7 MopuLE 3 twevt lovTPUT ORGANIZATION > Ore d the basic features Qa com tos, da the Oe to “dian 43. ont other clevicesy ne Lio § , Y. thecessrna Ilo Device « : To doy DA si Je UO. synand, do connec | dori 1 eb ae el he werrangernsed Aosyccos Conmechrel >Fo fous enaloes all the 2 ibe | at te information. aad | —> tt constr f thous soh of Snes 90 aaddaon dale ord Conbiol -iptel, > Foch to dlowiers “8 sasigned a Undue 5 noldsorser a > Io aco st, Hlo denies, the, frocesson ! ) | ndolaoss hen, He oddbers on He A > Ho doves j me ae de the onbol 2 ' a bp outs, other a dead GL ; ee ckon yond ta-sqyocted dal 2 bransporrod over the dato Divas ° chose te | aon S, duviees § tho TUIOrA els oh csSth menor maped. To , any machine unebuchiyn CON OLLLRS oe Con bo used to ‘fone dala to or from an Io device née Th DATAIN f& tho oddace of. the input b | axociatiel csith the keyboard He yet te Move DATAIN, & geads the aka prom DATAIN G stores than sugisdin fo , Similardy, the Ro, DATAOUT Move gends the conten 4 arogister Ro to locaticn Dataour, which may bo the output dodte. budper of, of olisplay unit or a peu SMpst computer System use MEMO mapped Te, oe oes aise shecial Tr and ie ingtavctions to perform to prcursfprs « > tlo devices § tha m Dave di + ache oe ee gemond 3 bau es eT » Special) Tn § Out instrucflons to perform Tp | pallens. *Ilo devices may Dave to deal with feuser addsorxs Qinss + IIo addsoss Linas need not be physically Separate adda Dros . 3he addaces Dinos may tbe shored) belovan tp devices { mem loth a Ccontse! sly nal to radio: e eoigten cohithes ib Ts a memory7 Dato lines Gntoo| I hos Tlo interface 1 > The hardwane sequined -to connect an t/o device bo tho bus 2 Ore d A seins To addsox2 doc us dat Yo devices daal sith purer oddypes Dinas + + A special signal en the bus tndicates thot dhe vested Sar o> qaite bangers is an To | bit. » than tes gral us aazertiol , the memory ont igroses the eq uaetio! boransfor : Fe To device scammine the low ord bits 4 thecddsess bes to determing rok other thoy Soul aegpord . + -> woress DECODER - ~ TE enables the device to secognizetl: Ns addsex phon tes adders oppeaas on the eddaars Ina -> Data Recrster « “rb Dolla the data Boing Gransffocd from the proerrsonysmTUsS REGISTER 6° tt containg infoomaltor gelount to dhe eperation oh the To device, spade § Stedos etgiain ewe cennichiel the pho bus, § Maye unique oldrowcer « s Io interfco ciguert -ceohdinates To Pransfes + to devices operate wt speeds that ave vastly i from thed of te processor. > So tus cfeed differance croote, the res fon jelieon thom. > For ym Iwv abion using Reyhoasd dove ev Ta a od wo 2 SIN | is setto | cho a dasactes fs entered at the Keyboasd 2s Tt py clerred fo 0 one the dlasants on eel send by the proce: » Fon bei To Know tho basic concebts, leh us consi a simple example 7 to chee tnvolvivg a Key boasd “§ ion displey = ths four segicters a2 tse in Jor the data founder operation —+ Register stATUS Gntains foo control foge, SIN £ SOUT, which provide atatus information fo the board. { clisflay onrd respectively ~The two age “KIRQ § DIRQ Pr thé sregiches arg useol in conlunction wrth hnterruptsgente. (oNter, © +The KEN bits Wet = Data fom leds us tho. DATAIN he Airflo ane shoved i Ld t ry a Heghs Fon (CONTRow. qrool? avalabh ie , ‘ 6 dala sent fo Hy in the DataouT Hpi, DATAIN Guraovr, (eT eratus = CTT ovale so CONTROL Lu pal |] $543 210 Ze fable in Khas § Dicpley Moface am Taat READS ONE LINE From THE Ker gorko, + PROGR: ergokes Tt IN MEMORY Burrer AND EcHOzs T Ack To DrsPLa¥ Hove LINE Ro = Trfialize memey fib, WALTK Testbit AO cmatus > Test SIN: Baorch=p WALT kK “salt fos cheacter to 0 RI pe enteriol Move ATAIN Real € hosacter wAITD Tecthit #1, SrAtus sTest SOUT | Branch-0 WaLTO > Wait for cpg } beome He Move —-RI,DATABUT > tend character to dily | Move RL, Ro)+ > fox chanacten § advance. feinter. i ps #1400,R1 > check If Gomnnge Bounch}0 “WArTK >If rot get caro thon cla Move #404, Darzout -» Cthowise ond lh Coll PROCESS 2 Qa cobsovih ® fo Paccgas the IF Tinohs poogeam soads o Dine wd characters from the Keypoosccl word stores ik un a ——- we al btéhon ZINE Then it es ue Subsout : to as input ling we process pecs > fs each character is sead , ths echoed Luck to te Aeplag: > feqicter R ts ured os a pointer fo the mene OSLO -» the corto ft ho wo y cd using tho puto incsermant Bee tel Gatad euceossuwe C bing are shorod ip successive — menmoey locators | > toch charocke mw ctleckd te sa Yd is He Corringe Rebun CR) charac», his Js fio AGCILI code OD Cnexadecirnall) 2s xf it ts, a dine Feed chanacl, CASCII code OA) us gerd de move tho Curtor cod Ot inn on the daflay. & Subsoubie PROCESS #s caMod! . | 25 Cliowsise the pega Lochs Lock to egoite # onotho, chaso.eter efoom de hoybooad. 5 ths example sllushaotes propom cord oa led To ; ths technique is also Known 98 peeling to dey i ohno the processor aepeated! checks o ctedus to acholuse tho seqpiredl aynehaoriyation bobuscon dhs procese” § an I/o device> Two Other Mehanisms useol for synchsonis). data boanafer bly the perc essen § Mremep ow > 1 Cy Interrupts nen je + fe te i prehooniaalin 7 Da speoial Here Ss by Sassing He te aes d Blyen tho Pus cok at oe Gee IE Koso Peskin “4 Cs Dinect Memory Accent ~& Tels eee for high speed tle olewn ce, f > T+ involves having whe device Pn terdocs $8.0K5| data dhrectly tom from thom ) -tobthouk conhinvoug oe be bho processor 4 LNTERRUPTS + >In progam contr ollrel to, aston the processor continuously monibers the Status of ta deite, jt does not porfewm any Use| as prallrrale approach eoull be Jor che To device to ole the proceso, hen uk booms wnady. 2, Th can be donz. by sending a Dasdun: Stgrod calhd an ae fo tHe oxein 7, At faut ona oF He bus cortro’ Ls, on ae4 th bh iii ein now de Processor an perperm ote: exdul 1 gasbs Oo Ohl, at a asnibs : dp le soacly og a 4 By using this ribersupts euch waiting periods can Veal be elim tnaded - 2 Paegsam £ Tnlewupt Senyite aoutina > Proceso” 1s executing tho Inshauchion located of addaexs. i an intevupl CQCCURS« > Routine oxesated ‘n necporse to ar irtteraugl naqyuest rs called tho ?rtensupt ~ service oeuhne. + (Pen an intessupt OWS, conto! must do bransferd fo the inatenoupt conyice outline « > But befpx2 Looxsfexring contol Hho Curr con of tho PC GHD must bs saved th & Known location - > Ts will enable ths setusr fiom interrupt instruction to aesun® exeoyhion af itl > Returr drers , Or He conterids of Hee PC asp us cfored on the processor shok,Pkt Fr > Consider, a bask that renpviow, Some compulatrr,, : to be performed § Pho nest lo be Podaly en a Iino brinter ' “Lek dhe fragrnm consial cf Be doedinas , Gru § paint. : > Assume tat COMPUTE produces a set of o Leg of ovlput, to he palntead by the FRINT souk, > Fiast , dhs’ Commute poutine is execubed te pede Ho find 1 Ther of output Then, Ho Pernt novtine Is executed to senel Ho first Ie gf fectto dhe ponten . > Ab dis poad , cnstiod af coring for thr Lis te te privded! 5 the fm PRINT soutine may be Fimporarily suapordad § eoceculion of He : CompuTe swiutine Contourel : ~ (henoer the parc Drecornes sordy,, it calbsts te * > ponte dhe processor din tineut ‘ 7 a ee ois ieee exces “ fe he PRINT soubive. -y The PRLNT southa sends the Peon Ihe bo the c printer G is agale suspercle : 5 Then He intersupled COMPUTE snortine sasums eaecuhion at the point of interruptlen galeSE - sonbouss utd oll mn. Bees Dios | ’ Jose Ln prisded § the PRINT swuhie ends ate PRINT soutire will fp v , eck ab of Linu is wanda sal ot, Gupute Lobes de ho Dd te.