Soil Report Siraha Landfill Site

Siraha Municipality
Office of the Municipal Executive

Siraha, Siraha
Madhesh Pradesh
REPORT
on
Detailed Soil Investigation

for
Construction of Landfill Site near Koila Pokhari at
Siraha Municipality
Submitted By:
EVEREST ENGINEERING CONSULTANT

Baneshwor, Kathmandu
Mailing Address: P.O.Box: 19103 Mahadevsthan Marga
Tel: 01-4481449, Fax: 01-4481449
E-mail: everest_consultant@yahoo.com
1
Table of Contents
Table of Content
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 2

2. Scope of Investigation......................................................................................................................................... 2
3. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 2
3.1 Penetration Tests ........................................................................................................................................ 2
3.2 Sampling ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Ground Water Table .................................................................................................................................... 3
4. Laboratory Tests ................................................................................................................................................. 4
5. Standardization of SPT value ............................................................................................................................. 4
6. General Geology of the site ................................................................................................................................ 5
7. SEISMICITY and Liquefaction ............................................................................................................................ 6
8. Bearing Capacity Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 8
8.1 For Open foundation ................................................................................................................................... 9
8.2 For bored cast in-situ concrete piles......................................................................................................... 12
9. Sample calculation ............................................................................................................................................ 14
10. RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................................................................... 17
Annexes:
Bore Hole Logs
Laboratory Test Result
Figures and photographs
Soil Report: Landfill Site
Siraha
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
This report is prepared in accordance with the agreement between Siraha Municipality, Office of the Municipal
Executive, Siraha and Everest Engineering Consultant Pvt. Ltd., Baneshwor to determine the bearing capacity
and subsurface exploration of Landfill Site at Siraha Municipality, Siraha.
2. SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION
The scope of work includes the following:
 Mobilizing necessary plant, equipments and personnel to the project site, setting up the equipment,
shifting of the equipment from one test location to another location.
 Making 100 mm nominal diameter bore holes each of 12.0 m depth at two specified locations using
suitable approved method of boring.
 Conducting standard penetration tests in the bore holes at 1.50 m interval in depth & at every change of
strata, whichever is earlier.
 Collecting undisturbed soil samples from bore holes at 3.00 m interval in depth (if possible for
Undisturbed sampling) or at every change of strata, whichever is earlier.
 Collecting disturbed soil samples from bore holes at regular interval and at every identifiable change of
strata to supplement the boring records.
 Recording the depth of ground water table in all the bore holes if observed up to the depth of
exploration during boring work as per specifications.
 Conducting the laboratory tests on selected disturbed / undisturbed soil samples collected from various
bore holes.
 Preparation and submission of reports.
3. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
3.1 Penetration Tests

Standard Penetration Tests: It consists of driving a Split Spoon sampler
with an outside dia. of 50 mm into the soil at the base of borehole. Driving
is accomplished by a drop of hammer weighing 63.5 kg falling freely
through a height of 750 mm onto the drive head. First of all the spoon is
driven 150mm into the soil at the bottom of the borehole. It is then driven
further 300mm and the number of blows (N values) required to drive this distance is recorded.Standard
Penetration Tests (SPT) were conducted in the boreholes at 1.5 m intervals. The tests were conducted in
accordance with IS:2131-1981.
Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT): It consists of driving a cone by blows of hammers. The number of
blows for driving the cone through a specified distance is a measure of the dynamic cone resistance. Dynamic
Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 2

Siraha
Cone Penetration test are performed by a 50 mm cone. The method for DCPT is similar to that of SPT. First of
all the cone is driven 100 mm into the soil at the bottom of the bore hole. It is then driven further 200 mm and
the number of blows (Ncbr values) required to drive this distance is recorded.
The result i.e., Nc values first corrected to the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) value (N) and that provides and
estimation of degree of compaction of soil strata, values of angles of internal friction () and allowable bearing
capacity. The dynamic cone resistance is correlated with the SPT (N) as given below.
Nc = 1.5 N for depth up to 3 m
= 1.75 N for depth 3 to 6 m
= 2 N for depth greater than 6 m
3.2 Sampling
(i) Disturbed Sample:
Disturbed samples were collected from the split spoon after conducting SPT. Before any sample was taken, the
borehole was cleaned up of loose disturbed soil deposited during boring operation. The samples which were
obtained from bailer and in the SPT tube were preserved as representative disturbed samples for finding out
index properties. The samples thus obtained were placed in airtight double plastic bags, labeled properly for
identification and later transported to the lab for analysis.
(ii) Undisturbed Sample:

Undisturbed Sample are extracted by means of thin wall tube (Shelby tube). The tubesare pushed into the
ground and the samples are recovered mechanically. The tube are sealed with wax and wrapped with airtight
polythene sheets and then bound by adhesive tapes and properly labelled. The tubes were properly packed in a
wooden box so as to minimize the disturbances during transportation to the laboratory and avoided the changes
of moisture content of sample. These sample are used for the determination of strength and consolidation
parameters.
3.3 Ground Water Table

Prediction of depth of ground water table needs the installation of piezometers and regular monitoring of those
for at least a year. Since, the time frame and the installation are beyond the scope of the work, visual
examination was performed to find the depth. Ground Water Table (GWT) was observed as mentioned in the
bore logs.

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4. LABORATORY TESTS
The laboratory tests were conducted on selected representative disturbed and undisturbed samples collected in
core boxes, were transported to lab in Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu. All of the tests were conducted confirming
to the specifications as per IS codes. The following tests were conducted:
SN Type of Test IS Code Referred Remarks
1 Bulk and dry density By Calculations
2 Moisture content IS:2720 (Part-2)-1992
3 Grain size/ Hydrometer analysis IS:2720 (Part-4)-1992
4 Atterberg Limits IS:2720 (Part-5)-1992
5 Specific Gravity IS:2720 (Part-3)-1992
6 Unconfined compression test of soil IS:2720 (Part-10)-1991
7 Consolidation test IS:2720 (Part-15)-1986
8 Drained Direct shear test IS:2720 (Part-13)-1986
9 Unconfined Compressive strength of rock core IS:9143-1979
The results of laboratory tests have been presented in the annex section of this report.
5. STANDARDIZATION OF SPT VALUE

The recorded SPT values are converted to standardized energy N 60as per Skempton (1986):
N rec η H η B ηS η R
N 60 =
60
N60 = SPT N value corrected for field procedure
Nrec = measured penetration number
ηH = hammer efficiency (%) =0.55 for hand drop hammer
ηB = correction for borehole diameter = 1.0 for 65 mm to 115 mm dia. Borehole
ηS = sampler correction =1.0 for standard sampler
ηR = correction for rod length = 0.7 for rod length 0.0 – 3.0 m
= 0.75 for rod length 3.0 – 4.0 m
= 0.85 for rod length 4.0 – 6.0 m
= 0.95 for rod length 6.0 – 10.0 m
= 1.0 for rod length greater than 10.0 m
Correction for Overburden:
In granular soils, the value of N is affected by the effective overburden pressure. For that reason, the value of
N60 obtained from field exploration under different effective overburden pressures should be changed to
correspond to a standard value. That is, (N1)60 = CNN60

