CREATIVE WRITING 1ST QUARTER LESSONS  Persuasive writing is equipped with reasons, arguments,

and justifications.
I. CREATIVE WRITING VS. TECHNICAL WRITING AND OTHER  In persuasive writing, the author takes a stand and asks
FORMS OF WRITING you to agree with his or her point of view.
What is writing?  It often asks for readers to do something about the
 Writing" is the process of using symbols to communicate situation (this is called a call-to-action).
thoughts and ideas in a readable form.
 According to Nunan (2003), writing is physical and When You Would Use Persuasive Writing?
mental act. - It’s about discovering ideas, thinking about  Opinion and editorial newspaper pieces.
how to: – communicate - develop them into statements  Advertisements
and paragraphs that will be comprehensible to a reader  Reviews (of books, music, movie, restaurants, etc.).
 Letter of recommendation.
What is the difference between technical writing and creative  Letter of complaint.
writing?  Cover letters
Technical Writing Example of persuasive writing:
 Is never meant to entertain, though it can be Following the 2012 Olympic Games hosted in London, the UK
entertaining at times, depending on the subject, Trade and Investment department reported a £9.9 billion
purpose, and audience being addressed. boost to the economy. Although it is expensive to host the
 Conveys specific information about a technical subject Olympics, if done right, they can provide real jobs and
to a specific audience for a specific purpose. economic growth. This city should consider placing a bid to
 Focuses on nonfiction, technical procedures, methods, host the Olympics.
or processes.
Examples of technical writing: user’s manual, menu, Expository Writing
brochure  It “exposes” a topic analytically and objectively, such as
news
Creative Writing / Imaginative Writing reports.
 Frequently allows writer to select topic of interest  Writing that seeks to explain, illuminate or expose
 Demonstrates high degree of creativity of the writer  Expository writing is based on published material or
 Can require the reader to believe or accept the facts.
"unusual"  Expository writing encompasses a wide range of writing,
 Requires good use of description to hold the reader's including academic papers and articles, based on fact. 
attention  Expository writing may support facts or create facts, but
 Includes forms of poetry or drama it always purports to be factual in some way. 
 Is fiction—poetry, short stories, plays, and novels—and Examples of creative writing: essays, scholarly writings i.e. books
is most different from technical writing
 Imaginative writing/ creative writing invents a situation, Expressive Writing
perspective or story based on the writer's imagination.  It is a subjective response to a personal experience that aims
 Imaginative writing may contain elements of fantasy to share feelings.
Examples of creative writing: song lyrics, script, poem Example of persuasive writing:
So don't call me baby
Unless you mean it
And don't tell me you need me
Technical Writing Creative Writing If you don't believe it
So let me know the truth
Before I dive right into you (Dive by Ed Sheeran)
Content factual,straight- imaginative,
forward metaphoric
II. SENSORY EXPERIENCE
or symbolic
Sensory details-descriptive details that allow sensory recreations
of experiences, objects, or imaginings.
Audience specific general Imagery- language used by poets, novelists and other writers to
create images in the mind of the reader. It includes figurative and
metaphorical language to improve the reader’s experience
Purpose inform, instruct, entertain, provoke,
through their senses.
persuade captivate
Types of Imagery:
Style formal, standard, informal, artistic, 1. Visual Imagery
academic figurative Visual imagery describes what we see: comic book images,
paintings, or images directly experienced through the narrator’s
eyes. Visual imagery may include:
Tone objective subjective
• Color, such as: burnt red, bright orange, dull yellow,
verdant green, and Robin’s egg blue.
Vocabulary specialized general, evocative • Shapes, such as: square, circular, tubular, rectangular,
and conical.
Organization sequential, arbitrary, artistic • Size, such as: miniscule, tiny, small, medium-sized, large,
systematic and gigantic.
• Pattern, such as: polka-dotted, striped, zig-zagged,
jagged, and straight.
Persuasive Writing
Imagery using  visuals:
 Depends on emotional appeal. Its goal is to change
attitudes or motivate to action.