| se done rapid hha, enn a Be elpming cael compuctins abt e Progpm | Programe ComPuTe Koubhe Pernt Routine Vs hsaina that an interrupt Sreqpoed ee during execution 4 pelle, | i lect completes execubiona Mnstwel | te pe oC eit addsos of It Tashauct of the infersupt sexvice sovhina, > Alb, the execution of the inkersupt Services sovtine, the processor has te Gome bch to ngtsuction it! ton ah intersupt cours , the Grriail| — tontirte of the PC, must be in temposiasy ctomgi dA Mest sntexnupt jas bwel” at the a (torn [pam ? bid a of He intesnypt service oa from ve temporerey gorge Lise, 3 Be an slero the sehirr Tega ly Shook ou register > when om proceser necoives ah intersupl -2C}raf ib ee fo tho tntovupt service 7 noutine. ? >It must abso infowrn the device that It hag } wecog hized Hy interrupt seaport, 3S Bs can be accomplished tn two woys > 2s Some pocessora have teh excplicit inten} acknowledge signal for this peu pose. 2s Tr other cases, the data te.ansfer Hut takes blac holyocon tha device § ve HO CELLO can ho cseol lo infos the dlevice fernupt - service Sovtino ks Teatmort of Bh in very similar bo thal of a subroutine, (> However there arw slgnif icant differcices: Ly A subsovting performs a task that ie rapusd by the Calling program. Ly Intowupt - services, gouting a oon iA Common with ho fapran it inbewrupts.Ly Lntoowpt ~ servide srovbtes G the pro. phat if intexupts may belong 6 li lous users ly Ag a neslt, belore branching to the jm texrupt ~ service nouting , ho only the pc , bub othe, Mnformahionr such ax condi hon cod. flags, G processor negistes useol by both the interrupted program g Ho intesupt son vite goutho 2 This will erable tho interrupted pogrom _ fo aesume execution upon netusn pom | interrupt senvice 2oubine. > Saving and nestoning infomation con he dong aytomatically by dao proceso or exh lity | by progaem prstsuction. > Sosving § aestoxing sogistees involves memory | doans fers’ 2 Trcacr3es the total execution time 2, Incacoser Whe debe helweon the time ab interrupt neqrvest is geceived , Atel the tre intersupt start 6] execution 4 yfino . Thes delay us coed iI Service xO in texsupt latency .a Th onder to seduce th intouupt latency, may Pscoceasons Saye ony the minional armors Mfoumation + | . 2 Face omtrimall amount Ba lifer matin TacDuoles Pesogram Counter § roccacer + Staten seg icters « vlc thal mee 7 b A ad onal i NO», Th oY aon, a ok sowed, cxpltettly by tho program Mnstruchons af tne beginning of the Interrupt Service nouns. ” emake i r thou & Simple ait, n int 1S TROKD 7 8 oa t/o foros sea | > Tho Concept of interns uphs fa apple’ ; | systems | tn mony con oo Gas coxs hg of ceseledn MOUTH Mut F | “he el, timed selative to cadena! | 0 2s(foald - time procestlicg ; 5 > te daltr type of ofpliadion 1S acferrsel Ne, 2% Hal Hm processing 7 aeERRUP. Al . t wr eReveT HARDWARE ie r/o device neqjuests an interrupt by at tivating a bus lino cabled Prtessupt Aaya most computers are. likely fo have Servesall t/o clevice, that can aeq most anh interupt ia ingle intersupt aquest Ing ames vase sexve Rk devices as de joted i clevicer Axe connected to the Line Via qaithos fo yrovrd « Vdd a A _ = Ce equivald thes for an ofon drain dus useol to iomplemonL a Common interrupted seqpout Hine. >To genpvest an nites pt ye device clases He associated Swi 45 Thus | if oll pnterrupt - oeqs vest sionals TNTR, do INTR, 2x0 inactive, thal is , if al) owl es ann © en, the voltage 6n tho Interrupt sequot [The will be eqpal bb Vol : 2s Hh ix dhe tracive chee of Linsr > ufn dla device suquaits an Inbertuypt by olbsing ice Ju an tr ist kK w sh suitch «a ybbge on ho whites eT eta ng tho intersupt signa, INTE, seceivel iy voltage tae He powocenso* te ge to | nabling And Su ha Sing of con ne ei sa OS Cause the Dino wollage cp dnep> ty 0.1 the wala, oe id ol INTR vi He Logical OR 4 the reqpusts pu, ace Ndividuall dopizar at vs Fs Ton & \ INTR= INTR HINTR»t 2+ FINT Re >” Because ion INTR de normo the