Siraha
100
where, C N = as per Liao and Whitman 1987
σz '
Dilatancy Correction (for fine sand and silts below water table)
Terzaghi and Peck (1976) gave correction for water pressure as,
If Nrec≤ 15, then Ncorr =Nrec
Nrec ≥ Ncorr = ½(Nrec-15)
Measured SPT Correction for
(N1)60
Depth (m) Hammer Rod
Overburden
BH1 BH2 efficiency length BH1 BH2
1.5 m 14 24 1.70 0.92 0.75 16.42 28.15
3.0 m 19 23 1.70 0.92 0.75 23.77 28.78
4.5 m 22 27 1.70 0.92 0.8 29.25 35.89
6.0 m 30 33 1.57 0.92 0.8 36.20 39.82
7.5 m 42 50 1.40 0.92 0.85 50.66 60.31
9.0 m 45 50 1.28 0.92 0.85 49.55 55.06
10.5 m 43 50 1.18 0.92 0.9 46.14 53.66
12.0 m 50 50 1.11 0.92 0.9 50.19 50.19
6. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE SITE
The site is located at Siraha district in the Terai region of Nepal. The Gangetic Plain is also called as Terai Zone
and it is the Nepalese portion of the Gangetic Plain that extends from the Indian Shield in the South to the Sub-

Siraha
Himalayan (Siwalik) Zone to the North. The plain is in less than 200 meters above sea level and usually has
thick (nearly 1500 m) alluvial sediments. Mainly five different types of soil are found: loamy sand, sandy loam,
loam, silty loam and clay loam, boulders and gravels. The width of Terai Zone varies from 10 to 50 km and
forms a nearly continuous belt from east to west. Terai Zone is a foreland basin and has sediment originated
from peaks of Northern part. To the north, this zone is separated by an active thrust system called as the Main
Frontal Thrust (MFT) with Siwalik. At some places along MFT, the Siwalik rocks are observed to rest over the
recent sediments of the Terai.
7. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION

Ground motion can be simply quantified by peak values of expectable acceleration, velocity and/or
displacement. Empirical relationships, called attenuation equations, can be derived from the interpretation of
available strong motion records and relate peak ground motion parameters to magnitude and distance from the
source of energy release. Attenuation equations are sensitive to the estimates of distance and magnitude,
especially in the near-field. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) often represents the main seismic evaluation
parameter for simplified analysis purposes. The peak ground acceleration (usually as a fraction of the peak) is
the earthquake ground motion parameter usually used in the seismic coefficient method of analysis. Attenuation
model of Young’s et al (1997) for subduction zones for bed rock was used in development of seismic hazard
map of Nepal.
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment Map of the Nepal Himalaya

When fine or medium, saturated, loose sand deposit is subjected to a sudden shock (generated by an
earthquake) the mass will densify and consolidate or temporarily liquefy. This phenomenon is termed
'Liquefaction'. Pore-water pressures within such layers increase as the soils are cyclically loaded, resulting in a

Siraha
decrease in vertical effective stress and shear strength. If the shear strength drops below the applied cyclic
shear loadings, the layer is expected to transition to a semi fluid state until the excess pore-water pressure
dissipates. When liquefaction takes place in a particular soil then the bearing capacity of the soil disappears and
the structure built on it gets tilts or even sinks..The past big earthquakes, have shown that saturated sandy soils
in a loose to medium dense condition were liquefied during earthquakes varying in magnitude from 5.5 to 8.5
(Richter scale) and epicenter distance from several miles to hundreds of miles.
Analysis of Liquefaction
The stress-based approach for evaluating the potential for liquefaction triggering, initiated by Seed and Idriss
(1967), compares the earthquake-induced cyclic stress ratios (CSR) with the cyclic resistance ratios (CRR) of
the soil. The soil's CRR is usually correlated to an in-situ parameter SPT blow count.
Factor of safety is evaluated as,
𝐶𝑅𝑅7.5
𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝐶𝑆𝑅7.5,𝜎
where, CRR7.5 = Cyclic Resistance Ratio for earthquake of magnitude 7.5
CSR7.5,σ = normalized cyclic stress ratio for earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and effective
overburden pressure of 100kPa.
𝜎𝑣 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑑 1
𝐶𝑆𝑅7.5,𝜎 = 0.65
𝜎′𝑣 𝑔 𝑀𝑆𝐹 𝐾𝜎
where, σv = the total vertical sress at depth z
σ’v= the effective vertical sress at depth z
amax/g = maximum horizontal acceleration (as fraction of gravity) at ground surface,
rd = shear stress reduction factor that accounts for the dynamic response of the soil.
𝑟𝑑 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝛼(𝑧) + 𝛽 (𝑧). 𝑀]
𝑧
𝛼(𝑧) = −1.012 − 1.126𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 5.133)
11.73
𝑧
𝛽 (𝑧) = 0.106 + 0.118𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + 5.142)
11.28
−𝑀
MSF= magnitude scaling factor= 6.9𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) − 0.058 ≤ 1.8 for sands
4
−𝑀
= 1.12𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) + .828 ≤ 1.13for clays
4
𝜎′
Kσ = overburden correction factor = 1 − 𝐶𝜎 𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑃 𝑣) ≤ 1.1
𝑎
1
𝐶𝜎 = ≤ 0.3
18.9 − 2.55√(𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 )
(𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 = (𝑁1)60 + ∆(𝑁1)60

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2
9.7 15.7
∆(𝑁1)60 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (1.63 + −( ) )
𝐹𝐶 + 0.01 𝐹𝐶 + 0.01
Cyclic resistance ratio (CRR), the capacity of soil to resist liquefaction, can be obtained from
the corrected blow count and soil’s fine content.
𝐶𝑅𝑅7.5,1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑓 [(𝑁1)60 ), 𝐹𝐶 ]
2 3 4
(𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 (𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 (𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠 (𝑁1)60𝑐𝑠
𝐶𝑅𝑅7.5,1𝑎𝑡𝑚 = exp ( +( ) −( ) +( ) − 2.8)
14.1 126 23.6 25.4
Liquefaction Analysis for BH1 for PGA =0.25g, M=7.5, GWT at 3.0 m from surface
depth (m) Recorded N N160cs Sand liquefaction/ Clay softening

MSF CSR CRRM=7.5 FOS Remarks
1.5 m 14 16.73 0.999 0.147 1.88E-01 1.28 no liq
3.0 m 19 24.05 0.999 0.181 2.96E-01 1.64 no liq
4.5 m 22 29.51 0.999 0.213 5.01E-01 2.35 no liq
6.0 m 30 36.44 0.999 0.232 1.68E+00 >3 no liq
7.5 m 42 50.85 0.999 0.243 1.24E+03 >3 no liq
9.0 m 45 49.74 0.999 0.255 5.42E+02 >3 no liq
10.5 m 43 46.34 0.999 0.267 6.46E+01 >3 no liq
12.0 m 50 50.38 0.999 0.276 7.99E+02 >3 no liq
Liquefaction Analysis for BH2 for PGA =0.25g, M=7.5, GWT at 3.0 m from surface
depth (m) Recorded N N160cs Sand liquefaction/ Clay softening

