Ravindra Kamat Arch. (Hons.), Indian Institute, of Technology, Kharagpur, India

URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: GOA, INDIA
by
Ravindra Kamat
B. Arch. (Hons.), Indian Institute,of Technology, Kharagpur, India
1973
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Master of Architecture in Advanced Studies
at the
Massachuset ts Institute of Technology
Juhe, 1976
Signature of Author.......... ..
Department of Architecture, May 7, 1976
Certified by...................
A Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by .............................. '..~.. .............- . --

------.--..--.
Chairman', Department Committee on Graduate Students
Rotch
A 16 19761
UG
E 0R A R196
URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: GOA, INDIA
Case Studies, Urbanization Model
RAVINDRA KAMAT
Education/Research Program: URBAN SETTLEMENT DESIGN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, School of Architecture and Planning,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 1976.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I gratefully acknowledge the guidance and kind support

of Professor Horacio Caminos during the two years of
the study. I am also indebted to: Reinhard Goethert
for his critique and assistance during the same period;
members of the classes of 1974-76 and 1975-77 in the
Urban Settlement Design in Developing Countries Program
at the school of Architecture and Planning, M.I.T., for
their comments.
I also wish to acknowledge the information and general

support from: Town and Country Planning Department,
Goa; Bureau of Economics, Statistics and Evaluation,
Goa; Directorate of Census Operations, Panaji, Goa.
Finally, I am indebted to Dilip Dalvi for his invalu-

able assistance in conducting the field surveys during
the summer of 1975 and securing invaluable information
without which this study could not have been completed;
and to my parents, "K, - .lun C1
e' rr
for their moral support.
Ravindra Kamat
Education/Research Program:
URBAN SETTLEMENT DESIGN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
School of Architecture and Planning, M.I.T.
COPYRIGHT 1976, Urban Settlement Design in

in Developing Countries, M.I.T.
All rights reserved; no section of this work
may be reproduced by any means without
the written permission from the author.
CONTENTS ( 1 )
CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
INTRODUCTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- 3
URBAN CONTEXT 4
CASE STUDIES .8
1. Baina . . S . . . . . .10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. Padribhatt
. . . . . . . . 26
3. Sadda . .
4. Fontainhas . . . . . . 34
5. Panaji . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
ANALYSIS/EVALUATION
Physical Data Matrix . . . . . . . . . . 54
Community Facilities,
Utilities/Services Matrix . . . . . . . . 56
Time/Process Perspective . . . . . . . . 58
Land Utilization:
Patterns, Percentages And Densities . . . 60
URBANIZATION MODEL
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Basic Project Data . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Site Context Land Use . . . . . . . . . . 64
Site Context Circulation . . . . . . . . 65
Basic Planning Projections . . . . . . . 66
Planning Policies/Goals . . . . . . . . . 69
The Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Circulation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Land Use Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Development Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Blocks, Lots, Lot clusters . . . . . . . 78
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
BIBLIOGRAPHY/ABBREVIATIONS/EQUIVALENTS. . 84
( 2 ) URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
PREFACE
CONTENT: This research identifies, analyzes and eva- PURPOSE: This study attempts: a) to identify and
luates different dwelling/land situations existing at describe a representative cross-section of housing
the present time in Goa, India. The focus of the systems in urban areas of Goa, illustrating the phy-
study is on 5 selected situations, characterized by sical and socio-economic environment; b) to organize
user income groups, their physical environments and case studies into a comparative framework to facili-
percentages of urban population housed by them. The tate analysis/evaluations; c) to relate the housing
following is included: a brief " introduction " of process to issues of land utilization.
the urbanization process in Goa; a description of
Goa's "urban context"; five "case studies" which deal
with lower income housing situations; and "dwelling/ APPLICATION: This study provides: a) a reference
land evaluations" on the time/process perspectives, for the understanding of the housing environment/
physical aspects, utilities and services, land utili- situation of urban areas, particularly Goa, India;
zation and layout efficiency of the cases presented. b) a model for the identification of dwelling sub-
Each case is represented at 4 scales: 1) a locality systems in any urban context; c) a reference for
containing that particular case of dwelling/land policy decisions relating to housing programs;
system; 2) a selected segment within the locality; d) a reference for the formulation of urban land
3) a selected block within the locality segment and policies in the context of rapid urbanization and its
4) a typical dwelling unit, in similar terms: consequences.
DRAWINGS: dwelling plan, elevation and section;
DESCRIPTIVE DATA: socio-economic and physical; and
PHOTOGRAPHS: dwelling and environment. The cases pro- DATA: This research is based on the field surveys
vide firsthand material with which to identify basic in Goa, carried out by the author during the summer
patterns in different aspects of the housing process, of 1975, complemented by maps and mentioned biblio-
particularly in the matter of land utilization. graphic material. The surveys included the physical
and socio-economic aspects of selected urban dwelling
A land utilization model is developed, based on the environments in Goa. The analysis and evaluations
comparative analysis of these dwelling/land situations were carried out in the Urban Settlement Design
and a set of comprehensive planning projections, to Program, School of Architecture and Planning, M.I.T.,
provide for the urbanization in a process most adapt- during the academic years 1974-75 and 1975-76. The
able to change in order to accommodate the future case study analysis is based on a methodology deve-
urban growth in a most comprehensive manner. loped in the Urban Settlement Design Program, M.I.T.
INTRODUCTION ( 3 )
INTRODUCTION
Post-liberation economic development (since 1962) in This study of lower income dwelling environments con-
Goa is marked with changes in economic and social centrates on Goa as a case study. It is presented in
values; primarily, in patterns of land utilization, two sections: 1) Case study analysis in Goa's urban
household priorities and even interpersonal relation- context
ships. Concomitantly, the influx of population from 2) Urbanization model
poorer regions, aside from its socio-economic In the first section, a clearer differentiation of the
impact, has strained the regional resources. As a main components of urban settlements, namely, urban
result, urban settlements have witnessed tremendous land, urban utilities, community facilities and shel-
changes in their structure, function and in the over- ter is attempted and the various aspects of these
all environment during this period. Poverty, social settlement components are analysed in isolation to
disintegration and urban sprawl are some of the understand their characteristics and relationships
obvious detrimental changes. These problems call for with various user income group manifestations/living
reassessment of the conventional approaches, parti- patterns. An emphasis is placed on the issues of land
cularly in the development of urban settlements. utilization with a view to relate the housing process
in Goa. The existing dwelling/land situations have
The basic weakness in the conventional Government been further evaluated in an attempt to relate them
approach in the characteristic Goanese situation is to their originating models and to see them in a
the exclusive focus on Government financing for upper broader time/process perspective, recognizing their
class Government employees. The bleak facts of popula- value as source of information or reference in formu-
tion increase, resource scarcity and of the low levels lating comprehensive urban land policies and housing
of personal incomes render this approach hopelessly programs.
inadequate in face of the urban deterioration. In the second section, an urbanization model is developed
Given the resource position and the facts of popula- based on analysis of the case studies and a set of
tion increase, physical planning has a critical role basic planning projections of relevance. It ismore
to play. Economic and social forces at work in shap- properly, a study for the development of a selected
ing the residential pattern have to be further evaluat- site. The proposal focuses on site development in
ed; and physical planning has to turn these forces to terms of physical layout and land subdivision; and
its advantage. Thus, there emerges a clear need for an provides a set/framework of related aspects/determi-
accurate appraisal of existing dwelling environments nants for comprehensive discussion/evaluation/policy
of lower income groups. recommendation.
GOA150 N - 400,000
NORTH - 300,000
URBAN CONTEXT
- 200.000
1. PRIMARY INFORMATION: Goa, with an up to a great extent and the potential of

WIND
area of 3701 km 2, is a hilly terrain, loca- economic goods has been augmented, besides
- 100.000
ted on the west coast of India, between the providing many social amenities. In 1968,
Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, latitude the annual per capita income was estimated
15* North and longitude 74* East. The ter- at U.S. $90 and the rate of economic growth, - 50,000
rain is intersected by a number of rivers, at 10% p.a. Primary sectors of economy con-
25,000
flowing westwards, which provide a network sist of agriculture, forestry and animal TEMPE RATURE
of internal waterways. The physiographic husbandry contributing 36.5% of regional 45C
SUMMER MONSOON WINTER
characteristics of the area are rich and income; mining and quarrying, construction 37C 1 0
varied consisting of verdant hills,forests, and electricity, constituting secondary sec- 21C 1500 1700 1900 1970 100D
coconut grooves and rice fields. Situated in tor of the economy account for 25%; Tertiary DC URBAN POPULATION GROWTH
sector consisting of trade, transport, bank- 18C horizontal: dates vertical: population
the Tropical Monsoon zone, it experiences
Source: Accurate
heavy rainfall with annual average of more ing, insurance and other services account
than 3000mm, concentrated over a period from for 38.5%. HUM I0DITY
June to September, often accompanied by 100%
__ 90
4. GOVERNMENT: Goa has a status of 75%,
lightning storms. Recognized seasons are:
50% 80
Summer (March to May), Monsoon (June to centrally administered Union territory in
2 5%
October) and Winter (November to February). the constitutional framework of the Indian 70
Union. It is governed by the President, sub- 0%,
Concomitant with rainfall is extremely high 60
humidity of 80% which persists throughout. ject to the legislation by Parliament,
RA IN
High winds are unknown and temperature range through an administrator/Governor, appointed 50
40 00mm
is slight, although its effects are heighten- by him. The effective executive power is, 40
3000mm
ed by presence of humidity. however, exercised by a council of Ministers 200 0mm
30
headed by Chief Minister and responsible to 1000mm
2. HISTORY: The history of Goa is lost Legislative Assembly with political party- nmm 20
in hoary antiquity, spanning over 5000 years, -based representatives elected directly from
10
as references to the land occur in Hindu territorial constituences. Local self-govern- SNO W
mythological epics like Ramayan and Maha- ment consists of Municipality whose authori- 4100mm
25% 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25%
bharat. Stategically situated on the western ty over urban development is limited to scru- 10mm M F
coast of India, Goa was coveted by the tinizing the building permission cases within 2100mm URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
horizontal: percentages vertical: ages
Imperial Powers of olden times and no wonder, its jurisdiction. The Town & Country Planning 10 Smm males: M females: F
it has experienced many vicissitudes of war, Department established in 1964, is responsi- 0mm Source: Accurate
M A MJ J A SON DJ F M
conquest and plunder. Thus, it came under ble for scrutinizing sub-division and layout
the successive sway of various dynasties cases. Public Works Department looks after 25000
like the Kadambas, the Silaharas, the Vijay- public construction and urban services.
10000
nagar Kings, the Muslims and finally, the
Colonial rule of the Portuguese, after which
5. DEMOGRAPHY: Since the liberation, 5000
in 1961, it was integrated into the Indian expansion in Government employment, opening
Union. Goa is now a center of rapid industri- of a large number of educational institu- I
alization and urbanization. tions and a corresponding expansion in the 1000
secondary and tertiary sectors of economy,
SUN 500
3. ECONOMY: The Colonial rule had almost resulted in immigration of population, espe-
completely stagnated the growth of local cially of unskilled labor. The estimated
industry by flooding the local markets with urban population of Goa as per 1971 Census, 250
heavy imports of consumer goods, thus badly is 203,243 which is 25.56% of the total po-
dampening the local initiative. Soon after pulation, with a decennial (1961-71) growth NORTH
the liberation of Goa, a phase of planned
0
rate of 132.73%. The influx of population
50% 40 30 20 10 0
economic development was, for the first time, is a singularly important factor attribut-
introduced. The production process, whether URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION
ing to a higher growth rate. The age group
horizontal: percentages vertical: dollars
in agriculture or industry, has been stepped of 15-36 years constitutes 33.6% of the Source: Approximate
URBAN CONTEXT: GOA ( 5)
ARABIAN SEA
KEY
A Airport
Primary Road AREAS

0 BAINA
I Rail Road
PADRIBHATT-CHIMBEL RESINTIAL
------------- Rapid Transit COMMERCIAL
O 0SADDA
0
Built-up Area SADDA W INDUSTRIAL
0 FONTAINHAS
0 5 10 1 5Km 0 5 10 15Km
PANAJI
1:250000 1:250000
URBAN TOPOGRAPHY AND CIRCULATION URBAN LAND USE PATTERN
urban population vis-a-vis the working po- land. The consequence of this has been more Altinho area and Porvorim plateau. areas has resulted in subletting of rooms
pulation which forms 32%. or less stable conditions, although economic and consequent overcrowding. Recently found-
disparities do exist. The very low and low ed Goa,Daman & Diu Housing Board has under-
8. HOUSING: A large part of the very low
income sectors are concentrated in Mormugao, taken a few low income public housing
6. SOCIO-CULTURAL: Diversity of ethnic income population of urban Goa lives in
with some in scattered pockets of squatter projects; most of these have very poor
origins and groups, not tied to income dwellings classified as sub-standard or un-
aettlements in and around Panaji, Mapusa and layout efficiency which increases the cost
structure is characteristic of this place fit for human habitation. Most of these are
Margao. Of the total population, only about of development. Besides, the only housing
and is evident from the diversity in living self-built dwellinc units in squatter settle-
7% earn more than U.S. $2400 p.a., whereas option provided consists, mainly, of com-
pattern, social customs, festivities etc. ments. The rest are of traditional types
people earing between U.S. $1000 p.a. and pleted dwelling units in the form of walk-
Each of these groups has its own hierarchy with none or very limited provision of basic
$2000 p.a. are 12%. Average annual income of -ups or row houses/rooms. This conventional
of defined social strata. There exists very utilities. The Government allocation of fi-
30% of the population is U.S. $590 p.a. and "Packaged-deal" approach increases the basic
little socio-economic mobility between low- nancial resources in housing sector is very
the average household income is U.S. $522. unit cost, often beyond the economic reach
est income level (less than U.S. $90 p.a.) meagre and public housing is limited to only
With working population constituting only of target income groups.
and the skilled wage level (U.S. $2400 p.a.) middle/upper class employees in public sec-
32%, much of the lower income population is
tor. Private investment in housing, though
self-employed. High and upper middle income
7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC: A great number of more than public investment, has so far gone 9. URBANIZATION PROCESS; Until recently,
residential development is located in the
people have dual incomes, one which is deriv- to produce only middle/upper income housing. Goa has enjoyed a comparatively slow growth
westward extension of Panaji, the central
ed from their occupation and the other from Poor suply of low income housing in urban in its population. This has had the basic
(6( ) URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
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5 10 15Km
1:250000
URBAN INCOME PATTERN ~
advantage of not overstraining its natural life styles and values. This has necessitat-
resources. The relatively stable economic ed change in structure of towns and the
conditions have led to the intransient urge region as a whole. The annual growth rate of
to own a house/apartment in recent years and urban population has been 13.27% during the
rather surprisingly, this has been possible last decade. Vast areas of urban land, public
without an undue strain on the economic re- and private have been subdivided. In absence
sources of the Government, probably due ton of proper guidelines and development plans,
a more equitable distribution of land. The the fault has not always been of developers
Goanese has never considered the city as the Even the Goa, Daman & Diu Housing Board has
only means of survival, but rather, has used been guilty of misuse of its resources. The
it as a means of betterment of his rural few rehabilitation projects undertaken by it
existence. However, in the post-liberation have inefficient and poorly conceived layout
era, the emerging pattern is rather contrast- resulting in wastage of public land. What is
ing. Population increases and industrial even worse, developments have been piecemeal
growth have been a singular feature of the and not only out of context with the existing
decade. The impact of this on towns and, to situation but without a clue of what might
a lesser extent, villages has altered local come.
URBAN CONTEXT: GOA ( 7)
GOA, India: (top left) The Panaji city center com-

prises of, mainly, traditional dwellings standing in
sharp contrast with modern multi-storied buildings.
Many of traditional 1-2 storied buildings have been
demolished in this area, with commercial considerations
to make space for new buildings. Traditional mode of
travel,namely bicycle, is also seen in contrast with
motor vehicles whose number is gradually rising. The
view portrays the character of urban areas of Goa;
however, areas like this one are in sharp contrast
with peripheral squatter areas.
(top right) Low income rural settlements, engulfed in

urban periphery, are a common site; like this one at
Sadda. Lack of physical controls/responsibility has
led to unhealthy living environment in this locality.
(bottom) One of the largest squatter settlements is

built along the Baina beach. This area is within 3
kms from the Vasco city center. The squatter settle-
ments are a post-liberation development (since 1962),
proliferating at a rapid pace.
URBANCONTEXT SOURCES
Urban Topography
and Circulation: (accurate) MAP OF GOA,
L.S.D., GOA, 1968.
Urban Land Use Pattern: (approximate) IBID.
Urban Income Pattern: (approximate) IBID.
Urban Growth Pattern: (approximate) IBID.
Climate: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT,
PANAJI, 1975.
Photographs: Ravindra Kamat, 1975.
General Information: Government of India Publi-
cations.
CASE STUDIES
The following section contains case studies depicting 1. BAINA

selected dwelling environments/situations in Goa Urban
Popular, very low income, squatters
Area, at the present time.
The five cases are selected according to income groups, 2. PADRIBHATT-CHIMBEL
housing systems and the proportion of population that Public, very low income, serviced plot
each system houses.
Each case study is represented at four scales: 3. SADDA
LOCALITY: A relatively self-contained residential
Popular, low income, rooms
area within Goa Urban Area (in general, it is contain-
ed within physical boundaries) has been selected to 4. FONTAINHAS
illustrate dwelling/land systems in relation to commu- Private, moderately low income, houses/rooms
nity environments as well as their extent, composition
and layout. 5. PANAJI
LOCALITY SEGMENT: All the localities differ in size Private, middle income, shop-cum-home
and shape. A 400m x 400m segment or a 6 minute walk
has been taken from and representing the residential
area to allow comparison of land utilization (patterns,
percentages and densities) and illustrate dwelling/land
systems in relation to pedestrian movement. The loca-
lity segment also represents the environment/area
around a dwelling, that is cognizable and used by the
dwelling occupants because it contains facilities that
are accessible by walking, such as school, playground,
shops, bus stops, etc.,
BLOCK: Within each locality segment, a typical homo-
geneous residential block has been selected to illus-
trate subdivision of land and physical controls on it,
which indicate its utilization and to facilitate com-
parison of dwelling/land systems in terms of area,den-
sity and network efficiency.
TYPICAL DWELLING UNIT: Within each locality segment,
a typical self-contained unit for an individual, a fa-
mily or a group has been selected to describe dwelling
/land systems in terms of physical and socio-economic
components and illustrate dwellings in relation to
lot/land.
CASE STUDIES ( 9 )
1. Baina 2. Padribhatt 3. Sadda
4.Fontainhas 5. Panaji
IL
(10 ) URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
1 BAINA,
Mormugio, Goa
POPULAR, VERY LOW INCOME, SQUATTERS
5km
ARABIAN SEA
5km
LOCATION: Situated on Baina beach, this lo-

cality is approximately 2 kms from the Vasco
city center as well as Marmagoa harbor.
ORIGINS: This locality is fairly recent

and came up during the last decade. The ex-
pansion of port facilities at Marmagoa harbor
and the increased industrial activity
attracted a large number of unskilled migrants
in search of job opportunities. The migrants,
predominantly from the neighbouring states
provide casual labor at Marmagoa harbor and
nearby railway terminus and also in ore
transportation. With no access to decent
housing, the migrants squatted on this area
adjoining the Baina beach on public/private
land, vacant at the time of occupation. The
residents are predominantly very low income
and have provided their own housing/shacks.
With unstable income and little economic mo-
bility, the settlement is stagnating. The
residents lack water taps, sewerage and storm
drainage and have limited chances of improv-
ing their shelters.The locality is not well
served by public facilities. Under the Slum
Clearance Act of the Government, this loca-
lity is declared illegal and is likely to be
torn down due to unhealthy living conditions.
BAINA, Mormugao (Goa): (top) View of the squatter

houses in Baina, built along the beach road. Dweller
initiated shops are scattered all over the area. Note
the upper income walk-ups in the background.
(bottom) Aereal photograph shows physical environment
of Baina squatter settlement. Note the open space
infront of the settlement. Being undefined and without
any physical controls, the space is unmaintained.
LOCALITY: BAINA ( 11 )
- 400m LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA
Total Area Density

