11

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
Sampling and Sampling
Distributions
Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Sampling and Sampling Distributions
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
Sampling and Sampling
Distributions
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Sampling and Sampling Distributions!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Sampling and Sampling Distributions!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

3
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

4
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the concept of Sampling and Sampling Distributions. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Random Sampling
• Lesson 2 – Sampling Distributions for the Mean and Variance

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate random sampling (M11/12SP-IIId-2);
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic (M11/12SP-IIId-3);
3. identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean) (M11/12SP-IIId-4);
and
4. find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
(M11/12SP-IIId-5).

5
 What I Know

WHAT IS TODAY’S TOPIC?

Instruction: Find the word defined in Column A from Column B and write its
corresponding letter inside the box at the bottom of the page that contains the
number from column A.
Column A Column B

1. It is a group of data taken from a

A. Mean
population which are chosen in
such a way that every group has the
D. Parameter
same probability of being selected.
2. It is a figure calculated from a
G. Random Sample
sample.
3. It is a figure calculated from a
I. Sampling Distribution
population.
4. It is the probability distribution of a
L. Standard Deviation
statistic.
5. It is calculated through getting the
N. Statistic
average of all data.
6. It is a measurement of the spread
R. Variance
between figures in set of data.
7. It is calculated as the square root of
the variance.

O M S M P
6 5 2 3 5 7 4 2 1

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 Lesson

1 Random Sampling

In the previous topics, we learned about the key concepts of random variables and
probability distributions. In this lesson, we will present the key concepts of random
sampling.

What’s In

Activity 1

Nicholia is interested on how long it takes the five members of her family to finish
their dinner. The times (in minutes) are shown below.

Family Member Length in Time (in minutes)

Vilma 15
Sarah 20
Louie 30
James 5
Lia 10

Find all possible samples of two family members. Represent the sample space using
set notation.

Notes to the Teacher

This module is intended for the learners to work independently.
It will provide learners with the opportunities to develop the
necessary skills to master.

3
 What’s New

Activity 2

Referring to the same situational problem in Activity 1, calculate the population

mean length in time µ.

Take a random sample of any two members of the family and calculate the sample
mean length in time .

What is It

In countless cases, researchers take samples from a population to simply manage

and analyze statistical calculations on data. Random sampling is a chance sampling
method.

A random sample is a set of data taken from the population in such a way that every
set has the same chance of being selected. Hence, our example taken from Activity
1, we have {(Vilma, Sarah), (Vilma, Louie), (Vilma, James), (Vilma, Lia), (Sarah, Louie),
(Sarah, James), (Sarah, Lia), (Louie, James), (Louie, Lia), (James, Lia)}.

A parameter is a numerical value calculated by using all the data in a

population. Examples include the population mean, population variance, population
standard deviation, etc. Taken from Activity 2, the calculated population mean length
in time µ is our parameter.

𝑥 15 + 20 + 30 + 5 + 10 80
µ= = = = 16 minutes
𝑁 5 5

The actual numerical figures for population parameters are mostly unknown. Hence,
taking samples from the population to estimate them with statistics is vital.

A statistic is a numerical value calculated by using only the data from a

sample. Examples include the sample mean, sample variance, sample standard
deviation, etc. Still taken from Activity 2, if we are to choose Louie and Lia as our
random sample, the calculated sample mean length in time is our statistic.

𝑥 30 + 10 40
= = = = 20 minutes
𝑛 2 2

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 Lesson
Sampling Distributions for
2 the Mean and Variance
In the previous topics, we learned about the key concepts of random sampling and
probability distributions. In this lesson, we will present the key concepts of sampling
distributions for the mean and variance.

What’s In

Numerical measures or figures calculated by using only the data from samples which
are taken from a population are called statistics. These include sample means,
sample variance, sample standard deviations, etc. A Sampling Distribution of
statistics is merely its probability distribution.

The mean of a data, commonly known as its average, could be calculated by adding
all values in it and dividing the sum with the number of values.

Meanwhile, the variance of a data is the degree of its spread or variability. It is simply
the average of the square of the differences of each data values from the mean. The
square root of the variance is the standard deviation of the data.

Let us recall that for population variance and population standard deviation, the
formula are as follows:

2 = 
( x −  )2
and  = 2
N

Activity 3

Using the same situational problem in Activity 1 and 2, calculate the population
variance length in time 2 and population standard deviation length in time .

5
 Notes to the Teacher
This module is intended for the learners to work independently.
It will provide learners with the opportunities to develop the
necessary skills to master.

What’s New

Activity 4

Nicholia is interested on how long it takes the five members of her family to finish
their dinner. The length in times (in minutes) are shown below.

