Journal of Water Process Engineering 47 (2022) 102749 Contents lists available nt ScienceDirect Journal of Water Process Engineering ELSEVIER journal homepage: www elsevier-comilocateliwpe Pulse electrocoagulation combined with a coagulant to remove antimony — |= in wastewater Wenjie Dong”’’, Xiaorong Gu", Yu Shu", Dingyi Cao", Jingyi Yu", Mona A. Abdel-Fatah”, Hailu Fu 2 olen of ey and ae xen Sang tntersey, Zhang 10018; PH Chine © Chil pring Plt PotD ger Dvn, Nona Research Came (MAC), 39 Boh Se, 12622 Dal, es, Feet ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ewer Pulse eleenocogulation (PEC) was used to etalte the Wentneat of sjntetle soliton conaiing arinony Fie ceenocensuaton ($0). The effects of electrode material, distance between electrodes, uty rato, current fequency and inal pl Foc sare ‘on dhe removal effeney were investigated. The emoval of Sb reached 93.9% when the dace between the 2 Fe—AL electrodes was 20 myth dy ato was 40%, the feequency was 400 Hee inal pit was 4, and the ‘pertion ne was 20 ul, The analy ofthe Noe tutu slag scanning eleron neroscopy dng the Ae formation process eveed tht the thee pesods ean be vide nt formation, craton, and reagaregaion. The removal rate of Sb showed a uansint downward wend duving fonnaton and uctuation. Then, plymasie luinuns chloride (PAC) was applied asa coagulant to prove te le stuctte. The best stategy for PAC tion as 0.6 mg/1- In 5a and 0:3 g/L 18 mo, and te emoval effect inrensed to 99. potty this method efetvely teats acti dveing wastewater containing Sb and chenieal oxygen dena (COD). ‘These findings demonstrate tata coagulant can effeesively elevate Noe structure and intensity inthe process of pase elecuocoagulation and also provide a innovative method for pacicalappletions of Sb removal fon Dyeing sets 1. Introduction sludge producing and convenient eleetrochemieal treatment method [11]. In this process, che eathode prodnces hydrogen and hydroxy! Antimony (Sb) exhibits carcinogenicity and serious ecological toxicity; thus, it has been classified asa priority contaminant by the US Environmental Protection Agency and European legisaton. sb exits in natural water bodies, mainly in the form of Sb (MN) and SbCV), and the trivalent form is 10 mes more toxic than the tetrevalent form [1]. In ‘China, the latest revision of the discharge standard for total Sb in the textile industry is 0.1 mg/L, and factories have been punished or shut down due 1 exeessive Sb emissions. tis well known th the textile dyeing industry is a vital industrial segment for developing counties 3} Finding an efficient method to remove Sb fom water i still chal lenging. Several technologies, such as adsorption, coagulation, and photocleetrochemical and membrane techniques, have been explored (4-20). Each method has its advantages and limitations, and few tech. niques can balance the high efficiency, low cost, and convenience Eleetrocoagulation is considered a promising technology; itis less Coxzespoading authors mal addres: cee.eduen QW. Dong), hiwaeji..en (H. Fu), gp://dok.ong/10.1016/) wpe. 2022.102749 radicals, whereas metal ions from the anode combine with hydroxy] radicals to form hydroxide los. These coagulated species can aggregate the metal fons then preepitate them. The hydrogen ges released from the eathode helps aid the floes ont athe water stirface (12. Operating parameters, such asthe inital pH, electrolysis time, current intensity, and plate spacing, profoundly influence the foc growth and structure [15], Generally, high removal efficiency requires large and dense flocs rnd extremely hig energy consumption. Researchers have sted the changes in foe structure and observed the breakage and regrovith of flocs during the electracoagulation pro: ‘es [14-16]. The flow shear force is considered the main reason for the breakage of the le structure (17). Numerous zones are available for high shear forces, resulting in floe breakage for actual wastewater treatment. Wang etal reported that the addition of polymeric alumni chloride (PAC) and poly(nethyl acrylate) during the breakage stage enlarges the floc structure (18). ‘Therefore, the combination of Received 18 January 2022 Received in revised fim 13 Match 2022; Accepted 21 Match 2022 ‘Available online Lapel 2022 221A T144/E 2022 sever Ld, All sights serve.lectrocongulation and @ coagulant may improve the strength af flocs ‘and renioval capability for pollutants. Additionally, using a pulse cur rent (PC) supply (‘on-of-en" power supply mode for electrolysis) Instead