com
 dipankarm@rediffmail.com
2
Guru Nanak Institute of Technology
Sodepur, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal
 jibankrishna.das@gnit.ac.in
Abstract
The intermittent nature of solar and wind generation necessitates micro-scheduling of solar and wind
Renewable Energy Sources (RES), particularly in Micro-grid (MG) networks where system inertia
is very less. Any fluctuation in the system generation may affect the load demand and vice-versa.
Thus, it is imperative to analyze the impact of weather parameters on distributed generation and how
these changes along with the variation in load profile affect the efficiency of power distribution in
the micro-grid. The present work is focused on the analysis of solar and wind generation based upon
seasonal variation and highlights the role of power tracing algorithm in MG to determine the individual
contribution from solar and wind generation. When MGs are being operated by prosumers, Generating
Companies (GENCOs) for providing power to consumers in varying climatic conditions, it is necessary
to find out the parameters which affect the efficient operation of an MG network. Such an attempt has
been made in this work, to simulate various load profiles during different climatic conditions and
quantify the effect of these changes on the losses in the MG, using the Power Tracing algorithm. The
results so obtained should empower the intelligence of the Micro-Grid Controller to optimize micro-
scheduling of generation and loading in an MG network to achieve an operational framework with
minimal losses and also enable justified loss loading on the customer s and GENCOs. The test system
has been framed considering the standard IEEE-14 bus model with integration of solar PV and wind
generations and the load profile similar to a real township distribution system .
Keywords : Micro grid, Microgrid controller, Power tracing , Participation matrix, Loss loading

Introduction chosen bus in a different time frame. The multiple

DG participation in the MG increases the cost
Deployment of renewable energy has gained
competitiveness. To maintain an economic
momentum over the last decade because of the
balance, to regulate the prosumer and attract
crisis in the conventional fossil fuel and other
the consumer, it is necessary to have a techno-
hazardous emissions. Harnessing renewable
commercial model, which can differentiate the
energy is an extremely difficult task with the
power transfer from particular generator to the
sources being intermittent, the capacity of
particular load, segregate the power losses in the
generation may not satisfy the fluctuating demand
grid network and assign priority to the DGs which
and sudden variations in the generation may affect
is essential for economic operation of the MG.
the system stability.
This is possible by the implementation of a Logic
However, with the unavailability of the main grid, Flow through the Power Tracing Algorithm, to be
micro-grid (MG) can serve the localized demand, operational from the Intelligent Block of the MG,
particularly, in the rural belt where small sources i.e. the micro grid Controller. It may be used in
of renewable power can cater to the need for an online mode to furnish a transparent operating
electricity if operated in an integrated manner. It model of the Electric Network i.e. the MG to
may also extend support to the main utility grid in satisfy the consumers and frame the Tariff and
case of a crisis in the grid. There is also a scope for load the Losses effectively to each operating DG
the business opportunity for local power/energy- and consumers. Also, the communication from
generating companies and consumers [1]. the various nodes to the micro grid Controller will
Technologically, economically and operationally be enabled by GPRS/IoT as shown in Figure 1.
many challenges are encountered in the micro In the off-line operation, keeping the Generation
grid, and therefore it attracts the attention of and Load-forecasting as Inputs, this algorithm
scientists, researchers, grid operators, and business will help to determine the operational mix of
managers to contribute significantly for improved DGs so as to ascertain a very efficient electricity
power quality, energy efficiency, reduced power distribution in the MG network.
losses, reduced network congestion, and improved Methodology
system economics. The micro grid helps remote
rural areas to become energy efficient, where The method is designed to determine power-
deployment of energy generation and transmission sharing between generator(s) to load in MG,
is very costly and difficult [2-4]. and also the to and fro flow of power between
MG to Main-grid. To analyze the impact of DG
Challenges in Micro-grid Operation penetration and a varying load profile in an MG;
At any of the bus/node in the Electrical Topology control measures are required for optimal power
of the MG, the quantum of renewable energy transfer between the stakeholders to obtain the
penetration varies with time, location and climatic best economy in operation. The control strategies
conditions. So also does the loading at each bus that may be adopted are determined using this
with time. As a result, the power transfer from simulation of the MG with the various modes
Distributed Generators (DG) to the load centers of operation of the different DGs. This method
also changes. The change in a generation may is useful for determining and organizing the is
make the MG network unstable. For the purpose landed mode and grid-connected mode of MG.
of stability and an efficient transfer of electricity It is important to find out the conditions which
to the load, it is important to know the power will realize the economically-efficient solution
generation and electrical loading during different for both the Generating Companies (GENCO)
time frames. This is achieved by measuring and the consumers. This power tracing algorithm
generation and by tracking the load profile at the will capture the situation when the distribution
line losses, as well as the cost of Generation, will

Figure 1 The Schematic of a Micro-grid and its Controller
Figure 2 Real-Time Monitoring Methodology
be on the lower level s. The flowchart embedded study, it has been the target to quantify the losses
in Figure 2 describes the methodology wherein due to each type of power generation and also
the Renewable Energy Generation at respective the load components. The aim is to formulate the
Buses is computed as per the weather variants and algorithm to achieve a loss-loading philosophy
with a pre-programmed Load pattern. The result for each stakeholder in the micro-grid and the
is an optimum generation mix and a minimal loss mechanism to be transparent to each so as to
loading to the customers. However, a transparent create a technological and economically viable
loss calculation mechanism is in operation. In this eco-system.