DENSITI ES Number Hectares N/Ha
LOTS 940 6.64 142
DWELLING UNITS 945 6.64 142
PEOPLE 2250 6.64 339
AREAS Hectares Percentages
PUBLIC (streets, walkways, 3.55 53.46

open spaces)
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
schools, community centers)
- 200m
PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 3.09 46.54
factories, lots) &
SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts)
TOTAL 6.64 100.00
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
R = network length(circulation) N/A
areas served (circulation,lots)
AVERAGE LOT AREA = 32.6 m2
- 300m
.:.: SELECTED
. :.:*: :.:-: BLOCK
- 100m
LAYOUT: The locality is a dense conglomera-

tion of deteriorating very low income shacks
aligned along the beach. The development is
arbitrary with no defined circulation and
semi-public areas. In the interior, shacks/
huts are scattered all over, with no clear
grouping, typical of sqatter settlements.
N
LAND USE: Reflects the concern for accom-
- om modating maximum number of people. The loca-
+ lity has mainly only residential development,
with dweller initiated shops appearing spora-
dically along the beach. Being declared ille-
0 50 100 150m gal by the Government, the locality is devoid
of any public areas (besides the existing
LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 beach) and utilities.
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS 400m-
1 hectare
*. if i3
i st eet/wSP: g
300m -
P TERcN streets/walkways 50 .
Semi-Public: playgrounds
Semi-Private: cluster courts*
Private: lots
a (*
dwellings
1 hectare
20Dm-
/ 4_%
~1
PERCNT AES S r e e s / Wl k 0wDams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . .. .....
...
.. ~
:. N
h..ctar. ..
0g .....
0.0 .00
..
. 00 LOCALITY.. 47% 4
0.0 0 ...
X.00
... 5...16.......
DENSITY Persons/Hect.re.33
O~~~~~~.. T U~2 U T pesn....A.
0..... A.~ ~ TTTAT W. .......
ClusterCouots
: ~l
KEY
-m VEHICULAR
********* PEDESTRIAN
CIRCULATION: The road from Vasco city

center to Baina beach provides access to this
0a 50 100 150m
locality. Besides the pedestrian way along
the beach, the circulation pattern is totally
LOCALITY SEGMENT CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:2500 undefined and pedestrian dominated.
LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES
0 100 U
SHACK
MUD/WATTLE
WOOD
MASONRY
WOOD
MASONRY
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each

construction type within the total number of dwellings
and (2) building group that generally produces each
type.
Quality of information: Approximate
LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES
POLICE
FIRE PROTECTION
HEALTH
SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS
RECREATION, OPEN SPACES
LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES
WATER SUPPLY
SANITARY SEWERAGE
STORM DRAINAGE
ELECTRICITY
GAS
REFUSE COLLECTION
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS
TELEPHONE
STREET LIGHTING
The chart illustrates the approximate availability of

utilities, services, and community facilities at
three levels: NONE, LIMITED, ADEQUATE.
0 10 50m
1:1000
LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA
Total Area Density

DENSITIES Number Hectares N/Ha
LOTS 47 0.21 224
PEOPLE 168 0.21 800
PUBLIC (streets, walkways, 0.15 71

open spaces)
PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 0.06 29
factories, lots)
TOTAL 0.21 100
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
R _ network lengthi circulation) - 952
areas served(Circulation,lots)
AVERAGE LOT AREA = 13.7 m2
0 10 50m
1:1000
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION
- elb
19
Ita _rt -
SECTION ELEVATION
LJVJ..
S
2 +
KEY
LR Living Room
PLAN D Dining/Eating Area
BR Bedroom
x Kitchen/Cooking Area
T Toilet/Bathroom
L Laundry
C Closet
a Storage
R Room (multi-use)
0 1 5 10M
TYPICAL DWELLING 1:200

PHYSICAL DATA SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA BAINA, Mormugao (Goa): (left) With one-room houses,
(related to dwelling and land) (related to user) most of the activities of the community take place
in the open space. Washing and drying of clothes,
cleaning of utensils and bathing are most common.
DWELLING UNIT GENERAL: SOCIAL
type: Shanty user's ethnic origin: Hindu
area (sq m): 12 place of birth: Uttar Pradesh (center) Typical squatter house with the space around
tenure: Legal rental education level: Nil it without any physical controls/responsibility.
LAND/LOT NUMBER OF USERS

utilization: Semi public married: 2 (right) A tube well is the only source of drinking
area (sq m): 12 single: 1 water supply. The space around it is unmaintained
tenure: Extra-legal rental children: 1 with no semi private/semi public responsibility. Note
total: 4 the marshy land which renders the open space unlive-
DWELLING able.
location: Periphery MIGRATION PATTERN
type: Row/grouped number of moves: 6
number of floors: 1 rural - urban: 4
utilization: Multiple: Family urban - urban: 1
physical state: Bad urban - rural: 1
why came to urban area: Employment
DWELLING DEVELOPMENT
mode: Incremental GENERAL: ECONOMIC
developer: Popular user's income group: Very low
builder: Self-help employment: Labor
construction type: Shack distance to work: 4 km
year of construction: 1968 mode of travel: On foot CASE STUDY SOURCES
MATERIALS COSTS Locality Segment Plan: (accurate) MAP OF BAINA, T.C.P.D.,

foundation: dwelling unit: - Panaji, 1975.
floors: Mud land - market value: - Locality Segment CirculationPlan: (approximate) IBID.
walls: Mud/scrap wood Locality Segment Land Utilization: (approximate) IBID.
roof: Thatch DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS Locality Block Plan: (approximate) IBID.
financing: Private Locality Block Land Utilization: (approximate) IBID.
DWELLING FACILITIES rent/mortgage: - Typical Dwelling: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
wc: - */ income for rent/mortgage: 20% Physical Data: (approximate) IBID.
shower: - Socio-Economic Data: (approximate) IBID.
kitchen: - Photographs: Ravindra Kamat
rooms: 1 General Information: REPORT ON SLUMS OF GOA,T.C.P.D.,1974;
other: - Field Surveys, 1975.
2 PADRIBHATT,
Chimbel, Goa
SERVICED PLOT
PUBLIC, VERYLOWINCOME,
5km
ARABIAN SEA
5km
LOCATION: This locality is situated on the

periphery of Panaji Standard Urban Area,
approximately 5km from the city center.
ORIGINS: The locality originated as a reha-

bilitation project for the residents of a
squatter settlement. cleared from Calicut
road in the southern part of Panaji under the
Slum Clearance Act of the Government. The
trade and commerce activities of Panaji pro-
vided good job opportunities for this unskill-
ed labor. Calicut road thus provided a convi-
nient location. The rehabilitation project at
Padribhatt-Chimbel in its initial stage has
provided the residents with sites and commu-
nal facilities with basic infra-structure.The
residents are predominantly very low income
groups with unstable income. Onthe rented
sites, the residents have built their shacks.
With limited resources and income, they have
limited chance to improve their shelters.
Since majority of the people cannot afford
to pay the rent of lots occupied and the cost
of water and electricity, the utilities
though provided, operate with limited service
which has rendered some community facilities
unusable, thus giving rise to unhealthy condi-
tions and destroying the very purpose of the
PADRIBHATT, Chimbel (Goa): (top) view of this very

low income locality built on Government financed
serviced plot at Chimbel. Squatters from the Calicut
road in Panaji were rehabilitated here in 1974, with
lots on rental basis and self-help housing.
(bottom) view of the houses along a major locality
road. Note the unpaved road and storm drains.
LOCALITY: PADRIBHATT ( 19 )
- 400m project. Very clearly, in the name of slum

clearance, only the location of the slum has
been shifted since the project has become a
- -i-- -
Government initiated or planned slum.
- LAYOUT: The locality has rectangular grid

layout, with major roads spaced at 90m runn-
ing perpendicular to the approach road. The
site has a point access to Chimbel-Morambi-
-o-Grande road. Community facilities are cen-
-trally located between two groups of blocks.
- 300m The locality has 26 blocks, each with the
/
shorter side facing the approach road. In the
initial stage 719 lots are provided. The block
size is 64m x 10m, giving a gross density of
about 588 people/ha.
-====.I I
....... __ ....
- 200m
.. ___________ I I
.... :..... SELECTED

*......... BLOCK
LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA

- 100m
Total Area Density

LOTS 719 3.06 238
PEOPLE 1800 3.06 588

open spaces)
SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces, 0.17 5.56
factories, lots) &
- om
TOTAL 3.06 100.00
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
0 50 100 150m
R = network length (circulation) = 618 m/Ha
areas served(circulation,lots)
= 20 m2
LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500 AVERAGE LOT AREA
20 ) URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS 400m -
1 hectare I "
...........-.
.I....-. ,~-.- -I- -
-
....... /
/ /
/ \ _
-
.......
'. 300m-
PATTERN
Public: streets/walkways
Semi-Private: cluster courts
Private: lots
dwellings
1 hectare
zoom
-
/
PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways 43%
Playgrounds 6%
100m
-
Cluster Courts -
Dwellings/Lots 52%
1 hectare
000 00
0 0 00 0
O . . 0. .M -
U 50 100 150m
DENSITY Persons/Hectare 588
4020 persons
LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION 1:2500
0
o o
o e
eo o
oo CD
rd
o.Q . . o..
C H
a
J
0 100 m U
SHACK
MUD/WATTLE
WOOD
MASONRY
WOOD
MASONRY
CONCRETE
mmms uinuuuinmnm m gim~m nm. ,~. .o
CONCRETE

and (2) building group that generally produces each - I
type.
LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES 1i..n u,,

... ~ ui .. ....... muminmmm mm....=.
POLICE
FIRE PROTECTION
HEALTH

WATER SUPPLY
0 10 50m
SANITARY SEWERAGE
STORM DRAINAGE
1:1000
ELECTRICITY
LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN
GAS
REFUSE COLLECTION
TELEPHONE
STREET LIGHTING

LOCALITY: PADRIBHATT ( 23
Total Area Density

LOTS 64 0.21 300

PEOPLE 160 0.21 760
Hectares Percentages
AREAS
open spaces) &
.SEMI-PUBLIC (open spaces,
.Im PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 0.13 62
factories, lots) &
i TOTAL 0.21 100
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
.. R network lenth (circulation) - 914 m/ha
2
AVERAGE LOT AREA = 20 m
II 10 50m
1:1000
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION
SECTION ELEVATION
KEY
LR Living Room
PLAN D Dining/Eating Area
BR Bedroom
K Kitchen/Cooking Area
T Toilet/Bathroom
L Laundry
C Closet
S Storage
B Room (multi-use)
0 1 5 18m

LOCALITY: PADRIBHATT ( 25 )
PHYSICAL DATA SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA PADRIBHATT, Chimbel (Goa): (left) Dweller initiated
(related to dwelling and land) (related to user) shops are very sporadic and serve the locality to a
very limited extent.

type: Shanty user's ethnic origin: Muslim (center) This is the house of self-appointed leader
area (sq m): 12 place of birth: Uttar Pradesh of the community. Note the painting on the mud walls
tenure: Legal rental education level: Nil and the wooden furniture, which is atypical of this
locality.
utilization: Private married: 2
area (sq m): 20 single: (right) The locality is provided with communal toilets
tenure: Legal rental children: 1 and aqua privies which, practically, do not function
total: 3 because of very limited water supply. Even the drink-
DWELLING ing water is scarce in the locality.
type: Row number of moves: 5
utilization: Multiple: Family urban - urban: 1
physical state: Bad urban - rural: -
why cane to urban area: Employment
mode: Incremental GENERAL: ECUNOMIC
developer: Public/self-help user's income group: Very low
construction type: Shack distance to work: 6 km
year of construction: 1974 mode of travel: Public transportation
CASE STUDY SOURCES
MATERIALS COSTS
foundation: - dwelling unit: - Locality Segment Plan: (accurate) PLAN FOR REHABILITATION OF
floors: Mud land - market value - HUTMENT DWELLERS, T.C.P.D., 1974.
walls: Mud/Thatch Locality Segment Circulation Plan: (approximate) IBID.
roof: Thatch DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS Locality Segment Land Utilization: (approximate) IBID.
financing: Public subsidized Locality Block Plan: (approximate) IBID.
DWELLING FACILITIES rent/mortgage: - Locality Block Land Utilization: (approximate) IBID.
wc: - c/:income for rent/mortaqe: 20% Typical Dwelling: (approximate) 'ie'dSurveys, 1975.
shower: - Physical Data: (approximate) IBID.
kitchen: - Socio-Economic Data: (approximate) IBID.
rooms: 1 Photographs: Ravindra Kamat
other: - General Information- Field Surveys, 1975.
3 SADDA,
Mormugio, Goa
POPULAR, LOWINCOME,
ROOMS
5km
ARABIAN SEA
5km
LOCATION: This locality is situated midway

between Vasco City center and Marmagoa harbor,
both of which provide employment to great ma-
jority of the residents and are within 3 km
radius from the locality. It is located adja-
cent to the National Highway connecting the
harbor and the city center to the commercial
areas in other urban centers.
ORIGINS: Until 1960, Sadda was one of a few

small sporadic nodal developments in the vici-
nity of the harbor and the city center. After
the independence of Goa, the expansion of se-
condary and tertiary sectors and consequent
expansion of port facilities at Marmagoa
harbor resulted in the influx of population
from neighbouring states, especially of un-
skilled labor, who sought employment there.
Most immigrants, without any access, preferred
to settle down on this conveniently locat-
ed area of Sadda on public/private lands. At
the present, majority of the residents are
employed at the harbor and Vasco city center,
with relatively stable incomes. The population
is predominantly low and very low income.
Occupants have either provided their own hous-
ing(shacks) or rented rooms. They lack water
taps, sewerage and storm drainage. Tenants
SADDA, Mormugao (Goa): (top) Houses in this low income
locality are semi permanent in character, resembling
rural houses and stand in sharp contrast with modern
concrete construction in the vicinity.
(bottom) The photograph shows the physical environment
of the locality. Note the activities in pedestrian do-
minated street/open space. Lack of physical controls/
responsibility has led to the unhealthy environment
of this area.
LOCALITY: SADDA ( 27 )
have relative stability and limited chances

of improving their shelters. The locality is
not well served by public facilities but it
I~ r provides a convenient location for job oppor-
tunities.
4--
\M
- A*- N
LAYOUT: The spatial organization of the lo-
cality is typical of most other squatter set-
tlements, comprising of houses/shacks grouped
in clusters bonded by a circulation pattern
which is not organized on a hierarchical
basis, however, but provides a range of alter-
natives which overlap to create a varied and
-*<- - -- complex spatial structure. The direct access
of each house to a small communal space and
minimum of functionally specified(zones) area,
provides a high degree of spatial elasticity
in accomodating various activities.
y 0
LAND USE: Development of the site by accre-

tion reflects the site's land use. The main
- tL fti t concern was to provide residential land for
tt maximum number of people, with minimum of
circulation area and practically nothing for
S*a public facilities. Small shops have been de-
*N veloped through the dweller initiative and
appear sporadically on the site.
~1~---> p~ -
....... SELECTED
BLOCK
2:
...-. A 7. LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA
AI-L
:::.-7-:
Total Area Density
DENSITIES Number Hectares N/Ba
sw LOTS 331 13.4 24
..
...-lo - - 4 , DWELLING UNITS 737 13.4 55
-.... -i~ ~ ~ i mf _. K PEOPLE 4274 13.4 319

open spaces)
schools, coomunity centers)
factories, lots) &
TOTAL 13.4 100.00
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
50 100 150m
R = network length (circulation) = 235.8 m/H
2
PLAN 1:2500 AVERAGE LOT AREA = 219.3 m
LOCALITY SEGMENT
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS 400m -
1 hectare
200m -
d we l i ng
W
PATTERN .....
Public streets/walkways 3-
SealPublic playgrounds-
a
-Private: cluster courts -
Private: lots
dwellings
1 hectare
200m KiK-
. . .. ......
20 prson LO ALIT SE MENT LAN UTIIZA ION 250
DENSIYcPeaons/ectae 31
DENS perT n LOC LITsSEnEN/LADcU ILI ATI N1259

.... *.*.......#.......
pw..
-... * .*....
...... . s.*
.......... .. .. .
. . ..
KEY
VEHICULAR
******
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CIRCULATION: Circulation pattern reflects

the informal but intense use of space and
consists of five distinct categories: (a) the
main service road, which also serves as the
main social, commercial and industrial area;
(b) secondary spine paths, which provide
access from road to the various hutment groups
or clusters; (c) the narrow lanes which con-
nect one housing group with another (d) the
small chowks or open spaces which occur at
the intersections of paths and often exploit
0 50 100 150m
the existence of a small shade tree and (e)
small cul-de-sacs which provide access to
LOCALITY SEGMENT CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:2500 self-contained groups of huts.
0 100
SHACK
MUD/WATTLE
WOOD
MASONRY
WOOD
MO ENRY
CONCRETE
The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each U

and (2) building group that generally produces each p
Quality of information: Approximate -