interrupt —vreqyioed shoval Dy Somoirnor Sue on He commen Lino because this Shana is ond -muat no! achive whor in do low voltage stato On Jon eacample, ie dn the electronic ipl lon of tha asacult ho inbeoup wiih special salina te ecto escecusting it (jor. bipolar c t) oe apon drain Chor HOS ctf) > Tore are many - i ans udedl to douve the INTE bra. Revd 5 5 the oufbid of ore chen collhclor om on open > Fon exe | dyoin gal os aprivalord te Oo switch to Tn the cose of queue thek sober waked th gates inc Dayle sri tha 0 Stock & clland tohn it Ie woxapid only je [stat aie > Th vellage Inve, hence tho Logic bate, of the 4 7 Ay punbig y as lelevmined’ the re Untessuple of theo got applied yo ol the gales commected to the set hocone bus - 2K ancthe ce ay poets b(peer R is callbd a publ up resistor becaur ne tho It Voltage vp to tha high pitago sia tho Switches ore por y frabling Ard Disabling Trtorripls » + he assed ¢ an interrupt sag pot fom an extrnal deyice causer dhe fro couse” to sus pend cho M execution of. ena am § stast din Care couse inten an 5 i ee 4k gages By Jor example , the processor pot cart to ho interrupted te rl device ahkLe excecuting ‘rts intessupt service soutine hovld ignore ardborupt peenproade . + Fon exe dn the cose of the lombulr - Prdrt pxF 4s Pree eee reer ee reper eee eee Tho mow wale tno oh ihe Nike sued dig the static Be > Jos these Reasork » SOM MOIS fo» erably, § obfsabling interrupts must Aa avat lable fa the GAN EN» ~> Ono simple . fe buoyed machin ae oad ei Intexxup! enable & Th orrupt disabbe lps tus pofor. > Ast us consider de specific Case of a single int exp requost fom ono oleyite. ic Livedes the Inbeow ft sequoed > usher ne fh i Sghvetiatd udil sia ac Knotsledgmard 2, fis means thak Ho dntovupt ~ reaped spr) wll bo octive dusting execution of She inten sey _cosutce gautino. clos pot Lod f succersure aston, caving the agin be enh A dinfinate' boon eked ph cannot SQV » -» Several mmeclanisms ve available 40 solve. fay problem . ig 7 hn nat fhility is te He broccsen as a nbouph seq rost Dino tho ‘) dw execution of the drat radorucbon ae intensup? - senwice ee Dae hap an vmplobed dhauction Dn Nat errupt seonvlee can bo Trterrupt -disable On intewupl cenvice grout no before ho Reluow prom pnten supt dnstnuction con be internupt - enable dhe processor oust guarantee that eoceculion 2, Fins ins ppv tino dy Lot Inshnoction of. 27 oly dho neturn intexsupt nstewcton is completed bdano further ih terxuphorn Con OCCU - x The second! automatically disable in Fexsup jhe excectlon of we neterrupt cenvice aovhha Sautrg ho contents of fC § the process claus nogister(B er tha clack , the processor porfeorms the eqyui valand 6, execuing oun Tht oft disoble nshruc tion - x ib of the case thal onz bit srgpteten, In Ho pS x defen) Pe called Trtersopt enable inci shabhon inten ypts are enalrled. a An intenpud seqport ec veal chile the bi fs eqpral) fo fis accepted x Ake coving dhe conterts of tho PS on tho Shack, with the Trteayt enable bit quell fol, te, 9 0CeBS I CONS gho Tnterrypt -enrable bi % Phe PS scegicter thus disabling [wedon vekesupk, ¥ shorn a Rebun pem infersupl Instruction BS exc cutee] , dhs conter. of The PS cure res threrl the clack, getting tho Trtersp tal erable | A fee Jy | obtion ts to hove ds process ts before steading *, aHence dwero js Ae Bolger % ont ple. int eescuptions f-10 heed te explicitly * Honce Tntersupls OAL agatn enabled . edn He hired ophion the prrecessor has o special indernupT - sequort Ire fees, dhol, tho anternupt — hanol ling cba cub sespordls only to tho loading edge of dhe signal , such a Iino is Saiol to bo edge toriggercd. * Tn dia caw, the processor will, xeceive |, d eng sequent, 209 ach leas of howe long dhe fo bs ach votes. * Hence _ tege is ho darrges af muliple intesxuptions no heed fo explier Fy disable