Micro-grid Modelling speed variation on the grid, the author has chosen
the DFIG model. The DFIG is connected at bus
In this paper, MG is modeled using power System
No-15 and it is near to bus-8 which is shown in
Analysis Tool (PSAT) [5]. The std IEEE bus 14
Figure 3.
bus is attached with renewable DG such as a solar
generator and the wind generator. The following Load Flow and Power Tracing
Fig 2 is illustrating the MG. The solar generator is
In MG, the parameter variation is frequent
a bus no-4 as PQ generator. For accuracy and to
because the generation and load demand are
analysis effect of the solar generator on MG, the
time-dependent. Especially, renewable DGs
solar generator is set at unity power factor. [6,7]
are the direct function of climate variation and
The active power generation of the solar generator
load demand at various time slots. To examine
varies with effective irradiance and temperature at
the impact of variable DG’s generation on the
a particular location. To determine the variation,
micro-grid network the load flow study has been
the active power calculated by using A J Anderson
performed. Load flow is performed dynamically
“Photovoltaic Translation Equation” [8].
on MG whenever there is a change in generation,
The impact of the wind generator is more severe load and metrological parameters.
than the solar generator. As the variation in the
Power generated by DG’s, distributed load and
wind speed changes the active power penetration
interconnected switching control technique have
into the grid. The random change in wind speed
a direct impact on the power flowing from DGs to
changes the active power injection and reactive
distributed loads. In response to this the voltage,
power consumption. The wind generator can be
frequency and the phase angle of the buses change.
modeled as PQ bus for the load flow analysis
The undesirable change in the voltage and phase
[9-11]. The authors have used available wind
angle may affect the power transfer from the
generator model in PSAT for better analysis.
respective generator to interconnected load in the
Three wind generator models are included in
grid network and of course influence the power
the PSAT software. Those are SCIG (squirrel
losses in transmission lines. [12]
cage induction generator), DFIG (double-fed
induction generator)and CSWT (constant speed The is landing and interconnected mode of micro-
wind turbine). To analyze the impact of wind grid operation could be found out by checking
Figure 3 Micro-grid Model

power transfer in the line between MG bus to main is the share of each generator to load in each of
grid bus. For detecting MG operation modes, load the line flow. This will aid deregulation in the
flow study is needed to perform. Losses in the electricity network [18-19].
transmission line can be easily accounted using
The idea of power tracing is originated with the
this technique [13-15]. The slack bus has been
“Proportional Sharing Principle”. Proportional
considered here as main grid connecting point to
Sharing Principle is used as a power tracing
adjust load generation balancing. In this paper,
technique to determine the participation of the
the load flow study has been performed using
individual generator units towards meeting up
the PSAT/MATLAB. The load flow provides the
individual loads. [17]. The method allows us to
line flows of reactive and active power, voltage
analyze the amount of real and reactive power flow
magnitude and phase difference for each bus.
from a particular generator to a particular load. It
These power flow results are a pre-requisite for
also helps us for assessment of the participation
power tracing.
of individual generators in the transmission line
The power transfer and power losses in the lines losses. The loss assessment and individual DG
connected to various buses are the integrated share of the loss can help to administer the pricing
results of all the participants. Hence, without economics of electricity in an MG [20-21]. Use
any simplified mathematical model, it is quite of Power Tracing algorithm and its modeling has
impossible to distinguish which part of a particular been described in Figure 4.
flow and loss is contributed by a particular
Result and Discussion
participant. [16-17]
The micro-grid is simulated using PSAT software
The electricity tracing methodology allows us to
shown in Figure 3. To study dynamic MG
trace the flow of power in a ring electrical network
behavior, the metrological data is taken from
and gives information regarding what amount of
Center of Excellence for Green Energy and
real power and reactive power is supplied from a
Sensor Systems (CONGRESS), IIEST, Shibpur
particular generator to a particular load and what
and typical distribution load profile from reputed
Figure 4 Downstream Power Tracing Algorithm

Figure 5 CESC typical load profile, Kolkata
Figure 6 Solar Irradiance Variation
Figure 7 Temperature Variation at Various Dates
distribution company Calcutta Electric Supply The solar irradiance variation and temperature
Corporation (CESC), Kolkata (Figure 5). The variation at various dates and times are depicted
Solar Irradiance and Temperature are used to in Figs 6 and 7 respectively.
calculate active power penetration into the MG
From data (Figure 8 ) received on May 22, 2017,
which is depicted in Figures 6, 7 respectively.
total load at 5 pm and 6 pm are the same. But
Similarly, a graphical plot of Wind Speed
the loss is less at 6 pm, reasons may be slack
Variation has also been obtained.
bus Generation (external grid) is more and wind
The load profile variation in day / evening time power is less at 6 pm. Load decreases from 6 pm to
is frequent. In the night time is more or less 7 pm, but losses remain nearly constant. Reasons
constant. So, the author has chosen the time frame may be attributed to more wind generation and
from 09:00 am to 09:00 pm. low slack bus generation. Power is exported

Figure 8 Active Power Generation, Load and Losses in the Micro-grid Network on 22 May, 2017
Figure 9 Active Power-gen, Load and Losses in Micro-grid Network on 22 Jan, 2018
to the grid at 1 pm and 2 pm, when the load increases; such contribution is done by the wind to
decreases, but the loss is high due to the effect a major extent and power flow to the grid at 11 am
of power flow from micro-grid to main-grid. The is already spelled out. At 17.00 hours and 11.00
loss is maximum at 11 am and 5 pm. The load is hours, the losses being the 4.822 kW and 4.677
less at 11 am but more at 5 pm. Wind generation kW respectively, the mix of generation includes
contributes significantly to this and power export solar penetration at 11.00 hours which might help
at 11 am is another reason for significant losses in reducing losses.
at 11 am in the morning. Slack bus generation
With reference to the loading and loss profile in
helps in reducing the losses as at 6.00 pm. When
winter, i.e. 22nd Jan, 2018 (Figure 9), magnitude
load increases from 9 am to 11 am, the loss also
of active loss in the network decreases in winter,

as there is negligible wind power. When power is condition, increased active power losses have been
exported at 10 am, the active power loss is more. observed in the MG. In the export mode from the
micro grid for a particular condition, total active
The following features are bringing out the benefit
power losses in the grid network increases.
of application of Power Tracing Algorithm applied
in an MG. Scheduling of power export to the main To schedule the optimal operation of DG during
grid (Slack bus) from micro-grid (MG) could be peak loading at daytime/evening the losses
done by analyzing metrological parameter and contributed by the DG, are to be considered
load profile. Scheduling to import power from and kept the minimum. This study is an attempt
the main grid is an important task for micro-grid to model an efficient distribution network for
operation. It is observed that at peak loading a micro-grid, by studying the generation and
micro-grid requires support from the main grid. losses contributed by each generator and thereby
optimize the power flow from each generator to
The unpredictable climatic conditions on March
satisfy the load as well as to minimize the losses.
10, 2018 and July 23, 2017 highlight scenario
when the DGs are unable to fulfill load demand. This study, differentiate the active power transfer
So, the power export to main-grid is zero which is from particular generator to the particular load,
illustrated from the above table. At peak loading evaluates the power consumed by distributed
Table 1 Analysis of Active Power Import from Main Grid on Following Dates (kW)
Table 2 Analysis of Active Power Loss in Micro-grid on Different Dates (kW)

