Design against Static Load OR

A static load is defined as a force, which is gradually failure load

(fs ) =
applied to a mechanical component and which does working load
not change its magnitude or direction with respect to
time. A mechanical component may fail, that is, may The allowable stress is the stress value, which is used
be unable to perform its function satisfactorily, as a in design to determine the dimensions of the
result of any one of the following three modes of component. It is considered as a stress, which the
failure: designer expects will not be exceeded under normal
(i) Failure by elastic deflection; operating conditions.
(ii) Failure by general yielding; and For ductile materials, the allowable stress σ is
(iii) Failure by fracture. obtained by the following relationship:
In applications like transmission shaft supporting
gears, the maximum force acting on the shaft,
without affecting its performance, is limited by the
For brittle materials
permissible elastic deflection. Lateral or torsional
rigidity is considered as the criterion of design in such
cases. Sometimes, the elastic deflection results in
unstable conditions, such as buckling of columns or
vibrations. The design of the mechanical component, The magnitude of factor of safety depends upon
in all these cases, is based on the permissible lateral following factors:
or torsional deflection. 1. Effect of failure
A mechanical component made of ductile material 2. Type of load
loses its engineering usefulness due to a large 3. Degree of accuracy in force analysis
amount of plastic deformation after the yield point 4. Material of component
stress is reached. Considerable portion of the 5. Reliability of component
component is subjected to plastic deformation, called 6. Cost of component
general yielding. There is a basic difference between 7. Testing of machine elements
general yielding and localized yielding. The localized 8. Service condition
yielding in the region of stress concentration is
restricted to a very small portion of the component 1) What is a static load?
and is not considered significant. 2) What are the three basic modes of failure of
The yield strength of a material is an important mechanical components?
property when a component is designed against 3) Give examples of mechanical components
failure due to general yielding. that fail by elastic deflection.
FACTOR OF SAFETY 4) Give examples of mechanical components
While designing a component, it is necessary to that fail by general yielding.
provide sufficient reserve strength in case of an 5) Give examples of mechanical components
accident. This is achieved by taking a suitable factor that fail by fracture.
of safety (fs). 6) What is factor of safety?
The factor of safety is defined as 7) Why is it necessary to use factor of safety?
failure stress 8) What is allowable stress?
( fs ) =
Allowable stress