of @ conventional direet current (DC) power supply can reduee the energy constimption for intermittent power supply and the eapa- bility to inhibit concentration polarization (10). Information en tec. niques combining eletrocoagulation and a coagulant is sil Limited ‘We optimized the parameters of pulse PEC and recorded the floc formation process by observing the floc sects. Afterward, the best strategy for PAC addition was studied to enhance the floc structure to achieve good performance. Finally, the actual dyeing wastewater was treated sing te new technique combined with PEC aud PAC, Tis work Is of reference to treating heavy metas in industrial wastewater in the fore, 2. Material and methods 2.1, Blectrocongulation apparatus ‘The electrocongulation apparatus consists of a reaction tank, power supply, two polar plates, and ster (Fg, 1), The reaction tank was ‘custom-made with perspex having dimensions of 250 mm 100 mim > ‘80 mins. At the orton of the seaetion chamber, two rows of card slots were installed vo fix the plates, and the slot gap was spaced at 1,2, and 3 ‘om to adjust the plate spacing. Two plates were fixed vertically and parallel. One connected to the negative pole ofthe power supply was as the cathode, aud the other connected to the positive pole was as the ‘anode. 4 positive single phase pulse power supply was used with ‘constant voltage of 15 V and a frequency range up t0 1000 Fa. Tradl ‘onal iron an aluminum electrode plates were applied. The size of the plates was 100 mum 80 mim x 4 mu, and the volume of teated water ‘was 500 cathe stirrer was operated sing & mathematically significant locrie tcrer, equipped with a tetraflucroethylene stirring bar 7 mai diameter. Allexperineuts were repeated three times, with an average as ‘he final est, 2.2. Experimental wastewater and chemicals Wiastewater was synthetically prepated by dissolving antimony po: tassium tartrate in distilled water in the experiments. The adjustments for pH were conducted sing hydrochloric acid (2 M) and sodium hy droxide(1 M), All chetical used in this study were a least of analytical ‘grade and were used without further porifcation. The initial Sb Reaction tank Agitator Bay si Fig. 1. Schenate ding ofthe pe eleerocangultion appa ora of War Pres gain #7 (2022) 18749 concentration for the experiments was 2+ 0.2 mg/L. "The actual dyeing wastewater sample was obtained from the local Textile Co, Lidy Zhe Jiang. The concentration of Sb was 2.1 mg/L in the wastewater. PAC with # purity of 98% was used as an addtional coagulant. The PAC solution was prepared at 0.159%-1086 w/w with deionized water. 2.3. Analytical procedure Hemy-metal concentration was detected sing an inductively coupled plasmit mass spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, USA). COD was determined according to APHA standard method. A turbidity analyzer was used 10 messure the turbidity GWZS-188, Lele, Chin), and pH was recorded using a pH meter (PHS.3E, Lei, China). A conduetivity meter (DDB-303A, Leici, China) was used to determine the electrical conduc Lvity of wastewater. Metallographic microscopy (XJP-8A, COIC, China), scanning electron miroscopy ($4800, HITACHI, Japan), energy dispersive spectrometer (Zeiss Ultra 55, Zeiss, Germany), and Xray difraetion (Bruker D8 Advance, Braker, Germany) coupled. with sraphite monochromatized Cu Ka (k= 1.5406 A) radiation were used to observe the foe structure, The flac size was calculated using an image soltware (mage Pro Plus 6.0, Media Cyberneties) 24, Characterisation of floc structure and strength Floes formed inthe usual flocenation process have fractal chase teristics (20,21), and thei two-dimensional fractal dimension D2 ean be analyzed as follows: Aw a where A is the projection aren of flocs, and Lis the maximum projected length In establishing te double fogarithmie funetion curve, the slope is fractal dimension Dz. The values of Dy were between 1 and 2. A high vale of Da represents compat floc structures. In contest, a lower value ‘of Da meats thatthe floes have more branches and poroas structures When Dy =2, the lee shape assumes a circular shape ‘The floe strength and recovery factors can be used to compare the Aloe strength and regrowth eapacty, respectively [22]. Their values can be caleniated using the following equations (25) Sree 2 @ 4 ae Recovery factor = 100% @ Additionally, flocs would be destroyed under external foree condi dons, The shear resistance of floes isa good indicator, and it has been studied and proposed by