load and segregate the active losses in the MG • Wind generation contributes to maximum
and determine individual generator contributions losses in the network.
to loads and losses at various dynamic situations
• When power is exported to the grid, the loss is
based upon which optimum scheduling of
more.
generations can be adopted.
• Loading is predominant in influencing the
For seasonal variation, in the winter season,
losses; however, the generation mix is also a
the load demand has reduced and climatic data
determining factor.
support to generate surplus power which can be
utilized d in power deficit period by storing it or • The analysis can, therefore, be utilized for
by selling the excess power. It is also observed tariff management; it will be beneficial for
that the total active losses, total reactive losses and the MG operator to enter into an agreement
power import form main grid reduces in winter. to export power to the main grid (during
daytime) when solar penetration is more and
In the summer season, the load demand is high loss in the distribution network is less;
with varying climatic conditions, the DG’s are in
deficit zone. So, MG has to import more power • In the evening, MG has to import power
from the main grid which is illustrated in Table 1. from the main grid, because of not having
adequate wind generation in absence of solar.
Table 2 Describes the analysis of active power Loading of losses become easier (in actual)
loss on various days from January (2017) to with the application of on-line power tracing
March (2018). Since loading is maximum during algorithm; the consumer is satisfied in a
the summer months, to and fro power flow from transparent tariff structure, where the notional
the MG to the Main Grid amounts to high losses loss loading is avoided.
in the network. Since power flows from the DGs
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Stability Enhancement of an Islanded

Microgrid using Battery Storage
1
Shridhar Shantaram Khule, 2Sharad Wasudeorao Mohod
1
Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre, Nashik 422105, Maharashtra
 khule_ss@rediffmail.com
2
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Amravati 444707, Maharashtra
Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology and Research
 sharadmohod@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The method of power sharing and enhancing system stability with coordinated control of Distributed
Energy Resources (DERs) in an islanded Microgrid is proposed in this paper. The Microgrid consists
of Solar PV system interfaced through a power electronic converter to conventional Diesel Generator
(DG) set, battery storage and local load. The control strategy has effective co-ordination among MPPT
control at the PV side, converter V-f control and battery control. These three control algorithms are
jointly linked through a power balance objective at the DC and AC side of the converter so that the
DC side voltage is indirectly controlled at the desired value in order to maintain AC side voltage. The
proposed control method has the capability of handling battery State of Charge (SOC) constraints.
The simulations are carried out in Matlab Simulink and the results clearly show the effectiveness of
proposed control methods.
Keywords: Distributed energy resources (DERs); Microgrid; Solar PV generator; Battery storage
Introduction utility grid, the control of voltage and frequency

is done by the utility grid. In islanded condition,
Due to ever increasing energy consumption and
a Microgrid has to operate on its own to control
global climate change problems, Distributed
voltage and frequency, independent of the grid.
Generations (DGs), smart grid and renewable
But various technical and economic issues occur
energy technologies have been received more
in the integration of these resources into a grid [7].
attention to solve the global issues. Microgrid
Technical problems arise in area of power quality,
system is one of the best solutions to achieve
voltage stability, harmonics, reliability, protection
this increase in demand with less pollution. A
and control. Especially, when microgrid is
Microgrid is characterized as a cluster of small
operated in islanded mode, stability is major
energy sources (distributed generators), storage
concern. The stability issues in a Microgrid can
devices, and loads which operate as independent
be divided as small signal, transient and voltage
controllable system and it has ability to provide
stability [8]. Depending on the Microgrid type,
heat and power to small community [1-6].
different stability issues can be related to most
Microgrid encourages the use of renewable energy
frequent problems. Voltage stability is the ability
sources. When the Microgrid is connected to the

of a power system to maintain steady state voltages Proposed Microgrid

at all buses in the system after being subjected
The schematic diagram of proposed Microgrid
to a disturbance from a given initial operating
consisting of solar photovoltaic system, battery
condition while frequency stability is the ability
energy storage, DG set and local load is shown
of a power system to maintain steady frequency
in Figure 1. The distributed energy resources that
following a severe system upset resulting in a
are incorporated in a Microgrid are comprised
significant imbalance between generation and
of small units, less than 100 kW, provided with
load. Several control strategies to control voltage
Power Electronics (PE) interface. The solar
and frequency in islanded Microgrid is explained
PV array is integrated through a DC-DC boost
by the researchers [9-10]. Control of active and
converter and controlled using a Maximum Power
reactive power for small solar PV system in grid
Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to obtain
connected mode is discussed by the researchers
the maximum power under varying operating
[11]. Researchers have investigated the inverter
conditions [16-17]. The Battery Energy Storage
control and synchronous generator control strategy
(BES) is integrated through buck boost converter
in an islanded Microgrid [12]. Electric double
to maintain SOC of battery. Under varying
layer capacitor is incorporated as energy storage
conditions of generation and loads, BES offers
for power modulation of solar PV generators
charging during the daytime when the irradiance
[13]. Load frequency control in Microgrid with
is large and load is less, and discharging when
solar PV and battery was investigated by the
the irradiance is less and load is more. When the
researchers [14]. However the voltage control
battery is absorbing power, the converter operates
was not explored in their work. Researchers have
in the buck mode and when battery is injecting
investigated the voltage and frequency control in
power to the grid, it operates in the boost mode.
Microgrid with solar PV, battery and induction
The operation mode is maintained through the
machine [15]. However, this works lacks to
control signal provided to the converter switches
consider battery SOC constraint. Thus the previous
[18]. The DG set is used to maintain power
work focused either on voltage with frequency
balance within the system. The DG set operates
control or usage of battery or control transition
while maintaining the system frequency under
in various conditions. None of the previous work
varying generation and loads. Table 1 illustrates
explored all these objectives together in their
the Microgrid System Parameters.
work. Therefore, this work presents voltage and
frequency control in Microgrid along with battery
storage.
The proposed control strategy with battery storage
has the following objectives:
• Power sharing among the distributed energy
resources
• To control voltage and frequency at PCC
• To maintain State of Charge (SOC) of battery
The rest of this paper is organized as section 2
introduces the proposed Microgrid. Section 3
briefly presents Microgrid modeling. Section 4
describes proposed voltage-frequency control and
battery SOC control strategies. Section 5 discusses
experimental results as illustrations. Conclusions
are finally drawn in the last section. Figure 1 : Schematic Diagram of Proposed Microgrid

