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The *ferrous metals are those which have the iron as their 7. Malleability. It is a special case of ductility which
main constituent, such as cast iron, wrought iron and steel. permits materials to be rolled or hammered into thin
sheets. The malleable materials commonly used in
The non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other engineeringare lead, soft steel, wrought iron, copper and
than iron as their main constituent, such as copper, aluminium.
aluminium, brass, tin, zinc, etc. 8. Toughness. It is measured by the amount of energy that
a unit volume of the material has absorbed after being
Selection of Materials for Engineering Purposes stressed up to the point of fracture. This property is
desirable in parts subjected to shock and impact loads.
The selection of a proper material, for engineering 9. Machinability. It is the property of a material which
purposes, is one of the most difficult problems for the refers to a relative case with which a material can be cut. It
designer. The best material is one which serves the desired may be noted that brass can be easily machined than steel.
objective at the minimum cost. The following factors 10.Resilience. It is the property of a material to absorb
should be considered while selecting the material: energy and to resist shock and impact loads. This property
1. Availability of the materials, is essential for spring materials.
2. Suitability of the materials for the working 11.Fatigue. When a material is subjected to repeated
conditions in service, and stresses, it fails at stresses below the yield point stresses.
3. The cost of the materials. Such type of failure of a material is known as *fatigue.
The important properties, which determine the utility of This property is considered in designing shafts, connecting
the material, are physical, chemical and mechanical rods, springs, gears, etc.
properties. We shall now discuss the physical and
12.Hardness. It is a very important property of the metals
mechanical properties of the material in the following
and has a wide variety of meanings. It embraces many
articles.The physical properties of themetals include luster, different properties such as resistance to wear, scratching,
colour, sizeand shape, density, electric andthermal deformation and machinability etc.(a)Brinell hardness
conductivity, and meltingpoint. The following table test,(b) Rockwell hardness test,(c) Vickers hardness (also
showsthe important physical propertiesof some pure called Diamond Pyramid) test,and (d) Shore scleroscope.
metals. QUESTIONS: -
The mechanical properties of the metals are those which 1. What do you mean by toughness?
are associated with the ability of the material to resist 2. What are the factors for selection of materials?
mechanical forces and load. These mechanical properties 3. How can we classify the metals?
of the metal include strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, 4. How ductility is opposite to brittleness?
ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, 5. Which property is essential for vibrations absorb?
creep and hardness. We shall now discuss these properties 6. Which property is essentialfor ornamental work?
as follows: 7. What do you mean by mechanical properties?
1. Strength. It is the ability of a material to resist the 8. Write the name of some ductile materials.
externally applied forces without breaking or yielding. The 9. Write the name of some brittle materials.
internal resistance offered by a part to an externally 10. Write the name of some malleable materials.
applied force is called stress.
melting point produces red shortness, whereas manganese
3.DME 4105: MACHINE DESIGN AND DRAWING sulphide does not affect so much. Therefore, manganese
sulphide is less objectionable in steel than iron sulphide.
TOPIC: - Steel and its Nomenclature.
3. Manganese. It serves as a valuable deoxidising and
It is an alloy of iron and carbon, with carbon content up to
purifying agent in steel. Manganese also combines with
a maximum of 1.5%. The carbon occurs in the form of iron
sulphur and thereby decreases the harmful effect of this
carbide, because of its ability to increase the hardness and
element remaining in the steel. When used in ordinary low
strength of the steel. Other elements e.g. silicon, sulphur,
carbon steels, manganese makes the metal ductile and of
phosphorus and manganese are also present to greater or
good bending qualities. In high speed steels, it is used to
lesser amount to impart certain desired properties to it.
toughen the metal and to increase its critical temperature.
Most of the steel produced now-a-days is plain carbon
steel or simply carbon steel. A carbon steel is defined as a 4. Phosphorus. It makes the steel brittle. It also produces
steel which has its properties mainly due to its carbon cold shortness in steel. In low carbon steels, it raises the
content and does not contain more than 0.5% of silicon and yield point and improves the resistance to atmospheric
1.5% of manganese. The plain carbon steels varying from corrosion. The sum of carbon and phosphorus usually does
0.06% carbon to 1.5% carbon are divided into the not exceed 0.25%.
following types depending upon the carbon content.
