A.

M U
I. t vn :
Trc nghim l mt hot ng thc hin o lng nng lc ca ca cc i tng no nhm
nhng mc ch nht nh. Ra i vo nm 1905 ti Php, u tin trc nghim c dng o tr thng
minh hay xc nh ch s IQ la tui hc tr , phng php ny c chnh l v cng b M nm 1911.
Ngy nay , trc nghim c nhiu quc gia trn th gii s dng nh l mt hnh thc tuyn sinh i hc
. Tuyn sinh bng phng php trc nghim s m bo c chnh xc v tnh cng bng trong tuyn
chn , v vy B gio dc v o to ca nc ta cng ch trng tuyn sinh i sinh i hc bng
phng php trc nghim. Bi tp l phng tin c bn luyn tp , cng c , h thng ha , m rng ,
o su kin thc v cng l phng tin c bn kim tra - nh gi, nghin cu hc sinh (trnh , t
duy, mc nm vng kin thc, k nng........) [2], [3], [15]
Bi tp trc nghim c hai loi : trc nghim t lun (thng gi l bi tp t lun) v trc nghim
khch quan (thng gi l bi tp trc nghim). Bi tp trc nghim khch quan (TNKQ) i hi hc sinh
phi nhanh nhy nhn ra mi quan h gia cc s vt, hin tng hoc gia cc con s nhanh chng chn
c p n ng hoc nhm nhanh ra p s ca bi tn. Mt bi kim tra hay thi theo phng php TNKQ
thng gm kh nhiu cu hi v thi gian dnh cho mi cu ch khong t 1-2 pht. V phi t duy nhanh
nn TNKQ c tc dng rt ln trong vic rn luyn t duy, pht trin tr thng minh cho hc sinh [15]
i vi ha hc l mt b mn khoa hc t nhin, i hi cao s logic, nhanh nhy trong t duy ca
hc sinh. Do , bi tp trc nghim va l ni dung va l phng php va l phng tin nng cao
cht lng dy hc ha hc trng ph thng mt cch hu hiu[15]. c bit, bt u t nm hc 2007,
B gio dc o to ban hnh quy ch tuyn sinh i hc bng phng php TNKQ v mn ha hc c
a vo th nghim u tin cng l, sinh th s nhanh nhy trong vic gii quyt bi tn ha hc i vi hc
sinh l yu cu hng u. Yu cu tm ra c phng php gii quyt bi tn mt cch nhanh nht, i bng
con ng ngn nht khng nhng gip hc sinh tit kim c thi gian lm bi m cn rn luyn c t
duy v nng lc pht hin vn ca hc sinh.
c th pht hin ra vn ca mt bi tn, yu cu hc sinh phi nm vng cc l thuyt c s v
cc phng php vn dng gii mt bi tn ha hc. Mt s phng php thng dng gii mt bi
tn ha hc trng ph thng l: phng php bo tn khi lng, phng php bo tn in tch, phng
php tng gim khi lng, phng php bo tn electron, phng php s dng cc i lng trung bnh,
phng php bin lun,...
Vi mt lng kin thc ln, chng trnh Ha hc v c trng THPT l mt thch thc ln vi
i a s hc sinh. Nhm mc ch su tm, h thng v phn loi cc dng tn c th gii nhanh bng cc
phng php trn c p dng trong TNKQ, ti mnh dn chn tiu lun Phn dng v phng php
gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim khch quan phn Ha v c trng THPT.
II. Mc ch v i tng nghin cu:
- Mc ch: hnh thnh cc phng php gii nhanh cc dng bi tp TNKQ thng gp trong
chng trnh Ha v c trng THPT.
- i tng: cc phng php gii tn trong Ha hc c xy dng trn c s cc nh lut; bi
tp TNKQ.
III. Nhim v nghin cu:
- Su tm hoc t son cc bi tp c nhng d kin c bit hoc nhng bi tn c th gii nhanh
v gii nhm c bng vic p dng cc nh lut, cc phng php gii tn trong Ha hc.
- Phn loi cc bi tp TNKQ v a ra cch gii i vi tng phng php.
Tuy nhin, trong gii hn ca mt tiu lun, do i tng m tc gi nghin cu ch gii hn trong
chng trnh ha v c trng THPT v mt s phng php gii tn ha hc thng c s dng:
- Phng php bo tn:
Bo tn khi lng (BTKL)
Tng gim khi lng
Bo tn nguyn t (BTNT)
Bo tn electron (BT e)
- Phng php s dng cc i lng trung bnh:
S dng khi lng mol trung bnh
M
S dng ha tr trung bnh
- Phng php ng cho
Vi ti ny, tc gi mong mun c th cung cp mt ti liu tham kho hu dng cho cc hc sinh
cui bc THPT v phng php lm bi tp TNKQ mn ha hc chun b tt cho cc k thi tt nghip,
tuyn sinh i hc.
Tiu lun cng nhm cung cp mt phng php son tho bi tp TNKQ l cch son tho da vo
c tnh ca bi tn c cch gii nhanh hoc c nhng d kin c bit.
B. NI DUNG
CC PHNG PHP GII TN HA HC TRNG PH THNG
CHNG I: PHNG PHP BO TN KHI LNG V
PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG
I. Phng php bo t n khi lng :[2], [6], [11], [13], [14]
Vo khong u nhng nm 50 ca th k XVIII, nh bc hc v i ngi Nga M.V
Lmnxp (1711-1765) v Lavoadie (A.Lavoisier) ngi Php l nhng ngi u tin pht hin
ra LBTKL: Trong mt phn ng ha hc, tng khi lng ca cc sn phm bng tng khi
lng ca cc cht tham gia. Qua hn 100 nm sau, nh lut c hai nh bc hc l Stat kim
tra li vo nhng nm 1860-1870; Landon vo nm 1909 s dng cn vi chnh xc 0,00001g.
I.1. Ni dung ca nh lut:
Khi lng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng ca cc cht to thnh sau
phn ng.
I.2. Vn dng nh lut vo gii tn:
Vn dng nh lut bo tn khi lng trong gii tn ha hc, gip ngi hc c th a ra
nhng phng php nhanh chng gii quyt mt bi tn TNKQ hn nhiu ln so vi phng
php thng thng l tnh tn theo phng trnh, ng thi ngi dy cng c th da vo xy
dng b cu hi TNKQ lin quan n nh lut nhm rn luyn t duy nng lc pht hin vn ca
ngi hc.
Sau y l mt s dng tn c su tm v xy dng t s vn dng LBTKL:
I.2.1. Dng 1: Xc nh khi lng ca cht tham gia hoc sn phm trong phn ng
ha hc da trn nguyn tc trong phn ng ha hc, d cc cht tham gia phn ng l va
hay c cht d th tng khi lng ca cc cht trc phn ng bng tng khi lng ca cc
cht to thnh sau phn ng (sn phm v cht d nu c): m
trc
= m
sau
Nu sau phn ng c cht tch khi mi trng do bay hi hay kt ta l khng trng
trng thi vt l th h qu trn vn khng thay i nhng: m
trc
= m
sau
= m
tan
+ m + m.
V d 1: [10] Kh 4,64g hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4,
Fe
2
O
3
c s mol bng nhau bng CO thu
c cht rn Y. Kh tht ra sau phn ng c dn vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d thu c 1,79g kt
ta. Khi lng ca cht rn Y l:
A. 4,48g B. 4,84g C. 4,40g D. 4,68g
Cch gii: hh X + CO Y + CO
2
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O