tend ope require, [por Phi Pro. ruse dhe seqeeenee of everil > Jet us SST d Jardine an interrupt pel tnyalued ee foarn a sh aso evobled.) . @ dhs device GOI CAN _jrft infers. upt nequost ® Ws — Inter upls the pregsam Cel yibhy being @x ecufed . (0 Typb Orr upl fon trol Caw bite dy Dae PE (excepl I 7 tho edge Lalyqerod rb ex opk) - 7 a device Sasswrning dot In berraple ; He ANN dicabled by Banana tHe >- eA he device is Informed that Phe segue hoo been eco ntzed ,an PA KESPOKSE , it deac frrvates tho interrupt soquort sfyrd qhs action Sroqoatee] by to Interrupt ts 0 perfororedl by tho Inter»upt senvice Souths {) Zetoophs Wo onabled § execution of dhs interrupted program 7S ested. pe HANDLING. My, TIPLE DEVICES ? 1 pn 2 senpet Ja soctieeel over tha ccemonen cdwupt snpert ie odional ofermadion er cltch de iderctfy the fascticulas loose tat octivalil He Die. » tuathermore , if Jivedoviors awe clara ted fh, dow ob deqtine Live muat Je | Tribe ste Druck the dis ard ached ener ‘Ho dum, sugpets for serves | dl ga nboufl -seander saute te | cfdled Lovie Slas een cormnfoletsd , the steond aequork can Je serviced: “Bs salen noded to dele miro ch othon wa tp bs ug peat wr inbrsupt Js ouvoclbh Se tte alata gil i 9 he statis I0qealirn ecoch devicr Bas san IRQ bit click it sete te 1 cohen it sequal bh | a LROC Trferswpt sensvest)yo 3 Gooling Ton Get Se & Bits IRQ §& DIR@ ww dro Pn tersupt aeg,.” bile | hor ‘a Keu pang & dhe dé O44 Vl a. 2> Interrupt serviee swouline can poll Ae To dervcors conmctea! de the fous, Bo fash device wth TR apal te! as Ono that v2 seryeol scheme mechanism ry easy j bet no consuming fo quo tha lik, Bile Jolt tho I/o deiees comnecteal fp the bur. pes disadvantage axe go for > Fo overcorw vectored Jape inteasupts. + VecToRED INTERRUPTS * +s A davies ooqjaadting on wu : k ending De apood psocw.er oven the Dus. L prccertor de sclendify sale tharo o sstng le cndorsgl roufel Lah i oD) eee. tho ; oun por : eee en iad tho olewrceo may ssprosod | : 1 ee of rdoraprapl sougiel poutnd len dat dovire >the code Luglk ss Aypica Dy cin the shongedt hho & bibs.3 , called | Ss towupt i "ond L [ Ob Judo ae PC 2 fh ivcbrsupet aoole may le include mous vabuo for the processor status AQiabr oIn agmost com, ’ tf dle Ne send the inter bs | ae piney Pagereaetr neal | , do enserg thet clovico dr internupt ver e . Pk must piowt comple tha excceuion d dho cussaont ( ousckion )cohich tho use & bus, this Mouy Cats Lother delay > Tho interrupting~>¢hon dhe processor us seonclep be necelie x TE OO. Hy tho Pnbexxupt ve ctor coola , olg.0 ‘Ho, INTA, int eaupt vector acknoc le > The t/o device nespords b serding He prterupt vector co INTR Stngrok fInrernuet Nes TING, « j > Intersupts should bo disabled: dusing Ho erent. an interrupt service snoulino , $0 ensure Yel a neyuiort fpr device will not casse mere thot one pretexruphion . . Tn general) , Some axsangarnrerd iS used: chu, amultiple devices on cond interrupt S%yvel fo fhe processor : > Dusing the execution of device dhe processor jeg otun device > Since tho intexnupt eernvice sovbtho, ane vey shovd:, ‘the elby Sho‘ dis onuse is gencen Dey acceptable . > However fe contain devices this delay mou not acceptable + Io devices we oaganie sta uct r “2 An jntewu apes pom a High poles! ahace cho pococesser a 4 device ts accepted the inde ofl sexvice noutrhe of axcepuy, the, inter as “bolosity degtce « 4 service Sovtin ed prea parloattyme poiasity level is assigned to a pro er CCAR ae Diowrgeal eclon prayian coaal. a falosity PV of x procenson te che portsry i dhs prroyrann thot es corrortly beling 6 a exec . the processor cdevcls excecut! to Intern to pecs a a device Te sy ‘a Baise 2 that ot tho olevice. 