Manufacturing considerations in Machine
1. Dead mild steel — up to 0.15% carbon
2. Low carbon or mild steel — 0.15% to 0.45% carbon design: -
3. Medium carbon steel — 0.45% to 0.8% carbon
4. High carbon steel — 0.8% to 1.5% carbon The knowledge of manufacturing processes is of great
According to this standard, steels are designated on the importance for a design engineer. The following are the
following two basis: - various manufacturing processes used in Mechanical
Engineering.
Steels Designated on the Basis of Mechanical
Properties: - 1. Primary shaping processes. The processes used
for the preliminary shaping of the machine component
These steels are carbon and low alloy steels where the
are known as primary shaping processes. The common
main criterion in the selection and inspection of steel is the operations used for this process are casting, forging,
tensile strength or yield stress. According to Indian extruding, rolling, drawing, bending, shearing,
standard IS: 1570 (Part–I)- 1978 (Reaffirmed 1993), these spinning, powder metal forming, squeezing, etc.
steels are designated by a symbol ‘Fe’ or ‘Fe E’ depending
2. Machining processes. The processes used for
on whether the steel has been specified on the basis of
minimum tensile strength or yield strength, followed by the giving final shape to the machine component,
figure indicating the minimum tensile strength or yield according to planned dimensions are known as
stress in N/mm2. For example, ‘Fe 290’ means a steel machining processes. The common operations used for
having minimum tensile strength of 290 N/mm2 and ‘Fe E this process are turning, planning, shaping, drilling,
boring, reaming, sawing, broaching, milling, grinding,
220’ means a steel having yield strength of 220 N/mm2.
hobbing, etc.
Steels Designated on the Basis of Chemical 3. Surface finishing processes.The processes used
Composition: - to provide a good surface finish for the
machinecomponent are known as surface finishing
According to Indian standard, IS: 1570 (Part II/Sec I)-1979
processes. The common operations used for this
(Reaffirmed 1991), the carbon steels are designated in the process are polishing, buffing, honing, lapping,
following order :(a) Figure indicating 100 times the abrasive belt grinding, barrel tumbling, electroplating,
average percentage of carbon content, (b) Letter ‘C’, super finishing, sherardizing, etc.
and(c) Figure indicating 10 times the average percentage
of manganese content. The figure after multiplying shall be 4. Joining processes. The processes used for joining
rounded off to the nearest integer. Forexample, 20C8 machine components are known as joining processes.
means a carbon steel containing 0.15 to 0.25 per cent (0.2 The common operations used for this process are
per cent on average) carbon and 0.60 to 0.90 per cent (0.75 welding, riveting, soldering, brazing, screw fastening,
per cent rounded off to 0.8 per cent on an average) pressing, sintering, etc.
manganese. 5. Processes effecting change in properties.
These processes are used to impart certain specific
Effect of Impurities on Steel propertiesto the machine components so as to make
The following are the effects of impurities like silicon, them suitable for particular operations or uses. Such
processes are heat treatment, hot-working, cold-
sulphur, manganese and phosphorus on steel
working and shot peening.
1. Silicon. The amount of silicon in the finished steel QUESTIONS: -
usually ranges from 0.05 to 0.30%. Silicon is added in low 1. What is low carbon steel?
carbon steels to prevent them from becoming porous. It 2. What is medium carbon steel?
removes the gases and oxides, prevent blow holes and 3. What is high carbon steel?
4. What is mild steel?
thereby makes the steel tougher and harder. 5. Name the various alloying elements in‘alloy’ steels.
6. How will you designate plain carbon steels?
2. Sulphur. It occurs in steel either as iron sulphide or 7. What is surface finishing processes?
manganese sulphide. Iron sulphide because of its low 8. What do you mean by machining processes?