POLICE
FIRE PROTECTION
HEALTHow
I-5.1
SCHOOLS, PLAYGROUNDS -l0

WATER SUPPLY b -
SANITARY SEWERAGE
STORM DRAINAGE 5
ELECTRICITY
GAS %
REFUSE COLLECTION
TELEPHONE
STREET LIGHTING

0 10 50m
LOCALITY BLOCK PLAN 1:1000

LOCALITY: SADDA ( 31
Total Area Density

LOTS 38 0.84 45
PEOPLE 319 0.84 379

open spaces) &

schools, cormmunity centers)
....... PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 0.45 53
I0 :factories, lots) &
-o SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts)
00 NETWORK EFFICIENCY
- R = network length (circulation) = 1000 m/ha
AVERAGE LOT AREA = 118 M
~7L.
.._
.g
0 10 5m
LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION 1:1000

SECTION ELEVATION
WALKWAY
KEY
w"L R Room (multi-use)
PLAN
0 1 5 lam

PHYSICAL DATA SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA SADDA, Mormugao (Goa): (left) Houses are grouped
(related to dwelling and land) (related to user) together with narrow pedestrian paths. The space
around the houses is public and used as dumping ground.

type: Shanty user's ethnic origin: Christian (center) Many houses, initially semi permanent, are
area (sq m): 25 place of birth: Goa rebuilt with masonry/wood.
tenure: Legal rental/ownership education level: Primary school
LAND/LOT NUMBER OF USERS (right) The typical house of this locality with the
utilization: Private married: 2 catholic cross in open space in the front of it. Note
area (sq m): 90 single: 2 the unmaintained public land around the house.
tenure: Legal rental/ownership children: 1
total: 5
DWELLING
type: Row/grouped number of moves: 1
utilization: Multiple: Family urban - urban: -
physical state: Bad urban - rural: -
mode: Incremental GENERAL: ECONOMIC
developer: Popular user's income group: Low
construction type: Masonry/wood distance to work: 4 km
year of construction: 1960 mode of travel: On foot
CASE STUDY SOURCES
MATERIALS COSTS
foundation: Laterite stone dwelling unit: - Locality Segment Plan: (accurate) PLAN OF SADDA, MORMUGAO,
floors: Mud land - market value: - T.C.P.D., Goa, 1974.
walls: Masonry/mud Locality Segment Circulation Plan: (approximate) IBID.
roof: Tiles on wooden purlins DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS Locality Segment Land Utilization: (approximate) IBID.
financing: Private Locality Block Plan: (approximate) IBID.
Wc: - */.income for rent/mortgage: 20 % Typical Dweli:ny: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
shower: - Physical Data: (approximate) IBID.
kitchen: 1 Socio-Economic Data: (approximate) IBID.
other: - General Information: Field Surveys, 1975.
( 314) URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
4 FONTAINHAS,
Goa
PRIVATE, MODERATELY
LOWINCOME,
ROOMS/HOUJSES
5km
ARABIAN SEA
5km
LOCATION: Located to the east of Altinho,

it constitutes southward extension of oldest
part of Panaji. It is situated adjacent to
the central business area.
ORIGINS: The northern part of the community

was developped along with Panaji and is strik-
ingly similar to it in its layout. It compri-
ses the oldest part of urban area and of the
community. After Panaji gained importance as
city and began to develop, Fontainhas began
to grow by accretion. Early settlers were the
upper/middle class people with business/trade
interests. The convenient location and rela-
tively low land values attracted the lower-
-middle class who now dominate the community.
The older parts of the community have large
1-2 story multi-family dwellings in European
style while the rest of the community has
large single-story detached multifamily
dwellings in a traditional pattern. The commu-
nity is confined to one size due to topogra-
phical constraints on one hand and high prio-
rity given to agriculture on the other which
has prevented the conversion of adjacent agri-
cultural land into urban land subdivisions.
However, the community has grown to extremely
high density due to high room occupancy and
(bottom) Traditional one story urban court/detached
houses, typical of this locality, frame the upper
income and institutional housing on Altinho. The
dwellings are aligned along the road that connects
the locality to the Panaji city center.
FONTAINHAS, Goa: (top) View of this moderately low
income locality from central Altinho around which the
locality is built. Its growth by accretion is evident
in this view.
LOCALITY: FONTAINHAS ( 35 )
resultant overcrowding. Due to its close pro-

ximity to Panaji which provides employment to
a majority of the residents, the community
now serves as "dormitory" of Panaji.
LAYOUT: The locality is built along the

eastward base of Altinho which bounds it in
the west, separating it from Panaji,while in
the east, it is confined by the West Coast
Highway bordering the long stretch of agri-
cultural land. Growth of locality within the-
se boundaries in two stages is reflected in
its two distinct patterns/layouts. The north-
ern and the older part of the locality inter-
locks with oldest part of Panaji with grid
iron layout, being merely its southward ex-
tension. These are dense compact units of
extremely high density. As the locality grew
by accretion, the physical and non-physical
constraints led to the "string-like" pattern
of development, characterized by large, multi-
family dwellings flanking the street, connect-
ing the locality to the city center. This
street behaves as the spine of the locality
circulation and utilities. Oldest part of the
locality has all the vitality of natural
growth. Houses are almost always grouped in
in an irregular form and do not always line
up as in the more contrived layouts. Inspite
of this seemingly haphazard pattern, the
houses are held together by a common
feature as in ethnic groups or by a common
purpose of those who built them and live
within. Open spaces and squares, totally dif-
ferent to those created by nodern planning
methods, are here often created by minor al-
terations in the width of streers. Narrow
lanes or passages extend from the main street
towards the inner courts or utility areas
somewhat in the manner of service roads.The
blocks are approximately 90m x 90m in older
parts whereas in other parts, they are not
defined. The community has 3 primary schools,
a secondary school, a hospital and a few
clinics.
SELECTED
SEGMENT
LAND USE: The locality is mainly a residen-

tial area with dweller initiated sporadic
commercial areas at nodal points. A slight
concentration of commercial activity is found
along the West Coast Highway bordering the
locality in its northern part. The locality
has 3 primary schools, a secondary school,
a hospital and a few clinics.
AREAS
- - - -------- ...
.
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
.PUBLIC
FACILITY AREA
KEY
Pk Parking - -... .. -.
P Police
F Fire Department
S School
Ch Church
R Recreation
L Library
U University
H Health
PO Post Office
ss Social Services
..- - ....
M Market
C Cemetery
- * ....
Bus
SEE. Rapid Transit
Mq Mosque
N
0100 5000
LOCALITY LAND USE PATTERN 1:10000

KEY
VEHICULAR
****** PEDESTRIAN
CIRCULATION: The West Coast Highway bounds

the locality in the east, connecting it with
the nearby urban areas. The important locali-
ty circulation is along the street that runs
the length of the locality, parallel to the
Highway. This street also forms the central
spine for locality utilities and services and
commercial areas. The secondary circulation
is along the cross streets. The circulation
mode within the locality is mainly pedestrian
LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:10000 with vehicular access.
400m -- ---.-..
LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA
Total Area Density

LOTS 171 9.12 18
PEOPLE 1151 9.12 126

open spaces)
factories, lots) & 300m
TOTAL 9.12 100.00
NETWORK EFFICIENCY
R = network length (circulation) = 270 m/Ha
AVERAGE LOT AREA = 338 m
200m
1Dm
SELECTED
BLOCK
Om-
0 50 100 1som
LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500

LOCALITY:; O~lilS (3
-- 400m LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
1 hectare
300m
PATTERN
Semi-Private: cluster courts
Private: lots
dwellings
hectare
200m
PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways 37%

100m Playgrounds 4%
Cluster Courts -
Dwellings/Lots 59%
1 hectare
I //
x3:::7I
/ I
.7 Un
--- Om
50 10a 15Dm
LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION 1:2500 . 20 persons

O 100
SHACK
MUD/WATTLE
WOOD
MASONRY
CONCRETE

and (2) building group that generally produces each
type. . -

POLICE
FIRE PROTECTION
HEALTH
%.....m...u.s... ..... ... . - m m-I . -
WATER SUPPLY
SANITARY SEWERAGE
STORM DRAINAGE
ELECTRICITY
GAS
REFUSE COLLECTION
TELEPHONE
STREET LIGHTING

0 10 50m

LOCALITY: FONTAINHAS ( 41
Total Area Density

LOTS 21 0.78 27
PEOPLE 162 0.78 208

open spaces) &
factories, lots) &
TOTAL 0.78 100
-INETWORK EFFICIENCY
network length (circulation) 650 m/ha
'.ifas, I
= 271 m 2
AVERAGE LOT AREA
'4-
-. m~ m....,m..
m~ m~ m~ m~ m~ m~ m ........., m m m . . . .
0 10 50m

r0
rTrQ_3r
3 1
nm
SECTION ELEVATION
L~J
4.
KEY
LR Living Room
D Dining/Eating Area
BR Bedroom
YARD
T Toilet/Bathroom
r--- - -
I L
C
S
R
Laundry
Closet
Storage
Room (multi-use)
PLAN
0 1 5 10m

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA FONTAINHAS, Goa: (left) Open spaces and squares,

PHYSICAL DATA
(related to dwelling and land) (related to user) totally different to those in new planning methods,
are created here by minor alterations in widths of
streets. Subtle curves in the streets unfold new
DWELLING UNIT GENERAL: SOCIAL vistas to pedestrians (who dominate the streets).
type: House user's ethnic origin: Hindu
area (sq m): 65 place of birth: Panaji
tenure: Legal rental education level: University (center) The locality has a few modern buildings which
stand in sharp contrast with traditional ones. Note the
LAND/LOT NUMBER OF USERS the characteristic tin shades of traditional dwellings
utilization: Private married: 6 vis-a-vis concrete "shajja"/weather shades in modern
area (sq m): 117 single: 3 buildings.
tenure: Legal rental/Ownership children: -
total: 9
DWELLING (right) Dead ends and cul-de-sacs are common features
location: Inner ring MIGRATION PATTERN of the area. What appears, functionally, to be semi-
type: Urban court/detached number of moves: - -private space, is not maintained being undefined and
number of floors: 1 rural - urban: - without any physical controls.
physical state: Fair urban - rural: -
GENERAL: ECONOMIC CASE STUDY SOURCES
mode- Instant
developer: user's income group: Moderately low
Private
builder: Artisans employment: Public sector Locality Plan: (accurate) MAPA DE CIDADE DE GOA,
construction type: Masonry/wood distance to work: 3 km L.S.D., Goa, 1968.
year of construction: mode of travel: Scooter/bicycle Locality Land Use Pattern: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
1930
Locality Circulation Pattern: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
MATERIALS COSTS Locality Segment Plan: (approximate) MAPA DE CIDADE DE GOA,
dwelling unit: -
foundation: Masonry/concrete L.S.D., Goa, 1968.
floors: Cement land - market value - Locality Segment Circulation Plan: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
walls: Masonry Locality Segment Land Utilization: (approximate) IBID
roof: Tiles on wood purlins DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS Locality Block Plan: (approximate) MAPA DE CIDADE DE GOA,
financing: Private L.S.D., Goa, 1968.
wc: 1 0/. income for rent/mortgage: 25% Typical Dwelling: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
shower: 1 Physical Data: (approximate) IBID.
other: Court General Information: Field Surveys, 1975.
5 PANAJI,
Goa
PRIVATE, MIDDLE INCOME, SHOP-CUM-HOME
5km
ARABIAN SEA
5km
LOCATION: Panaji comprises the central bu-

siness district and the oldest part of Goa
Urban Area. Situated at the mouth of Mandovi
river, it is well connected to urban areas in
its hinterland and the neighbouring towns.
ORIGINS: Formerly a fisher-folk village and

later on only a humble ward of nearby parish,
Taleigao, for a long time, Panaji gained im-
portance and developed when the then Portu-
guese Governor, D. Pedro de Mascarenhas shift-
ed his residence there from Old Goa. Later on,
on the request of Governor Lopes Lima to the
Portuguese Queen, D. Maria II, Panaji which
by then had already become a little town, was
given the status of a city in 1843 with all
civic privileges, rights and immunities enjoy-
ed by Portuguese cities at that time. The com-
munity later developped as a commercial cen-
ter with residential accomodation. Being a
small and poor community, early settlers could
ill-afford motorized transportation and pre-
dominant pedestrian mode of circulation neces-
sitated residential facilities to be combined
with commercial establishments. Out of these
necessities and living pattern, evolved the
shop-cum-residence dwelling environment. With
PANAJI, Goa: (top) Dwellings with commercial facility

on ground floor are typical of this locality. Tradi-
tional dwellings standing in sharp contrast with
modern ones characterize this locality.
(bottom) Streets in this locality are very wide. Vehi-

cles dominate but do not control the traffic. Shaded
streets are common.
LOCALITY: PANAJI ( 45 )
Afl ...
CX.
more development and consequent increase in

land values and dwelling costs, the community
lias approximately 48% of dwellings that are
owned by the occupants and the rest are rent-
ed. The poor supply of housing has resulted
in overcrowding of dwellings with average
room occupancy of 6.4.
LAYOUT: The settlement is built around a

central hillock,Altinho, and along the edge
of Mandovi river. These boundaries seem to be
basic determinants of its typical rectangular
grid layout, with the streets running perpen-
dicular to and parallel to the edge of the
river. The major through streets are spaced
at approximately 200 meters interval. Blocks
are small in size, probably conditioned by
predominant pedestrian mode of circulation.
Average block size is about 80m x 80m. Most
blocks have large family dwellings
blocks have large multi-family dwellings.
There are on an average 15 lots per block.
The gross density is about 118 people/ha, as
of 1971.
-. -. ..
...
.
......
df-
-EM
-- R
.......-
....
KEY
Pk Parking
P Police
F Fire Department
S School
Ch Church
AREA ......
.. ............ RESIDENTIAL... R Recreation
.. ... COMMERCIAL. L Library
............. INDUSTRIA
. .......
U University
H Health
PO Post Office
SS Social Services
M Market
C Cemetery
Bus
NEME Rapid Transit
LAND USE: Commercial activity is evenly

distributed throughout the locality with no
significant concentration along the main
through-fares or around the principal open
spaces. There are 4 primary schools, 3 junior
colleges, 3 senior colleges, 3 hospitals and
PUBLIC FAIIYNRA a few clinics, 1 church,a police station.
........... IA 100DEN
There are public open markets, 2 movie thea-
tres, several hotels and restaurants. Zones
LOCLIY.AN UE ATER 11000 are not strongly defined, rendered unnecessa-
Dom ry by smallness of the community. But this
uniformity integrates the community with
nearby smaller communities.
LOCALITY: PANAJI ( 4/ )
KEY
- VEHICULAR
** ****** PEDESTRIAN
el
CIRCULATION: West Coast Highway bypasses the

community on the west boundary while a minor
artery branching off from it runs along the
edge of Mandovi river, forming the north and

the west boundary. The south side is bounded
by the central hillock or Altinho that serves
as a meshing line with the adjacent community

0 100 500m of Fontainhas. The important locality circu-
lation is along the streets that run parallel
LOCALITY CIRCULATION PATTERN 1:10000 to the edge of the river.

LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA 400m -
DENSITIES
LOTS
DWELLING UNITS
PEOPLE
AREAS
Total
Number
155
339
1890
Area
Hectares
16
16
16
Density
N/Ha
10
21
118
Hectares Percentages
e
open spaces)
PRIVATE (dwellings, shops, 6.90 43.13 300m m
factories, lots)
TOTAL 16.00 100.00
NETWORKEFFICIENCY
R=network length(circulation) = 265.5m/Ha
2
AVERAGE LOT AREA = 632.2m
200m -
100. -
:..:........ SELECTED
:.::.-:.::.:- BLOCK
O. -
0 50 100 1500
LOCALITY SEGMENT PLAN 1:2500

LOCALITY: PANAJI ( 49
S_- 400'm
LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS
-- 300m
PATTERN
Semi-Private: cluster curts
Private: lots .......
dwellings -
1 hectare
............
-- 200m
PERENTGE. Stees/...ays 39
Plyrons28
ors Xlse
.. ellin.s/lot 4.%
1Xocar
-- 100m
* 0.
..0.....0..
.... .....
*..................
- Om
a 50 100 15Dm
LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION 1:2500 O20persons

0 100 a
SHACK
MUD/WATTLE
WOOD
MASONRY
CONCRETE
CONCRETE

and (2) building group that generally prod uces each
type.
*4%t
(-
POLICE
i
FIRE PROTECTION
HEALTH

%,I
WATER SUPPLY
SANITARY SEWERAGE
*i
STORM DRAINAGE
ELECTRICITY
GAS
REFUSE COLLECTION
*I
s I
TELEPHONE
STREET LIGHTING

0 10 50m

Total Area Density

LOTS 22 1.32 17
PEOPLE 395 1.32 298

open spaces) &
schools, conunity centers)
factories, lots) &
TOTAL 1.32 100
h\ -.... NETWORK EFFICIENCY

R = network length (circulation)
areas served (circulation ,lots)
- 412 m/ha
F:iiIi AVERAGE LOT AREA = 403 m2
4,,
4,,
4,
-I.
U-
4,
4,
4,
4,
0 10 50m

nH-_MnR__
SECTION ELEVATION
/K1
WALKWAY
5
1 11 --- 1 11 I KEY
LR Living Room
D Dining/Eating Area
BR Bedroom
PLAN
T Toilet/Bathroom
L Laundry
0 1 5 10.
C Closet
S Storage
TYPICAL DWELLING 1:200 R Room (multi-use)
PHYSICAL DATA SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA PANAJI, Goa: (left) Wide streets, shaded and with
(related to dolling and land) (related to user) angular parking facility, are common. Vehicles domi-
nate in the locality but do not control the traffic.