The night was black as ever, but bright stars lit up the sky in
beautiful and varied constellations which were sprinkled across
the astronomical landscape.
2. Auditory Imagery
Auditory imagery describes what we hear, from music to noise to
pure silence. Auditory imagery may include:
• Enjoyable sounds, such as: beautiful music, birdsong,
and the voices of a chorus.
• Noises, such as: the bang of a gun, the sound of a broom
moving across the floor, and the sound of broken glass
shattering on the hard floor.
• The lack of noise, describing a peaceful calm or eerie
silence.
Imagery using sounds:
Silence was broken by the peal of piano keys as Shannon began
practicing her concerto.
3. Olfactory Imagery
Olfactory imagery describes what we smell. Olfactory imagery
may include:
• Fragrances, such as perfumes, enticing food and drink,
and blooming flowers.
• Odors, such as rotting trash, body odors, or a stinky wet
dog.
Imagery using scent:
She smelled the scent of sweet hibiscus wafting through the air, its
tropical smell a reminder that she was on vacation in a beautiful
place.
4. Gustatory Imagery
Gustatory imagery describes what we taste. Gustatory imagery
can include:
• Sweetness, such as candies, cookies, and desserts.
• Sourness, bitterness, and tartness, such as lemons and
limes.
• Saltiness, such as pretzels, French fries, and pepperonis.
• Spiciness, such as salsas and curries.
• Savoriness, such as a steak dinner or thick soup.
Imagery using taste:
The candy melted in her mouth and swirls of bittersweet chocolate
and slightly sweet but salty caramel blended together on her
tongue.
5. Tactile Imagery
Lastly, tactile imagery describes what we feel or touch. Tactile
imagery includes:
• Temperature, such as bitter cold, humidity, mildness,
and stifling heat.
• Texture, such as rough, ragged, seamless, and smooth.
• Touch, such as hand-holding, one’s in the grass, or the
feeling of starched fabric on one’s skin.
• Movement, such as burning muscles from exertion,
swimming in cold water, or kicking a soccer ball.
Imagery using touch:
After the long run, he collapsed in the grass with tired
and burning muscles. The grass tickled his skin and
sweat cooled on his brow.
Importance of Using Imagery
It allows readers to directly sympathize with characters and
narrators as they imagine having the same sense experiences.
Imagery commonly helps build compelling poetry convincing
narratives, vivid plays, well-designed film sets, and descriptive
songs.
III. FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figures of speech are words or phrases that depart from
straightforward literal language. Figures of speech are often used
and crafted for emphasis, freshness, expression, or clarity.
1. Simile-the comparison of two unlike things using “like” or “as”.
He eats like a pig.
You are as pretty as a picture.
2. Metaphor- the comparison of two unlike things or expressions,
sometimes using the verb “to be,”and not using like or as (as in a
simile). “To be” (am, is, are, was, were)
He is a pig.
You are a tulip.
3. Alliteration- the repetition of initial consonant sounds of
neighboring words.
Sally sells seashells by the seashore.
4. Onomatopoeia- a word that imitates the sound it represents.
The chiming of the bell.
The boom of the explosion!
5. Hyperbole- an exaggeration or an overstatement.
I nearly died laughing!
6. Personification-giving human qualities to things that are not
human.
The moon looked down at me.
7. Idiom- a saying that means something different than what it
says.
It’s raining cats and dogs.
8. Oxymoron- words that are opposites used side by side.
Jumbo shrimp, Original copy
9. Palindrome- words that are the same spelled front wards and
backwards.
Stanley -Yelnats, Racecar
10. Irony- words are used in such a way that their intended
meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. 
The CEO of a big tobacco company said he did not smoke.
IV.DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
Denotation is the literal sense of a word, while connotation is its
figurative meaning. The word dumbness for example, denotes
"the condition of being mute," and it connotes "the condition of
being stupid."
Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word. It is the
literal meaning of the word.
