CARE FOR HEALTH

• aims to give knowledge on medical-related fields and extend health

services needed in the community. It includes medical services like
first-aid operation, vaccination, information dissemination, basic
lifesaving seminars, heath/ nutrition technical assistance and
training of youth to be first aid assistants.
First Aid
• is the first and immediate assistance given to any person suffering
from either a minor or serious illness or injury, with care provided to
preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote
recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to
professional medical help being available, such as performing
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for an
ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions,
such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed
by someone with basic medical training. Mental health first aid is an
extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health, while
psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are
at risk for developing PTSD. Conflict First Aid, focused on
preservation and recovery of an individual's social or relationship
well-being, is being piloted in Canada.
Priorities in First Aid
Protocols such as ATLS, BATLS, SAFE-POINT are based on the principle of
defining the priorities and the procedure where the correct execution of the
individual steps achieves the required objective of saving human life. Basic points
of these protocols include:
• Catastrophic bleeding (massive external bleeding)
• Airway (clearing airways)
• Breathing (ensuring respiration)
• Circulation (internal bleeding)
• Disability (neurological condition)
• Environment (overall examination, environment)
A major benefit of these protocols is that they require minimum resources, time and
skills with a great degree of success in saving lives under conditions unfavourable
for applying first aid.
Common First Aid Kit
Training Principles of First Aid
• Basic principles, such as knowing the use of adhesive bandage or applying direct
pressure on a bleed, are often acquired passively through life experiences.
However, to provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires instruction
and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal
illnesses and injuries, such as those that require CPR; these procedures may be
invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. As with
any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, and in many
countries, emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions
over the phone while the ambulance is on the way.
• Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to
certification. Due to regular changes in procedures and protocols, based on
updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular refresher
courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often available
through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John
Ambulance, or through commercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This
commercial training is most common for training of employees to perform first aid
in their workplace. Many community organizations also provide a commercial
service, which complements their community programmes.
Training Principles of First Aid
• 1.Junior level certificate or Basic Life Support
• 2.Senior level certificate
• 3.Special certificate
Types of First Aid which Require Training
There are several types of first aid (and first aider) that require
specific additional training. These are usually undertaken to fulfill the
demands of the work or activity undertaken.
• Aquatic/Marine first aid is usually practiced by professionals such
as lifeguards, professional mariners or in diver rescue, and covers
the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue
or delayed MedEvac.
• Battlefield first aid takes into account the specific needs of treating
wounded combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict.
• Conflict First Aid focuses on support for stability and recovery of
personal, social, group or system well-being and to address
circumstantial safety needs.
Types of First Aid which Require Training
• Hyperbaric first aid may be practiced by underwater diving
professionals, who need to treat conditions such as decompression
sickness.
• Oxygen first aid is the providing of oxygen to casualties who suffer from
conditions resulting in hypoxia. It is also a standard first aid procedure for
underwater diving incidents where gas bubble formation in the tissues is
possible.
• Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where
the arrival of emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured
person may be delayed due to constraints of terrain, weather, and
available persons or equipment. It may be necessary to care for an injured
person for several hours or days.
• Mental health first aid is taught independently of physical first aid. How
to support someone experiencing a mental health problem or in a crisis
situation. Also how to identify the first signs of someone developing
mental ill health and guide people towards appropriate help.
Vaccination
• is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity
from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or
killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's
adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a
sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity
results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and
cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The
effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is
the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity
due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox
and the elimination of diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world.
However, some diseases, such as measles outbreaks in America, have seen
rising cases due to relatively low vaccination rates in the 2010s – attributed, in
part, to vaccine hesitancy.
• Vaccination and immunization have a similar meaning in everyday language. This
is distinct from inoculation, which uses unweakened live pathogens. Vaccination
efforts have been met with some reluctance on scientific, ethical, political, medical
safety, and religious grounds, although no major religions oppose vaccination,
and some consider it an obligation due to the potential to save lives.
Mechanism of Function
• Vaccines are a way of artificially activating the immune system to protect
against infectious disease. The activation occurs through priming the
immune system with an immunogen. Stimulating immune responses with
an infectious agent is known as immunization. Vaccination includes
various ways of administering immunogens.
• Most vaccines are administered before a patient has contracted a disease
to help increase future protection. However, some vaccines are
administered after the patient already has contracted a disease. Vaccines
given after exposure to smallpox are reported to offer some protection
from disease or may reduce the severity of disease. The first rabies
immunization was given by Louis Pasteur to a child after he was bitten by
a rabid dog. Since its discovery, the rabies vaccine has been proven
effective in preventing rabies in humans when administered several times
over 14 days along with rabies immune globulin and wound care. Other