Table 1: Microgrid System Parameters is given as,

Description Values
Point of Common 3-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz
Coupling
Solar PV System 100 kW where, K1 is the short circuit current/temperature
Battery DC 504 V, cell capacity coefficient; ΔT = T – Tn (T and Tn being actual and
300Ah, Type- Lead acid nominal temperatures [in Kelvin)], respectively;
Interfacing transformer 120kVA, 440/480 V, G is the irradiation on the device surface; and Gn
Y-Δ, 50 Hz is the nominal radiation, both in W/m2.
Diesel Generator 100 kVA, 415 V, 50 Hz The PV model is developed using fundamental
Load 3-phase, 415 V, 100 kW equation and parameters from the data sheet. For
this paper 100 kW solar PV system is configured
Microgrid Modelling
in MATLAB simulink. There are 20 parallel
Solar PV Modeling strings having 25 series connected modules per
string. The Maximum Power Point (MPP) for
Single diode model is commonly accepted for
a single module of Kyocera Solar KC200GT at
solar cell representation. The I-V characteristic of
1000 W/m2 and 25OC (STC) is 200.143 W. Hence
practical solar PV array is represented by Equ. (1)
the maximum power of solar PV array at STC is
[19-20].
20x25x200.143 = 100.071kW. Table 2 illustrates
the electrical characteristics data of Kyocera
KC200GT Solar Module at STC.
(1)
Battery Modeling
where, IPV is photo current, I0 is diode saturation
current, Rs and Rsh are the equivalent series and In proposed system, the battery model is taken
shunt resistances of the array respectively. α is the from Matlab Simulink library with appropriate
ideality factor usually chosen in the range 1 ≤ α ≤ parameters [21]. Due to the intermittent and
1.5 and Vtherm is the thermal voltage of the array uncertain nature of the solar power output and
and it is given by, also the highly fluctuating load demands, deep
cycle lead acid batteries are the most common
type of battery storage in Microgrid applications
because the maximum capacity of the battery
can be utilized. Hence, in this paper, a battery is
Ns is cells connected in series for greater output
modelled as a lead acid battery with appropriate
voltage, K is Boltzmann constant (1.3806503 x
choice of parameters for deep cycle application.
10-23 J/K), T is the temperature of the p-n junction
It is assumed that the lead acid battery can be
of the diode (Kelvin), and q is the electron charge
discharged up to SOC of 20% and can be charged
(1.60217646 x 10-19 C).
up to SOC of 80%.
The photocurrent of the PV array depends linearly
The battery charge model for lead acid battery is
on the solar irradiance and the cell temperature as
given by Equ. (3) [21].
given by Equ. (2) [19-20].
(2) (3)
Where IPV, n is the photocurrent at the standard The battery discharge model for lead acid battery
test condition (STC, 25OC and 1000 W/m2) and is given by Equ. (4) [21].

Table2: Electrical Characteristics Data of Kyocera

KC200GT Solar Module at STC
inductor (Lc). The coupling inductor filters out the
Parameters Values ripples in the PV output current. The connection
point is called the Point of Common Coupling
Maximum Power (Pmax) 200.143W
(PCC) The PV is the active power source, and the
Voltage at Maximum 26.3V
capacitor is the reactive power source.
Power Point (Vmp)
Current at Maximum 7.61A According to the instantaneous power definitions,
Power Point (Imp) for a balanced three-phase system, if vt (t) and
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 32.9V vc (t) denote the instantaneous PCC voltage and
Short circuit current (Isc) 8.21A the inverter output voltage, respectively, then the
average power of the inverter denoted as P(t), the
Cells per module (Ncell) 54
apparent power S(t) and reactive power Q(t) are
Temperature coefficient -0.35502
given by Equations (5)-(7) [22].
of Voc (%/deg.C)
Temperature coefficient 0.06
of Isc (%/deg.C)
(5)
(4) (6)
where, VBatt is the battery voltage (V), V0 is the
battery constant voltage (V), K is polarization
constant (V/Ah), Q is battery capacity (Ah),
it = ∫ idt (7)
= actual battery charge (Ah), R is the
internal resistance (Ω), i is battery current (A), here, α is the phase angle of vc (t) relative to the
and i* is filtered current (A). The size of the PCC voltage. P(t) and Q(t) in Equd. (5) and (7)
battery is selected to provide a maximum backup can be approximated by the first terms of the
power to compensate for the PV generation in the Taylor series if the angle α is small, as shown in
case of a very small or no irradiance level. In this Equs. (8) and (9):
work, the MPP of PV generator at STC is 100
kW. Hence, the battery is chosen to provide this
amount of power for a maximum of 1 hour with
(8)
an energy content of 100kWh. The battery backup
is considered for short duration applications like
frequency control and supplying power to critical (9)
loads in the event of emergency situations.
The control scheme with battery storage and
Control Scheme solar PV system utilizes the DC link to extract
The system configuration for voltage-frequency the power from the solar. The MPPT controller is
and active–reactive power control is shown in used to track Maximum Power Point. Reference
Figure 2. DC-DC boost converter is used for Maximum Power Point (MPP) is obtained from
MPPT control and DC-DC buck boost converter look table of irradiance verses MPP. After that it
is used to control battery SOC. The solar PV compares measured solar PV output power with
system is connected to the grid through a coupling this reference MPP power and gives this error to a
PI1 controller. This controller gives the duty cycle