MSF CSR CRRM=7.5 FOS Remarks
1.5 m 24 28.42 0.999 0.147 1.51E-01 2.99 no liq
3.0 m 23 29.04 0.999 0.180 1.75E-01 2.63 no liq
4.5 m 27 36.13 0.999 0.210 1.92E-01 >3 no liq
6.0 m 33 40.04 0.999 0.228 2.76E-01 >3 no liq
7.5 m 50 60.46 0.999 0.413 4.22E-01 >3 no liq
9.0 m 50 55.22 0.999 -0.088 3.33E-01 >3 no liq
10.5 m 50 53.83 0.999 0.265 1.96E+02 >3 no liq
12.0 m 50 50.38 0.999 0.274 4.43E-01 >3 no liq
8. BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS

The allowable bearing capacity of sub-soil strata for Open foundation has been computed from shear and
settlement failure considerations.

Siraha
8.1 For Open foundation

Allowable Bearing Capacity
The bearing capacity analysis has been carried out for foundation soil. The well-known Indian Standard (IS
6403:1981) has been used to compute bearing capacity of soil on the basis of shear failure criteria.
For clayey soil (Ф=0)

The values are computed from unconfined compressive strength (UCS) as,
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝐶𝑢 𝑁𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑆𝑐 Refer IS:6403, Clause 5.3
where, Cu = undrained cohesion of soil, obtained from UCS
Nc= 5.14
Sc=shape factor,For square foundation, Sc =1.3
𝐵
For rectangle foundation, Sc= 1 + 0.2
𝐿
𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 √𝑁∅
𝐵
Factor of Safety = 3.0
For c-Ф soil,

General shear failure,
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷(𝑁𝑞 − 1)𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾 𝑊′
Local Shear failure,
2
𝑞′𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁′𝑐 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝛾𝐷(𝑁′𝑞 − 1)𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁′𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾 𝑊′
3
Factor of Safety = 3.0
Bearing capacity factor shall be determined forgeneral shear failure Ф
2
for local shear failure ∅′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅)
The bearing capacity are computed as per the table below:

Angle of friction (Ф˚) Nc Nq Nγ
0 5.14 1 0
5 6.49 1.57 0.45
10 8.35 2.47 1.22
15 10.98 3.94 2.65
20 14.83 6.4 5.39
25 20.72 10.66 10.88
30 30.14 18.4 22.4
35 46.12 33.3 48.03

Siraha
Angle of friction (Ф˚) Nc Nq Nγ

40 75.31 64.2 109.41
45 138.88 134.88 271.76
50 266.89 319.07 762.89
Shape and depth factors are determined as per IS:6403-1981

Shape Factors
Shape of Base
𝑺𝒄 𝑺𝒒 𝑺𝜸
Continuous strip 1.0 1.0 1.0
Rectangle 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
1 + 0.2 1 + 0.2 1 − 0.4
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
Square 1.3 1.2 0.8
Circle 1.3 1.2 0.6
Depth factors are calculated as:
𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 √𝑁∅
𝐵
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅ < 10°
𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1 + 0.1 √𝑁∅ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅>10˚
𝐵
For cohesion less soil with eshear failure, for eovalue less than 0.55, values are computed for General
values between 0. 55 to 0.75 the values are computed by linear interpolation between local and general shear
failure, and for eo value greater than 0.75 the values are computed for local shear failure.
Allowable Bearing Pressure from Settlement Criteria

In granular soils,
The settlement of granular soils can also be evaluated by the use of a semiempirical strain influence factor
proposed by Schmertmann et al. (1978). According to this method, the settlement:
𝑧𝑖
𝐼𝑧
𝑠𝑒 = 𝑐1 𝑐2 ∆𝑞 ∑ ∆𝑧
𝐸𝑠
0
where,
Se = net allowable settlement
𝑞
C1 = correction factor for the depth of foundation = 1 − 0.5 ∆𝑞
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
C2= correction factor to account into creep in soil = 1 + 0.2𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
0.1
Δq= difference between stress at level of foundation and overburden pressure

Siraha
Iz= vertical strain influence factor

Es= Modulus of Elasticity of soil = 2.5 x qc in kg/cm2
Where, qc(cone penetration parameter) is related to SPT as,
Soil Type 𝒒𝒄
𝑵𝟔𝟎
Silts, sandy silts, slightly cohesive silt-sand mixtures 2-4
Clean fine to medium sands and slightly silty sands 3-5
Coarse sands and sands with little gravel 4-5
Sandy gravels with gravel 6-8
From In-situ SPT results,

The bearing capacity for open foundation are computed as per the Meyerhof’s (1965) modified by Bowles
(1977) as,
11.98N60  3.28B  1 
2
qsafe =  S 
f d   x R w1
 3.28 B   25 
Where,
N60 = Standard Penetration Value for Average energy ratio of 60%
B = width (m)
S = Settlement (mm)
fd = 1+0.33 (D/B) ≤ 1.33
Rw1 = water correction factor = 0.5
For cohesive soil,
If the clay layer is encountered, the settlement is calculated as:
𝐻 (𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
𝑠𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log10 ( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜
where, se = consolidation settlement (m)

Siraha
H = thickness of soil (m)

eo = initial void ratio
Cc = compression index, obtained from consolidation test results
For preliminary analysis, IS:8009 (Part I)-1976, clause 9.2.2 recommends,
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.30(𝑒𝑜 − 10)
Po = effective pressure at mid height of layer (kN/m2)
ΔP = pressure increment (kN/m2)
As per IS: 8009 clause 9.5, correction factors for rigidity and depth are applied
8.2 For bored cast in-situ concrete piles

The pile capacity are calculated as per Annex B: of IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 2): 2010 as,
For cohesionless soil,
𝑛
1
𝑄𝑢 = 𝐴𝑝 ( 𝐷𝛾𝑁𝛾 + 𝑃𝐷 𝑁𝑞 ) + ∑ 𝐾𝑖 𝑃𝑑𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛿𝑖 𝐴𝑠𝑖
2
𝑖=1
where, Ap = cross sectional area of pile (m2)

D = diameter of pile shaft (m)
γ = effective unit weight of soil at pile tip (kN/m2)
Nγ& Nq = bearing capacity factors depending on friction angle at pile tip
PD = effective overburden pressure at pile tip (kN/m2)
∑𝑛𝑖=1 = summation for pile installed layers 1 to n and contributing positive skin friction
Ki = coefficient of earth pressure applicable for the ith layer
PDi = effective overburden pressure for the ith layer (kN/m 2)
δi = angle of wall friction between pile and soil for ith layer
Asi = surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer m2
Factor of safety =2.5
Notes:
1) Nγ factor is taken for general shear failure as per IS: 6403
2) Nq factor is obtained from Fig. 1. Annex B, of IS 2911 (Part 1/sec2): 2010
3) Ki, the earth pressure coefficient depending on the nature of soil strata, type of pile, spacing of pile
and its method of construction.
4) δ, angle of wall friction may be taken equal to friction angle of soil around pile stem