Family Member Length in Time (in minutes)

Vilma 15
Sarah 20
Louie 30
James 5
Lia 10

Construct sampling distributions for the sample means and for the sample variances
and sample standard deviations using a random variable of size n = 2.

6
 What is It

In many cases, the exact value for population parameters are unknown to
researchers. Utilizing samples from the population to estimate them with statistics
is commonly done in managing and analyzing data.

To simplify the discussion on sampling distributions, we shall utilize the data from
our previous activities, whereas we used a small number to represent our population,
N = 5 family members with 15, 20, 30, 5, and 10 minutes length in time in taking
their dinner.

It was previously discussed that the population mean is as follows:

𝑥 15 + 20 + 30 + 5 + 10 80
µ= = = = 16 minutes
𝑁 5 5

In taking all possible samples of two family members, we shall now consider their
length in time in finishing their dinner. Table 1 shows sample means of all ten
possible samples of size n = 2.

Table 1
Sample Values
Sample Mean ( x )
(Length in Time)
15, 20 17.5
15, 30 22.5
15, 5 10
15, 10 12.5
20, 30 25
20, 5 12.5
20, 10 15
30, 5 17.5
30, 10 20
5, 10 7.5

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The computations of each sample means are shown below.

x1 =
 x = 15 + 20 = 35 = 17.5 x6 =
 x = 20 + 5 = 25 = 12.5
2 2 2 2 2 2

x2 =
x =
15 + 30 45
= = 22.5 x7 =
x =
20 + 10 30
= = 15
2 2 2 2 2 2

x3 =
 x = 15 + 5 = 20 = 10 x8 =
 x = 30 + 5 = 35 = 17.5
2 2 2 2 2 2

x4 =
 = 15 + 10 = 25 = 12.5
x
x9 =
 = 30 + 10 = 40 = 20
x
2 2 2 2 2 2

x5 =
 = 20 + 30 = 50 = 25
x
x10 =
 = 5 + 10 = 15 = 7.5
x
2 2 2 2 2 2

Since the statistics, which are the sample means ( ) estimate the parameter, which
is the population mean (µ), it is expected that the mean of our sample means is equal
to our population mean.

= =
x 17.5 + 22.5 + 10 + 12.5 + 25 + 12.5 + 15 + 17.5 + 20 + 7.5 160
= = 16
N 10 10

The sampling distributions for the mean is presented in Table 2. It was noted that
sample means of 17.5 and 12.5 both have a probability of 20% each, while the rest
of the remaining sample means have 10% each.

Table 2
Sample Mean ( x ) Probability (Pr)
17.5 0.20
22.5 0.10
10 0.10
12.5 0.20
25 0.10
15 0.10
20 0.10
7.5 0.10
Pr( ) 1.00

The calculated population variance and population standard deviation for Activity
3 are shown below.

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For population variance:

2 = 
( x −  )2
N
(15 − 16) 2 + (20 − 16) 2 + (30 − 16) 2 + (5 − 16) 2 + (10 − 16) 2
=
5
(−1) + (4) + (14) + (−11) + (−6) 2
2 2 2 2
=
5
1 + 16 + 196 + 121 + 36
=
5
370
=
5
= 74

For population standard deviation:

 =  2 = 74  8.60

Table 3 illustrates the calculated variances (s2) and standard deviations (s). The
statistics, which are the sample variances and sample standard deviations are the
true estimate of our parameters, which are the population variance and population
standard deviation.

Table 3
Sample Values Sample Variance Sample Standard
(Length in Time) (s2) Deviation (s)
15, 20 12.5 3.54
15, 30 112.5 10.61
15, 5 50 7.07
15, 10 12.5 3.54
20, 30 50 7.07
20, 5 112.5 10.61
20, 10 50 7.07
30, 5 312.5 17.68
30, 10 200 14.14
5, 10 12.5 3.54

The computations of each sample variances and sample standard deviations are
shown below.

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For sample variances:

s12 =
 ( x − x) 2

=
(15 − 17.5) 2 + (20 − 17.5) 2 ( −2.5) 2 + (2.5) 2 6.25 + 6.25
= = = 12.5
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s22 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(15 − 22.5) 2 + (30 − 22.5) 2 ( −7.5) 2 + (7.5) 2 56.25 + 56.25
= = = 112.5
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s32 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(15 − 10) 2 + (5 − 10) 2 (5) 2 + (−5) 2 25 + 25
= = = 50
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s42 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(15 − 12.5) 2 + (10 − 12.5) 2 (2.5) 2 + ( −2.5) 2 6.25 + 6.25
= = =12.5
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s52 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(20 − 25) 2 + (30 − 25) 2 ( −5) 2 + (5) 2 25 + 25
= = = 50
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s62 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(20 − 12.5) 2 + (5 − 12.5) 2 (7.5) 2 + ( −7.5) 2 56.25 + 56.25
= = =112.5
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s72 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(20 − 15) 2 + (10 − 15) 2 (5) 2 + ( −5) 2 25 + 25
= = = 50
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s82 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(30 − 17.5) 2 + (5 − 17.5) 2 (12.5) 2 + ( −12.5) 2 156.25 + 156.25
= = = 312.5
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s92 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(30 − 20) 2 + (10 − 20) 2 (10) 2 + (−10) 2 100 + 100
= = =200
n −1 2 −1 1 1