Figure2 : Inverter Interface with Solar PV and Battery Storage
output for the DC-DC booster so that PV array Where, Kp2 is controller proportional gain and KI2
will always operates at the reference MPP point. is controller integral gain.
The duty cycle is given by Equ. (10) [23-24].
The frequency can be controlled by controlling
the inverter side real output power. The measured
frequency is compared with reference frequency
and then error is given to PI3 controller which will
(10) give the phase shift α1*.This phase shift is given
by Equ. (12) [23-24].
where, Kp1 is controller proportional gain and KI1
controller integral gains respectively.
Voltage at AC side can be controlled by using
PI2 controller. The PCC voltage is measured and
then its RMS value vt(t) is calculated. This vt(t) (12)
is compared with reference vt*(t) and then error To keep the real power balance at DC and AC
is given to a PI2 controller. The inverter output side of inverter PI4 controller is used. The AC
voltage vc*(t) is controlled in such a way that side calculated real power is multiplied by a
it remains in phase with PCC voltage, and the multiplying factor of 1.02 considering efficiency
magnitude of inverter output voltage is controlled of inverter as 98%. The DC real power is
so that PCC voltage is maintained at a reference compared with this value of AC power and then
vt*(t). The inverter output voltage is given by error is given to PI4 controller which will give the
Equ. (11) [23-24]. phase shift α2*.This phase shift is given by Equ.
(13) [23-24].
(13)
(11)

The phase shift contributions from both sides of Case-I with irradiance = 1000W/m2
inverter are averaged which will obtain the final
When Microgrid operates in islanded mode,
phase shift given by Equ. (14) and then it will
the active power generated by the DG set is
generates the reference signal of voltage vc* for
not sufficient to cater the power demand of the
the inverter PWM.
Microgrid. Figure 3(a) shows the plot of PCC
voltage in p.u.
The solar PV voltage control starts at 1 s which
(14)
regulates the voltage of PCC at 1 p.u. Figure 3(b)
The solar PV system is supported by Battery shows the Microgrid frequency which initially
Energy Storage (BES) to supply or absorb active drops to a value 47Hz due supply-demand
power and support frequency control. When there imbalance. The inverter frequency control starts
is abundant solar power and solar PV output power at 1 s which responds to regulate frequency to
at MPP is more than the active power required 50Hz in 4 s. The battery control begins at t = 5s
for controlling the frequency, then battery gets which quickly regulates 50Hz frequency in 3 s.
charged. If there is reduced solar irradiance and Figure 3(c) shows the SOC of lead acid battery.
the active power required to control the frequency The Figure 4(a) shows DG set active and reactive
is more than the solar PV output power, then power. DG set produces fixed amount of power
battery gets discharged and supplies deficit power upto 1 s. At t = 1 s, solar PV system control starts
to maintain 50Hz frequency. The power generated and delivers 100kW output power to the load and
by solar PV minus active inverter power gives at t = 5 s, battery control starts which charges
reference power to battery. The actual battery the battery as SOC is less than 80%. PV supplies
power is subtracted from reference power; this 80kW to the load and 20 kW to the battery. Inverter
error signal is given to PI5 controller. The output
signal from PI5 is then compared with a triangular
waveform to generate signal S*. The mathematical
modeling for S* is illustrated in (15) [23-24].
(15)
KP5 is proportional gain and KI5 is integral gain.
If solar PV power is more or less than the active
power required to control the frequency, then
the battery gets charged or discharged with the
proposed control logic.
Experimental Results
The proposed Microgrid of Figure 1 is
implemented in Matlab Simulink environment
to show the effectiveness of the proposed control
strategy. For demonstration of control method
two different irradiance cases are considered.
Case 1 with irradiance = 1000W/m2 and Case 2 Figure 3(a) Voltage at PCC, (b) Frequency and (c)
with irradiance = 750W/m2. SOC

active and reactive power is shown in Figure 4(b).

As solar PV starts at 1 s, upto 1 s inverter output
power is zero and after 1 s inverter output power
is 100 kW. The load active and reactive power is
shown in Figure 4(c).
Case-II with irradiance = 750W/m2
When Microgrid operates in islanded mode,
the active power generated by the DG set is
not sufficient to cater the power demand of the
Microgrid. Figure 5(a) shows the plot of PCC
voltage in p.u. The solar PV voltage control starts
at 1 s which regulates the voltage of PCC at 1 p.u.
Figure 5 (b) shows the Microgrid frequency which
initially drops to a value 47Hz due supply-demand
imbalance. The solar PV frequency control starts
at 1 s which responds to regulate frequency to
50Hz in 4 s. The battery control begins at t = 5
s which quickly regulates 50Hz frequency in 2 s.
Figure 5(a) Voltage at PCC, (b) Frequency and (c)

SOC
Figure 4(a) DG set active and reactive power, (b)

Inverter active and reactive power, (c) Load active Figure 6 (a) DG set active and reactive power, (b)
and reactive power and (d) PV, Battery, Inverter Inverter active and reactive power, (c) Load active
active power, Figure 4 (d) shows the active power and reactive power and (d) PV, Battery, Inverter
from solar PV, battery and inverter respectively. active power

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Various Frequency Control Methods & Introduction

of Fast Response Ancillary Service in India
Nadim Ahmad, Subhendu Mukherjee, Manas Das,