type: Apartment user's ethnic origin: Christian (center) Two storied dwellings with commercial faci-
area (sq m): 98 place of birth: Panaji lity on the ground floor is typical of this middle
tenure: Legal rental/ownership education level: Advocate income locality. Bicycle is a very common mode of
travel.
utilization: Private married: 4
area (sq m): 98 single: 3 (right) Note the traditional dwellings standing in
tenure: Legal rental/ownership children: sharp contrast with the modern dwellings. Due to
total: 7 increased land values, traditional dwellings are being
DWELLING demolished in many parts of Panaji to be replaced by
location: City center MIGRATION PATTERN commercial buildings with residential facilities on
type: Shop-cum-home number of moves: - upper floors.
number of floors: 2 rural - urban: -
physical state: Fair/good urban - rural: -
why came to urban area: P rivate practice
mode: Instant GENERAL: ECONOMIC CASE STUDY SOURCES
developer: Private user's income group: M iddle/high
builder: Small contractor employment: P rofessional Localiy Plan: (accurate) MAPA DE CIDADE DE GOA,
construction type: Masonry/wood/concrete distance to work: - L.S.D., Goa, 1968.
year of construction: 1900 mode of travel: s cooter/car Locality Land Use Pattern: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
Locality Circulation Pattern: (approximate) FieldSurveys, 1975.
MATERIALS COSTS Locality Segment Plan: (approximate) MAPA DE CIDADE DE GOA,
foundation: Laterite/concrete dwelling unit: - L.S.D.,Goa, 1968.
floors: Wood land - market value: - Locality Segment Circulation Plan: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
walls: Masonry Locality Segment Land Utilization: (approximate) IBID
roof: Tiles on wooden purlins DWELLING UNIT PAYMENTS Locality Block Plan: (approximate) MAPA DE CIDADE DE GOA,
financing: Private L.S.D., Goa, 1968.
1 income for rent/mortgage: 25% Typical Dwelling: (approximate) Field Surveys, 1975.
shower: 1 Physical Data: (approximate) IBID.
other: General Information: Field Surveys, 1975.
EVALUATIONS
PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX
User Dwelling Unit Land/Lot Dwelling DWELLING DEVELOPMENT
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Income Type Area Ten- Rent/ Utili- Area Tenure Loca- Type No. of Utili Phy. Mode Devel- Builder Construction Date Den.
ure Mort. zation tion Floors zat'n State oper Type
o c 5) A A
90 Tt
1 .0 Upper M d Hg
/W
1
A4 A
.05.0 10 o lo saw
ai
a0320 05 0
Q)0 0 0) . 0 .) 0 05
040 04 w0' 5 0 55 5' 00 0
0 ens rd
s's e) 4nJ
a S, owa s' 1 00 0
r a 00 0 50 - 10 -Ws -AQ A)0 0 0 0U
5z 9
4 0 00 H5
.. >9 5' r 0 M
'05) C 0: 0: 00r SE U.
0 -25 4J Q) r 00 Oa4) 0 '' U, 4 W 0 o as' 0 54
0' 4 0 51 05)0 00 0 0Ewn IS nose4 w) n's s) 0 000 30Q)0 W U4 0 A) a4
wow
E0
LOAITE
0
>1 ~ o
0.0
an Q)
Un0,n
00J
4 01 00 0 0 cC fa
Aa) own 0 Q 0
U~~~~.
Cp A
4. FrTIHS13
500
E
0
S
C
.0
N
000
0 0
5)
5)
00
A
W 545
AR 5
s0
N00,
C4
0M 5 X 000 ~ to. a
0 ro
AAA 04 0)
M c3 ::1 00M~Mso
o E
0no
E . 0
2
1. BAINA 1965 339 1
A 11,500 5.7 2. PADRIBNATT-CHIMBEL 1974 588 2
B 14,805 7.3 3. SADDA 1960 319 3
4. PUNTAINNAS 1930 126 4
C 159,044 77 5. PANAJO 1900 118 5
90 Total
10 Upper Middle/High
income groupn
203,243 100 Total population
The physical data of the five case studies of dwell- (1) CATEGORY (5) USER INCOME GROUP: The income level is (6) DWELLING UNIT TYPE: A definite pattern is
ing environments existing in the urban areas of Goa
is summnarinedin the PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX and in the (2) POPULATION PER CATEGORY: Number of people the basic indicator of the expected pattern: seen in terms of income groups:
following comments. The matrix permits: a) A compre- (3) PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION The higher the income, the higher is the SHANTY: VERY LOW INCOME; ROOMS: MODERATELY
hensive view of the spectrum of the dwelling types;
(4) NAME OF LOCALITY: The five case studies level of indicator. The process of housing LOW INCOME (Tenements); APARTMENTS: LOW,
b) A comparison and determination of trends and
patterns. have been grouped in three categories, iden- for VERY LOW INCOME groups is a matter of MODERATELY LOW and MIDDLE INCOME groups;
tifying different income groups, housing sys- survival. In fact, the houses are little more HOUSE: MODERATELY LOW (Traditional urban
tems and selected physical characteristics. than a dumping place or areas for privacy and detached) and MIDDLE INCOME (Shop-cum-Home).
The three categories shown were identified as most of activities are carried on in adjacent
follows: open spaces and on circulation paths; whereas (7) DWELLING UNIT AREA: In LOW AND VERY LOW
Dwelling type Developer in HIGHER INCOME groups housing becomes a com INCOME groups, the dwelling usually consists
Cat./Income
commodity or a service. Note BAINA, VERY LOW of one room (Shack/Tenement room) . In MODE-
A. Very Low Squatter room Popular
Popular INCOME, popularly developed, second grade RATELY LOW and MIDDLE INCOME sectors,more
B. Low Shanty
Private bricks or waste materials such as flattened than a single space is provided. The dwelling
C. Mod. Low/ Room/Apt./
Middle House oil drums, thatch and construction methods unit areas range from 12m (BAINA-one room)
geared to ultra-low cost techniques, 12-20 m2 to a high of 110m2 (3 bed rooms,family room,
Categories A and B include VERY LOW and LOW
in contrast with PANAJI, MIDDLE INCOME, shop- kitchen and bathroom).
INCOME groups and represent 13% of the urban
population. Category C includes MODERATELY -cum-home, masonry/wood/concrete construction
LOW and MIDDLE INCOME groups, representing and 110 m floor area. (8) DWELLING UNIT TENURE: Three situations
The population figures correspond to the inhabitants
of similar dwelling systems in urban areas of Goa. the majority of urban population (77%). are found among VERY LOW and LOW INCOME group
EVALUATION: PHYSICAL DATA MATRIX ( 55
groups: a) extralegal ownership/rental, gene- settlements are situated, with proximity to for MODERATELY LOW/MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME correspond to Houses/Apartments; higher
rally a characteristic of fresh migrants in source of employment. HIGH INCOME population groups and finally the public sector is con- densities correspond to Shacks/Walk-up
the existing pockets of squatter settlements is found in urban periphery/suburbs. cerned with provision of "packaged deal" to apartments/Tenements.
within the city; b) legal rental; c) legal its workers with LOW/MIDDLE INCOMES.
ownership, both of which require payment in (14) DWELLING TYPES: City center is charac- DEN- USER DWELLING DIINSITY
SITY INCOME UNI- TYPE G ROUP
the form of rent to the Government or a pri- terized by shops with combined residential (20) DWELLING BUILDER: The expected pattern
/HA GROUP
vate party. In MIDDLE and MODERATELY LOW facilities and is an essential feature of is obvious from the selected case studies:
INCOME groups, only two situations exist: the community. Traditional urban detached Self-help methods are employed by the VERY BAINA 339 V. LOW SHACKS MiEDI UM
a) legal rental and b) legal ownership; the or court houses and multi-family dwellings LOW INCOME groups to build their own houses PADRIBHATT 588 V. LOW SHACKS H IGH
latter of which is characteristic of MIDDLE/ are found throughout in MODERATELY LOW/ (BAINA and PADRIBHATT-CHIMBEL). This is also SADDA 319 LOW ROOMS M1EDIUM
HIGH INCOME groups whereas the former is MIDDLE INCOME settlements, where extended true in case of LOW INCOME settlements. FONTAINHAS 126 M. LOW HOUSES/RMS. L OW
found among migrants with stable income and kinship families are most common. Walk-up Artisans are employed in case of most of PANAJI 118 MIDDLE APARTMENTS. L OW
institutional population. apartments are proliferating in MIDDLE, MODERATELY LOW INCOME housing. Small con-
INCOME settlements while row/group dwellings tractors are hired by MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME
(9) DWELLING UNIT-PERCENT INCOME FOR RENT: A are common in LOW INCOME groups. groups to build individual homes. The public
clear trend emerges from the surveys: MODE- sector generally employs large contractors
RATELY LOW and MIDDLE INCOME groups pay 20% (15) DWELLING FLOORS: Most dwellings are for the construction of MIDDLE INCOME
or more of income for rent while rents vary generally single floor units in all income housing.
from 5% of income in case of squatters to groups. Walk-up apartments are accepted

15% in case of LOW INCOME group. density is desired and land value (21) DWELLING CONSTRUCTION TYPES: Shacks are
where high
is high. very common of VERY LOW INCOME groups and
(10) LAND/LOT UTILIZATION: The case studies represent approximately 13% of the urban
show very clearly that wherever lot boundary Single occupancy dwellings. Masonry/wood is the most common
(16) DWELLING UTILIZATION:
has been defined clearly, the utilization construction material and is typical of tra-
is in the form of squatter houses and public
remains private among all income groups. occu- ditional urban tenements/detached court
subsidized housing. Multiple dwelling
Where lot boundaries are not defined, the urban houses, covering approximately 75% of the
pation is in the form of traditional
utilization is semi public/public, without urban dwellings. Masonry/Concrete accounts
court/detached housing and urban tenements
any user control/responsibility, increasing for about 10% of the dwellings while
(FONTAINHAS and PANAJI).
the land wastage. In squatter settlements, concrete construction is typical of public
due to very little enclosed area available projects and represents a small percentage
(17) DWELLING PHYSICAL STATE: The pattern of
to accommodate an unusually large family, follows: Bad state is of dwellings, though it is proliferating.
physical state is as
the dwelling is extended to cover the ad- the visible feature of VERY LOW/LOW INCOME
joining space, semi public/public. (22) DWELLING DEVELOPMENTS- YEAR OF CONSTR.:
groups, particularly in BAINA, SADDA and
No investment is put The oldest case study is PANAJI (shop-cum-
PADRIBHATT-CHIMBEL.
(11) LAND/LOT AREA: In case of MODERATELY -home) which accommodates the city center
into dwellings since owners do not have
LOW/MIDDLE INCOME housing, the land/lot and was built in 1843. This is followed by
stable incomes. In case of MODERATELY LOW
area is not always measurable since it is often FONTAINHAS (urban court/detached houses).
INCOME groups, bad physical state is
shared by several dwellers or because it due to the fact that tenants do not invest Shanties such as SADDA developed in the
has no physical limits. When measurable, it sixties while Shacks (BAINA and PADRIBHATT)
in their dwellings since they do not own
ranges from 300m2 in case of MIDDLE INCOME are very recent developments and proliferat-
them. Fair state is found in some MODERATELY
to 12m2 - 20m2 in the case of VERY LOW ing.
LOW INCOME dwellings and good physical state
INCOME/SQUATTER Housing. is typical of MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME groups.
(23) DWELLING DEVELOPMENT- DENSITY: Popu-
(12) LAND/LOT TENURE: Extralegal rental/own- (18) DWELLING DEVELOPMENT MODE: Incremental lation densities are intended as indicators
ership is found among VERY LOW INCOME people mode is used by VERY LOW/LOW INCOME groups, for each dwelling group. Samples were ,
as in case of BAINA. Legal rental is predo- particularly in BAINA and SADDA. Instant is therefore, taken from selected, homogeneous
minant in MODERATELY LOW/LOW INCOME groups typical of city center tenements, public segments of different localities that inclu-
(FONTAINHAS and SADDA). Legal ownership is housing and bungalows in urban periphery. de the land of a group of dwellings and
characteristic of MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME groups. their circulation areas. There is a clear
(19) DWELLING DEVELOPER: The popular deve- pattern of relationship between density and
(13) DWELLING LOCATION: The city center is lopment is generally found in the LOWEST income groups: Lower densities characterize
mostly occupied by MIDDLE INCOME groups with INCOME groups and particularly in squatter MODERATELY LOW/MIDDLE INCOME groups; higher
shop-cum-home dwellings. The inner ring is settlements, since they lack financial re- densities characterize VERY LOW/LOW INCOME
occupied by MODERATELY LOW/LOW INCOME groups sources and access to private, commercial groups.
while on the peripheral functionally margi- or public institutions. The private sector There is also a clear relationship between
nal land, the VERY LOW INCOME/squatter deals only with land subdivisions/housing density and dwelling types: Lower densities
COMMUNITY FACILITIES, UTILITIES/SERVICES MATRIX
COMMUNITYFACILITIES UTILITIES AND SERVICES
0
-P 41
i
08 w W -4 ,-
a) 0 01 0) 4 05V
S2- LOCALITIES Q4 _* _ _ _ _ _
U, _ _ 3
1. BAINA
A 11,500 5.7 2. PADRIBHATT-CHIMBEL
B 14,805 7.3 3.SADDA iiI~~IE 3I

4.FONTAINHAS *** * **~
C 159,044 77 5. PANAJI * 5
90 Total
10 Upper Middle/High
income groups
201,243 100 Total population
The matrix illustrates the approximate availability

of community facilities, utilities and services in
the five dwelling environments. Three levels are
indicated as follows:
No provision at all
Limited or occasional
-$Adequate or normal
The population figures correspond to the inhabitants