Siraha
5) The maximum effective overburden at the pile tip should correspond to the critical depth, which
may be taken as 15 times the diameter of the pile shaft for Ф≤ 30˚ and increasing to 20 times for Ф
≥ 40˚
Piles in cohesive soils

𝑛
𝑄𝑢 = 𝐴𝑝 𝑁𝑐 𝑐𝑝 + ∑ 𝛼𝑖 𝑐𝑖 𝐴𝑠𝑖
𝑖=1
where,
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip (m2)
Nc = bearing capacity factor, taken as 9
cp = average cohesion at pile tip (kN/m2), taken from UCS of soil
∑𝑛𝑖=1 = summation for pile installed layers 1 to n and contributing positive skin friction
αi = adhesion layer for the ith layer depending on the consistency of soil
ci = average cohesion for the ith layer (kN/m2)
Asi = surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer
Use of SPT data for pile capacity in cohesionless soil

As per Meyerhof,
𝐿 ̅ 𝐴𝑠
𝑁
𝑄𝑢 = 13𝑁 𝐴𝑝 +
𝐵 0.5
where,
N = average N value at pile tip
L = length of penetration of pile in the bearing strata (m)
B = diameter or minimum width of pile (m)
Ap = cross-sectional area of pile tip (m2)
N = average N value along the pile shaft
As = surface area of pile shaft (m2)
The end bearing resistance value shall not exceed 130NA p.
For non-plastic silt or very fine sand, pile capacity is modified as:
𝐿 ̅̅̅
𝑁 𝐴𝑠
𝑄𝑢 = 10𝑁 𝐴𝑝 +
𝐵 0.60

Siraha
9. SAMPLE CALCULATION
The allowable bearing capacity (kN/m2) for isolated footing of 2.4 m x 2.4 m and 3.0 m x 3.0 m at depths of 1.5
m and raft foundation of 15.0 m x 15.0 m at depth of 3.0 m (measured from existing ground level) for all BHs is
presented below. For other size and depths, the bearing capacity values are summarized as per table.
For 2.4 m x 2.4 m isolated footing at depth of 1.5 m
Friction angle =28.5˚, cohesion=0.0 kN/m2, Bulk density = 17.0 kN/m3, GWT at surface
Shape factors Depth Factors Inclination Factors Bearing Capacity factors
Sq 1.54 dq 1.19 iq 1.00 Nq 15.55
Sc 1.58 dc 1.25 ic 1.00 Nc 26.81
Sγ 0.60 dγ 1.00 Nγ 11.85
Shear failure criteria IS code qallowable = 122.91 kN/m2
Settlement as per Schmertmann et al. (1978) for qallow= 122.91 kN/m2

ΔZ i
layer Z Iz N60 qc (kN/m2) Esi(kN/m2) I
E si zi
1.50 1.80 0.15 0.180 17.16 13726 34314 1.58E-06

1.80 2.10 0.45 0.341 18.63 14902 37254 2.75E-06
2.10 2.40 0.75 0.502 20.10 16078 40195 3.75E-06
2.40 2.70 1.05 0.663 21.57 17254 43135 4.61E-06
2.70 3.30 1.50 0.682 23.77 19018 47546 8.61E-06
3.30 3.90 2.10 0.558 25.96 20770 51925 6.45E-06
3.90 4.50 2.70 0.434 28.15 22522 56304 4.62E-06
4.50 5.10 3.30 0.310 30.64 24510 61275 3.04E-06
5.10 5.70 3.90 0.186 33.42 26735 66837 1.67E-06
5.70 6.30 4.50 0.062 36.20 28960 72399 5.14E-07
Total Sum Σ 3.76E-05
Depth correction factor c1 0.953
Creep correction factor c2 1.600
Peak influence factor Izp 0.744
Expected settlement (mm) 6
Expected settlement < 25 mm (OK)
As per the Meyerhof’s (1965) modified by Bowles (1977), qsafe=11.98N60  3.28B  1 

2
 S 
f d   x R w1
 3.28 B   25 
= 150.72 kN/m2 for 25mm settlement

Hence, adopted allowable bearing capacity = 122 kN/m2

Siraha
For 3.0 m x 3.0 m isolated footing at depth of 1.5 m

Sq 1.54 dq 1.15 iq 1.00 Nq 15.55
Sc 1.58 dc 1.20 ic 1.00 Nc 26.81
Sγ 0.60 dγ 1.00 Nγ 11.85
General Shear failure criteria IS code qallowable = 124.83 kN/m2

ΔZ i
E si zi
1.50 1.88 0.19 0.179 17.34 13873 34682 1.94E-06

1.88 2.25 0.56 0.337 19.18 15343 38357 3.30E-06
2.25 2.63 0.94 0.496 21.02 16813 42033 4.42E-06
2.63 3.00 1.31 0.654 22.85 18283 45708 5.37E-06
3.00 3.75 1.88 0.672 25.14 20113 50283 1.00E-05
3.75 4.50 2.63 0.550 27.88 22303 55757 7.40E-06
4.50 5.25 3.38 0.428 30.98 24788 61970 5.18E-06
5.25 6.00 4.13 0.306 34.46 27569 68923 3.32E-06
6.00 6.75 4.88 0.183 39.82 31852 79630 1.73E-06
6.75 7.50 5.63 0.061 47.05 37637 94093 4.87E-07
Expected settlement < 25 mm (OK)
As per the Meyerhof’s (1965) modified by Bowles (1977), qsafe=11.98N60  3.28B  1 

2
 S 
f d   x R w1
 3.28 B   25 


Siraha
For 15.0 m x 15.0 m raft foundations at depth of 3.0 m

Sq 1.54 dq 1.06 iq 1.00 Nq 15.55
Sc 1.58 dc 1.08 ic 1.00 Nc 26.81
Sγ 0.60 dγ 1.00 Nγ 11.85
General Shear failure criteria IS code qallowable = 311.08 kN/m2

ΔZ i
E si zi
3.00 4.88 0.94 0.175 27.19 21755 54388 6.03E-06

4.88 6.75 2.81 0.324 35.33 28264 70661 8.61E-06
6.75 8.63 4.69 0.474 50.52 40418 101046 8.80E-06
8.63 10.50 6.56 0.624 48.27 38619 96547 1.21E-05
10.50 14.25 9.38 0.640 49.47 39578 98945 2.43E-05
14.25 18.00 13.13 0.524 43.32 34660 86649 2.27E-05
18.00 21.75 16.88 0.408 39.01 31211 78029 1.96E-05
21.75 25.50 20.63 0.291 35.78 28625 71561 1.53E-05
25.50 29.25 24.38 0.175 33.24 26590 66474 9.85E-06
29.25 33.00 28.13 0.058 31.17 24935 62339 3.50E-06
Expected settlement < 65 mm (Not OK)
As per the Meyerhof’s (1965) modified by Bowles (1977),
qsafe=11.98N60  3.28B  1 
2
 S 
f d   x R w1
 3.28 B   25 