examples include experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease
vaccines. Such immunizations aim to trigger an immune response more
rapidly and with less harm than natural infection.
Mechanism of Function
• Most vaccines are given by injection as they are not absorbed reliably
through the intestines. Live attenuated polio, rotavirus, some typhoid, and
some cholera vaccines are given orally to produce immunity in the bowel.
While vaccination provides a lasting effect, it usually takes several weeks
to develop. This differs from passive immunity (the transfer of antibodies,
such as in breastfeeding), which has immediate effect.
• A vaccine failure is when an organism contracts a disease in spite of
being vaccinated against it. Primary vaccine failure occurs when an
organism's immune system does not produce antibodies when first
vaccinated. Vaccines can fail when several series are given and fail to
produce an immune response. The term "vaccine failure" does not
necessarily imply that the vaccine is defective. Most vaccine failures are
simply from individual variations in immune response.
Vaccination versus Inoculation
• The term "inoculation" is often used interchangeably with
"vaccination." However, while related, the terms are not
synonymous. Vaccination is treatment of an individual with an
attenuated (i.e. less virulent) pathogen or other immunogen,
whereas inoculation, also called variolation in the context of
smallpox prophylaxis, is treatment with unattenuated variola virus
taken from a pustule or scab of a smallpox sufferer into the
superficial layers of the skin, commonly the upper arm. Variolation
was often done 'arm-to-arm' or, less effectively, 'scab-to-arm', and
often caused the patient to become infected with smallpox, which in
some cases resulted in severe disease.[28][29]
• Vaccinations began in the late 18th century with the work of Edward
Jenner and the smallpox vaccine.
Preventing Disease vs Preventing Infection
• Some vaccines, like the smallpox vaccine, prevent infection. Their
use results in sterilizing immunity and can help eradicate a disease
if there is no animal reserve. Other vaccines help to (temporarily)
lower the chance of severe disease for individuals.
SAFETY. Vaccine Development and Approval
• Just like any medication or procedure, no vaccine can be 100% safe or effective
for everyone because each person's body can react differently. While minor side
effects, such as soreness or low grade fever, are relatively common, serious side
effects are very rare and occur in about 1 out of every 100,000 vaccinations and
typically involve allergic reactions that can cause hives or difficulty breathing.
However, vaccines are the safest they ever have been in history and each
vaccine undergoes rigorous clinical trials to ensure their safety and efficacy
before approval by authorities such as the US FDA.
• Prior to human testing, vaccines are tested on cell cultures and the results
modelled to assess how they will interact with the immune system. During the
next round of testing, researchers study vaccines in animals, including mice,
rabbits, guinea pigs, and monkeys. Vaccines that pass each of these stages of
testing are then approved by the public health safety authority (FDA in the United
States) to start a three-phase series of human testing, advancing to higher
phases only if they are deemed safe and effective at the previous phase. The
people in these trials participate voluntarily and are required to prove they
understand the purpose of the study and the potential risks.
SAFETY. Vaccine Development and Approval
• During phase I trials, a vaccine is tested in a group of about 20 people
with the primary goal of assessing the vaccine's safety. Phase II trials
expand the testing to include 50 to several hundred people. During this
stage, the vaccine's safety continues to be evaluated and researchers
also gather data on the effectiveness and the ideal dose of the
vaccine.[36] Vaccines determined to be safe and efficacious then advance
to phase III trials, which focuses on the efficacy of the vaccine in hundreds
to thousands of volunteers. This phase can take several years to
complete and researchers use this opportunity to compare the vaccinated
volunteers to those who have not been vaccinated to highlight any true
reactions to the vaccine that occur.
• If a vaccine passes all of the phases of testing, the manufacturer can then
apply for license of the vaccine through the FDA. Before the FDA
approves use in the general public, they extensively review the results to
the clinical trials, safety tests, purity tests, and manufacturing methods
and establish that the manufacturer itself is up to government standards in
many other areas. However, safety testing of the vaccines never ends.
SAFETY. Vaccine Development and Approval
• After FDA approval, the FDA continues to monitor the
manufacturing protocols, batch purity, and the manufacturing facility
itself. Additionally, most vaccines also undergo phase IV trials,
which monitors the safety and efficacy of vaccines in tens of
thousands of people, or more, across many years. This allows for
delayed or very rare reactions to be detected and evaluated.
SAFETY. Side Effects
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has compiled
a list of vaccines and their possible side effects. The risk of side
effects varies from one vaccine to the next, but below are examples
of side effects and their approximate rate of occurrence with the
diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine, a
common childhood vaccine.
Mild side effects (common)
• Mild fever (1 in 4)
• Redness, soreness, swelling at the injection site (1 in 4)
• Fatigue, poor appetite (1 in 10)
• Vomiting (1 in 50)
SAFETY. Side Effects
Moderate side effects (uncommon)
• Seizure (1 in 14,000)
• High fever (over 105 °F) (1 in 16,000)

Severe side effects (rare)

• Serious allergic reaction (1 in 1,000,000)
• Other severe problems including long-term seizure, coma, brain
damage have been reported, but are so rare that it is not possible to
tell if they are from the vaccine or not.
SAFETY. Side Effects
• Certain vaccines have had adverse outcomes identified after being used in mass
vaccination programs:
• In 1976 in the United States, a mass a swine flu vaccination programme was
discontinued after 362 cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome among 45 million
vaccinated people. William Foege of the CDC estimated that the incidence of
Guillain-Barré was four times higher in vaccinated people than in those not
receiving the swine flu vaccine.
• Dengvaxia, the only approved vaccine for Dengue fever, was found to increase
the risk of hospitalization for Dengue fever by 1.58 times in children of 9 years or
younger, resulting in the suspension of a mass vaccination program in the
Philippines in 2017.
• Pandemrix – a vaccine for the H1N1 pandemic of 2009 given to around 31 million
people – was found to have a higher level of adverse events than alternative
vaccines resulting in legal action. In a response to the narcolepsy reports
following immunization with Pandemrix, the CDC carried out a population-based
study and found the FDA-approved 2009 H1N1 flu shots were not associated with
an increased risk for the neurological disorder.
THAT’S ALL!
THANK YOU!