Connotation is the emotional, cultural, and figurative meaning or
association surrounding a word.
A connotation of a word can be either positive or negative.
V. DICTION
-a writer’s choice of words.
◦ Effective diction is shaped by words that are clear,
concrete, and exact.
Example:
A coat isn’t torn; it is tattered.
An author’s diction depends on subject, purpose, occasion, and
audience – IT IS CONTROLLED BY PURPOSE!
SUBJECT: The subject often determines how specific or
sophisticated the diction needs to be.
PURPOSE: The writer’s purpose whether to persuade, entertain,
inform determines diction.
OCCASION: In what style of writing will your words be read?
 Formal diction is reserved for scholarly writing and
serious texts.
 Informal diction is often used in narrative essays and
newspaper editorials.
 Colloquial diction and slang are typically used to capture
the language of a particular time frame or culture.
 Vulgar diction – “save it for the streets”.
AUDIENCE: The type of diction a writer uses depends on the
audience (readers; listeners).
The following guidelines will help improve your writing:
1. Avoid unnecessary repetition of words and ideas.
Poor: The first poem in the book is a masterpiece in itself
and quite a work of art.
Better: The first poem in the book is a work of art
9. Avoid substituting would for simple past tense.
Poor: When the bell rang, he would quickly disappear.
Better: When the bell rang, he quickly disappeared.
VI. MOOD, TONE & THEME

Mood is the feeling created by the poet for the reader.

2. Use slang or informal words only when appropriate to the  Some words that can describe the mood of a poem
audience, the purpose, or occasion. Also, make sure word might be: romantic, realistic, optimistic, pessimistic,
choices are consistent with the rest of the paper. gloomy, mournful, sorrowful, etc.
Tone is the feeling displayed by the author toward the subject of
Slang Informal Formal the poem.
 Some words that can describe the tone of a poem might
be: serious, humorous, amused, angry, playful, cheerful,
dopey dense obtuse
sad, gloomy, etc.
The theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or
gypped cheated swindled purpose.

the police A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounding words occurring at the

cop end of lines in poems or songs.
man officer
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.
All the King’s horses, And all the King’s men
3. Avoid overblown writing.
Couldn’t put Humpty together again!
Poor: The lively lad eclipsed the illuminated taper.
Better: Jack jumped over the candlestick.
Various Types of Rhyme
Poor: The rotund ovum postured upon the balustrade.
Perfect Rhyme- a case in which two words rhyme in such a way
Better: Humpty-Dumpty sat on a wall.
that their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are
identical.
4. Avoid sexist language.
Ex. sight and light, right and might, rose and dose
General Rhyme- refers to a variety of phonetic likeness between
Inappropriate Appropriate
words.
a. Assonance  or Slant Rhyme  exists in words having the
authoress author same vowel sound
e.g. kill and bill, wall and hall, shake and hate etc.
b. Consonance  exist in words having the same consonant
the average person;
the common man sound.
ordinary people
e.g. rabbit and robber, ship and sheep
c. Alliteration or Head Rhyme refers to matching initial
weatherman weather forecaster consonant sounds.
e.g. sea and seal, ship and short etc.

5. Choose a specific and concrete word rather than a general or Eye Rhymes, also called sight or spelling rhymes- refer to words
abstract one. having the same spelling but different sounds.
e.g. love and move, dog and log, bough and cough
General Specific
Metaphor- a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or
hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but
fast food pizza
share some common characteristics.
Ex. The assignment was  a breeze.
fiction short stories
Free verse - a literary device that can be defined as poetry that is
city Cleveland free from limitations of regular meter or rhythm and does
not rhyme with fixed forms.
 Free verse poems have no regular meter and rhythm.
 They do not follow a proper rhyme scheme as such;
6. Avoid wordiness.
these poems do not have any set rules.
Poor: In the early part of the month of August, a hurricane was
 This type of poem is based on normal pauses and
moving threateningly toward Houston.
natural rhythmical phrases as compared to the artificial
Better: In early August, a hurricane threatened Houston.
constraints of normal poetry.