Francois [2) o © Inthe above formulas, dy and da are the floe sizes before and after crushing (yn), respectively, and d is the size ater regrowth stabilize ton (un). da isthe niaximun foe diameter (un), Cis the floc itensity coefficient, Gis the mean velocity gradient, and7 isthe stable floe size constant. eis the energy dissipation rate per mass of uid (Nms~ kg), Vis the kinematic viseosity (m/s), Pos the agitator power (W), Nis the rotating speed (r/min), V isthe tank volume (as), and dis the impeller diameter (m)- The maximum foc size was plotted against the mean velocity grient; represents ts straight-line slope, andthe more minorthe slope, the greater isthe shear resistance. 3. Results and discussion, SL. Study of fencing factors 3.1.1. Curent mode and electrode materials ‘The comparison ofthe influence of DC and PC power supplies was performed under diferent combinations of Fe—Al, AI—Fe, AI—Al, and Fe—Fe electrode systems (able 1), The duty ratio was set to 50% under the PC mode, which means the elect time was 50% but ofF at 50%. In ‘entries 1 and 2, the removal efleleney of Sb as relatively high a the beginning of the DC mode. This finding was related to the lage number ‘of flocs produced by the DC power supply. However, at 35 ani, the ‘removal ite of Sb under the PC miode reached 83.5%, which was higher than that observed for the DC miode (76.830. After 60 mi, che removal rates wore more then 97% in both modes. From the perspective of en ‘ergy consumption, the PC mode consumed 54.886 less power than the DDC mode i enteies 3-8, afer 35 min, the removal effet oF Sbrander the PC mode was also better than that under the DC mide. Thus, the gop Dericen the cessation of electricity was conducive to loc dispersion In contrast, floes were generated extremely fst, accumulated on the plate surface, nd then sunk under the DC mode, resulting in inseient dliffsion in the solution, The FeAl combined electrode obtained the highest removal efficiency of Sb under the PC mode. Thus, subsequent ‘experiments wete conducted using the FeAl electrode under the PC rode 1.2, Distance berveen electrodes ‘The infiuence of the distance between the electrades on Sb removal ‘was studied. This expetiment was conducted using the distance berween, 10, 20, and 30 mum electrodes. The results showed thatthe removal rate ‘of Sb decrease from 92.5% 10 83.5% with the Ineresse in electrode distance from 10 10:30 mim, Under the constane voltage, a smaller plate distance led to a higher effective current. Then it accelerates the pro: ‘duction of ferrous ions, and more floes ate formed, improving the removal efficiency. However, an extremely stall distance wil affect the liquid flow forthe blockage of foes, This condition will inerease power consumption due to the anode passivation and uneven distribution of ‘electric fields (20). When the distance was 20 mm, the removal rate of ‘Sh reached 88.5%, whicl was slightly lower than that at 10 mm but higher than thar a¢30 mu. Thus, the 20 mun electrode distance was used to study the other parameters 1.3 uty ratio ane current frequency ‘The duty ratio showed a significant effect on the removal rate of Sb ‘low duty ratio refers 18 sill proportion of the electifieation time in ‘Leyele, leading 10a lmited number of ron ions fromthe electrode plate, “The opposite result was valid at a high duty ratio. As shown in ig. 28, ‘wilh the inerease of the duty eyele (20-40%), more fertous fons were ‘Table 1 Results of Sb vemovals wit ferent cutent modes and electrode meals Toy Beso Dey Removal ae (6) (Anode cathode) (4) fll ll 2 real eo SRLS PA 6 Abe * 37 > eal 100 82 Bee Reaction coudions constant walage 15 ¥, plate spacing 30 ai, Hequency 1000 He, inn conenttaton of Sb 20.2 nig/ an pt ~ 3 ora of War Pres gain #7 (2022) 18749 100 100 @ iva o) . a Eo jf = i : zo : i E & & zm B70 i | Zo Zo % 50 20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1000 Duty ratio (%) Frequency (H2) Fig. 2, fer of day aio 4) an earent equ (Don antimony removals produced ts, the les in the solution inereased, ad the removal rate of antimony improved. However, it is strange thatthe removal rate of| fntimony under the day eyele af 50-70% was lower than tha of a0%. We tried to explain this phenomenon by the theory of concentration Polarization (25), but she removal rate increased again when the duty ‘yele inereased further. I may be that the diferent dy eyeles ae the floe strctite and this affect the removal effect of antimony. Further research Is needed on this issue, A duty