of similar dwelling systems in urban areas of Goa.
EVALUATION: COMMUNITY FACILITIES MATRIX ( 57 )
the level from other semi-public areas. Services such supported by playgrounds. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: It is generally ade-
The matrix clearly indicates that
of availability of basic services is direct- as gas and telephone are not within economic quate in all residential areas.
ly related to the income level and dwelling reach of this groups. RECREATION: Cinema is the major form of re-
location. The case of squatter settlements is even creation and cinema houses are scattered in PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS: MIDDLE/MODERATELY LOW
Case "1" rates "none" and "limited". This is worse. Most of them have to wait for years urban areas. Parks and open spaces are ade- INCOME localities have paved roads and walk-
a squatter area , a case from VERY LOW before they get any services because they do quate in upper income sectors. Seaside ways. Paved roads normally form boundaries
INCOME sector and with extra-legal tenure, not have a legal possession of the land. The beaches adjacent to upper income localities of LOW INCOME localities. But roads within
which explain the non-availability of commu- requirement of a legal title to the land are developed for the tourists while there these localities are either not defined or
nity facilities and very limited utilities for the provision of services prevents the are undeveloped beautiful beaches adjacent not paved.
and services. Municipality from taking any positive action. to some VERY LOW INCOME localities.
Cases "2" and "'3" rate "NONE" and "LIMITED". Recently, squatter settlements with potential TELEPHONE: Its supply is so scarce that even
except for street lighting which is adequate for economic upgrading are being legalized WATER: Public water supply is mainly from the UPPER INCOME groups find difficult to
in both cases. The non-availability of com- and others are being rehabilitated. Common taps while tube wells are provided in the acquire it.
munity facilities and limited availability water taps and latrines are provided but LOW INCOME localities. In addition, springs
of utilities and services is mainly due to with limited water supply. and wells, which are the traditional sources STREET LIGHTING: It is provided in almost
economic infeasibility as well as peripheral of water supply, are also found in abundance all localities, except those with extra-
location of these areas. in all localities. Public water supply is -legal tenure.
MODERATELY LOW/MIDDLE INCOME GROUPS:
Cases "5" and "6"
Generally, community facilities/utilities limited to 3-4 hours in the morning and the
Cases "4" and "5" rate "limited" and "ade- same period in the evening in LOW INCOME
and services are available to these groups
quate". These areas are from MODERATELY LOW/ localities.
and rate "limited" and "adequate". Facili-
MIDDLE INCOME sectors with inner ring and ties such as health and education are easi-
city center locations. SEWAGE: Water borne sewage network is pro-
ly available because of their economic ca-
pacity to pay for them. Public water supply vided in major urban areas; however, all
The following observations are made from dwellings systems are not connected to it
is adequate and is often supplemented by
different case studies and are arranged for economic reasons. Septic tanks and
traditional forms of natural water supply.
in terms of income groups. "pig" latrines are most common. VERY LOW/
sewerage is provided recently but many dwel-
lings with bad physical state have not made LOW INCOME localities are devoid of any such
VERY LOW/LOW INCOME: Community facilities connections. The new constructions are re- facilities.
such as fire protection, police, health for quired to make sewer connections before
these income groups are totally absent occupation. STORM DRAINAGE: Storm drainage is found to
because of their peripheral location and be inadequate in monsoon season in VERY LOW
economic inability to accept services of Brief comments on each of the community fa- and LOW INCOME localities. Flooding of these
private physicians. Recreation areas are not cilities/utilities and services is provided areas is very common. UPPER INCOME locali-
contemplated for this income sector, deemed below: ties have adequate storm drainage.
infeasible on economic grounds. As a result, POLICE: Poiice protection is generally in-
adjacent vacant land is left undeveloped and adequate. Police stations are located in ELECTRICITY: It is, generally, available if
unmaintained for a long period of time until only major urban areas irrespective of in- land tenure is legal. But being expensive,
finally, it is invaded by squatters. Schools dividual localities and their area of ope- it is inaccessible to V. LOW INCOME sectors.
and playgrounds are inadequate in number. ration varies considerably in size and Majority of this population uses oil lamps.
Basic services such as water, street light- found to be inadequate in most localities.
ing exist in all localities. However, public GAS: There is no service network of gas
water supply is grossly inadequate in all FIRE PROTECTION: Fire is less frequent and, supply for the city. It is supplied in
cases and is scarcely complemented with therefore, fire stations are rarely provid- cylinders and is very expensive as cooking
natural sources of water, such as wells, ed- fuel and beyond the economic reach of majo-
springs etc. Sewerage is totally absent rity of the population. Dry cowdung is the
and is considered economically infeasible HEALTH: Health facilities, public/private, most common substitute.
for this income sector with less and less are generally available in all areas.How-
capacity to pay for such services. Electri- ever, private health clinics outnumber the REFUSE COLLECTION: For MODERATELY LOW/MIDDLE
city is available to those who can afford public clinics and are in the vicinity. INCOME groups, city collects refuse for six
it except cases with extra-legal tenure But they are beyond the economic reach of days in a week. Since no specific containers
such as Baina. Paved roads are absent with- VERY LOW/LOW INCOME population. for refuse collection are provided by the
in the localities and those which form the city, waste is dumped along the roadside to
boundaries of these localities existed even SCHOOLS,PLAYGROUNDS: Public and private be picked up by Municipality trucks. In LOW
before the settlements came up. Almost in schools are scattered all over the urban INCOME localities, most of the waste that is
all these localities, circulation areas are areas. Primary education is free in public produced is organic and is burnt from time
undefined and can hardly be differentiated schools. Most schools are not adequately to time by the individuals.
TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE
Section . 11
The five case studies of Goa Urban Area are
the representative models of existing housing
situations which illustrate different cases
of land utilization. There exist, however,
other dwelling/land situations which have
been proliferating in the post-independence
--
era (since 1962). Though these do not house
considerable proportion of population at
the present, the trend is towards acceptance
of these systems more and more due to their
profitability to developers, higher popula-
tion densities and accessibility to lower
income groups. Plan
The case studies and other dwelling/land
situations which have not been included in
this study have been distributed in the
charts in following two pages in an attempt
ORIGINAL MODEL TRADITIONAL RURAL/VILLAGE HOUSES URBAN COURT/DETACHED HOUSES (TRADI.) URBAN SHOP-CUM-HOME
Physical Grouped in compounds, 1 story. Aligned in narrow lots, interior courts, 1-2 Clustered in large lots, 2-3 stories in
to relate them to their originating models Characteristics stories with service alleys. compact configuration.
and to see them in a broader time/process Population Density MEDIUM/HIGH density. MEDIUM/HIGH density. MEDIUM/HIGH density.
perspective. Land/Layout Social structure/organization is major Social structure, people's activities/move- Economic use of land is major constraint.
The existing housing models are the most constraint. ment is major constraint.
valuable source of information or reference Users INDIAN traditional model used by "ADHIVASIS" HINDU traditional model used by MIDDLE INCOME Traditional model used by MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME
in formulating urban land policies and Cu) or peasant groups. groups. groups.
housing programs. The models provide a guide
to general, yet, basic questions of land use,
land distribution and land subdivision. The
INDIAN MODEL Model was developed in India. Model was developed in India for the then Model was developed in India.
models also provide a guide to more specific prevalent extended kinship families.
questions: How do they relate to different Users Before
Independence INDIAN peasant groups. MIDDLE INCOME groups engaged in trade/commerce MIDDLE INCOME groups engaged in trade/commerce
cultures and values? What range of popula-
Users after INDIAN VERY LOW INCOME groups. Three situa- MODERATELYLOW INCOME groups. Mostly as rental Used by MODERATELYLOW/MIDDLE INCOME groups,
tion densities do they permit? To what income Independence tions are recognized in Goa: 1) Scattered accommodation, original owner having moved out as ownership/rental accommodation,original
groups are they accessible? How efficient is agricultural settlements around urban areas. to better housing or sublet rooms. owner having moved out to subarban BUNGAIOWS.
2) Engulfed in urban periphery. Land in
the land utilization which they permit? abundance, at the present. 3) Squatting on
It is important to emphasize that from the I- urban land: hutments crowded on marginal
urban land.
seven models described on following pages,
Condition Stationary. Changing.
only three are Indian models, two are Univer- Changing.
Case Studies SADDA. FONTAINHAS. PANAJI.
sal and two are European. Models permit L
medium/high densities, with the exception of
the model VII which provides low/medium den-
sity. Two models are accessible to VERY LOW LAND ISSUES INDIAN culture. HINDU culture. INDIAN culture.
Permits MEDIUM/HIGH densities. Permits MEDIUM/HIGH density. Permits moderate population density.
INCOME groups while four are accessible to Accessible to LOW/VERY LOW INCOME groups. Accessible to MODERATELYLOW and MIDDLE INCOME Accessible to MODERATELYLOW/MIDDLE INCOME
LOW/MODERATELY LOW INCOME groups and two are Good land utilization. Provides semi-private groups. groups.
LuJ space. Good land utilization. Good land utilization.
accessible to MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME groups. oc
Three models have good land utilization and Comments Model represents a survival situation that Layout should be improved by eliminating re- Model provides good land utilization, maxi-
LL
others have bad land utilization. These exhibits good land utilization, maximization dundant circulation and service alleys. mization of private responsibility, minimi-
LuJ of small group/private responsibility. Model zation of utility lines and services as well
models have to be improved in terms of land
has potential for economic provision of com- as public responsibility.
utilization and safety from disappearance. munal facilities and utilities.
EVALUATION: TIME/PROCESS PERSPECTIVE ( 59 )
F]
lin- ____J I- F1 Section
LZ Plan
IV V VI VII
SQUATTER HOUSE/CLUSTERED ROOMS INDUSTRIAL ROW HOUSE/CHAWLS WALK-UP APARTMENTS SMALL URBAN DETACHED/BUNGALOW ORIGINAL MODEL
Groups of shanties clustered open space.Single Aligned in narrow lots, 1 story. Varied group configuration in shared land, Isolated in large piece of land, 1-2 stories. Physical
rooms-. groups of 2-4 apartments/floor, 3-4 stories. Characteristics
High population density. MEDIUM/HIGH density. MEDIUM/HIGH density. LOW/MEDIUMdensity. Population Density
Social structure/organization is major cons- Economic use of land is major constraint. Higher density is major constraint. Economic use of land is relative constraint. Land/Lagout
traint.Higher densities and shared utilitues.
VERY LOW INCOMEgroups. XIX Century EUROPEANmodel used by LOW INCOME XIX EUROPEAN, U.S.A. model used originally by XIX Century Colonial model used by UPPER Users 50
industrial labor. IDW/MIDDLE INCOMEgroups as public housing. INCOME groups.
F-
Model was developed in India. Model was developed in India. Model was imported to India in XX Century. Model was imported to India in XX Century by INDIAN MODEL
ENGLISH.
users Before
Did not exist. Did not exist. Did not exist. HIGH INCOME groups but not very common. Independence
VERY LOW INCOMErural migrants. Exists as an LOW INCOME industrial labor; developed conco- MODERATELYLOW/MIDDLE INCOMEgroups. Develop - Used by MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME professionals and Users After
informal solution to defficiencies of official mitant with industrial growth as residential ed by public/private sectors. Speculation with businessmen. Independence
planning and housing programs, in open defian- facility for LOW INCOME migrants. rentshigh investment in construction and uti-
ce of all planning legislation, to provide ac- lities but still very profitable. Rental
ceptable shelter for present needs of urban apartments are most common.
poor. Found in major urban areas.
Proliferating. Growing by accretion. Proliferating. Proliferating. Condition l

BAINA and SADDA. Not included. Not included. Not included. Case Studies -
F-J
UNIVERSAL WESTERN culture. UNIVERSAL WESTERN culture. LAND ISSUES

Permits high population density. Permits MEDIUM/HIGH population density. Permits MEDIUM/HIGH population density. Permits LOW population density.
Accessible to VERY LOW INCOME groups. Accessible to LOW INCOME groups. Accessible to MIDDLE/HIGH INCOME groups. Accessible to UPPER MIDDLE/HIGH
Bad land utilization but provides for extended Does not provide private/semi-private land for Bad land utilization. INCOME groups.
kinship/nucleated families with appropriate dwellings- Wasteful land utilization in urban periphery.
housing types; limited facilities/utilities.
Model does not provide private/semi-private Model is substandard for above reason. Model should be encouraged with improvement Model is proliferating in urban periphery and
space for dwellings and is substandard for to use land more efficiently, to allow user in suburbs.
that reason. Has potential for gradual up- control and responsibility over shared land. LLJ
grading with public and popular initiative.
LAND UTILIZATION: PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES, DENSITIES

1 BAINA 2 PADRIBHATT 3 SADDA 4 FONTAINHAS 5 PANAJI
Popular Very low income Squatters Public Very low income Serviced plot Popular Low income Rooms Private Moderately low Houses/rooms Private Middle income shop-cum-home
Percentage of land for streets and High percentage of land for streets an Percentage of land for streets and High percentage of land for streets High percentage of land for streets
walkways not a true representation of and walkways. Only private land is the walkways not a true representation of and walkways. Medium percentage of and walkways. MediumVlow percentage of
land utilization due to undefined lot sheltered area. Medium percentage of land utilization. Medium percentage of land for lots. Low population density. land for private use. Low population
lines/responsibility. High percentage land for lots. Medium/high population land for lots. No land for public open No land for public open spaces. density. Adequate land for semipublic
of public land. Only private land is density. Poor network efficiency. spaces. Medium/low population density. Fontainhas is a burden to Municipality utilization
the sheltered area. Low percentage of R = 618 m/ha High percentage of public land due to in terms of extension of services, due R = 266 m/ha
dwelling area, very poor living condi- undefined lot lines and circulation. to its poor layout.
tions; medium/low density; extra-lega- R 236 m/ha R = 270 m/ha
lity of land/lot tenure, the issue.
R = N/A
mu - Oil liii-
I---
iiii~
liii- I T''
L -J
dit '---
~ILE
PATTERNS 1 Hectare
PERCENTAGES Streets/Walkways 53% 42% 38% 37% 39%

Playgrounds - 6% 4% 18%
Cluster Courts -
Dwellings/Lots 47% 52% 62% 59% 43%
*00 6
0000 00
0 00000e
00500 0
DENSITY Persons/Hectare 339 588 319 126 118
20 persons
URBANIZATION MODEL ( 61 )
URBANIZATION MODEL
accommodate future population growth and social mobi-

INTRODUCTION
lity, in a most comprehensive manner. It is necessary
to anticipate variety of land use functions initially
and allow for accommodation of other land uses in the
future, based on new priorities.
As a national priority, agricultural land on the
periphery of Panaji should be conserved at any cost,
despite mounting pressure to urbanize from increasing
population densities. This means the future urban
growth of Panaji has to skip the peripheral agricul-
tural land to locate itself on Bambolim-Santan plateau.
Due to the location of this area to south, south-east
and east of the city center, and the presence of
a major circulation network, the selected site and
its environs will urbanize as the out-growth of Panaji.
The project is intended to develop in a 20year time-
frame.
The intent of this study is:

- to provide a set/framework of related aspects/deter-
minants for comprehensive discussion/evaluation/policy
Until 1960, Goa experienced comparatively a slow recommendation.
growth in its population. This had a basic advantage - to develop/define an approach to the problem of low
of not overstraining its natural resources. However, income residential development, recognizing the limi-
the emerging pattern, in the post-liberation period tations and resources of low and very low income
(since 1962), is rather contrasting. Population groups and the public sector.
increases and industrial growth have been a singular - to act/serve as catalyst for the various factors
feature of the decade (1965-75). The annual growth essential for a successful comprehensive planning
rate of the urban population has been 13.27%. strategy for the land ripe for urbanization.
Increasing population densities within the urban The project is more properly a study for the develop-
centers of Goa are causing vacant land and in many ment of a selected site. The proposal focuses on the
cases agricultural land surrounding the urban areas development of the site in terms of physical layout
to urbanize. The developments have been piecemeal and and land subdivision. The overall physical plan, in-
not only out of context with the existing situation cluding land use and circulation layout, is the basic
but also without a clue of what might come, thus element of any settlement. Errors of misconceptions at
hampering comprehensive development. In the absence the level of physical plan will affect all other as-
of proper guidelines and development plans, the fault pects and details of the project. Layout is also a
has not only been of developers. Poorly conceived and primary determinant of individual/Governmental respon-
inefficient layouts of public projects have resulted sibility and control within the community and of effi-
in wastage of public land. ciency in terms of cost and functional viability of a
The problem is, therefore, to provide for urbanization development. Above all, physical layout is the most
in a process most adaptable to change in order to permanent aspect of a settlement.
BASIC PROJECT DATA ( 63 )
truction.
BASIC PROJECT DATA
- Land is privately held by several people but can be
acquired by the Government for any public purpose
under Land Acquisitions Act 1939.
Project
The plan
The project is more properly a study for the deve-
lopment of a selected site which is located in Panaji INTENTED USE:
Standard Urban Area which is the projected growth
- Primarily residential with supporting commercial and
area of Panaji by 1991. This provides the time - community services.
- frame for the development of the project.
POPULATION:
- 60,000 people at saturation.
The site
The project site is strongly defined by natural as LAND-USE
well as man-made boundaries and therefore should be - Private, residential: 60% - 70%
considered as a whole. - Public facilities : up to 20%
LOCATION: - Circulation: up to 15%
- Bambolim-Santan Plateau, Panaji Standard Urban Area,
Tiswadi taluka in Goa, India. DEVELOPMENT GOALS:
- Approximately 5 km south-east of Panaji city center, - To provide the maximum possible opportunity for all
adjacent to Bambolim army camp and Sites & Services classes of people to live within.
Project at Padribhatt-Chimbel. - To provide housing and/or sites for very low, low
- Within the area of projected growth of Panaji. and medium low income groups.
- To provide alternative housing options/lot sizes,
ACCESS: recognizing the resources/limitations of low and
- Panaji-Santan-Goa Velha Road very low income groups:
- Chimbel-Morambi o Grande Road 1. Progressive Development Units
Proposed Ring Road along Bambolim-Santan Plateau, 2. Core Units
linking West Coast Highway and east-west National 3. Tenement Units
Highway. 4. Commercial/Residential Units
5. Serviced Lot-cluster Units
AREA:
- Defined by topographic as well as man-made barriers/ PLANNING ELEMENTS/INNOVATIONS
boundaries. - The physical plan provides for maximum private
- Approximately 318 hectares responsibility/control in the development and main-
tenance of the project.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: - Flexible planning allows maximum accommodation to
- Triangular site, flat in centre, steep slopes on change.
boundaries. - Cluster provides the main residential component.
- The site is planted with trees, minor structures on - The physical plan provides developer with framework
site. of guidelines, thus preventing piece-meal/out-of-
- Area of laterite soil suitable for 4-5 story cons- context development.
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SITE CON TEXT LA N D U SE ::::::::::::: ........................... : 75000
SITE CONTEXT CIRCULATION ( 65 )
PANAJI S.U.A.
Site context circulation:
Panaji Standard Urban Area covers the pro-

jected growth area of Panaji by 1991,
including the intervening areas that are
likely to be urbanized by then. Such an area
comprises of scattered urban and agricultural

settlements with Panaji city center as its
nucleus. The presence of large stretches of
agricultural land separate the various set-
tlements, giving rise to the urban sprawl.
However, these settlements are well connected
to Panaji and to each other by a major circu-

lation network, facilitating easy transporta-
tion between them.

The West Coast Highway (Panaji - Agacaim
Highway) and the East - West Highway (Ponda-
Panaji Road) intersect at Panaji. These are

supported by minor arterials like Panaji -
- Santan - Goa Velha Road. The major and the
minor arterials which radiate from Panaji
are intersected by a series of collector
streets which join up to form a ring road
connecting the intervening settlements.
With topographical constraints limiting the
continuous growth of Panaji and high nation-

al priority given to conservation of agri-
cultural land, the future urban growth of
Panaji has to locate itself on Bambolim/

Santan plateau which partially encircles
Panaji urban agglomeration and forms geo-
graphical boundary of Panaji Standard Urban
Area,and on Porvorim plateau across the
Mandovi river. However, Porvorim plateau
has established itself as high income resi-
dential development following high land
values after the Mandovi river bridge was
completed. This leaves Bambolim/Santan
plateau as potential low income residential
development.
Considering the economic relationship that
would develop,between the site and Panaji,
a ring road along the plateau, connecting
the two highways, is proposed to reduce
the time - cost distance (effective distance
between them. The proposed road will also
N connect the site to nearby employment sources
such as Chimbel mining/quarrying area. The
ring road follows quiet closely the existing
mud roads/pedestrian paths developed as a
result of still existing primitive methods
of commodity transportation by manual labor.
0
Panaji Standard Urban Area The major circulation network connects
Panaji Standard Urban Area with urban centers
SITE CONTEXT: CIRCULATION 1: 75000 in the vicinity:

PLANNING PROJECTIONS
The present urban population growth rate for Goa is Future land and property holders in these develop-
13.2% per annum and is escalating. This trend is ments, in turn, will eventually subdivide, rent or
likely to continue in the foreseeable future. The sell to realize capital gain.
increasing population densities within the urban It is, therefore, necessary to incorporate basic
areas are causing vacant land and agricultural land planning projections into the study for proposed
surrounding the urban centers to urbanize. The development of the region.
process of urbanization is causing land values in
the region to rise in relation to demand over a General projections are made as regional or external
period of time. (to the site) influences on the developing site and
Consequently, present land owners in the region as internal influences on the developing site, based
have started to subdivide and develop the land in on regional trends and patterns; and identifying the
modes most economically beneficial to themselves. relevant policy issues involved.
BASIC PLANNING PROJECTIONS ( 67 )
LAND USE PROJECTIONS Policy Issues:- Land values and population den-
sity can be expected to be high-
est in these areas over a period
of time.
COMMERCIAL GROWTH: - Predominant commercial growth - Initially, these areas will not
in the region will continue to command significantly higher pur-
develop in linear pattern along chase prices, but with intensifi-
major circulation network and cation of development over a
transportation routes. period of time, they will command
- Predominant commercial growth the highest land values.
will not occur along:
1. Limited access streets Recommendation:- These areas should be planned in
2. Neighbourhood streets such a manner that they will be
3. Paths able to re-adjust to higher land
- Scattered convenience (neighbour- values and other priorities through
hood) commercial areas will deve- incremental planning.
lop in a random pattern within
neighbourhood roads, the location
of such, generally, being on
corner lots or intersections.
RESIDENTIAL GROWTH:- Surface/spread development
LIGHT INDUSTRIAL GROWTH:- Spot/point development
PUBLIC SERVICES(Non-utilities) :- Spot/point development
EDUCATIONAL GROWTH:- Spot/point development
ON SITE
COMMERCIAL LAND USE PROJECTIONS
Trend:- Predominant commercial activity

will develop along circulation
modes previously described.
- Areas at the intersections of
major transportation routes are
the most probable with respect to
external forces.
LAND VALUE PROJECTIONS ON SITE LAND VALUE

AND POPULATION DENSITY PROJECTIONS
REGIONAL INFLUENCES Trend:- As a result of commercial growth

patterns, land values and popula-
Trend:- As commercial and light indus- tion density will be highest in
trial land use functions deve- the areas of commercial activity.
lop along the corridors previous- - In urban areas of Goa, it is
ly described, the initial land customary,in low/middle income
purchase prices of individual residential developments, for
parcels will rise in relation to the place of residence and work
demand for growth and expansion. with regard to most commercial
activities to be synonymous. The
Policy Issues:- Land values on peripheral and ad- highest population density will
jacent parcels will rise as well. be found here.
- Population density can be high in
relation to this area. Policy Issues:- Initially, the development will
not be large enough or diverse
Recommendations:- Peripheral land areas on our site enough to attract extensive com-
should be planned in a flexible mercial activity. But unless the
manner in order that re-adjust- use of land permits future expan-
ment over time to other priorities sion of commercial activity and
may be accomplished to reflect other high priorities, the deve-
these external land value projec- lopment can be expected to stag-
tions. nate or grow in constrained
- Land use functions in these pe- fashion.
ripheral areas must justify
corresponding land value. Recommendations:- Land use functions should be
allocated according to priorities,
Presently, nodal commercial activity exists along stability and flexibility for
Panaji - Agacaim Highway and East - West Highway. growth from initial stage to high
This can be expected to continue and increase due to density stage.
the urbanization spotted along and between these
corridors.
PLANNING POLICIES/GOALS ( 69 )
FINANCING GROUPS: BOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

