Name: _____________________________________ Score : _______________________

Year’s /Course: _____________________________ Date: _______________________

Theories and Causes of Crimes

Preliminary Examination
Test I. Multiple Choices: Use a separate paper for your answer. Analyze carefully the
statements or question before answering by choosing the best or nearest answer by writing the
corresponding letter of your choice.
1. __________________ A system of ideas arranged in rational order that produce general
principles which increases our understanding & explanations?
a. Research b. Theory c. Investigate d. Proposal e. None of the above
2. ___________________ Tries to protect target from theft and damage and potential victims
from attack and assault to protect targets from theft and damage and potential victims from
attack and assault?
a. Guardians b. CCTV c. Barriers d. Flood lights e. Any of the above
3. Historically, there are three broad theoretical models of criminal behavior. Except_________?
a. Psychological b. Sociological c. Physiological d. Biological e. None of the above
4. Various forms of criminal profiling are based heavily on __________________ principles and
represent an effort to either apprehend existing criminals or to identify persons at risk for certain
behavior?
a. Biological b. Sociological c. Physiological d. Psychological e. None of above
5. Parents, teacher, peers and others close to potential victims are also potential _____________?
a. Threats b. Perpetrator c. Gatekeeper d. Guardian e. None of the above
6. The ____________ is a square body with an active personality and considered a more
desirable body and personality.
a. Somatotype b. Ectomorph
c. Endomorph d. Mesomorph
7. Based on these observations Hooton concluded that the underlying cause of criminal behavior
is to be found in ____________ characteristics, that is, physical inferiority.
a. Biological b. Sociological
c. Racial d. Physical
8. ____________ are insane persons and those who committed crime in self-defense.
a. Pseudo Criminals b. Habitual Criminals
c. Racial d. Physical
9. ___________ was an American physical anthropologist known for his work on racial
classification.
a. William Sheldon b. Cesare Lombroso
c. Earnest Hooton d. Jeremy Bentham
10. Linguistically speaking, the term _____________ meaning ‘evolutionary throwback’. The
term emerged during the 1870s in the Italian school of criminology.
a. Pecos Pueblo b. Anthropology
c. Victim Facilitation d. Atavism
11. ___________________ is a theory propounded by Karl Marx that claims society is in a state
of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is
maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity?
a. Conflict Theory
b. Classical Theory
c. Demonology
d. Neo-classical Theory
e. Any of the above
12. ___________________ is a social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as
a whole, in contrast to traditional theory oriented only to understanding or explaining it.
a. Critical Theory
b. Classical Theory
c. Demonology
d. Neo-classical Theory
e. Conflict Theory
13. ___________________ Change occurs as a result of conflict between social class’s
competing interests rather than through adaption. It is often abrupt and revolutionary rather than
evolutionary.
a. War
b. Competition
 c. Rivalry
d. revolution
e. rebellion
14. Classical theory in criminology has its roots in the theories of the 18th century Italian
nobleman and economist, _______________ and the English philosopher.
a. Ceasar Lombroso
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Max Horkheimer
d. Jeremy Bentham
e. Karl Marx
15. Positivist theory of crime presumed that scientific study of criminal behavior should find the
“causes” of such behavior. They also believed that the causes of crime are beyond the control of
the individual.
a. Critical Theory
b. Classical Theory
c. Positivist Theory
d. Neo-classical Theory
e. Conflict Theory

Test II. Write the correct answer: Use the separate paper for your answer. Analyze carefully the
statements or questing before answering nearest answer by writing the corresponding word in the
blank.

Routine Activity Theory Psychological Shoplifting

Punishments Biological Critique Psychiatrists
Demonology Critical Theory Utilitarianism Positivist Theory
Conflict Theory Cesare Biccaria Criminals
Ectomorph Genetic Psychopatch Habitual Suspects
1. ________________ provides a simple and powerful insight into the causes of crime problems.
At its heart is the idea that in the absence of effective controls, offenders will prey upon
attractive target?
2. The simple act of placing mirrors in stores can increase self-awareness and decrease of
________.
3. ________________ Theories of criminality basically purport that criminal behavior is the
result of some flaw in the biological makeup of the individual?
4. Psychological science consists of several disciplines including biological psychology and
social psychology, so __________________ principles could be applied across all three
domains.
5. Technically speaking, punishment are any sanctions designed to decrease, etc., are all forms of
punishment.
6. ___________________ are those who at a request of the Court make a diagnosis and
prognosis about a person’s sanity of insanity.
7. ___________________ is one of the earliest theories in criminology. In the ancient times,
people believed that evil spirits or demons entered human body to commit sins.
8. ___________________ is a theory that one is motivated by pleasure and the fear of pain, so
punishments can be used as a deterrent to commit crimes.
9. ___________________ is a theory propounded by karl Marx that claims society is in a state of
perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources.
10. ___________________ upholds the belief that a small few, the elite of the society, decide
laws and the definition of crime; those who commit crimes disagree with the laws that were
created to keep control of them.
11. The father of modern criminology was the Italian ____________________.
12. The _________________, according to Sheldon, was a thin, introverted person with poor
social skills.
13. ______________________ factors refer to biological factors that are inherited. Social
factors, on the other hand, cannot be inherited.
14. ______________________ Criminals had a poor education during their childhood or have
been in social interaction with criminals.
15. According to Lombroso, persons who have five or more biological traits are born
_________.
Test II. Essay:
1. Before you begin reading this book, what was your personal theory of crime causation? Which
of the theories introduced in this chapter comes closest to your personal view?
______________________________________________________________________________
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2. If any given theory were able to explain 30 percent of all the crimes committed, would you
consider that theory to be successful? Why or why not?
______________________________________________________________________________
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3. There are three broad theoretical models of criminal behavior, such as psychologist,
biological, and sociological. Do you feel that the integration of all of these disciplines holds the
best chance for explaining the most crime, or should the disciplines remain pure?
______________________________________________________________________________
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4. Certainty, severity, and celerity are the key elements of deterrence theory. What makes
certainty so important? Could we not reduce crime by making the punishment so severe that a
“rational” individual would be scared to death to commit criminal acts?
______________________________________________________________________________
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5. How should history judge the work of Cesare Lambroso (Positivist Theory)? Is it fair to use
standards from 2017 to judge the work he did 18th century? Support your answer?
______________________________________________________________________________
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6. Assuming conflict theory is true, what kind of policy changes could be implemented to reduce
class inequality?
______________________________________________________________________________
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7. What impact does Critical Theory have on the criminal justice system today?
______________________________________________________________________________
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8. Factors like eye color, hair color, facial features, and personality are passed down from
generation to generation. If this is true, why would we not expect things like criminal behavior to
be passed down as well?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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9. Write a clear and concise statement on what Lombroso’s general theory suggests about
criminals.
______________________________________________________________________________
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10. Explain the concept of General Inferiority theory as a feature of Hotton’s general theory of
criminality.
______________________________________________________________________________
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11. Should scientist continue looking for biological causes of criminality? Could such research
be attacked on grounds that it promotes racist, sexist, or class-based stereotypes?
______________________________________________________________________________
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12. The scientific method has been applied to the study of crime since Lombroso. What would it
mean to the study of crime if we adopted the approach recommended by constitutive criminology
and abandoned traditional empirical methods?
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GOOD LUCK ….!