Pinki Debnath, Shabari Pramanick
Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre, Power System Operative Corporation Limited,
Kolkata 700033, West Bengal
 nadim@posoco.in,  subhendu@posoco.in,  manasdas@posoco.in,
 pinkidebnath@posoco.in,  shabari.pramanick@posoco.in
Abstract
With the ambitious target of 175 GW renewable energy integration by 2022, there is a need for surplus
capacity or reserves to be available with system operators for any real time emergencies and to maintain
the frequency within the operating limit. Although primary and slow tertiary control is present in
India, Automatic Generation Control (AGC)(secondary control) and Fast Response Ancillary Service
(FRAS) (fast tertiary) has been introduced in India on pilot basis. These frequency control methods
are going to play an important role in maintaining the overall reliability and security of the Indian Grid
in the near future. This paper aims to explain the different types of frequency control methods and
associated regulatory framework available in India and the experience gained in the implementation of
Fast Response ancillary Service (FRAS) by Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO).
Keywords : Frequency control, Inertial response, Slow tertiary control, Automatic generation control
(AGC), Fast response ancillary service
Introduction This paper explains the various grid frequency

control methods available for operation of grid
Power frequency is an important parameter for
in safe and secure manner with consideration of
assessment of the quality of power delivered at
high renewable energy penetration at present and
any particular instant and also an indicator of the
in near future in India.
load generation balance in the grid. Therefore
maintaining the frequency within the specified Inertial Response
range is very important from grid security point of
Inertial response is a property a system
view. Over the years the frequency band has been
comprising of large synchronous generators with
tightened from 49.0-50.5 Hz (till 31.03.2009) to
large synchronous rotating masses which tends
49.9-50.05 Hz (From 17.02.2014).The frequency
to overcome the immediate imbalance between
band narrowed down from 1.5 Hz to 0.15 Hz.[1]
power supply and demand. However with the
Accordingly different frequency control method is
increase in renewable energy penetration the
being implemented with Fast Response Ancillary
inertia of Indian Grid tends to decrease. Increased
Service(FRAS) being the latest development.
penetration of renewable sources poses dual threat

to the grid as they themselves do not contribute Area Control Error (ACE). Secondary control
towards system inertia as well as they are very signals are generated at control centre (Regional
intermittent in nature causing more load generation Load Despatch Centres or State Load Despatch
imbalance. Inertial Response opposes the change Centres) as the frequency deviates from the target
in frequency immediately after a contingency value and transmitted to generating stations/units
before primary response comes into play. If the for responding with desired change in generation.
system inertia is higher it provides more time for Secondary control provides for restoration of
the generator governors to respond to frequency primary control reserves and is to be available in
changes and hence opposing the same. Therefore 30 seconds to 15 minutes.
measurement of system inertia in real time at any
point of time is very important in present and in Tertiary Response
near future in the high renewable energy scenario Tertiary Control refers to manual re-dispatching
as it will help the system operators to manage the and unit commitment. Essentially it restores the
grid by taking prompt decision regarding other secondary control reserve, manages eventual
frequency control methods. congestions, and brings back the frequency
Primary Response and the interchange programs to their target if
the secondary control reserve is not sufficient.
Primary response is provided by generator
Tertiary Control can further be divided into slow
governor action. Governor action occurs in 3 to
and fast tertiary control. Depending on their
10 second time frame. In this type of response
implementation time “Fast” tertiary control is
the governor output changes automatically
defined as tertiary control which is deployed
with respect to frequency. Whenever there is
within 15 minutes or less and “Slow” tertiary
a reduction in frequency, generator governor
control reserve is defined as tertiary control
control action senses the frequency change and
reserve which is deployed within more than 15
accordingly automatically increases the generator
min.
output and vice versa.
It arrests the primary frequency variation but The various types of frequency control response
does not bring back the frequency at the reference are depicted in Figure 1.
level. Margin for Primary response is mandated Reserve Regulation Ancillary Service
as per Indian Electricity Grid Code(IEGC).[1] In
(RRAS)
India in consideration of outage of separate large
power stations of the order 3000-4000 MW like Slow tertiary control has been implemented in
Sasan, CGPL Mundra, APL Mudra, Vindhyachal, India through Reserve Regulation Ancillary
Talcher, Rihand primary reserve of 4000 MW Service (RRAS). The mark-up price for
quantum is mandated.[2] participation in RRAS has been decided at 50
Secondary Response Paisa/kWh vide a separate CERC order [3]. The
slow tertiary control is mandated in India through
After the primary control comes into play, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
secondary response is activated through control to (Ancillary Services Operations) Regulations,
bring back the frequency and the area interchange 2015[4]. This is primarily the framework for slow
programs to their target values and the primary tertiary reserves at the ISTS level where actions
reserves are restored. Secondary control is from the power plant happen after 16-30 minutes
activated through an automatic generation control as advised by National Load Despatch Centre
scheme operated centrally taking into account (NLDC) in coordination with Regional Load
both frequency deviation and area wise tie- Despatch Centres (RLDCs). At present generating
line power flow deviations through a combined Stations that are regional entities and whose tariff

Fig 1 : Various Types of Frequency Control Response
is determined or adopted by CERC for their full which are “energy limited resources” unlike the
capacity can provide RRAS. thermal stations vide order in the petition no 07/
SM/2018 dated 16th July, 2018 [7].
Fast Response Ancillary Service
Fast Response Ancillary Service
The Commission vide Order dated 13.10.2015
Pilot Project
in Petition no 11/SM/2015[5] provided for
operationalization of generation reserves in the Regulatory Background
country. It was decided that each region should In 63rd meeting of the Forum of Regulators
maintain primary, secondary and tertiary reserves. (FOR) held on 9th April, 2018, in order to
Primary response of 5% is envisaged from all harness the flexibility and fast response provided
the generating stations. Secondary frequency by storage and pondage hydro, a framework
response in the form of Automatic Generation of FRAS for providing frequency regulation
Control is provided. The Commission vide Order services was proposed. It was decided since the
dated 07.12.2017 in Petition no 79/RC/2017[6] marginal cost for hydro generation is almost zero
approved implementation of the AGC pilot and segregation of fixed and variable charges is
project. The Commission has introduced the only notional and therefore the present model
Reserves Regulation Ancillary Services (RRAS), of ancillary services, which relies on payment
primarily a framework for slow tertiary reserves of fixed charges, variable charges and incentive
at the ISTS level where actions at the power plant is incompatible for hydro stations. The Forum
happen after endorsed the recommendation of the Technical
16 to 30 minutes. The present scenario of ancillary Committee for pilot studies on FRAS for Hydro
service mainly utilises the thermal power stations (along with pilot studies on 5 minutes scheduling,
having ramping limitations and hence there metering, accounting and settlement) in the
is a need for a fast response ancillary service. States of Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Telangana,
Accordingly, Commission has approved Fast Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Subsequently,
Response Ancillary Services (FRAS) pilot project POSOCO has also proposed to implement the