PLANNING POLICIES/GOALS - The magnitude of the proposed development precludes
funding from a single source or agency. Both
public as well as private funds should be used in
the development of the site.
PRIMARY USE: DEVELOPMENT OF A RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY - Public financing is needed to build the residential
-The primary use of the site shall be residential. infra-structure.
- The following supporting land uses are implied: - Private investment will be encouraged in construc-
schools, playgrounds and parks, commercial facilities tion of dwellings.
and markets, clinics and hospital.
CIRCULATION: INTERNAL/EXTERNAL CO-ORDINATION
- A commercial cum light industrial zone along the
- The circulation network will provide a basic frame-
main central spine has been contemplated.
work for the development of the site.
TARGET INCOME GROUPS: PREDOMINANTLY LOW INCOME SECTORS - The internal network will be connected to the
- The development will aim at a community with pre- external network as follows:
dominantly LOW INCOME groups: - To Chimbel-Morambi o Gtande Road in west boundary.
Middle: U. S. $80 - 200 per month Access to east-west highway and Panaji City center
Low : U. S. $40 - 80 per month services.
V. Low: less than U.S. $40 per month - To Panaji-Santana-Goa Velha Road in south-west boun-
dary. Main access to Panaji City center and west
INTENSITIES OF LAND USE: MEDIUM DENSITIES coast highway.
Range of gross densities planned for: 200 to 300 p/ha - To future Ring Road across the site. Main access
- 200 p/ha assumes predominantly one story construc- to highway system and industrial zone.
tion
UTILITIES: CONNECTORS TO EXISTING NETWORK
- 300 persons per hectare assumes: in reality
- All utility systems will be interconnected into
and over time, densities will be at least 50% higher
'han above as a result of: existing networks on Bambolim plateau as follows:
- Water & electricity: into existing networks serv-
1. expansion to two or more stories
2. higher room occupancies as a result of subleting ing Bambolim plateau residential development and
3. encroachment into open space the army camp.
- Sewer: in the absence of any sewer line, installa-
FORMS OF LAND TENURE: PRIVATE OWNERSHIP, CONDOMINIUM tion of sewer line on the plateau will be proposed.
OWNERSHIP AND RENTAL
- The development will offer a variety of tenure DEVELOPMENT MODE: INCREMENTAL GROWTH
options which will include, predominantly, rental - The site will be developed incrementally.
and private ownership. - Inplementation will be staged into:
- Horizontal cluster condominium will be provided. 1. Planning Design
- The cluster condominiums will allow flexibility in 2. Construction, Allocation of Lots
land sub-division. 3. Habitation
- Rental options shall be provided for the very low 4. Evaluation & Revision
income sector, which over a period of time could - Progressive improvement of the site and services
gradually be converted into private ownership pro- areas within each stage of project development will
perties. take place over a period of time.
THE SITE LAND COSTS:

Compatible for low cost residential development.
UTILITIES: FEASIBLE CONNECTION OF ELECTRICITY & WATER

AREA: LINES TO EXISTING NETWORKS
The site covers an area of approximately 318 ha, all - Installation of sewer line is feasible considering
of which is available for residential development and the magnitude of the development of the site as
its supporting land uses. well as the existing residential development
BOUNDARIES: EXISTING STRUCTURES, BASEMENTS, RIGHT OF WAY

Site strongly defined by topography and man-made fea- - The site has a road cutting across it, forming a
tures. South-west: Panaji - Santan - Goa velha Road cross-link with a minor artery on south-west bound-
On remaining sides, the site is bounded by 10-15% ary, thus providing a good access. Except for a
slope. few minor structures, site is free of any major
structures,
ACCESSES:
Existing Chimbel - Morambi o Grande Road forming cross- OTHER FACTORS:
link with Panaji - Santan - Goa Velha Road; proposed VIEWS: Being located on a plateau, site enjoys com-
ring road along the plateau. manding view of surroundings
LOCATION: DUST, SMOKE, ODORS: None at the moment

Walking distance to nearest source of employment in
Chimbel mining/quarrying area, 5 km from PANAJI city FLOODING: The site is well drained.
center.
HAZARDS: Lots bordering the steep slope on north-west
TRANSPORTATION: and south-east boundaries should be fenced to prevent
Public transportation to city center and major urban accidents. Overhead power lines should meet public
areas limited to buses and taxis is available within safety requirements.
a 13 minute walking distance on Panaji - Agacaim High-
way. Convenient but very limited public transporta- AIRPORT NOISE None at the moment
tion is also available along Panaji - Santan - Goa
Velha Road
RECOMMENDED INVESTIGATIONS:
- Estimates of time/cost for removal/clearance of
TOPOGRAPHY/SOIL CONDITIONS:
cashew plantations/wild growth
Triangular, flat in center, steep slopes on boundar-
- Soil conditions should be thoroughly investigated
ies in north and east. Laterite soil/rock.
for installation of sewer line.
LAND OWNERSHIP:
Privately held in pieces by several people.
THE SITE ( 71
ARABIAN SEA
Goa Urban Area

crosswalks, traffic lights, rails. Example: main

CIRCULATION PLAN commercial street, transverse connectors.
MODE IV: Vehicles and pedestrians: vehicles
dominate, relatively high speed, with large volume
of traffic flow. Use by pedestrians and cyclists to
CIRCULATION PLAN: and from employment centers. Example: proposed ring
Circulation network provides a primary framework road, Panaji - Santan - Goa Velha Road
around which primary as well as supporting land uses
of community are organized. As well as circulation
function, circulation network provides utility spine
throughout the site. The land that is utilized by
the circulation network is considered to be under
public ownership providing for movement of both
pedestrian and vehicular access. The circulation
layout is based upon:
1. It has been determined that the layout that
best serves the site is a set of main through streets
running transverse to the proposed ring road running
along the ridge of the site, with local transverse
collector streets.
2. The most direct/immediate access is from
Chimbel-Morambim 0 Grade Road cutting across the site
in west boundary and intersecting with Panaji-Santan -
Goa-Velha Rd. as well as Panaji-Agacaim Highway (west
coast highway), thus providing access and link from
north, west and south of the site. The proposed ring
road will provide direct access to east-west highway.
3. Recognition of the predominant pedestrian
mode of circulation within the residential develop-
ment.
CIRCULATION MODES: The following circulation condi-

tions are considered in the plan.
MODE I: Exclusive use by pedestrians. Example:
pedestrian walkways, within cluster courts.
MODE II: Pedestrian and vehicles mixed; pedes-
trians dominate over vehicles used mainly as accesses
to lots, clusters and community facilities. Example:
local streets in residential area.
MODE III: Vehicles and pedestrians mixed; vehic-
les dominate but do not control circulation; controls
are established for the protection of pedestrians:
CIRCULATION PLAN ( 73 )
AGRICULTURAL LAND
Nos MODE IV
MODE III
MODE II
'00 75 SITE AREA COMPUTED, CORRES-

/ Id PONDS TO THIS CONTOUR LINE
AGRICULTURAL LAND
0 1Km
1:20000
and space requirements. Other public facilities

LAND USE PLAN like markets, community halls, etc. have been cen-
trally located for easy accessibility as well as
convenient transportation. Open areas within these
318 ha
facilities are also intended to be used occasionally
Gross area within boundaries:
Available land for development: 318 ha 100% for religious, cultural or other festivities.
PUBLIC LAND: COMMERCIAL/LIGHT INDUSTRIAL USES are planned in

Circulation (total length): 41.76 ha 13.38% such a manner that they will be able to re-adjust to
Schools, playgrounds, open higher land values and other priorities through incre-
areas : 35.63 ha mental planning. This is because in initial develop-
Other public facilities like ment these areas (along major circulation modes) will
markets, community hall, not command significantly higher purchase prices but
hospital : 19.13 ha 19.11% with intensification of development, will command
the highest land values.
PRIVATE LAND:
Residential, commerical,
light industrial : 214.85 ha. 67.56%
The site has a potential for population of 60,000-

90,000 at saturation (time frame: 20 years). This
target may seem to be higher than what may be con-
templated considering the present growth potential
of Panaji S.U.A. However, the site has a geographi-
cal identity and should be planned as a whole but
developed in stages.
LAND USE PLAN shows the various land uses as follows:
RESIDENTIAL
The site development will be a medium sized town and
should be planned accordingly not only in terms of
community services but also in terms of: different
income groups, diversity of choice in land tenure,
diversity in housing programs, public and private
developers and funding.
PUBLIC FACILITIES :
Schools and playgrounds have been located at the peri-
phery recognizing their need for future expansion
LAND USE PLAN ( 75 )
- E,
------------
PS -
/7
-. ... 30m
\ P S,.,
- - HS20m'
- 4 AREAS
- 9 RESIDENTIAL
-COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
O -- PUBLIC FACILITIES AREA
41 --- -/ KEY
- -P Police
-- F Fire Department
\ ,LG - .... PS Primary School
OF HS High School
-... PF Play Field
s PP
R Recreat-Lon
-H Health
--------- \
C \ -Bus
C = o oProposed Bus Route
O A
C AGRICULTURAL LAND
Site - 1Km
LAND USE PATTERN Socooo-

small industries, schools. As a result, costs

DEVELOPMENT PLAN would be minimized, resources channelized towards
higher priorities.
The initial development should include the following:

The process of urbanization is subjected to the pres-
sures of change over time. In order to allow for LAND USE - Residential, commercial, light industries,
flexibility in land developments, it may be necessary
public facilities, open areas.
to predict:
- Those parcels of land which will have the
CIRCULATION - Pedestrian walkways, local streets and
greatest stability over time.. .those with the
main commercial through street.
least probability that changes will be neces-
sary in them.
INFRASTRUCTURE - Primary networks.
- And those parcels of land that will have the
It may be noted that land use, circulation and
least stability over time.. .those with the
development are inseparable/interacting systems.
greatest probability that changes will be neces-
sary in them.
SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT:
One way of accomplishing this is to anticipate a
Within the scope of this study, only the direction
variety of land use functions initially and allow
of growth may be anticipated as shown by arrows in
for accommodation of other land-use functions in the
the accompanying plan. The growth is proposed to
future, based on new priorities. The structuring
be incremental parallel to PANAJI-SANTANA-GOA VELHA
of the land development process through staging can
Road and subsequently, along the ridge of the site
reflect the anticipated and unanticipated changes
along proposed ring road in north-east direction.
necessary for future growth. In part, incremental
planning can provide a means for development with
The plan permits a progressive incorporation of the
the least waste of public and private resources and
different land uses, circulation, infrastructure
at the same time, allow for the greatest flexibility
and facilities; a compact development, characteristic
and efficiency of resources.
of regional settlements.
INITIAL DEVELOPMENT
The initial development should be located in an area
of the site that permits:
- Easiest/direct access from the existing Panaji -
Santan - Goa Velha Road and adjacent Chimbel - Morambi
o Grande area
- Convenient pedestrian access to public transporta-
tion or extension of public transportation.
- Immediate utilization of existing/available infra-
structure and services - streets, adjacent commun-
ity facilities, commercial areas and markets,
DEVELOPMENT PLAN ( 77)
AGRICULTURAL LAND
AREAS
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
OPEN SPACES
AGRICULTURAL LAND
11
lKm
1:20000 -
BLOCKS, LOTS AND LOT CLUSTERS "Packaged Deal" approach.
The average size of block is determined by the anti-

cipated circulation mode with corresponding street
BLOCK is a portion of land bounded and served by lines widths. An average block is 100m x 150m but varies
of public streets. in size and shape according to the site conditions/
limitations.
LOT is a measured parcel of land having fixed boun-
daries and access to public circulation.
The block layout proposed is based on the following
points:
LOT CLUSTER is a group of lots (owned individually) MINIMIZATION OF: -public ownership of land
around a semi-private common court (owned in condomi- -lengths of infrastructure per
nium) area served
-government burdens, respon-
CONDOMINIUM is a system of direct ownership of a sibilities and services
single unit in a multi-unit structure. The indivi- MAXIMIZATION OF: -private ownership of land
dual owns the unit in much the same manner as if it -private responsibility/control
were a single family dwelling; he holds direct legal PROPOSED LAYOUT
title to the unit and joint interest in common areas PERMITS : -flexibility in land use
and underlying ground. -flexibility in residential
densities and housing options
within the same lot structure
PROPOSED: BLOCK LAND SUBDIVISION/BLOCK, LOTS, LAND -different types of land tenure
CREW:
Characteristics of the proposed layout illustrated Major options provided are horizontal condominium,
above: individual lots and vertical condominiums. The loca-
- Lots are grouped around a common court that serves tion of these is governed among many factors by land
as access as well as a semi-private open space. values.
This court is owned in condominium by the lot
occupants who control, share the use of, and share
the responsibility for the maintenance of the court. Different lot sizes available are: large lots along
- Minimization of public land per circulation and major circulation modes, streets (exterior-interior
length of utilities. lots) and small sized lots within the periphery
- Minimization of public ownership of land to reduce formed by large and medium lots (interior lots).
public responsibilities and control for its main-
tenance. Traditional living pattern emerging out of mutual
- Maximization of number of families that can be given dependency and reflected in design of lot clusters
a legal land/lot tenure through effective land which constitute a block. Here priorities are ruled
utilization. by need rather than a style/discipline. The physical
- Minimization of cost of development by adopting plan is, thus more properly, a visual expression of
dwelling component approach rather than conventional the values.
BLOCKS, LOTS, LOT CLUSTERS ( 79 )
URBANIZATION MODEL LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS

1 hectare
-. - - - - -. -. -. - - -. - i
I I
I I
i I PATTERN
I I Public: streets/walkways
I I Semi-Public: playgrounds
* I Semi-Private: cluster courts
.LOTS
I I
Private: lots
-LOT CLUSTERS I I
dwellings
I I
* I 1 hectare
i I
Public - w ... ...... .... *..
(streets)
Semi Private -7
(courts) I
Private
(lots)
- - - -
PROPOSED PROPOSED PERCENTAGES streets alkways 13

Playgrounds 19
Block/Lots Land Use Block/Lots Circulation cluster courts
£mellings/Lots 68
0 ....
... 1 hectare
... 0
S....
URBANIZATION MODEL: O 1 50 100 M