4 I dhe device s Mg ah intexwuph % i, oO Digher paisile Han Hee aan de processor accepts Ho infersupt s.enodt : Processors Tosrty fs oncecled ina bits ° of the ee lucas ee > Pruosity can bo pratsuctions , Oe dhat weatte into te processor shetus 3's to ? ucvall, thos axe pouvil ed inatouchions, On | pratowe Hone dha on, Se execuliol only in jhe GUpenviser. © > Privileged hastructions cannot bo eacecuttal in tho cael User Modlt - > Preverd, o We pogrom from acctoler tally Or intentionally changing tha ptosity of dhe processor . > How iS an allempt fo exeoite a paivileged Trotauchon i” Hee iter made, | heats o special type PA Interrupt called od perivilege exception.: ed oA anvHiple Priority echome Car Rt ty eam easily by Last éepesate Saber Aap >! & intermupt acknovalrolye Mnes for cock —»( device | > Fach of the interrupt sve Dinos Js clay) > difhers - level. al Hd > Exch Trtewupt ooopests 2ece! OUEA thay - Pros aro aed te & spouionity arbitrate, chacuit th tho powcesson > > £ xe a accepted only i st toe. high, povos: by level Ghar thet cus ron By Atclp el > Chiosity axbitrotion Implementation of oalennupt using iindivicl interrupt aequest § acknowledge Fas.© Gp MyLTANBOUS REQUESTS 2 See = ar Gusider dhe psoblern of Spony Haneous asntvalle of | fen aupt req rents from Qor 220% dlevices | > Re processor must Lave seme Mwans of clocidurg | hich Proqlecet He souseee fost | co f) 2 Very a priority ee i‘ the processor shinly | : pccepls tha Soquort Poving dhe Highest priority. oy severaf devices ahane One interrupt neqieost Quo, eS er Som othe, meleriim cs need yn + (Buia SCHEME : | «df dhe process UseZ Oe polling Cleon be dhe ta fies nogislors of tl devices to dpkermrre which, donguco Us reqpostiing ah. interrupt . i ty is ddlevminadl by order, ss ih che tho olowicos aro polled. ths Yuk dosica with tabs Dit sat te 1 ds tha down” 2noxe uidooupt mequoat da acceplid- | + phomn asectercedl sntooupls pe 92. oH seleme Cn ZURD ry | ; webed do send ub eens vector a | y& fT : I tho |"> Darsy Cuarn Sonne | 2 een - neo pod Quo INTR ws comet of se os, aN . Trteanup © he Conmacted jin wo. Lainy chain fe ; shor doers gore on inh eqns g the wu Lino INTE J olives, § the processor acspords by cebting ality) = He tod « tha signal ja aocaweel dayceo 1, 3 aa dovieo | does nod wad ei pesus the gighal to deuice 2 gf device | has a. ponsltg soqyeel fpr inten “ Miscks the TWH signal § paswest put tb ident ood on i, Boyces thabas chctusally closed to te hooceasir bow phe highest poosdty,ae - plan to dovttes cser2 O neal . prio At veh each ‘coves Yad ah our wtemupt sf andl *naterrupt ackhousledae Nino. peye™ > phn Xo devire csere Orgaszeol in dowry loshior? , the clerwreos shored bdeconpl pe ine , ord the wm acknocotelge otters o pode Lor abrrrcotere g 4 eben 3 Ga alge txted. > Devers ore organized vr groupe, ed jaa | rnc lool at wn dt (9 5et | Geos’ ty anbirtaction | Clacul | | | | C frongemerd 4 Biol Spasyo * Controuine, DEVICE Fequast : * Onl dhose dppcoss tho aw boing weal i A spre dcom rahe Od See plleseal do Ferra f, cutorsuipt oqo val oh ont ( Lieb dowuee® cee oo ; nah capa + SOG rs ) si intone, Cireutt of each Ho doyice enrolele bik - > ff He jnleorupt enable bet un dhe lowes Tilfoce ca sok be 1 Hnshe cbatee ‘alllewsed de gororade am dbo rupt sera 2 Titoyrupt enable oct an the procostes, status rapists of the priority sbuctirs of ths interrupt detowmiues, chablhos, o. gen Prtetuupt ool. ho late ial -5 Fax example jHeyboarch interrupt enalehe , KEN § dif pteupt erable ,DEN, begs ih Asp ish conto |« + fp eth 4 thew flog a seb, dhe intexfoc Ciacuit gencrsilos Beh interrupt naqport above dhe coowrespond ing status flag ic cel. -> ft the same dune the interface doevit seb pit KIRQ on DIRQ fo indicate that He Keyboard | display unjt Ae regquorting on )ntewrd MD Dt otal tol, tas | an dnbowpt crabl Pk equal te O, the al y ud interface rout wll not gonorate ah interyt nerpont, regard Deas of tho shal of the cfatus flag. + Je aumumarige