s102 =
 ( x − x) 2 =
(5 − 7.5) 2 + (10 − 7.5) 2 ( −2.5) 2 + (2.5) 2 6.25 + 6.25
= = =12.5
n −1 2 −1 1 1
For sample standard deviations:

s1 = s12 = 12.5  3.54 s6 = s62 = 112.5  10.61

s2 = s22 = 112.5  10.61 s7 = s72 = 50  7.07
s3 = s32 = 50  7.07 s8 = s82 = 312.5  17.68
s4 = s42 = 12.5  3.54 s9 = s92 = 200  14.14
s5 = s52 = 50  7.07 s10 = s102 = 12.5  3.54

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The sampling distributions for variances and standard deviations of the length in
time of two family members to finish their dinner was shown in Table 4.

Table 4
Sample Variance Sample Standard
Probability (Pr)
(s2) Deviation (s)
12.5 3.54 0.30
112.5 10.61 0.20
50 7.07 0.30
312.5 17.68 0.10
200 14.14 0.10
Pr(s2) 1.00

It was illustrated that obtaining sample variances of 12.5 and 50 or sample standard
deviations of about 3.54 and 7.07 both got the highest probability of 30%. Next is
sample variance of 112.5 or standard deviation of approximately equal to 10.61 got
a probability of 20%. Finally, there is only 10% probability for both sample variances
of 312.5 and 200 or sample standard deviations of almost 17.68 and 14.14.

What’s More

Nicholia is interested on how long it takes the five members of her family to finish
their dinner. The length in times (in minutes) are shown below.

Family Member Length in Time (in minutes)

Vilma 15
Sarah 20
Louie 30
James 5
Lia 10

Construct sampling distributions for the sample means and for the sample variances
and sample standard deviations using a random variable of size n= 3.

11
 What I Have Learned

Summary

Random sampling is a chance sampling method.

Random sample is a set of data taken from the population in such a way that every
set has the same chance of being selected.

Parameter is a numerical value calculated by using all the data in a population.

Statistic is a numerical value calculated by using only the data from a sample.

Sampling Distribution of statistics is merely its probability distribution.

Mean is commonly known as average and could be calculated by adding all values
in a data and dividing the sum with the number of values.

Variance of a data is the degree of its spread or variability. It is simply the average
of the square of the differences of each data values from the mean.
Standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

What I Can Do

1. Suppose a population holds the ages of five family members, as follows: 1, 13,
32, 34, and 59. Calculate the population mean and the sample means of the
random variable of size n = 2. Illustrate the probability distributions of the
sample means of the ages of the five family members.
2. Referring to the situation above, construct a sampling distribution of the
sample variances and sample standard deviations.

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following refers to a chance sampling method?

a. Random sample
b. Random sampling
c. Systematic sample
d. Systematic sampling
2. What do you call a numerical value calculated by using all the data in a
population?
a. Parameter
b. Random Sample
c. Statistic
d. Variance
3. What refers to a numerical value calculated by using only the data from a sample?
a. Parameter
b. Random Sample
c. Statistic
d. Variance
4. What is commonly known as average and could be calculated by adding all values
in a data and dividing the sum with the number of values?
a. Parameter
b. Mean
c. Median
d. Variance
5. What refers to the degree of spread or variability of a data?
a. Parameter
b. Mean
c. Median
d. Variance

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 Additional Activities

Roll a fair die five times. List the results and take all random samples of size n = 3.
Calculate the population mean, population variance, and population standard
deviation. Illustrate the sampling distributions of the sample means and sample
variances and standard deviations.

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 15
Assessment What I Know
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D Answer: RANDOM SAMPLING
Answer Key
References

Bluman, Allan G.; Elementary Statistics (A Step by Step Approach), 8th Edition, 2012

Field, Andy; Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3rd Edition, 2009

Zorilla, Roland S.; Esller, Beda H.; Mendoza, Violeta C.; De Castro, Lori Marseli L.;
Abenilla, Gerry G.; Statistics and Probability for Senior High School, 2016

16
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Department of Education – Region XI Davao City Division

DepEd Davao City, Elpidio Quirino Ave., Davao City

Telefax: 224-3274

Email Address: davaocity.division@deped.gov.ph