Blocks, Lots, Lot Clusters 1:2000 @20 persons
region itself; any population cluster. (U.S.D.P.) DETACHED DWELLING. Individual dwelling unit, sepa-
BACKFILL. Earth or other material used to replace
GLOSSARY material removed during construction, such as in
culvert, sewer, and pipeline trenches and behind COMMUNITY FACILITIES/SERVICES. Facilities/services
rated from others. (U.S.D.P.)
used in common by a number of people. It may include: DEVELOPMENT. Gradual advance or growth through pro-
bridge abutments and retaining walls or between an
schools, health, recreation, police, fire, public gressive changes; a developed tract of land (U.S.D.P.)
old structure and a new lining. (DePina, 1972)
The criteria for the preparation of the defini- transportation, community center, etc. (U.S.D.P.)
DEVELOPMENT SIZE. There are two general ranges of
tions have been as follows: BARRIER. (A boundary) as a topographic feature or a
COMMUNITYRECREATION FACILITIES. Facilities for ac- size; LARGE: may be independent communities requiring
-FIRST PREFERENCE: definitions from "Webster's Third physical or psychological quality that tends to sep- services, and conssunity facili-
tivities voluntarily undertaken for pleasure, fun, their own utilities,
New International Dictionary", Merriam-Webster,1971. arate or restrict the free movement (to and from the ties; SMALL: generally are part of an adjacent urban-
-SECOND PREFERENCE: definitions from technical dic- site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) relaxation, exercise, self-expression, or release
from boredom, worry, or tension. (U.S.D.P.) ization and can use its supporting utilities, ser-
tionaries, text books, or reference manuals.
vices, and conssunityfacilities. (U.S.D.P.)
-THIRD PREFERENCE: definitions from the Urban BETTERMENT (TAX) . A tax on the increment in value
Settlement Design Program (U.S.D.P.) Files. They are accruing to an owner because of development and im- COMPONENT. A constituent part of the utility network.
(U.S.D.P.) DIRECT CURRENT (D.C.) (An electric current that)
used when existing sources were not quite appropriate/ provement work carried out by local authorities. flows continuously in one direction. (ROTC ST 45-7,
satisfactory. (U.S.D.P.)
CONDOMINIUM. Condominium is a system of direct own- 1953)
Words included for specificity and to focus on
a particularcontext are indicated in parenthesis. BINDER COURSE. A transitional layer of bituminous ership of a single unit in a multi-unit whole. The
individual owns the unit in much the same manner as DISCHARGE (Q). Flow from a culvert, sewer, channel,
Sources of definitions are indicated in paren- paving between the crushed stone base and the sur-
if it were a single family dwelling: he holds direct etc. (DePina, 1972)
thesis. face course (to increase bond between base and sur-
face course). (DePina, 1972) legal title to the unit and a proportionate interest
in the common land and areas. Two types of condomi- DISTANCE. The degree or amount of separation between
niums are recognized: HORIZONTAL: detached, semi- two points (the site and each other element of the
BITUMINOUS. A coating of or containing bitumin; as urban context) measured along the shortest path ad-
asphalt or tar. (DePina, 1972) detached, row/grouped dwelling types; VERTICAL: walk-
up, high-use dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.) joining them (paths of travel). (Merriam-Webster,
1971)
BIOCK. A block is a portion of land bounded and
served by lines of public streets. (U.S.D.P.) CONDUCTORS. Materials which allow current to flow
such as aluminum, copper, iron. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) DISTRIBUTION (STATION). The part of an electric sup-
ply system between bulk power sources (as generating
BOUNDARY. Something (a line or area) that fixes or
CONDUIT. A pipe or other opening, buried or above stations or transformation station tapped from trans-
ACCESSES. The pedestrian/vehicular linkages from/to indicates a limit or extent (of the site). (Merriam-
ground, for conveying hydraulic traffic, pipelines, mission lines) and the consumers' service switches.
the site to/from existing or planned approaches (ur- Webster, 1971)
cables, or other utilities. (DePina, 1972) (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
ban streets, limited access highways, public trans-
portation systems, and other systems such as: water- BUILDING CODE. "A body of legislative regulations or
CONSERVATIONEASEMENT. An easement acquired by the DISTURBED SOIL. Soils that have been disturbed by
ways, airlines, etc.) (U.S.D.P.) by-laws that provide minimum standards to safeguard
public and designed to open privately owned lands for artificial process, such as excavation, transporta-
life or limb, health, property, and public welfare by
recreational purposes or to restrict the use of priv- tion, and compaction in fill. (U.S.D.P.)
ACTUAL LAND COST. "(The cost of land is) ... set regulating and controlling the design, construction,
quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and ate land in order to preserve open space and protect
solely by the level of demand. The price of land is DRAINAGE. Interception and removal of ground water
maintenance of all buildings and structures within certain natural resources. (U.S.D.P.)
not a function of any cost conditions; it is set by or surface water, by artificial or natural means.
the users themselves in competition."(Turner, 1971) the city, and certain equipment specifically regulated
CONSTRUCTION BORING. A subsurface boring done at the (De Pina, 1972)
therein." (BOCA, 1967)
planned location of all infrastructure and building
AD VALOREM (TAX). A tax based on a property's value; DUST/DIRT. Fine dry pulverized particles of earth,
BUILDING DRAIN. Lowest horizontal piping of the footings and roadway sub-bases for design of founda-
the value taxed by local governments is not always grit, refuse, waste, litter, etc. (Merriam-Webster,
building drainage system receiving discharge from tion systems. (U.S.D.P.)
or even usually the market value, but only a valua- 1971)
tion for tax purposes. (U.S.D.P.) soil, waste, and other drainage pipes. It is con-
nected to the building sewer. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) CONVEYANCE. The transfer of ownership (of land).
(Merriam-Webster, 1971) DWELLING. The general, global designation of a build-
AIRPORT DISTURBANCE. The act or process of destroying/shelter in which people live. A dwelling contains
ing the rest, tranquility, or settled state of (the BUILDING MAIN. Water-supply pipe and fittings from
CORPORATION COCK/CORPORATION STOP. A water or gas one or more 'dwelling units'. (U.S.D.P.)
site by the annoyance of airport noise, vibration, the water main or other source of supply to the first
branch of the water-distribution system of a building. cock by means of which utility-company employees
hazards, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) DWELLING BUILDER. Four groups are considered: SELF-
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) connect or disconnect service lines to a consumer.
(Merriam-Webster, 1971) HELP BUILT: where the dwelling unit is directly built
AIRPORT ZONING RESTRICTIONS. The regulation of the by the user or occupant; ARTISAN BUILT: where the
height or type of structures in the path of moving CESS POOL. An underground catch basin that is used
COSTS OF URBANIZATION. Include the following: CAPI- dwelling unit is totally or partially built by a
where there is no sewer and into which household
aircraft. (Abrams, 1971)
TAL: cost of land and infrastructure; OPERATING: cost skilled craftsman hired by the user or occupant; pay-
sewage or other liquid waste is drained to permit
of administration, maintenance, etc.; DIRECT: include ments can be monetary or an exchange of services;
ALTERNATINC CURRENT (A.C.) (an electric) current leaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil.
capital and operating costs; INDIRECT: include envi- SMALL CONTRACTOR BUILT: where the dwelling unit is
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
that reverses its direction of flow at regular inter-
ronmental and personal effects. (U.S.D.P.) totally built by a small organization hired by the
vals. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) user, occupant, or developer; 'small' contractor is
CIRCULATION. System(s) of movement/passage of people,
CURRENT (See: ALTERNATING CURRENT, DIRECT CURRENT). defined by the scale of operations, financially and
AMENITY. Something that conduces to physical or ma- gods from place to place; streets, walkways, parking
An electric current is a movement of positive or ne- materially; the scale being limited to the construc-
terial comfort or convenience, or which contributes areas. (U.S.D.P.)
gative electric particles (as electrons) accompanied tion of single dwelling units or single complexes;
satisfaction rather than money income to its owner. LARGE CONTRACTOR BUILT: where the dwelling unit is
CLAY. A lusterless colloidal substance, plastic when by such observable effects as the production of heat,
(Merriam-Webster, 1971)
of a magnetic field, or of chemical transformation. totally built by a large organization hired by a
moist (crystalline grains less than 0.002mm in diame- contractor is defined by the scale
(Merriam-Webster, 1971) developer; 'large'
AMPERES. Amperes (amp) are a measure of the rate of ter). (U.S.D.P.)
of operations, financially and materially; the scale
flow of electricity. It is somewhat comparable to reflects a more comprehensive and larger size of oper-
CLEANOUT. A plug or similar fitting to permit access CYCLE. One complete performance of a vibration,
the rate of flow of water (quantity/time). A steady ations encompassing the building of large quantities
to traps or sewer lines. Cleanouts are usually used electric oscillation, current alternation, or other
current produced by one volt applied across a resis- (Merriam-Webster, 1971) of similar units, or a singularly large complex.
at turns and other points of collection. (ROTC ST periodic process. (U.S.D.P.)
tance of one ohm. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
45-7, 1953)
DAM. A barrier preventing the flow of water; a bar-
APPRAISAL. An estimate and opinion of value, espe- DWELLING DENSITY. The number of dwellings, dwelling
CLIMATE. The average condition of the weather at a rier built across a water course to confine and keep
cially by one fitted to judge. (Merriam-Webster, (Merriam-Webster, 1971) units, people or families per unit hectare. Gross
particular place over a period of years as exhibited back flowing water.
1971) density is the density of an overall area (ex. in-
by temperature, wind, precipitation, sun energy,
DEPRECIATION ACCELERATION (TAX). A tax incentive cluding lots, streets). Net density is the density
APPROACHES. The main routes external to the site humidity, etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
designed to encourage new construction by allowing a of selected, discrete portions of an area (ex. in-
(pedestrian/vehicular) by which the site can be cluding only lots) . (U.S.D.P.)
COLLECTION SYSTEM. The system of pipes in a sewage faster write-off during the early life of a building.
reached from other parts of the urban context.
network, comprised of house service, collection lines, (U.S.D.P.)
(U.S.D.P.)
(U.S.D.P.) DWELLING DEVELOPER. Three sectors are considered in
manholes, laterals, mains.
the supply of dwellings: POPULAR SECTOR: the marginal
DESIGN. 1) The arrangement of elements that make up
ASSESSED VALUE. A valuation placed upon property by sector with limited or no access to the formal finan-
COMBINED SEWER. A sewer that carries both storm a work of art, a machine or other man-made object.
a public officer or board as a basis for taxation. cial, administrative, legal, technical institutions
water and sanitary or industrial wastes. (DePina, 2) The process of selecting the means and contriving
(Keyes, 1971) involved in the provision of dwellings. The housing
1972) the elements, steps, and procedures for producing
what will adequately satisfy some need. (Merriam- process (promotion, financing, construction, opera-
ASSESSMENT. The valuation of property for the pur- tion) is carried out by the Popular Sector generally
pose of levying a tax or the amount of the tax COMMUNITY. The people living in a particular place Webster, 1971)
for 'self use' and sometimes for profit. PUBLIC SEC-
levied. (Keyes, 1971) or region and usually linked by common interests: the
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82 ) URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS
gas network; telephone network, public transportation; a room (as in a barracks or hospital) or enclosure site) to another (other parts of the urban context). Webster, 1971)
police and fire protection; refuse collection, health, (as in a camp) containing such a receptacle. (U.S.D.P.)
schools, playgrounds, parks, open spaces. (U.S.D.P.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) POPULATION DENSITY. It is the ratio between the popu-
MODEL (OF URBAN LAYOUT). A representation of an urban lation of a given area and the area. It is expressed
INSULATOR. A material or body that is a poor conduc- LAYOUT. The plan or design or arrangement of some- residential area illustrating circulation, land utili- in people per hectare. It can be: GROSS DENSITY: in-
tor of electricity, heat, or sound. (Merriam-Webster, thing that is laid out. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) zation, land subdivision, and utility network of a cludes any kind of land utilization, residential, cir-
1971) specific layout and lot. (U.S.D.P.) culation, public facilities, etc. NET DENSITY: in-
LEVELS OF SERVICES. 'Io levels are considered: MINI- cludes only the residential land and does not include
INTERIOR CIRCULATION NETWORK(SITE PLANNING). The MUM, are admissible or possible levels below the MUTUAL OWNERSHIP. Private land ownership shared by land for other uses. (U.S.D.P.)
pedestrian/vehicular circulation system inside the standard; STANDARD, are levels set up and established two or more persons and their heir under mutual agree-
site. It should be designed based upon the exterior by authority, custom of general consent, as a model, ment. (U.S.D.P.) POSITION. The point or area in space actually occu-
circulation/accesses and land development require- example or rule for the measure of quantity, weight pied by a physical object (the site). (Merriam-
ments. (U.S.D.P.) extent, value or quality. (U.S.D.P.) NATURAL FEATURES. Prominent objects in or produced by Webster, 1971)
nature. (U.S.D.P.)
INTERVAL. A space of time (or distance) between the LIFT PUMP. A collection system component that forces PRIMER. A small introductory book on a specific sub-
recurrences of similar conditions or states. (Merriam- sewage to a higher elevation to avoid deep pipe net- NATURAL UNDISTURBED SOIL. Soils that have not been ject. (U.S.D.P.)
Webster, 1971) works. (U.S.D.P.) disturbed by artificial process. Although natural,
they depend greatly on local conditions, environment, PRIVATE LANDOWNERSHIP. The absolute tenure of land
KILOWATT (kw). (1000 watts) A convenient manner of LOCALITY. A relatively self-contained residential and past geological history of the formations. to a person and his heirs without restriction of time.
expressing large wattages. Kilowatt hours (kwh) mea- area/community/neighborhood/settlement within an ur- (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.)
sure the total quantity of energy consumed in a given ban area which may contain one or more dwelling/land
time. One kwh represents the use of an average of 1 systems. (U.S.D.P.) NEIGHBORHOOD. A section lived in by neighbors and PRIVY. A small, often detached building having a
kilowatt of electrical energy for a period of 1 hour. having distinguishing characteristics. (U.S.D.P.) bench with one or more round or oval holes through
(ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) LOCALITY SEGMENT. A 400m x 400m area taken from and which the user may defecate or urinate (as into a pit
representing the residential character and layout of NETWORKEFFICIENCY (LAYOUTEFFICIENCY). The ratio of or tub) and ordinarily lacking any means of automatic
LAMPHOLE. A vertical pipe or shaft leading from the a locality. (U.S.D.P.) the length of the network to the area(s) contained discharge of the matter deposited. (Merriam-Webster,
surface of the ground to a sewer, for admitting light within; or tangent to it. (U.S.D.P.) 1971)
for purposes of inspection. (U.S.D.P.) LOCATION. Situation: the way in which something (the
site) is placed in relation to its surroundings (the NEUTRAL WIRE. Wire carrying no voltage between itself PROJECT. A plan undertaken; a specific plan or de-
LAND COST. Price: the amount of money given or set as urban context). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) and a ground. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) sign. (U.S.D.P.)
the amount to be given as a consideration for the
sale of a specific thing (the site). (Merriam- LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed bounda- NOISE. Any sound (affecting the site) that is unde- PUBLIC CIRCULATION. The circulation network which is
Webster, 1971) ries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.) sired (such as that produced by: traffic, airports, owned, controlled, and maintained by public agencies
industry, etc.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) and is accessible to all members of a comunity.
LAND DEVELOPMENT COSTS. The costs of making raw land LOT CLUSTER. A group of lots (owned individually) (U.S.D.P.)
ready for development through the provision of utili- around a semipublic ccomon court (owned in condomi- ODOR. A quality of something that affects the sense
ties, services, accesses, etc. (U.S.D.P.) nium). (U.S.D.P.) of smell. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) PUBLIC FACILITIES. Facilities such as schools, play-
grounds, parks, other facilities accessible to all
LAND LEASE. The renting of land for a term of years LOT COVERAGE. The ratio of building area to the total OHMS (electrical). The unit of resistance to the members of a conmunity which are owned, controlled,
for an agreed sum; leases of land may run as long as lot area. (U.S.D.P.) flow electricity. The higher the nutber of ohms, the and maintained by public agencies. (U.S.D.P.)
99 years. (U.S.D.P.) greater the resistance. When resistance is constant,
LOT PROPORTION. The ratio of lot width to lot depth. amperage (and wattage) are in direct proportion to PUBLIC SERVICES AND COleUNITY FACILITES. Includes:
LAND-MARKET VALUE. Refers to: 1) the present mone- (U.S.D.P.) voltage. Resistance varies inversely with the cross- public transportation, police protection, fire pro-
tary equivalent to replace the land; 2) the present sectional area of the wire. Ohms = volts/amperes. tection, refuse collection, health, schools, and
tax based value of the land; or 3) the present com- LUMINAIRE. In highway lighting, a complete lighting R - E/I. The practical mks unit of electrical resis- playgrounds, recreation and open spaces, other com-
mercial market value of the land. (U.S.D.P.) device consisting of a light source, plus a globe, tance that is equal to the resistance of a circuit in munity facilities, business, commercial, small indus-
reflector, refractor, housing and such support as is which a potential difference of one volt produces a tries, markets. (U.S.D.P.)
LAND OWNERSHIP. The exclusive right of control and integral with the housing. (DePina, 1972) current of one ampere or to the resistance in which
possession of a parcel of land. (U.S.D.P.) one watt of power is dissipated when one ampere flows PUBLIC SYSTEM (general). A system which is owned and
MANHOLE. An access hole sized for a man to enter, through it and that is taken as standard in the U.S. operated by a local governmental authority or by an
LAND SUBDIVISION. The division of the land in blocks, particularly in sewer and storm drainage pipe systems (U.S.D.P.; ROTC ST 45-7, 1953; Merriam-Webster, 1971) established public utility company which is con-
lots and laying out streets. (U.S.D.P.) for cleaning, maintenance and inspection. (U.S.D.P.) trolled and regulated by a governmental authority.
OPTIMIZE/OPTIMALIZE. To bring to a peak of economic (HUD/AID, Minimum Standards, 1966)
LAND TENANCY. The temporary holding or mode of hold- MATRIX (OF BASIC REFERENCE MODELS). A set of models efficiency, specially by the use of precise analytical
ing a parcel of land of another. (U.S.D.P.) of urban layouts arranged in rows and columns. methods. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) PUBLIC UTILITIES. Includes: water supply, sanitary
(U.S.D.P.) sewerage, storm drainage, electricity, street light-
LAND UTILIZATION. A qualification of the land around ORGANIC SOILS. Soils composed mostly of plant mate- ing, telephone, circulation networks. (U.S.D.P.)
a dwelling in relation to user, physical controls and MASTER PLAN. A comprehensive, long range plan intend- rial. (U.S.D.P.)
responsiblity. PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open ed to guide the growth and development of a city, town PUMP. A device or machine that raises, transfers, or
spaces): user -anyone/unlimited; physical controls or region, expressing official contemplations on the OXIDATION POND (LAGOON). A method of sewage treat- compresses fluids or that attenuates gases especially
-minimum; responsibility -public sector. SEMIPUBLIC course its transportation, housing and community faci- ment using action of bacteria and algae to digest/ by suction or pressure or both. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
(open spaces, playgrounds, schools): user -limited lities should take, and making proposals for indus- decompose wastes. (U.S.D.P.)
group of people; physical controls -partial or com- trial settlement, commerce, population distribution REFUSE COLLECTION. The service for collection and
plete; responsibility -public sector and user. PRI- and other aspects of growth and development. (Abrams, PERCENT RENT/MORTGAGE. The fraction of income allo- disposal of all the solid wastes from a conmunity.
VATE (dwellings, lots): user -owner or tenant or 1972), cated for dwelling rental or dwelling mortgage pay- (U.S.D.P.)
squatter; physical controls -complete; responsibility ments; expressed as a percentage of total family
-user. SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts): user -group of MEDIAN BARRIER. A double-faced guard rail in the income. (U.S.D.P.) RESERVOIR. Large-scale storage of water; also func-
owners and/or tenants; physical controls -partial or median or island dividing two adjacent roadways. (De- tions to control fluctuations in supply and pressure.
complete; responsibility -user. (U.S.D.P.) Pina, 1972) PIT PRIVY/LATRINE. A simple hole in the ground, (U.S.D.P.)
usually hand dug, covered with slab and protective
LAND UTILIZATION: PHYSICAL CONTROLS. The physical/ MESHING BOUNDARIES. Characterized by continuing, superstructure; for disposal of husan excreta. RESIDENTIAL AREA. An area containing the basic
legal means or methods of directing, regulating, and homogeneous land uses or topography, expressed as: (U.S.D.P.) needs/requirements for daily life activities: hous-
coordinating the use and maintenance of land by the LINES: property lines, political or municipal divi- ing, education, recreation, shopping, work. (U.S.D.P.)
owners/users. (U.S.D.P.) sions, main streets, etc.; AREAS: similar residential PLANNING. The establishment of goals, policies, and
uses, compatible uses (as parks with residential). procedures for a social or economic unit, i.e. city. RESISTANCE. The opposition to electrical flow. (Re-
LAND UTILIZATION: RESPONSIBILITY. The quality/state (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.) sistance increases as the length of wires is in-
of being morally/legally responsible for the use and creased and decreases as the cross-sectional area of
maintenance of land by the owners/users. (U.S.D.P.) MICROCLIMATE. The local climate of a given site or PLOT/LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed wires is increased). (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
habitat varying in size from a tiny crevice to a boundaries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.)
LATERAL SEWER. A collector pipe receiving sewage large land area, but being usually characterized by RIGHT-OF-WAY. A legal right of passage over another
from building connection only. (U.S.D.P.) considerable uniformity of climate. (Merriam-Webster, POLICE PROTECTION. Police force: a body of trained person's ground (land) , the area or way over which a
1971) men and women entrusted by a government with the main- right-of-way exists such as: a path or thorough-fare
LATRINE. A receptacle (as a pit in the earth or a tenance of public peace and order, enforcement of which one may lawfully use, the strip of land devoted
water closet) for use in defecation and urination, or MODE OF TRAVEL. Manner of moving from one place (the laws, prevention and detection of crime. (Merriam- to or over which is built a public road, the land
GLOSSARY ( 83 )
SITE AND SERVICES. The subdivision of urban land and TAX EXEMPTION. A grant by a government of immunity group that can afford housing without subsidy, by
occupied by a railroad, the land used by a public
utility. Rights-of-way may be shared (as streets; the provision of services for residential use and com- from taxes; (a ten-year tax exemption on new housing cash purchase, through mortgage payments, or by rent;
pedestrians and automobiles) or exclusive (as rapid plementary commercial use. Site and services projects in New York stimulated new construction in the 1920's; VERY HIGH (10 x subsistence level): the income group
transit routes; subways, railroads, etc.) (Merriam- are aimed to improve the housing conditions for the to ease its housing shortage, Turkey granted a ten- that represents the most economically mobile sector
low income groups of the population by providing: year tax exemption on new buildings). (Abrams, 1966) of the population. (U.S.D.P.)
Webster, 1971; U.S.D.P.)
a) SITE: the access to a piece of land where people
can build their own dwellings; b) SERVICES: the TAX INCENTIVE. Favorable tax treatment to induce the
ROADWAY (HIGHWAY). Portion of the highway included USUFRUCT. The right to profit from a parcel of land
between the outside lines of gutter or side ditches, opportunity of access to employment, utilities, ser- beneficiary to do something he would not otherwise be or control of a parcel of land without becoming the
including all slopes, ditches, channels, and appurte- vices and community facilities, financing and commu- likely to do. (U.S.D.P.) owner or formal leasee; legal possession by decree
nances necessary to proper drainage, protection, and nications. (U.S.D.P.) without charge. (U.S.D.P.)
TAX STRUCTURE - TAXATION. The method by which a
use. (DePina, 1972)
SIZE. Physical magnitude or extent (of the site), nation (state, municipality) implements decisions to UTILITIES. Include: water supply, sanitary sewerage,
relative or proportionate dimensions (of the site). transfer resources from the private sector to the
ROW/GROUPEDHOUSING. Dwelling units grouped together storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, gas,
linearly or in clusters. (U.S.D.P.) (Merriam-Webster, 1971) public sector. (U.S.D.P.) telephone. (U.S.D.P.)
RUNOFF. That part of precipitation carried off from SLOPE. Degree or extent of deviation (of the land TELEPHONE. An electrical voice communication network UTILITY/SERVICE. The organization and/or infrastruc-
surface) from the horizontal. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) interconnecting all subscribing individuals and
the area upon which it falls. (DePina, 1972) ture for meeting the general need (as for water sup-
transmitting over wires. (U.S.D.P.) ply, wastewater removal, electricity, etc.) in the
RUNOFF-RAINFALL RATIO. The percentage (ratio) of SMOKE. The gaseous products of burning carbonaceous public interest. (U.S.D.P.)
materials made visible by the presence of carbon par- TENURE. Two situations of tenure of the dwelling
stormwater runoff that is not reduced by evaporation,
depression storage, surface wetting, and percolation; ticles. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) units and/or the lot/land are considered: LEGAL: VALVE. A water supply distribution component which
having formal status derived from law; EXTRALEGAL: interrupts the supply for maintenance purposes.
with increased rainfall duration, runoff-rainfall
ratios rise increasing runoff flow. (U.S.D.P.) SOIL. Soil structure: the arrangement of soil parti- not regulated or sanctioned by law. Four types of (U.S.D.P.)
cles in various aggregates differring in shape, size, tenure are considered: RENTAL: where the users pay a
SAND. Loose, distinguishable grains of quartz/feld- stability, and degree of adhesion to one another. fee (daily, weekly, monthly) for the use of the dwell- VENT. A pipe opening to the atmosphere, which pro-
(Merriam-Webster, 1971) ing unit and/or the lot/land; LEASE: where the users
spar, mica (ranging from 2mm to 0.02mm in diameter). vides ventilation for a drainage system and prevents
pay a fee for long-term use (generally for a year) trap siphonage or back pressure.
(U.S.D.P.) (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
SOIL INVESTIGATION. It is the process to find the for a dwelling unit and/or the lot/land from the owner
usually soil structure and other characteristics. It may (an individual, a public agency, or a private organi-
SANITARY SEWERAGE. The system of artificial VIBRATION. A quivering or trembling motion (such as
include the following stages: initial soil survey, zation); OWNERSHIP: where the users hold in freehold
subterranean conduits to carry off sewage composed of: that produced by: heavy traffic, industry, aircraft,
exploratory boring, construction boring. (U.S.D.P.) the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land which the unit
excreta: waste matter eliminated from the human body; etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
domestic wastes: used water from a home/community occupies; EMPLOYER-PROVIDED: where the users are
containing 0.1%total solids; and some industrial SOIL PIPE. The pipe in a dwelling which carries the provided a dwelling unit by an employer in exchange VIEWS. That which is revealed to the vision or can be
wastes, but not water from ground, surface, or storm. pipe discharge from water closets. (U.S.D.P.) for services, i.e. domestic live-in servant. (U.S.D.P.) seen (from the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
(U.S.D.P.)
SOIL SURVEY (INITIAL). An on-site examination of TITLE. The instrument (as a deed) that constitutes a WALK-UP. Dwelling units grouped in two to five sto-
SEMI-DETACHED DWELLING. Two dwelling units sharing a surface soil conditions and reference to a GENERAL legally just cause of exclusive possession (of land, ries with stairs for vertical circulation. (U.S.D.P.)
common wall (duplex). (U.S.D.P.) SOIL MAP. It is used to reveal obvious limitations/ dwellings, or both). (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
restrictions/hazards for early planning considera- WASTE PIPE. A pipe (in a dwelling) which carries
SEPTIC TANK. A tank in which the organic solid mat- tion. (U.S.D.P.) TOILET. A fixture for defecation and urination, esp. water from wash basins, sinks, and similar fixtures.
ter of continuously flowing sewage is deposited and water closet. (7th Collegiate Webster, 1963) (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
retained until it has been disintegrated by anaerobic STACK. The vertical pipe in a dwelling of the soil-,
bacteria. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) waste-, or vent-pipe systems. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) TOPOGRAPHY. The configuration of a (land) surface WATER SUPPLY. Source, means, or process of supplying
including its relief and the position of its natural water, (as for a community) usually involving reser-
SERIES CIRCUIT. Fixtures connected in a circuit by a STANDARD. 1) Something that is established by author- and man-made features. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) voirs, pipelines, and often the watershed from which
single wire. When one fixture is out, the circuit is ity, custom or general consent as a model or example the water is ultimately drawn. (Merriam-Webster,
broken. Fixtures with different amperages cannot be to be followed. 2) Something that is set up and es- TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance or travel from 1971)
used efficiently in the same circuit. (ROTC ST 45-7, tablished by authority as a rule for the measure of one place (the site) to another (other parts of the
1953) quantity, weight, extent, value or quality. (Merriam- urban context). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) WATERSHED. The catchment area or drainage basin from
Webster, 1971) which the waters of a stream or stream system are
SETTLEMENT. Occupation by settlers to establish a TRAP. A fitting that provides a water seal to pre- drawn. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
residence or colony. (U.S.D.P.) STANDPIPE. A pipe riser with tap used as a source of vent sewer gases and odors being discharged through
water for domestic purposes. (HUD/AID, Minimum Stan- fixtures. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953) WATERWORKS. The whole system of reservoirs, channels,
SEWAGE. The effluent in a sewer network. (U.S.D.P.) dards, 1966) mains, and pumping and purifying equipment by which
TREATMENTWORKS. Filtration plant, reservoirs, and a water supply is obtained and distributed to con-
SEWER. The conduit in a subterranean network used to STORM DRAINAGE. Storm sewer: a sewer (system) de- all other construction required for the treatment of sumers. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)
carry off water and waste matter. (U.S.D.P.) signed to carry water wastes except sewage (exclu- a water supply. (ROTC ST 45-7, 1953)
sively storm water, surface runoff, or street wash). WATT. Watts (w) measure the power of the flow of
SEWER BUILDING CONNECTION. The pipe connecting the (Merriam-Webster, 1971) UNIT. A determinate quantity adopted as a standard energy through a circuit. Wattage is the product of
dwelling with the sewer network. (U.S.D.P.) of measurement for other quantities of the same kind. volts times amperes. Both watts and hosepower denote
STREET LIGHTING. Illumination to improve vision at (Merriam-Webster, 1971) the rate of work being done. 746w - lhp. (ROTC ST
SEWERAGE. Sewerage system: the system of sewers in a night for security and for the extension of activi- 45-7, 1953)
city, town or locality. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) ties. (U.S.D.P.) URBAN TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance of passen-
gers or goods from one place to another along ways, ZONING ORDINANCE. The demarcation of a city by ordi-
SHAPE. Form/configuration of the site surface as SUBDIVISION REGULATIONS. Regulations governing the routes of circulation in a metropolitan context. nance into zones (areas/districts) and the establish-
defined by its perimeter/boundaries. (U.S.D.P.) development of raw land for residential or other pur- (U.S.D.P.) ment of regulations to govern the use of land and the
poses. (Abrams, 1972) location, bulk, height, shape, use, population den-
SHOPPING. (Facilities for) searching for, inspecting, URBANIZATION. The quality or state of being or be- sity, and coverage of structures within each zone.
or buying available goods or services. (U.S.D.P.) SUBGRADE. The layer of natural soil or fill (com- coming urbanized; to cause to take on urban character- (U.S.D.P.)
pacted soil) upon which the pavement structure in- istics. (U.S.D.P.)
SILT. Loose, unconsolidated sedimentary rock parti- cluding curbs is constructed. (DePina, 1972)
cles (ranging from 0.02mm to 0.002mm in diameter). USE TAX. The tax on land aimed primarily at enforcing
(U.S.D.P.) SUBMAIN or BRANCH SEWER. A collector pipe receiving its use or improvement. (U.S.D.P.)
sewage from lateral sewer only. (U.S.D.P.)
SITE. Land (that could be) made suitable for building USER INCOME GROUPS. Based upon the subsistence (min-
purposes by dividing into lots, laying out streets and SUBSISTENCE INCOME. The minimum amount of money re- imum wage) income per year, five income groups are
providing facilities. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) quired for the purchase of food and fuel for an aver- distinguished: VERY LOW (below subsistence level):
age family to survive. (U.S.D.P.) the income group with no household income available
SITE AREAS. Two types are considered: GROSS AREA: in- for housing, services, or transportation; LOW (1 r
cludes the whole site or the bounded piece of ground. SULLAGE. Drainage or refuse especially from a house, subsistence level): the income group that can afford
USABLE AREA: includes only the portion of the site farmyard, or street. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) no or very limited subsidized housing; MODERATE (3
that can be fully utilized for buildings, streets, x subsistence level): the income group that can
playgrounds, recreation facilities, gardens, or other TAP (also FAUCET). A fixture for drawing a liquid from afford limited housing and rent only with government
structures. (U.S.D.P.) a pipe, cask, or other vessel. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) assistance; SIGH (5 x subsistence level): the income
ABBREVIATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY
"PRIORITIES IN COASTALPLANNING", Bryer, EKISTICKS,