phow a 100 indepardont Teka f contselling in tersupt preelects neqpvests ¢ ay At dhe device end yar dntewupt enable Ait ma onbrol Segisten delerminss oftho, dhe alevice 's allecsed te genowle an inherwpt xeqpiasd a sb the | prscesser cae eithn an interrupt erable “le 7 in Hho PS aregister | prioaity structrn efervm] nox a Quynh} ell bx te ee detent seyoat > Example: » Qrsides 0 processor that uses the vectored inbersupt gcheme jwhor te Sacding address of the interrupt i Seana voctino 8 litered of memohy locaton INTVEC + Int erupts ane enabled by selting fo Jan inkerupt cnable bits TE, in tho processor ctatus wood, which Le asgumo is bit | ‘A Veyberod. G a display unit Connecter to this processon howe the cfalus, contol, § data Seqisteas + Accwme dat at Seme point nO program abled Main use oth tho to stad) an inp Dina prom the | g clo Ko ang ters '.jn Quceo Suse byte locaFions in to momory, Skexting ot location LINE.y a To perfume this eperchion wend OMI le hwol to tnt jalize iIntesup pe con fellows : ‘ the tn nd te olen sarrvec 2. Leod the addres LINE in o ees location PNTR. tho interupt seavice douting wilt use this location OB Wm pointe, to store the Input cheracters |, the memory 3+ Enable keyboard phesnupts by cetthry bit 2 in Aeiste, CONTROL te ! h. Enable inteoupts ih the processor hy seb, do | the TE bitindhs pracessor Statin Hey isken, PS “Once He intialicahion is completed jypings aroclen on the boylrsasd welll corse An ihtenuf seapast Jo ho generated hy the Rebar hf Be progiom am ancnied ot thot time well interrupt dha Interrupt service soubhy ot ‘ STs gortine has fo ferfosors the foley teabs: 1. Qead tho inpul choractors pom the Key board input dab jeqistn. The aril? comre de hderface cinouit de Swmove gb indosupt Aogoost a+ Stoso the Sarrauc ton in dhe Tomar Lneation pointed bo hy PNTR § interment PNTRphon He Crd of dhe Bi 0 ' * "al and Intess bt Liss & suached disable ke 4 BORG 4 LPT & Inform prexio m Math. C (ition fom Sree fot vydlen Keo end of cho input Dire us clebected, dhe ides sewice aedino chor. tho KEN bit in aoyisten CONTROL ax ho further inpub ts coc pe ' rt ale ads to | the vauable EOL Coudl d lie) Ls This vartable is intial, set 10 Ly ie assume Phocb- it Ke checked poitod ically by progam Main to detevmine chan He input ling ¥s nenoly few processing Mai PRroG.RAM Move AZINE, PNTR tial ' nai, EMO inte ie be OL Clear ercl of. Iho Trl eaten Bitset #2, CONTROL Enable Reyboarl taterrypls Bitset wT, PS Set inkowsupt enable bit S IhL hterr upt —Service_ souttne Se READ Move Mu Hi ble Ro él, ~(s#) ae pate, Rog k y Or sh Move PNTR, Ro toad jeden pove Byte PATAIN, 1 ofel 3 trey Move Byte Ri, Ckedt Hodis MEI ty! Move Ro, PNTE U peete hotnk check tf Gar Comfuas te H# G00, FI ch ; Branch +o RTRN Move $1,602 <2 ee Birbblean — f 2,CONTROL Pale st ATRN Movettuliple Csp)t,Ro- Ri peshon real Relusur prom interrupt Re § Ry ype Dtrect MEMGEN Access » f spectal wnksol unit mou ho provide! to ‘ toons) a hock ol date Lie disecthy betes seat ah to device §| the anath MEMO , wt contrvous Intervertion by Hho parocessas , dha poweess— afprca: cach nN called Djo0edt meme ALC e08S Or DMA i > pur doansfers We perfor meal DMA Gntsolles, ) ts a contsal pict rs a pot ths To device int 2 PMA cia fos fonct” thet tools bo dt by the procersey hodPO, cath. Li05d), Pipes G all a > Proxies te 9 pads ck dite it Incrernonts 4 ote bon Adresses bei of. He ro. toe , opMA controller Can focnsen ma oir ¢ dn “8 . OCD | ! thous buy interuser tery foo ke ee dho operation of the DMA Gntax OT ha wt conkrl of a. progsoan gyceculad by dhe processes » That is hho CORSO? must Trittel dha DMA $raUSJr “F mitiake tho DMA branefer , the processor | te DMA controller at addsosg- * No. of acorns in ths hock + Diaection of. beraxsfor (Vo memory /memory—o) One tho DMA Controller complete, the DMA