eyele of 40% was adopted in subsequent experiments beeause a higher duty cycle will bring greater eer constmption, The frequency isthe reciprocal of the pulses single operating period, Asthe duty eycleis constant, the actual power time's the same ina given UUme. Fig. 2 showed the removal effiency of Sb versus the pulse fie ‘quency inthe PEC process. n the pulse frequency range of 200-400 Hz, the removal efficiency of Sb inereased with the Increase of pulse fre ‘quency and reached the highest point (91.59%) ata pulse frequency of 400 Hz. This may be because the higher frequency reduces the con- centration polarization (20,27), However, when the frequency continued to increase to 1000 Hz, the removal rate fist decreased and then Increased, which we sil could not explain. High pulse frequency means that the power supply switches frequently. 1c may affect the system's stability. Therefore, the optimal frequency is 400 Hz Antimony removal rate (%) Current density(mA em?) Inia pH Fig. 3. Antimony removal rite and average eurent at dierent inal ptt of the slain,S14 Initial pit ‘The inital pH decermines the nature of pollutants and the type of iron hydroxide formed in bulk solutions. Fig. 3 shows the removal of Sb ‘different intial pH inthe range of 2-11. The removal rate of Sb was 97% when the inital pH was between ‘3 and 5, Neither higher nor lower initial pH can be used to obtain a better removal effect. The removal rat of Sb significantly decreased with the inctease inthe initia PH. The removal rate of Sb dropped to 51.39% when the initial pH was 1. This change in trend veas similar tothe observations of Song. [28 However, several researchers believed that «igh pH has minigal in flyeace on the removal of trivalent Sb because Sb(OH), mainly exists ia solutions within & broad pH range of 3-10 (29,50). We hypothesized "har the variable oxidation and reduetion environment led to more than ‘one form of Sb under PEC. Additionally, Sb was removed by iron los, ‘an the Fe(OH) derived from the electro floceulation process acceler ‘ated contaminant particle coagulation wider acidic conditions; the alkaline solution was beneficial 1o generating Fe(OH), , which has a poor capability remove contaminants (1,2). Our farure research will foes on this topic Additionally, the current density rose from 8 10 9.9 ma/em? as the Inia pt of the solution increased fom 2 0 11, Under the conltion of ‘unchanging contact area the increase in current density also leads to Increase in energy eonsuniption, which means that acidic conditions Improve energy saving. Overall the optinuum operating conditions were termined by 93.5% removal of Sb at the duty ratio of 40%, frequency ‘of 400 Hz, initial pH equal to 4, 20 mm distance between Fe—Al elec trodes, and operation tint of 30 mi 3.2. Analysis of floc structure Recording of the floc growth isa recommended method 10 under: standing the structural changes in floes. Micrographs were obtained at 17,000% muagnifiation every minute under the abovementioned ‘optimal reaction conditions. The formation process of flocs can be divided into three specific periods using dozens of repeated experiments: (flo formation (0-17 ni), (H) Aloe Auetuation (18-22 mi), and (It) @® I 0 Mm Foe diameter) 7 a m, © Tine (ie « “ ee tb i ee Jour of Water Proce Bgiering 7 (2022 102799 foc reaggregation (23-80 min) (Pig. 4a). Fig. 4d shows the typical features in these three periods, A numberof sual floes seatered at 9 tin, large le particles formed at 15 min, fragiuentation occurred at 18 min, and dense floes were stable at 30 mi ig, 4 shows the change in the average particle sie of flocs. The value continuously inereased from D to 9.2 ym in the frst 18 min {hough the period of floe formation. It decreased from 3.2 t0 2.5 pn dling oc fictuation and then increased to about 6.0 ya at the en. Fig. 4 displays the removal rat af Sb. As the reaction time progressed, the removal rate of Sb continously inereased and tensained at about 187-996 after 25 min, However, two distinet drops on the removal rate curve were observed at 5 and 18 min, The firs drop might have been «used by the fafly mierflecs and weak adsorption eapaeity. The sec ‘ond drop niight have been due to the unstable and interaly eracked foes (Fg. , and Sb re-enters the bul solution, ‘The fractal dimension of floes during the PEC was ealeulated to further ceveal the structural characteristics of flocs (Vig. sb). At the ital stage, this value rapidly ineveased, indicating tt more regulae and dense floes were formed (Pig. 4€). Tis finding was consistent with the increase inthe removal rate. However, the fractal dimension and Sb removal significantly decreased during foc Auetwation. Finally, the value reached 1.8, indicating that the floes were tightly structured, and the removal rateof Sb was also the highest. Although the removal rte of| Sh significantly improved after che optimization of experimental pa rameters, stil cold not emiove Sb enticely. Therefore, we attempted ‘o further improve the removal rate of Sb by enhancing the locculant structure with « coagulant. The floc was collected, dried, and weighed after the reaction. The results showed tha the amonnt of solid waste genetated by treating the ‘unit mass of wastewater is about Sl EDX spectrogram of floc (ig, $1) detected the presence of Sb element, confirming that Sb was renuoved by precipitate, The los contained the phase characteristics of ‘PAPeO(OH)} and NaCl by XRD analysis (lg. $2). 30 min 18 min Fig. 4. Fle cette and the removal of Sb under PEC. (a) Fle diane, (eat dimension, 6) dhe removal ste, and 6) mierograph of the No3. Combination with pulse electrocongulation and a coagulant 3.8.1. Coagulant addition strategy The removal rte of Sb deerensed at Sand 18 min (eurve 1 in Fig. 5) Henee, a small amount of PAC was added to enhance the floe strength ‘and Sb removal capability. The coagulant concentrations were 0.3, 0.5, ‘and 0.9 mg/L, and the removal effet was investigated. The results ‘showed thatthe removal rate of Sb greatly improved after the fist PAG. ‘addition. At15 min, the removal rate reached 89.0% tinder the addition ‘of 0.5 mg/L PAC (eseve 4 in ig. 9}, 96.99 a1 0.6 mg/L adaition curve S| In Fig. 5), and 95.7% a€ 0.9 mg/L addition of PAC (eurve 6 in Fig. °) Honever, asthe floc entered the period of Mutuation, all the removal rates decreased again. Thus, PAC was added fr the second me, nd the removal rate evidently improved (curves 5-8 in Fig. 5). The optimal ‘cangilant addition strategy was determined as 0.6 mg/L in S min and (03 mg/L in 18 min, considering the pollutant removal effect and PAC dosage, and the removal effect was 99.9%. Therefore, adding PAC can Improve the structre of foes and enhance removal efficiency. Such inorganic polymer material has considerable liner length, enabling particles to gather by adsorption bridge between colloidal particles with ‘each other, rerepair, and form larger oes, According tothe observation fof fle size and fractal dimension caleulation after PAC addition in Fig. $3, the fetal dimension of Noes reached more than 1.9, and thelr average diameter reached 8.91 ymin 30 min, which was higher dan the value obtained without PAG (6.04 ym). Additionally, the internal ‘damage in floes ed been repaired, as shown using an SEM diagram of floc structure under the combination of PEC and PAC (Fig. $4), Wang tal. also reported that PAC facilitates floe regrowth after secondary Dreakage (18) 88.2, Study of floe strength ‘The effets of stirring intensity on Sb removal and floc stability were Investigate. Inthe initial stage, mechanical ngitation was used to pro: ‘ide a stirring foree of 60 rpm to simulate the external shear force ofthe uid. The removal rate showed no significant change at this low in tensity curves 1 and 2 and 4 and 9 in ig. 0), After the second adcion ‘of PAG, the mixing rate was adjusted. The removal rates decreased ftom. '88.5% 10 70.39% and 85.4% t0 67.8% at the speed of 300 (curve 4) and ‘Antimony removal rate (%) 1 20s ‘Time (min) ig. 5. Plot of the renova sates by PEC with a coagulant as function of tine (curve blank gioup, 0 mg/L PAC; carve 20.6 mg/l. PAC ia the Bh mi; ‘uve 3: 0.3 mg/L PAC inthe elghteeath min; euve 40.3 mg/L PAC in the Rh ‘nin and eighteenth mln; uve 5: 0.6 mg/L PAC inthe Ri nln and eighteenth, ‘i curve 6 0.9 aug. PAC Inthe fifth mia and elgteenth min curve 7:06 g/t PAC ia the fith nin and 0°3 mg/L. PAC inthe eighteenth min uve 8: (0.6 mgt PAC in theft min sd 0.9 g/L PAC i the eighenth ora of War Pres gain #7 (2022) 18749 Antimony removal rate (%) 5 1 15 200 2530 ‘Time (min) Fig. 6. fet of sting intensy on annoy removal (cute 1: PEC-+ PAC, no sting curve 2 PEC + PAC + agitation (200 1pm); curve 3: PEC + agitation (200 rpm; curve 4: PEC + PAC + agitation (300 rpm); curve S: PEC + PAC + gation (400 rpm. 400 rpm (curve 5), respectively. This finding indicares that agitation affected the flocculation process, and the low removal rate was caused by floc damage and vas beyond repait. At 200 rpm, the removal rate Increased from 