"ALGUNS ASPECTOS DEMOGRAFICOSDE GOA, DAMAO& DIU",
REFERENCEABBREVIATIONS March 1974.
Almeida, J. C.
N.A. Not Available
S.U.A. Standard Urban Area
L.S.D. Land Survey Department "PROPOSED MINIMUMSTANDARDS", Agency for International
"AN APPROACH TO URBAN MODELLINGAND EVALUATION: A
T.C.P.D. Town & Country Planning Department Development, Washington D. C., 1966.
RESIDENTIAL MODEL", Apps, P. P., EKISTICKS, Volume 1,
1974.
QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILITIES AND UTILITIES "REPORT ON INDIA'S URBAN HOUSING", Dr. Winnick, L.,
None: When the existence of services, facilities - A Ford Foundation Report, 1965.
"AREA HANDBOOKFOR INDIA", Nyrop, R., F.A.S. of Ame-
and utilities are unavailable to a locality.
rican University, Washington D. C.
Limited: When the existence of services, facilities
and utilities are available to a locality "ROTC ST 45-7: CONSTRUCTION, UTILITIES AND JOB MANAGE-
in a limited manner due to proximity. MENT" (Engineer School ROTC Special Text), U.S. Depart-
"CENSUS 1971 - DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK(Goa, Daman &
Adequate: When the existence of services, facilities ment of Army, The Engineer School, Fort Belroir,
are available in/to a Diu)", Gandhe, S. K., Government Printing Press, Panaji.
and utilities Virginia, 1953.
locality.
"CENSUS OF INDIA 1971 - ESTABLISHMENT & HOUSING REPORT
(Goa, Daman & Diu)", Gandhe, S. K., Government of India "UNITED NATIONS SEMINAR ON PLANNING FOR URBAN AND
QUALITY OF INFORMATION REGIONALDEVELOPMENT",United Nations, New York, N.Y.1966.
The quality of information given in the drawings Press, Nasik.
have been qualified in the following manner:
Tentative: when based upon rough estimations of "URBANDWELLING ENVIRONMENTS", Caminos H., Turner J
limited sources. "CENSUS OF INDIA 1971 - GENERALPOPULATION TABLES (Goa,
Daman & Diu)", Gandhe, S. K., Government of India Press,
Approximate: when deducted from different and/or not
completely reliable sources. Nasik.
"URBAN DWELLINGENVIRONMENTS", Caminos, H., Turner, J.,
Accurate: when taken from reliable or actual sources.
Steffian J., M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1969.
"THE CITY AS CENTRE OF CHANGEIN S. ASIA", Dwyer, D. J.
"URBAN POPULATION PROJECTIONS: 1971-2000", Town & country

"DODGEESTIMATING GUIDE FOR PUBLIC WORKSCONSTRUCTION, Planning Organization, Govt. of India, 1971.
BUILDING COST SERVICES", De Pina, E., et al, Mcgraw -
- Hill Information Systems Company, New York, N.Y. 1972.
"URBANAND REGIONAL PLANNING IN INDIA IN SEVENTIES",
Preston and Rade, EKISTICKS, February 1970.
"AN ECONOMIC REVIEW OF GOA, DAMAN& DIU: 1961-71",
Bureau of Economics, Statistics and Evaluation, Panaji.
"URBANIZATION IN INDIA", An International Survey
Report to Ford Foundation, 1968.
EQUIVALENTS "GUIDE FOR SURVEY - EVALUATION OF URBAN DWELLING EN-

VIRONMENTS", Baldwin, J., Thesis, M.I.T., Cambridge,
1974. "URBANIZATION AND REGIONAL PLANNING IN INDIA", Jackob-
son, L., Prakash, V., URBAN AFFAIRS QUARTERLY, Volume 2,
Number 1, 1967.
"HOUSINGPROBLEMS (11.20 Course Notes)", Keyes, L.,
M.I.T., Cambridge, 1971.
METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS "WEBSTER'S THIRD NEWINTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY",
Linear Measures
Webster, Merriam, 1971.
1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches
1 meter = 100 centimeters = 39.37 inches or "THE LANGUAGE OF CITIES", Abrams, C., Viking Press,
3.28 feet New York, N.Y.1971.
1 kilometer = 1,000 meters = 3,290.83 feet or
0.62137 miles
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters "LOCATION AND SPACE - ECONOMY", Isard, W., M.I.T. Press,
1 foot = 0.3048 meters Cambridge, 1972.
1 mile = 1.60935 kilometers
"MAN'S STRUGGLEFOR SHELTER IN AN URBANIZING WORLD",

Square Measures Abrams, C., M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, 1970.
1 square meter = 1,550 square inches
or
10.7639 square feet "A METHODFOR EVALUATION OF URBAN LAYOUTS", Caminos, H.,
= 2.4711 acres INDUSTRIAL FORUM, Volume 3, Number 2, Montreal, 1971.
1 hectare = 10,000 sq meters
1 square foot = 0.0929 square meters
1 acre = 0.4087 hectares
"NEWTOWNSIN INDIA", Prakash, V., 1969.
DOLLAR EQUIVALENTS
All income, cost, and rent/mortgage data have been "NOTES FOR A HOUSINGPOLICY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
LOW INCOME HOUSING SYSTEMS IN METROPOLITANMEXICO",
expressed in terms of the U.S. equivalents;
Turner, J., M.I.T., Cambridge,1971.
1 U.S. dollar = 7.80 Rupees.

Ravindra Kamat Arch. (Hons.), Indian Institute, of Technology, Kharagpur, India

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URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: GOA, INDIA

Accepted by .............................. '..~.. .............- . --

I gratefully acknowledge the guidance and kind support

I also wish to acknowledge the information and general

Finally, I am indebted to Dilip Dalvi for his invalu-

COPYRIGHT 1976, Urban Settlement Design in

1. PRIMARY INFORMATION: Goa, with an up to a great extent and the potential of

Primary Road AREAS

Built-up Area SADDA W INDUSTRIAL

... .,........ I.. . ........... .......,..........

I I... "I........ '..." '....:1 ....

GOA, India: (top left) The Panaji city center com-

(top right) Low income rural settlements, engulfed in

(bottom) One of the largest squatter settlements is

The following section contains case studies depicting 1. BAINA

1. Baina 2. Padribhatt 3. Sadda

LOCATION: Situated on Baina beach, this lo-

ORIGINS: This locality is fairly recent

BAINA, Mormugao (Goa): (top) View of the squatter

- 400m LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA

Total Area Density

AREAS Hectares Percentages

PUBLIC (streets, walkways, 3.55 53.46

TOTAL 6.64 100.00

AVERAGE LOT AREA = 32.6 m2

LAYOUT: The locality is a dense conglomera-

LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS 400m-

Semi-Private: cluster courts*

CIRCULATION: The road from Vasco city

LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES

The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each

LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES

RECREATION, OPEN SPACES

LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES

PAVED ROADS, WALKWAYS

The chart illustrates the approximate availability of

LOCALITY BLOCK LAND UTILIZATION DATA

Total Area Density

AREAS Hectares Percentages

PUBLIC (streets, walkways, 0.15 71

TOTAL 0.21 100

AVERAGE LOT AREA = 13.7 m2

TYPICAL DWELLING 1:200

LAND/LOT NUMBER OF USERS

MATERIALS COSTS Locality Segment Plan: (accurate) MAP OF BAINA, T.C.P.D.,

LOCATION: This locality is situated on the

ORIGINS: The locality originated as a reha-

PADRIBHATT, Chimbel (Goa): (top) view of this very

- 400m project. Very clearly, in the name of slum

- LAYOUT: The locality has rectangular grid

.... :..... SELECTED

LOCALITY SEGMENT LAND UTILIZATION DATA

Total Area Density

AREAS Hectares Percentages

PUBLIC (streets, walkways, 1.3 42.48

TOTAL 3.06 100.00

LAND UTILIZATION DIAGRAMS 400m -

Semi-Private: cluster courts

LOCALITY CONSTRUCTION TYPES

The chart shows (1) approximate percentage of each

LOCALITY COMMUNITY FACILITIES 1i..n u,,

RECREATION, OPEN SPACES

LOCALITY UTILITIES AND SERVICES