Siraha
10. RECOMMENDATION
i The allowable bearing capacity (kN/m2) for various size of isolated foundations at varying depths
(measured from existing ground level) are below:
Size of isolated Depth of foundation (m)
foundation (L=B) 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0
1.5 125 143 168 193 217 242
1.8 123 150 167 192 216 241
2.1 123 148 175 191 215 240
2.4 123 147 173 200 215 239
2.7 124 147 172 198 225 239
3.0 125 148 172 197 223 250
3.3 126 149 172 196 221 248
3.6 128 150 173 196 221 246
Size of raft Depth of foundation (m)

foundation
1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
(L=B)
10 137 157 179 201 223 246 270 294
15 175 193 211 229 247 266 281 296
20 169 186 202 219 236 253 266 280
25 166 182 198 214 230 246 259 272
30 164 180 195 211 227 243 251 253
35 163 178 194 208 210 213 215 217
ii The modulus of subgrade reaction of the soils are tabulated below:

Depth Corrected N-value Ks =1.8N60 (mN/m3)
1.5 m 16.42 29.56
3.0 m 23.77 42.79
4.5 m 29.25 52.64
6.0 m 36.20 65.16
7.5 m 45.84 82.51
9.0 m 35.24 63.43
10.5 m 33.27 59.88
12.0 m 32.12 57.82
iii The foundation Design Engineer does not need to strictly follow the depth and dimension of foundation
selected in the bearing capacity analysis of this report. Designer is free to select any other foundation dimension
and depth depending upon the load of the structure. Therefore, once the size and depth of the foundation is

Siraha
finalized the calculation may need to be refined during design phase based on the parameters obtained from
this investigation.
Care should be taken for the following during excavation and construction of the building foundation.
 The slope of the excavation should be maintained at about 45˚ to prevent the slope from collapsing
during excavation or construction period.
 Presence of seepage water and consideration of probable rise in water table in monsoon, sidefall
is eminent. So, at the time of construction of foundation, it is recommended to design the
appropriate site protection measures based on soil properties as obtained on this report.
 During excavation near to hill slope (>30˚) as well as near to steep valley side, stability of slope
should evaluated before the excavation by the contractor.
 Excavation of last 30 cm to founding level should be inspected by an experienced Geotechnical

Engineer before the blending of lean concrete. If the sub soil condition is found different than
originally anticipated, additional investigation or redesign of foundation should be carried out.

Siraha
Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu

Bore Hole Log

Everest Engineering Consultant
Borehole Log Sheet (Field Data)
Sheet No.: 1 of 2
Project: Landfill site Direction: Start Date: 10/2/2078
Location: Siraha BH: 01 Completion Date:
Cordinate: N: E: Elevation: m
No. of Blows N-Value
Sample No
Depth 'm'
and Type
N. Value
Soil Discription
Symbol
G.W.T
15 cm
15 cm
15 cm
10 20 30 40 50
0
0.5
c 1
6 5 9 14
1.5
c 2.5
cc 9 11 8 19
3
3.5
Medium dense coarse sand with fine gravels
4
9 15 7 22
4.5
5.5
17 11 19 30
6
6.5
21 29 13 42
7.5
8.5
Dark gray brown sandy clay loam 31 18 27 45

9
9.5
10
Checked by: Log by: Drilling by:
Approved by: Legend: SPT UD UD without Recovery

Water Table DCPT
Sheet No.: 2 of 2
Sample No
Depth 'm'
and Type
N. Value
Soil Discription
Symbol
G.W.T
15 cm
15 cm
15 cm
10 20 30 40 50
10
32 26 17 43
10.5
11
Dark brown clay loam
11.5
21 34 18 52
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
20
Borehole terminated at 12 m depth

Water Table DCPT
Sheet No.: 1 of 2
Sample No
and Type
Depth 'm'
N. Value
Soil Discription
Symbol
G.W.T
15 cm
15 cm
15 cm
10 20 30 40 50
0
0.5
1
c
11 9 15 24
1.5
c 2.5
cc 11 13 10 23
3
3.5
Gray brown to dark brown silty clay loam
4
14 9 18 27
4.5
5.5
17 12 21 33
6
6.5
29 34 22 56
7.5
8.5
Dark gray brown clay loam 32 14 41 55

9
9.5
10

Water Table DCPT
Sheet No.: 2 of 2
Sample No
and Type
Depth 'm'
N. Value
Soil Discription
Symbol
G.W.T
15 cm
15 cm
15 cm
10 20 30 40 50
10
39 27 38 65
10.5
11
e
11.5
48 31 39 70
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
19.5
Borehole terminated at 12m depth 20

Water Table DCPT
Laboratory Test Results

P.O. Box 19103, Mid-Baneswor, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449
Lab Test Summary

of
Landfill Site near Koila Pokhari at Siraha Municipality
Sieve Analysis Direct Share Test Remarks

Natural Loose Bulk
Borehole Density
Depth (m) Moisture Sp. Gravity
Location
Content (NMC) Gravel Sand Silt/Clay D-50 (Kg/m3) C F
0-3 24.68 0.00 85.4 14.6 1611.45 2.58 0.531 27.48

Landfill site BH -01
9.0-9.5 17.71 0.00 98.91 1.09 1601.65 2.601 0.96 26.03
16.0-16.5 21.76 0.00 95.1 4.9 22.04 2.669 0.674 0.67
19.0-19.5 22.84 0.00 76.89 23.11
3.00 18.38 0.00 69.36 30.64 1606.79 2.644 0.875 28.04

Landfill site BH -02(RB)
7.50 19.03 0.00 95.87 4.58 1610.02 2.642 0.588 28.48
13.00 18.87 0.00 97.55 2.45 1606.92 2.642 0.456 29.44

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NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT
Project: Landfill Site Date: 10.02.2078
Location: Siraha Tested By: S. Giri
Contract No. Checked By: S. Bakhrel
Temperature of oven = 105° ± 5° C

Borehole No. BH -01 BH -02
Sample No. No 1 2 3 1 2 3
Depth m 0m-3.0m 9.0-9.5 m 12m 0m-3.0m 7.0-7.5m 12m
Container No. No A7 A1 A2 A14 A16 A13
Wt. of Container + Wt. of Wet Soil gm 259.52 351.92 207.23 273.39 280.95 219.67
Wt. of Container + Wt. of Dry Soil gm 253.77 339.66 197.08 259.45 277.53 217.86
Wt. of Water, Ww gm 5.75 12.26 10.15 13.94 3.42 1.81
Wt. of Empty Container gm 80.58 90.30 97.80 81.35 78.24 82.69
Wt. of Dry Soil, Wd gm 173.19 249.36 99.28 178.10 199.29 135.17
Moisture Content, M % 3.32 4.92 10.22 7.83 1.72 1.34
Average Moisture Content % 3.32 4.92 10.22 7.83 1.72 1.34

Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Project : Landfill site Date: 10.02.2078
Location: Siraha Tested By:S. Giri
Source: BH -01 S. Bakhrel