90.456 to 94.6% (curve 2). However, floes exhibited external daniage de tothe influence of hydrsuli shear force. Notably, the floes were quickly repaired after the addition of PAC (Fig. $5). ‘Therefore, te maximum allowable speed inthe reaction was 200 rpm ‘The average partee size (8.28 pm) ln 80 min was shorter than he vale (891 ym) without agitation, and this result nay explain why’ the removal rate of Sb was slightly lower than chat of the lier. Furthermore, the size of floes during stable aggregation (11-14 and, 27-30 min) under PEC and PEC + PAC + agitation (200 rpm) were calculate, and the values of strength and recovery factors were compared. A higher intensity factor represents an enhanced floc strength, and a higher recovery factor denotes the resilience of the destroyed flocs, The particle size before crushing at 18 min (4) was defined, thats, 3.80 and 4.77 ym under PEC and PEC 4 PAC conditions, respectively, to obtain the values of the above paraters. The particle slaes after erushing at 20 min (4) were 2.46 and 3.39 pn. Then, all the particle sizes ac diferent times during the stable aggregation were recorded. Finally, the strength and recovery factors were calculated using Formulas (2) and (9), respectively, The results shoved that the strength factor increased with the growth of Noes, representing a high seruetiral stength. As shown in the above experiments, fragmentation dceurred daring floe Auctuation, which reduced the intensity factor from 2.12 0 1.28 and 1.79 a 1.94 for PEC and PEC + PAC, respectively AC 30 min, che strength fetor was 1.99 for PEC, whieh was lowe than that with the addition of PAC. Thus, the addition of PAC increased the strength of floes. Additionally, the recovery factor significantly increased under agitation, indicating that floes can be repaired and polymerized again after being damaged. According to the shear force formula calculation, the value of the oceulant after the fist adéicion was 1.18, ad the value Was 1.07 after the second addltion, A low value ‘means thatthe reunited floes were stable [25]. This parameter proves thatthe addition of PAC improved the floe stabil 8.4, Treatment of dete wastewater Table St lists the actual dyeing wastewater quality. The typical pa rameters are COD, pH, and Sb concentration values of 1250, 1, aad 2.1 g/L respectively. After 30 min, the removal rate of Sb reseed 48.3%‘under the single nédition of PEC. In contrast, the removal rate reached 198.5% at 18 min and 98.19 at 30 min when PAC was added. Under the sear free of agitation (200 rpm), the removal ate can stil each 97.59% ‘8 30 min. Fig, $6 shows that che initial dyeing wastewater was dark ‘green, the solution's transparency improved, and the turbidity signif ‘cantly decreased with the reactions. Additionally, the COD of the treated solution was 230 mig/L, and the pti was 7.3, whieh met the discharge standards, Hence, the combination of PEC with PAC is an excellent ‘process to treat dyeing wastewater containing Sb 4. Conclusions Inthis study, PEG was applied ro treat wastewater containing Sb. The highest removal effcieney was 93.596 under optintum operating eon- ditions: duty ratio, 40%; frequency, 400 Hz; inital pH, 4, the distance Detwcen Fe—Al electrodes, 20 mm; operation time, 30 mia. Inspired by the structural changes in the los during their growth, « coagulant (PAC) was aeded 10 maximize the ascension of floes. The optimal ‘congilant addition strategy was 0.6 mg/L. a5 ain a 0.8 mg/L at 18 ‘min, and the removal effect reached 99.9%, This paper has demon: ‘trated that PAC could promote the repair of floc daniage during floc Auctuation. Mare stable los were reconstituted to elevate the removal ‘of Sb. Adklitionally, the combination of PEC and PAC was used to teat the acta dyeing wastewater sample, and the results showed a good removal effect. Under the shear force of agitation, the removal rate can sil each 97-59%, This work provides an innovative method for applying ‘Sb removal from wastewater by combining PEC and a coagulant. Declaration of competing interest ‘The authors declare that they have no known competing financial Ierests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgments ‘The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019¥Fc0408400, the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang, Prov ince (¥218060027), and the Seience and Technology Innovation Pro: gra of College Students in Zhejiang Province (2021R409019), Appendix A. 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