pilot on FRAS through Hydro projects along Table 1 List of hydro stations under FRAS pilot
with 5 minutes scheduling, metering, accounting project
and settlement and has requested for suitable
directions from the commission. Accordingly,
commission approved FRAS pilot project to be
effective from 26th November, 2018.
Applicability of the Project
The pilot project for FRAS would cover all the
central sector hydro generating stations. For
implementation of Hydro Power as FRAS, all
constraints and commitments like drinking water,
irrigation, contractual obligations with State
Government, weather phenomena like monsoon
etc., legacy control system, wildlife, water level
and head, high silt, flash floods, cloud burst,
landslides, shortage of skilled and unskilled
manpower, acidic corrosion and erosion, special
occasions like water sport activities, snan, mela
etc. declared by the hydro stations shall be
considered and the total energy delivered over the
day shall be maintained as declared by the hydro
station.
The list of hydro stations included in the pilot
project is given in Table 1.
The capacity of different types of hydro stations
like Storage (S), Run of the River (ROR) with
Pondage (P), Run of the river (R) available under Table 2 Type of hydro stations under FRAS
FRAS is listed in Table 2.
Basic Philosophy
The total energy dispatched under FRAS shall
be squared off by the end of the day. Triggering
of FRAS shall be based on the balance energy
available in the hydro station. The schedules of
the beneficiaries shall not be disturbed in the
despatch of FRAS and the Payment for FRAS
shall be based on mileage basis. No additional fixed charge or variable charges
shall be paid for providing FRAS support.
The mileage during the day shall be computed as Existing fixed charges and variable charges shall
follows: continue to be paid by the beneficiaries for the
(a) Net energy Enet = ∑ Eup - ∑ Edown(in MWh) normal schedules as per existing practice. The
(should be zero over the day) total energy despatched for hydro under FRAS
shall be made zero and hence, no energy charges
(b) Mileage Em = ∑ | Eupt |+ ∑ | Edownt| (in
shall be payable to the hydro stations. The basic
MWh)
triggering criteria for FRAS are as given below:

a) Hour boundary frequency changes (Eb)’. The operator gives FRAS Down instruction
to the station with minimum Eb honoring
b) Sudden changes in demand
the constraint imposed by minimum possible
c) Ramp Management generation. Triggering of FRAS would be based
d) Grid contingency on a stack prepared based on the balance energy
available in the hydro station (marginal cost of
e) Renewable Energy variation hydro is zero),whereas the despatch in the case of
Presently FRAS instruction is given for every thermal generators was based on variable charges
discrete 5 minutes time block starting from 0000 of the station.
hrs of the day. Due to operational constraints of Data Requirement
hydro units it was agreed that 5 % margin above
cavitation zone/vibration zone would be kept The details needed to be submitted by the hydro
while despatch of the FRAS down instruction. generator for participation in FRAS is given in
For instance, if any plant has a high cavitation Table 3. Data to be submitted by FRAS hydro
zone starting downwards of 150 MW, it would generator
be ensured that FRAS down instruction does
not cause the schedule to go below 155 MW
so that the chance of the machine entering high
cavitation zone is minimized. In order to maintain
sufficient reserves for balancing the system and
system reliability, there is a need for keeping
more hydro machines on bar. Therefore, it was
agreed by the HEPs to give 15 minutes block wise
unit commitment for FRAS Provider schedule
to the respective RLDCs. RLDCs shall use this
information for preparing the schedule of HEPs
and communicate back to HEPs their respective
schedule and number of units to be kept on bar
by the Hydro Electric Projects. RLDCs shall Table 3.
also communicate this information to NLDC.
Sample data by Teesta-V Hydro Power Station is
Generally, for DC demonstration for Hydro
Electric Projects, the scheduling of generation at
the peak hours is at the maximum. The despatch
of FRAS instruction may be avoided during the
time-blocks when schedule of HEP is close to
Declared Capability.
Reservoir based stations is given priority in
despatch over pondage based stations. For FRAS
Up instruction, a stack of generating stations is
prepared sorted in descending order on available
‘Balance Energy (Eb)’. The operator gives FRAS
Up instruction to the station with maximum Eb
honoring the constraint imposed by maximum
possible generation. For FRAS Down instruction,
a stack of generating stations is prepared sorted Figure 2 : Sample data for Teesta-V HPS; Unit size
in ascending order on available ‘Balance Energy 170 MW

depicted in Figure 2.
Table 4 Sample data of hydro generators
Figure 3: FRAS information Process flow
Further Some sample data of other hydro stations

are given depicted in Table 4.
FRAS Information Process Flow
The FRAS providers will provide the declared
capacity (DC) and declared energy (DE) to
RLDC on day-ahead basis (MW). Again the
FRAS providers will intimate to NLDC P, P1,
P2,P3,P4,C0,C1,C3,C4 and C as mentioned
above. The 15 minute block wise schedule (Sch)
(between P and P3) and 15 minute block wise unit
commitment (U-Sch) for FRAS Providers schedule Figure 4: FRAS Software snapshot
is communicated to NLDC by RLDC. Depending
on the situation NLDC shall communicate FRAS calculated as, Mileage Em = Σ |Eup|+ Σ|Edown| (in
Trigger Instruction (Up/down) (T-U/D) and 5 MWh). Respective RPCs shall issue weekly FRAS
minute FRAS despatch schedule (F-Sch_5) to accounts along with the RRAS accounts based on
RLDC and FRAS providers. NLDC will also send the data provided to them by the RLDCs/NLDC.
the 15 minute despatch schedule (F-Sch_15) to NLDC shall provide the 5 minute time block
RLDC for calculating deviation. NLDC shall also FRAS schedule of “up” and “down” regulation to
communicate counter FRAS Trigger Instruction RPCs through RLDCs.
(Up/down) (T-U/D) and 5 minute FRAS despatch FRAS has successfully implemented in India w.e.f
schedule (F-Sch_5) to RLDC and FRAS 26.11.2018. Accordingly, FRAS account has been
providers. The FRAS information flow is depicted issued by RPC along with Deviation Settlement
in Figure 3. A sample snapshot of FRAS software Mechanism (DSM) and RRAS account.
in National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) is
depicted in Figure 4. Case Study
Accounting and Settlement of FRAS In Eastern Region, Rangit & Tessta-V are
central sector hydro generating stations and they
The incentive for FRAS is to be paid from are included under FRAS Pilot Project.FRAS
Regional DSM Pool on mileage basis at the rate schedule was given to Teesta-V of NHPC for the
of 10 paise per KWh for both “up” and “down” first time on 27.11.18. FRAS schedule of Teesta-V
regulation provided by the hydro station. The for the period from 03.12.18 to 09.12.18 has been
mileage of the hydro station for FRAS is to be calculated as below:

a. FRAS Up schedule (Eup) : 19.29166 MWh regulatory framework for proper compliance.
b. FRAS Down schedule(Edown): -19.29166MWh Acknowledgement
c. Mileage Em : 38.58333 MWh (|a| + |b|) The authors are thankful to the management
d. Incentive @ 10 Paisa : Rs. 3858.33 /- of POSOCO for their continuous support and
guidance.
FRAS amount of ` 3858/- has been paid to
Teesta-V from ERPC DSM Pool Account for the References
period 03.12.18 to 09.12.18. 1. CERC (Indian Electricity Grid Code), Regulations,
2010 (IEGC) and its amendments
Key Findings and Conclusion
2. Report of the Committee on Spinning Reserve-
In view of large grid integration of renewables CERC, September 2015
frequency control is going to be a major concern
for real time system operators. Although primary 3. Order dated 29.02.2016 in Petition no 01/
SM/2016(Suo-motu)
and slow tertiary control is already in operation
in the country, secondary and fast tertiary control 4. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
is still under pilot stage. Experience gained under (Ancillary Services Operations) Regulation-2015
this pilot projects needs to be implemented in 5. Order dated 13.10.2015 in Petition no 11/SM/2015
the country in near future for proper integration
6. CERC Order dated 07.12.2017 in Petition no 79/
of renewables with the grid. Also monitoring of RC/2017
inertia in real time is also the need of the hour.
Some provisions regarding inertia measurement 7. CERC order on Petition No. 07/SM/2018 (Suo-
in real time also need to be included in Indian Motu) dated 16.07.18

Session 2018-2019
Mr R R Tanwar Mr P Rajamani Prof (Dr) S K Calla Prof H B Goswami Mr M R Kothari Mr R K Sharma

Chairman Member Member Member Member Member
Mr M Marbaniang Mr R L Mahajan Mr N R Nadella Mr K K G Nair Mr P R Natarajan Mr S Dharmalingam

Member Member Member Member Member Member
Prof (Dr) K K Rout Mr N S Singh Mr N K P Sinha Mr D A Shishak

Member Member Member Member

Session 2017-2018
Mr R R Tanwar Mr P Rajamani Prof (Dr) S K Calla Prof H B Goswami Mr M R Kothari

Chairman Vice President and Member Member Member Member
Mr R K Sharma Mr N Paul George Mr Suneel Grover Mr Subrata Sanyal

Member Member Member Member
ISBN: 978-81-939709-4-2
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Volume 3, 2019

The Institution of Engineers (India)

Electrical Engineering Division Board

The Institution of Engineers (India)

“99 years of Relentless Journey towards

A n electric grid, is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to

Electrical Engineering Division Board

Members of the Editorial Board

The Institution of Engineers (India), 8 Gokhale Road, Kolkata 700020 as a body

The Institution of Engineers (India) subscribes to the Fair Copying Declaration of

As per Bye-Law 118, copyright of each paper published in Institution Journals or

A Comprehensive Survey on Modeling and Optimization of Hybrid Renewable 9

A Literature Review on Control and Stability Analysis of Microgrid 16

An Objective Analysis of Micro-Synchrophasors Technology for Monitoring 27

Classification of Power Quality Variations in Wind Power Systems - 37

Distribution Grid Planning and Operation Concept Interconnected 44

Droop Control of Interlinking Converter in Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid 51

Grid Management in a Multiple Energy Resources Scenario 63

Grid Management in a Multiple Energy Resources Scenario 72

Grid Management in a Multiple Energy Resources Scenario 77

Grid Management in a Multiple Energy Resources Scenario 82

Power Tracing and Mapping of Dynamic Behaviour of a Microgrid 87

Stability Enhancement of an Islanded Microgrid using Battery Storage 97

Various Frequency Control Methods & Introduction of Fast Response 106

A Comprehensive Survey on Modeling and

Raveena Battula, Venkateswararao Bathina

Introduction supply and helps to deliver energy produced

Electrical Engineering Division Board 9

10 Electrical Engineering Division Board

Evolutionary algorithms, Genetic algorithms and of the PI controller.

Electrical Engineering Division Board 11

12 Electrical Engineering Division Board

Electrical Engineering Division Board 13

14 Electrical Engineering Division Board

Electrical Engineering Division Board 15

A Literature Review on Control and

Introduction degree of controllability and operability in terms

16 Electrical Engineering Division Board

Fig 1: Schematic for Central Limit Control

Electrical Engineering Division Board 17

The control techniques that function with non

Fig 2: Block Diagram of Classical Droop Control

18 Electrical Engineering Division Board

As classical droop control method is trustworthy. Droop/Boost control method, provides

Figure 3: Virtual Impedance Loop-based Droop Control

Electrical Engineering Division Board 19

Figure 4: Block Diagram of Closed-loop System with Adaptive Droop Control

20 Electrical Engineering Division Board

Figure 5: Powerful Droop Control

to be understood, for example, line impedance modified as:

Electrical Engineering Division Board 21

Future Prospects the droop control procedure remove the basic

22 Electrical Engineering Division Board

interfaces,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Feb.2014.

Electrical Engineering Division Board 23

Sep.2014. 36. C. K. Sao and P. W. Lehn, “Control and power

24 Electrical Engineering Division Board

Electrical Engineering Division Board 25

26 Electrical Engineering Division Board

An Objective Analysis of Micro-Synchrophasors

Mohd Zuhaib, Abul Khair, Mohd Rihan

Introduction for better system reliability and requires better

Electrical Engineering Division Board 27