Checked By:
B. FINE AGGREGATE AND FINE SOIL

Borehole Depth (SPT) M 3.0m 7.5m 16.5m
Wt. of Pycnometer + Water + Soil gm 1108.21 1109.23 1105.21
Temerature 0C 25 25 25
Wt. Pycnometwr + Water gm 1069.36 1071.04 1064.1
Wt. Pycnometwr + Dry Soil gm 38.85 38.19 41.11
Wet Soil gm 50 50 50
Specific Gravity Of Water 0.9971 0.9971 0.9971
Specific Gravity of Soil 4.471 4.221 5.608

Average 4.471 4.221 5.608
Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Project : Landfill site Date: 10.02.2078
Location: Siraha Tested By: S. Giri
Source: BH -02 Checked By: S. Bakhrel
B. FINE AGGREGATE AND FINE SOIL

Borehole Depth (SPT) M 3.0m 7.5m 12m
Wt. of Pycnometer + Water + Soil gm 1104.19 1103.49 1105.16
Temerature 0C 25 25 25
Wt. Pycnometwr + Water gm 1066.94 1067.16 1073.59
Wt. Pycnometwr + Dry Soil gm 37.25 36.33 31.57
Wet Soil gm 50 50 50
Specific Gravity Of Water 0.9971 0.9971 0.9971
Specific Gravity of Soil 3.910 3.647 2.705

Average 3.910 3.647 2.705
Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate

Method: ASTM C136
Project : Landfill site

Location: Siraha Date Testing: 10/2/2078
Borehole No. BH - 01 Tested By: S. Giri
Chainage: 1.5m Checked By : S. Bakhrel
Sieve Analysis and Grain Shape

Cum. Wt.
Sieve No. Diam. (mm) Wt. retained (gm) % Retained % Passing Cum. % Retain
Retain
3" 75.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2-1/2" 63.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2" 50.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1-1/2" 37.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1" 25.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/4" 19.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1/2" 12.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/8" 9.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.75 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
8 2.360 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
16 1.180 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.600 mm 0.91 0.46 99.54 0.91 0.46
0.425 mm 9.69 4.94 94.60 10.60 5.40
50 0.300 mm 53.19 27.11 67.49 63.79 32.51
100 0.150 mm 128.90 65.69 1.80 192.69 98.20
200 0.075 mm 3.36 1.71 0.09 196.05 99.91
PAN 0.18 0.09 0.00 196.23 100.00
Total Wight (gm) 196.23
100
90
80
Percentage passing
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 0.00
Particle size mm
Gravel: 0.00 Sand: 99.91 Silt/Clay: 0.09 D-50: 0.47

Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449

Method: ASTM C136


Cum. Wt.
Retain
3" 75.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2-1/2" 63.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2" 50.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1-1/2" 37.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1" 25.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/4" 19.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1/2" 12.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/8" 9.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.75 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
8 2.360 mm 0.64 0.33 99.67 0.64 0.33
16 1.180 mm 1.21 0.62 99.05 1.85 0.95
30 0.600 mm 1.66 0.85 98.19 3.51 1.81
0.425 mm 5.37 2.76 95.43 8.88 4.57
50 0.300 mm 52.15 26.85 68.58 61.03 31.42
100 0.150 mm 129.91 66.89 1.69 190.94 98.31
200 0.075 mm 2.94 1.51 0.18 193.88 99.82
PAN 0.34 0.18 0.00 194.22 100.00
100
90
80
Percentage passing
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 0.00
Particle size mm
Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449

Method: ASTM C136

Chainage: 9m Checked By : S. Bakhrel

Cum. Wt.
Retain
3" 75.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2-1/2" 63.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2" 50.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1-1/2" 37.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1" 25.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/4" 19.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1/2" 12.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/8" 9.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.75 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
8 2.360 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
16 1.180 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
30 0.600 mm 0.43 0.17 99.83 0.43 0.17
0.425 mm 0.91 0.37 99.46 1.34 0.54
50 0.300 mm 33.00 13.35 86.11 34.34 13.89
100 0.150 mm 207.60 83.96 2.15 241.94 97.85
200 0.075 mm 4.08 1.65 0.50 246.02 99.50
PAN 1.23 0.50 0.00 247.25 100.00
100
90
80
Percentage passing
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 0.00
Particle size mm
Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449

Method: ASTM C136


Cum. Wt.
Retain
3" 75.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2-1/2" 63.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2" 50.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1-1/2" 37.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1" 25.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/4" 19.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1/2" 12.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/8" 9.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.75 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
8 2.360 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
16 1.180 mm 0.64 0.55 99.45 0.64 0.55
30 0.600 mm 1.13 0.97 98.48 1.77 1.52
0.425 mm 3.35 2.88 95.59 5.12 4.41
50 0.300 mm 29.68 25.56 70.03 34.80 29.97
100 0.150 mm 79.66 68.60 1.43 114.46 98.57
200 0.075 mm 1.41 1.21 0.22 115.87 99.78
PAN 0.25 0.22 0.00 116.12 100.00
100
90
80
Percentage passing
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 0.00
Particle size mm
Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449

Method: ASTM C136


Cum. Wt.
Retain
3" 75.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2-1/2" 63.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2" 50.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1-1/2" 37.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1" 25.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/4" 19.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1/2" 12.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/8" 9.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.75 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
8 2.360 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
16 1.180 mm 2.31 1.28 98.72 2.31 1.28
30 0.600 mm 7.45 4.12 94.60 9.76 5.40
0.425 mm 14.11 7.80 86.80 23.87 13.20
50 0.300 mm 44.11 24.40 62.40 67.98 37.60
100 0.150 mm 103.00 56.97 5.43 170.98 94.57
200 0.075 mm 5.63 3.11 2.32 176.61 97.68
PAN 4.19 2.32 0.00 180.80 100.00
100
90
80
Percentage passing
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 0.00
Particle size mm
Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449

Method: ASTM C136


Cum. Wt.
Retain
3" 75.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2-1/2" 63.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2" 50.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1-1/2" 37.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1" 25.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/4" 19.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1/2" 12.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/8" 9.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.75 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
8 2.360 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
16 1.180 mm 2.54 1.28 98.72 2.54 1.28
30 0.600 mm 4.76 2.40 96.32 7.30 3.68
0.425 mm 13.26 6.69 89.63 20.56 10.37
50 0.300 mm 57.05 28.76 60.87 77.61 39.13
100 0.150 mm 113.11 57.03 3.85 190.72 96.15
200 0.075 mm 5.64 2.84 1.00 196.36 99.00
PAN 1.99 1.00 0.00 198.35 100.00
100
90
80
Percentage passing
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 0.00
Particle size mm
Tel.: 977-1- 4493785, 4481449, Fax 977-1-4481449