 It is also called vers libre which is a French word.
7. Avoid wordy expletive constructions, such as “There are”, “It
is”, etc.
Come slowly, Eden
Poor: There were four children playing in the yard.
Lips unused to thee.
Better: Four children were playing in the yard
Bashful, sip thy jasmines,
As the fainting bee,
8. Change passive voice to active when appropriate.
Reaching late his flower,
Poor: Calculus is studied by many college students.
Round her chamber hums,
Better: Many college students study algebra.
 Counts his nectars—alights, (TAG-INIT)
And is lost in balms! ni Ildefonso Santos
(Come Slowly, Eden  by Emily Dickinson)
3. Sonnet
Line break- a poetic device which is used at the end of a line and From the Italian sonetto, which means “a little sound or song."
the beginning of the next line in a poem. Traditionally, the sonnet is a fourteen-line poem written in iambic
Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown, pentameter, typically having 10 syllables per line. Two sonnet
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command, forms provide the models from which all other sonnets are
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read formed: the Petrarchan and the Shakespearean.
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;
       Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!        If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay        If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
Of that colossal wreck,boundless and bare        I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
The lone and level sands stretch far away.       But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
(Ozymandias by Percy Bysshe Shelley)        And in some perfumes is there more delight
      Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
*Sometimes, examples of line break at mid-clause where they       I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
create enjambment.       That music hath a far more pleasing sound;
       the back wings        I grant I never saw a goddess go;
       of the       My mistress when she walks treads on the ground.
       And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
       hospital where       As any she belied with false compare.
       nothing 4. Diona is a pre-Hispanic rhyming poem of three lines with seven
syllables in each line expressing a complete thought.
       will grow lie My Love (Joana Paula Roque)
       cinders Oh, darling my love so sweet
You are an epitome
       in which shine Your beauty is so unique.
       the broken
Landhi (Reyzel Pelenio)
       pieces of a green O ginoong makisig
       bottle  Ikaw lamang sapat na
Sa aking puso’t isip.
Meter- systematically arranged and measured rhythm in verse.
Example : VII. ELEMENTS OF FICTION
If music be the food of love, play on;
Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, A. Characters- a person, an animal, or an imaginary creature that
The appetite may sicken, and so die. takes the part in the action of the story.
That strain again! it had a dying fall: *Characterization - the techniques an author uses to
O, it came o’er my ear like the sweet sound, develop the personality of a character in a literary work.
That breathes upon a bank of violets, Character Types:
(Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare) Protagonist- the main character of the story that is most
central to the action of the story.
CONVENTIONAL FORMS (HAIKU, TANAGA, DIONA, SONNET) Antagonist- the person or thing working against the
1. Haiku protagonist, or hero, in the story.
A haiku poem has three lines, where the first and last lines have
five lines, while the middle line has seven. The pattern in B. Point of View- the perspective or vantage point from which an
Japanese genre is 5-7-5. author presents a story.
In the twilight rain
these brilliant-hued hibiscus - 1. Internal Narrator (First-person Narrator; the narrator uses
A lovely sunset. "I" to refer to himself/herself): the narrator is a character in
(Basho Matsuo -1644-1694) the story, often, but not necessarily, the protagonist.
2. Tanaga- “the Filipino Haiku” Example: “I felt like I was getting drowned with shame and
The form dates back to the 16th century and has an oral tradition. disgrace.”
The poems emotionally charged and consist of 4 lines with each 2. Second Person Point Of View:
line having between 7 and 9 syllables. These short poems do not Second person point of view is generally only used in
have titles, although the apparent theme is used to refer to it. instructional writing. It is told from the perspective of "you".
Palay siyang matino, Example: Sometimes you cannot clearly discern between
Nang humangi’y yumuko; anger and frustration.”
Nguni’t muling tumayo 3. Third Person Point Of View:
Nagkabunga ng ginto Third person POV is used when your narrator is not a
(PALAY) character in the story. Third person uses the "he/she/it"
ni Ildefonso Santos narrator and it is the most commonly used POV in writing.