boosie, it pm tho peeceaser by aelstng on interxu ci > while x DMA nl dag place, the pisgean, continue, Hed so § the pprweossor ale ele eacecite ascthey | Pega. | 9 Hy the DMA dianses i compltid the press Can oe de the a Hat requested } Heo GL "Fo on b 6 eration thve ly? DMA the OS wk, le nse Bi boast, in te ata Dy ibe, te DME ofoathe shock se | 2y eecuf} on of alothor frcqscon ¥ Solon the Feransfor k completed! jthe DMA Contor ier Informs the POCeson by Seid, on Interrupt % i d > Th sneapo) the OS CoA, Mm te Ronnable pee so tot it Cay collected by tho scheduler ts Contlary exec tion 3L_ 30 l | stakus § Conbyel IR _| 1S - ro | ore sorig, Co vokont [] Gosster in DMA interface > Two oegisters ane used. for stg the a stoading addrosg § the word Cou “ The Hol equator contatns status § conbel > The R/a bit cletermines tho dixecton of dk Fear tf pr + = olan dbs bat is sel fo! a preyeom Instauchion, the @rtorolles, Om & OW ; good wperrhion, othowise it ex hexms auite ofl: dhe Control 7 2 ck of cn et mp leted Deonspeaing os reac: to xece) another Command INK sede a Done jl to I. |} a Bit 30 Ss the Thternupt enable Flog, TE | Hus flag Gs sette | ir couses the conbog len te Hone as, internupt it hag comple | Pransfewdbry a block afer > Finally ) the controlles sete the IRQ bit to | phon jt hag Srequscatind ox intersupt 5 DMA contsrolle.s connects a hig h sjeed reef uoah | to the Comp bus | { 2 Disk controller jwohich contsols two disks ako | jos DMA capability , = paovicles kuo DMA chanrole ~» Ib can perform two in rdet DMA qpetalion i 7038 iL each dick has wepend DMA Crtrolle, — ay neg Istens to stone tha memory address, | word cour § ctetus § contkxo| Inforvmalber ane dluplteated . » Use d DMA controllers Ino comple, system Sytem bs | a= l “inal [gl] par Cutaolla| | Painter Netwaakl Trierfac 1) >To stort a DMA fronsfor of & block 2h de oem the ath Memory to one ob tho diy ; joera wail othe olden § pad a Inpormah) Ww ho HnERt ee channel of vho disk Confocl, > Tt allo provides the cesk conbelles with Vo to idenh|y Ho data fon {tie in > The DMA contsoller proceeds independent to implemaut the specifi operation - => ohn tha DAA tec ig Com lekedl, Hi, fock Is recoded se ore § Conbse| register of the DMA channel by selling He Done bid. > Ab tho some Hime if the TE AM de sed, the Gntsoller cendls Ch jrterrupt srequoal to Ho processox § sets He IRQ bt > Ye sedis negister can alae de wed to ne cod. othan Informal”, such ak whcthes Hs terouiofpr took plec covertly Pr C19088 cecuel ~> Processes § DMA cortxollers hase to use the bus jn an interwoven foshion te acess the memory “2 DMA devices ane qui highes Paloaity than the perocessor ‘o occese the bus : > Among differnt OMA devices , high perio is given te high speed peripherals euch as a disk or a gaaphis dicphy cleure:jocesse Originakes moct memory ACCES ee on Hag | > DMA ee nerd accesg cubes fom tho bus . > Ws Inberweaving techniqus Ys calhed || eycle stealing | 4 Ar alternate appaoach is tho poovide a | paa controller, an exclusive copabi lity to inifiode dacursfors on the bus § hence exc lushe acces to the main memory | tis us Known as tho Mock or bust > Most DMA controllers incarcpeaale o dute. stooge buf : tn tha case of the helwonk interbace for \ example , whe DMA contsoller sends, es blecR of debe from He main memory ia wlones 7 NOY its input buffer . 5 Pus trans takos place using burst mado af a speed H mopael to 7 ¢ the Computer bus - 5 hon ,the dada in tho b ane sfransmiblid vrycn thy mnelwanb ot tho spiced of the he work >A @nflict aay $a DMA contre tay to use bho bux atthe same Hime Yo access phe main neennery. | aaa sie anise if both tho processor, lle, 02 tuo PMA controller,~> To aeaelve dane oe ol yon onbt ah tho bys, perocecl ae hs imp lermont Lo of coord) hale tho activities f fh devin areasuesting MOM finahaper -