Method: ASTM C136


Cum. Wt.
Retain
3" 75.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2-1/2" 63.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
2" 50.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1-1/2" 37.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1" 25.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/4" 19.00 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
1/2" 12.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
3/8" 9.50 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.75 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
8 2.360 mm 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
16 1.180 mm 1.68 1.03 98.97 1.68 1.03
30 0.600 mm 3.50 2.15 96.82 5.18 3.18
0.425 mm 11.48 7.06 89.76 16.66 10.24
50 0.300 mm 51.65 31.74 58.02 68.31 41.98
100 0.150 mm 86.78 53.33 4.68 155.09 95.32
200 0.075 mm 5.47 3.36 1.32 160.56 98.68
PAN 2.15 1.32 0.00 162.71 100.00
100
90
80
Percentage passing
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1000.00 100.00 10.00 1.00 0.10 0.01 0.00
Particle size mm
LIQUID LIMIT & PLASTIC LIMIT
Project Landfill site
Location Siraha
Date: 10/2/2078
Borehole No.:- 1 L/B
Sample No.:-
Depth :-0m to 3.0m Liquid Limit Plastic Limit
1 Specimen No. 1 2 3 4 1 2
2 No. of Blows 13 24 27 36
3 Wt. of Container + Wet Soil gms 34.24 36.00 35.00 34.10
4 Wt. of Container + Dry Soil gms 30.20 31.30 31.20 30.60
5 Wt. of Water Present gms 4.04 4.70 3.80 3.50
6 Wt. of Empty Container gms 15.10 13.70 14.20 13.20
7 Wt. of Dry Soil gms 15.10 17.60 17.00 17.40
8 Moisture Content % 26.75 26.70 22.35 20.11
30.00
25.00
Axis Title
20.00
15.00
1 10 100
Axis Title
Results :
Liquid Limit : 23.59 %
Plastic Limit : - %
Plasticity Index : 23.6 %
Location Siraha
Date: 10/2/2078
Sample No.:-
Depth :-3m to 6.0m Liquid Limit Plastic Limit
1 Specimen No. 1 2 3 4 1 2
2 No. of Blows 14 23 29 38
7 Wt. of Dry Soil gms 18.10 17.80 14.69 17.00
35.00
30.00
Axis Title
25.00
20.00
1 10 100
Axis Title
Results :
Plastic Limit : - %
Location Siraha
Date: 10/2/2078
Sample No.:-
Depth :-7.5M-16.5m Liquid Limit Plastic Limit
1 Specimen No. 1 2 3 4 1 2
2 No. of Blows 10 21 29 37
7 Wt. of Dry Soil gms 16.80 17.60 16.20 16.70
34.00
32.00
30.00
Axis Title
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
1 10 100
Axis Title
Results :
Plastic Limit : - %
Location Siraha
Date: 10/2/2078
Borehole No.:- 2 R/B
Sample No.:-
Depth :-0.0m to 3.0 m Liquid Limit Plastic Limit
1 Specimen No. 1 2 3 4 1 2
2 No. of Blows 14 24 29 38
7 Wt. of Dry Soil gms 19.90 17.10 18.40 16.40
34.00
32.00
30.00
Axis Title
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
1 10 100
Axis Title
Results :
Plastic Limit : - %
Location Siraha
Date: 10/2/2078
Borehole No.:- 2 R/B
Sample No.:-
Depth :-3m to 16.5 m Liquid Limit Plastic Limit
1 Specimen No. 1 2 3 4 1 2
2 No. of Blows 14 23 28 36
7 Wt. of Dry Soil gms 15.40 15.90 13.60 14.93
35.00
33.00
31.00
29.00
27.00
Axis Title
25.00
23.00
21.00
19.00
17.00
15.00
1 10 100
Axis Title
Results :
Plastic Limit : - %
Everest Engienering Consultant
DIRECT SHEAR TEST
(Method: IS: 2720 (Part 13) 1986)
Project: Landfill site
Location: Siraha Date: 2078-02-10 Co-ordinate:
BH No.: BH # 01 Chainage: Tested by: S. Giri E= Elevation: m
Depth: 12m - 12.45m Checked by: S. Bakhrel N=
Load Scale K (N/div): 1.55 Plan Area (cm )

2
36 Strain Rate: (mm/min) 1.25 Ø= 33.91 0
2 2 2 2
Normal Load (kg/cm ): 4.91 Normal Load (kg/cm ): 9.8 Normal Load (kg/cm ): 14.715 C= 2.968 N/cm
x0.002
x0.002
x0.002
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Shear Load
Shear Load
Shear Load
Hoz. Disp.
Hoz. Disp.
Hoz. Disp.
Load Dial
Load Dial
Load Dial
*0.01mm
*0.01mm
*0.01mm
"N"
"N"
"N"
mm
mm
mm
0.50 47.00 72.85 2.024 0.50 50.00 77.50 2.153 0.50 72.0 111.60 3.100 SOIL SPECIMENT MEASUREMENTS
1.00 62.00 96.10 2.669 1.00 83.00 128.65 3.574 1.00 103.0 159.65 4.435 Normal Load (kg/cm2): 4.91 9.8
1.50 82.00 127.10 3.531 1.50 115.00 178.25 4.951 1.50 135.0 209.25 5.813 Length, l cm. 6.00 6.00
2.00 100.00 155.00 4.306 2.00 130.00 201.50 5.597 2.00 165.0 255.75 7.104 Bredth, b cm. 6.00 6.00
2.50 117.00 181.35 5.038 2.50 153.00 237.15 6.588 2.50 190.0 294.50 8.181 Height, h cm. 2.58 2.58
3.00 121.00 187.55 5.21 3.00 151.00 234.05 6.501 3.00 215.0 333.25 9.257 Plan Area a=lxb cm2. 36.0 36.0
3.50 3.50 3.50 120.0 186.00 5.167 Volume v = a* h cm3 92.9 92.9
4.00 4.00 4.00 117.0 181.35 5.038 Weight of wet Soil + Container g 331.24 332.12
4.50 4.50 4.50 Weight of Container g 155.65 155.14
5.00 5.00 5.00 Weight of wet Soil w g 175.59 176.98
5.50 5.50 5.50 Wet Unit Weight, yT = w / v Kn/m 18.55 18.69
6.00 6.00 6.00 Dry Unit Weight yd = 100*yT/(100+W) Kn/m 16.68 10.58
6.50 6.50 6.50
7.00 7.00 7.00 WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION
7.50 7.50 7.50 Container No. C-16 C-3
8.00 8.00 8.00 Weight of Wet Soil + Container g 42.23 44.32
8.50 8.50 8.50 Weight of dry soil + contaoner g 39.21 30.25
9.00 9.00 9.00 Weight of water g 3.02 14.07
9.50 9.50 9.50 Weight of container g 12.17 11.91
10.00 10.00 10.00 Weight dry soil g 27.0 18.34
Water Content % 11.17 76.72
2 3
Normal Load (kg/cm ): 4.91 9.81 14.72 Average Moisture Contet (%): 32.87 Average Dry Unit Weight (kn/m ) 14.72
Max. Shear Stress kg/cm2: 5.21 6.59 9.26 Avereage Wet Uit Weight (km/m3): 18.65
Everest Enginnering Consultant
DIRECT SHEAR TEST (GRAPH)
4.91 9.8 14.715 10.0