Example: “Mr. Stewart is a principled man. He acts by the
Alipatong lumapag book and never lets you deceive him easily.”
Sa lupa — nagkabitak, a. Third Person Limited: Limited means that the POV is
Sa kahoy nalugayak, limited to only one character. Which means that the
Sa puso — naglagablab! narrator only knows what that character knows.
 b. Third Person Multiple: This type is still in the
"he/she/it" category, but now the narrator can follow
multiple characters in the story.
c. Third Person Omniscient: This point of view still uses
the "he/she/it" narration but now the narrator knows
EVERYTHING.
C. Plot-the action or sequence of events in a story. It is based on a
key conflict.
Parts of a Plot:
• Exposition- the first part of the story. The author
establishes the setting, introduces
characters, gives additional
background information.
• Rising Action/Complications- the series of conflicts or
struggles that build a story toward
its climax. Tension rises.
• Climax- the high point, or turning point, of a story. It
is the most intense point. A decision
is made that will decide the outcome
of the conflict.
• Falling Action- the action that works out the decision
arrived at during the climax. The
conflict is –or begins to be –settled.
• Resolution/Denouement- the ending. It ties up loose
ends and brings the story to a close.
A Dramatic or Progressive Plot: This is a chronological structure
which first establishes the setting and conflict, then follows the
rising action through to a climax (the peak of the action and
turning point), and concludes with a denouement (a wrapping up
of loose ends).
An Episodic Plot: This is also a chronological structure, but it
consists of a series of loosely related incidents, usually of chapter
length, tied together by a common theme and/or characters.
A Flashback: This structure conveys information about events that
occurred earlier.
D. Setting- the time and place in which the action occurs. Look
for clues in the opening paragraphs of the story or novel.
E. Conflict
Conflict in a narrative is created when the main character wants
something. When something else gets in the protagonist's way, a
conflict arises.
Types of Conflict:
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society
Man vs. Machine
Man vs. Supernatural
Man vs. Self
Internal Conflict- thoughts or feelings the characters struggle
with like thinking they are going to lose a game or feeling
worried.
External Conflict- conditions or people that are causing
problems for the main character. These problems are
happening “outside” of the character.
Irony- a literary device where the chosen words are intentionally
used to indicate a meaning other than the literal one. 
The use of words to mean something
Verbal Irony different than what they appear to
mean.
The difference between what is
Situational Irony expected to happen and what actually
happens.
When the audience is more aware of
Dramatic Irony
what is happening than a character.
Techniques and Literary Devices
Tone tells us the author feels about his or her subject. Words
express the writer's attitude toward his or her work, subject, and
readers. Tone can be serious, humorous, satirical, passionate,
sensitive, zealous, indifferent, caring, caustic.
Example:
We’re all familiar with a mother’s words to her mouthy son—
Don’t you take that tone with me, young man.
A motif is a recurring symbol which takes on a figurative meaning.
We see them in books, films, and poems. In fact, almost every text
commonly uses the literary device of the motif. A motif can be
almost anything: an idea, an object, a concept, a character
archetype, the weather, a color, or even a statement. Motifs are
used to establish a theme or a certain mood; they have a symbolic
meaning.
A motif can be seen as an image, sound, action, or other figure
that has a symbolic significance, and contributes toward the
development of a theme.
Example:
In Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we see
several motifs that support the central idea of the narrative.
The motif of childhood gives the novel a lighter tone, and
makes it enjoyable to read despite its grave central ideas of
slavery and racism. 
Symbolism- an image/object in a story that is used repeatedly
and carries a deeper meaning.
Universal Symbols:
water = purity
black clouds = evil approaching
Foreshadowing is a literary device in which a writer gives an
advance hint of what is to come later in the story.
Example:
The final graveyard flower is blooming, and its smell drifts
through their house, speaking gently the names of their
dead.
(Foreshadows death)