10.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
shear Stress N/cm2
6.0
shear Stress N/cm2

6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Normal Stress N/cm2
Hoz. Disp. *0.01mm
14.72
6.00
6.00
2.58
36.0
92.9
333.24
155.98
177.26
18.72
16.91
C-5
42.45
39.54
2.91
12.39
27.15
10.72
DIRECT SHEAR TEST
(Method: IS: 2720 (Part 13) 1986)
Project: Landfill site
Location: Siraha Date: 2078-02-10 Co-ordinate:
BH No.: BH # 02 Chainage: Tested by: S. Giri E= Elevation: m
Depth: 12m - 12.45m Checked by: S. Bakhrel N=
Load Scale K (N/div): 1.55 Plan Area (cm2) 36 Strain Rate: (mm/min) 1.25 Ø= 32.57 0
2
Normal Load (kg/cm2): 4.91 Normal Load (kg/cm2): 9.8 Normal Load (kg/cm2): 14.715 C= 2.939 N/cm
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
x0.002
x0.002
x0.002
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Shear Load
Shear Load
Shear Load
Hoz. Disp.
Hoz. Disp.
Hoz. Disp.
Load Dial
Load Dial
Load Dial
"N"
"N"
"N"
*0.01mm
*0.01mm
*0.01mm
mm
mm
mm
0.50 43.00 66.65 1.851 0.50 49.00 75.95 2.110 0.50 68.0 105.40 2.928 SOIL SPECIMENT MEASUREMENTS
1.00 64.00 99.20 2.756 1.00 55.00 85.25 2.368 1.00 102.0 158.10 4.392 Normal Load (kg/cm2): 4.91 9.8
1.50 85.00 131.75 3.660 1.50 103.00 159.65 4.435 1.50 133.0 206.15 5.726 Length, l cm. 6.00 6.00
2.00 103.00 159.65 4.435 2.00 120.00 186.00 5.167 2.00 165.0 255.75 7.104 Bredth, b cm. 6.00 6.00
2.50 117.00 181.35 5.038 2.50 133.00 206.15 5.726 2.50 193.0 299.15 8.310 Height, h cm. 2.58 2.58
3.00 115.00 178.25 4.95 3.00 145.00 224.75 6.243 3.00 204.0 316.20 8.783 Plan Area a=lxb cm2. 36.0 36.0
3
3.50 3.50 145.00 224.75 6.243 3.50 201.0 311.55 8.654 Volume v = a* h cm 92.9 92.9
4.00 4.00 4.00 Weight of wet Soil + Container g 329.54 329.58
4.50 4.50 4.50 Weight of Container g 156.44 156.44
5.00 5.00 5.00 Weight of wet Soil w g 173.10 173.14
3
5.50 5.50 5.50 Wet Unit Weight, yT = w / v Kn/m 18.28 18.29
6.00 6.00 6.00 Dry Unit Weight yd = 100*yT/(100+W) Kn/m3 15.42 15.32
6.50 6.50 6.50
7.00 7.00 7.00 WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION
7.50 7.50 7.50 Container No. C-7 C-4
8.00 8.00 8.00 Weight of Wet Soil + Container g 43.54 43.97
8.50 8.50 8.50 Weight of dry soil + contaoner g 38.62 38.92
9.00 9.00 9.00 Weight of water g 4.92 5.05
9.50 9.50 9.50 Weight of container g 12.08 12.81
10.00 10.00 10.00 Weight dry soil g 26.5 26.11
Water Content % 18.54 19.34
Normal Load (kg/cm ):
2
4.91 9.81 14.72 Average Moisture Contet (%): 18.83 Average Dry Unit Weight (kn/m3) 15.42
2 3
Max. Shear Stress kg/cm : 5.04 6.24 8.78 Avereage Wet Uit Weight (km/m ): 18.32
Everest Enginnering Consultant

DIRECT SHEAR TEST (GRAPH)
4.91 9.8 14.715 10.0

10.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
shear Stress N/cm2
6.0
6.0
shear Stress N/cm2

5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.0 2.0
1.0 1.0
0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Normal Stress N/cm2
Hoz. Disp. *0.01mm
14.72
6.00
6.00
2.58
36.0
92.9
330.47
156.44
174.03
18.38
15.50
C-11
44.51
39.47
5.04
12.37
27.10
18.60

Soil Report Siraha Landfill Site

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Soil Report Siraha Landfill Site

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Siraha Municipality

Office of the Municipal Executive

Detailed Soil Investigation

EVEREST ENGINEERING CONSULTANT

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 2

3.1 Penetration Tests

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 2

(ii) Undisturbed Sample:

3.3 Ground Water Table

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 3

5. STANDARDIZATION OF SPT VALUE

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 4

6. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE SITE

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 5

7. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment Map of the Nepal Himalaya

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 6

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 7

depth (m) Recorded N N160cs Sand liquefaction/ Clay softening

depth (m) Recorded N N160cs Sand liquefaction/ Clay softening

8. BEARING CAPACITY ANALYSIS

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 8

8.1 For Open foundation

For clayey soil (Ф=0)

Factor of Safety = 3.0

For c-Ф soil,

The bearing capacity are computed as per the table below:

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 9

Angle of friction (Ф˚) Nc Nq Nγ

Shape and depth factors are determined as per IS:6403-1981

Allowable Bearing Pressure from Settlement Criteria

Δq= difference between stress at level of foundation and overburden pressure

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 10

Iz= vertical strain influence factor

From In-situ SPT results,

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 11

H = thickness of soil (m)

8.2 For bored cast in-situ concrete piles

where, Ap = cross sectional area of pile (m2)

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 12

Piles in cohesive soils

Use of SPT data for pile capacity in cohesionless soil

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 13

Settlement as per Schmertmann et al. (1978) for qallow= 122.91 kN/m2

1.50 1.80 0.15 0.180 17.16 13726 34314 1.58E-06

As per the Meyerhof’s (1965) modified by Bowles (1977), qsafe=11.98N60  3.28B  1 

= 150.72 kN/m2 for 25mm settlement

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 14

For 3.0 m x 3.0 m isolated footing at depth of 1.5 m

Settlement as per Schmertmann et al. (1978) for qallow= 124.83 kN/m2

1.50 1.88 0.19 0.179 17.34 13873 34682 1.94E-06

As per the Meyerhof’s (1965) modified by Bowles (1977), qsafe=11.98N60  3.28B  1 

= 139.07 kN/m2 for 25mm settlement

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 15

For 15.0 m x 15.0 m raft foundations at depth of 3.0 m

Settlement as per Schmertmann et al. (1978) for qallow= 311.08 kN/m2

3.00 4.88 0.94 0.175 27.19 21755 54388 6.03E-06

= 410.88 kN/m2 for 65mm settlement

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 16

Size of raft Depth of foundation (m)

ii The modulus of subgrade reaction of the soils are tabulated below:

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 17

 Excavation of last 30 cm to founding level should be inspected by an experienced Geotechnical

Everest Engineering Consultant, Mid Baneshwor, Kathmandu Page 18