2
CO
1, 97
n n 0, 01(mol)
197

p dng LBTKL, ta c:
2 2
X CO Y CO Y X CO CO
m m m m m m m m + + +

Y
m 4, 64 0, 01(28 44) 4, 48(g) +
p n A ng.
Nhn xt: S dng phng php BTKL, d kin s mol bng nhau trong bi
khng cn s dng vn cho ta kt qu ng. Nu hc sinh s dng d kin trn v gii
bi tn theo phng php chnh tc l l lun theo phng trnh ha hc th s a bi
tn n b tc v khng c d liu no cho bit hh X b kh hn tn hay khng, sau
phn ng hh X cn hay ht. Nhng nu l lun theo LBTKL, hh X cn hay ht khng
quan trng vi vic tnh tn; do gii quyt bi tn mt cch nhanh chng.
V d 2: [17] Nung 13,4g hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi ca ha tr II, thu c
6,8g cht rn v kh X. Lng kh X sinh ra cho hp th vo 75ml dd NaOH 1M, khi lng mui
khan thu c sau phn ng l (cho H =1, C =12, O =16, Na =23)
A. 5,8g B. 6,5g C. 4,2g D. 6,3g
Cch gii:
Gi chung cng thc hn hp 2 mui:
3
MCO
0
t
3 2
MCO MO CO +
p dng LBTKL, ta c:
2
3
CO
MCO MO
m m m +


2 2
3
CO CO
MCO MO
NaOH
m m m 13, 4 6,8 6, 6(g) n 0,15(mol)
n 0, 075x1 0, 075(mol)




2
1
1
2
NaOH
CO
n
T
n
<
to mui NaHCO
3
v d CO
2

2 3
CO NaOH NaHCO +

3
NaHCO
m 0, 075x84 6, 3(g)
Vy chn p n D.
V d 3: [t ra] Ha tan m(g) hn hp Zn v Fe cn va 1l dd HCl 3,65M (d=1,19g/ml)
thu c 1 cht kh v 1250g dd D. Vy m c gi tr:
A. 65,63(g) B. 61,63(g) C. 63,65(g) D. 63,61(g)
Cch gii:
ddHCl
m 1000x1,19 1190(g)
;
HCl
n 3, 65x1 3, 65(mol)
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2



Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2



p dng LBTKL, ta c:
2
hh(Zn,Fe) ddHCl ddD H
m m m m + +

hh(Zn,Fe)
3, 65
m m 1250 2( ) 1190 63, 65(g)
2
+
Vy chn p n C.
V d 4: [15] Cho 115g hn hp gm ACO
3
, B
2
CO
3
, R
2
CO
3
tc dng ht vi dd HCl thy tht
ra 0,448l CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng mui clorua to ra trong dung dch l:
A. 115,22g B.151,22g C. 116,22g D. 161,22g
Cch gii:

3 2 2 2
2 3 2 2
2 3 2 2
ACO 2HCl ACl H O CO
B CO 2HCl 2BCl H O CO
R CO 2HCl 2RCl H O CO

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

2 2 2
CO HCl H O CO
0, 448
n 0, 02(mol); n 2n 2n 2x0, 02 0, 04(mol)
22, 4

p dng LBTKL: m
mui cacbonat
+ m
HCl
= m
mui clorua
+
2 2
H O CO
m m +
m
mui clorua
= m
mui cacbonat
+ m
HCl
-
2 2
H O CO
m m
= 115 + 0,04 x 36,5 - 0,02 (18 + 44) = 115,22 (g)
Chn p n A.
V d 5: [21] Ha tan 3,28g hn hp mui MgCl
2
v
3 2
Cu( NO )
vo nc c dung dch A.
Nhng vo dung dch A mt thanh Fe. Sau mt khong thi gian ly thanh Fe ra cn li thy tng
thm 0,8g. C cn dung dch sau phn ng th thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 4,24g B. 2,48g C. 4,13g D. 1,49g
Cch gii: gii theo phng php bo tn khi lng:
p dng LBTKL, ta c: sau mt khong thi gian tng khi lng ca thanh Fe bng
gim khi lng ca dung dch mui. Vy: m = 3,28 - 0,8 = 2,48 (g)
Chn p n B.
Nhn xt: Ch vi p dng LBTKL, gii quyt bi tn nhanh gn; nhng iu ny
i hi HS phi nm vng nh lut v bit pht hin ra vn .
I.2.2. Dng 2: Khi cation kt hp vi anion to ra hp cht nh axit, oxit,
hiroxit, mui, .....th ta lun c: khi lng hp cht = khi lng cc cation + khi lng cc
anion
Thng thng tnh tn khi lng cc mui khan thu c trong dung dch sau phn ng.
V d 6: [10] Cho 1,04g hn hp hai kim loi tan hn tn trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
lng d tht
ra 0,672 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Khi lng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c s l:
A. 3,92g B. 1,96g C.3,52g D.5,88g
Cch gii: 2 kim loi + H
2
SO
4
l hh mui sunfat + H
2
2
2 2 4
4
H H SO
SO
0, 672
n n n 0, 03(mol)
22, 4

Nhn thy m
mui sunfat
= m
cation
+ m
anion
= m
kim loi
+
2
4
SO
m
= 1,04 + 0,03 x 96 = 3,92 (g)
Vy chn p n A.
Nhn xt :
- Nu HS pht hin c vn ca bi tn th vic gii quyt bi tn ny tr nn v
cng n gin. Nhng nu HS c p dng my mc phng php gii truyn thng l t n, gii h
a n mt h phng trnh nhiu n s hn s phng trnh, do bi tn tr nn phc tp. Cc
dng bi tp ny c th s dng rn luyn nng lc pht hin vn ca HS.
- Vn dng nh lut BTKL tnh khi lng hp cht s c pht trin thm, hnh
thnh nn mt phng php c ng dng ph bin trong gii tn ha hc. l phng php
tng gim khi lng. Do , cc bi tp ca phn vn dng ny c kt hp gii quyt vi
phng php tng gim khi lng.
II. Phng php tng gim khi lng:[2], [13], [14]
II.1. Nguyn tc ca phng php:
Da vo s tng (gim) khi lng khi chuyn t 1 mol cht A thnh 1 mol hoc nhiu
mol cht B (c th qua cc giai on trung gian) ta c th d dng tnh c s mol ca cc cht
v ngc li hoc trong qu trnh phn ng c s thay i khi lng cc cht.
II.2. Vn dng phng php tng gim khi lng trong gii tn:
II.2.1. Dng tn phn ng ha hc c s thay i thnh phn ca hp cht (c th l
anion hoc cation) v lm chnh lch khi lng gia cht c v cht mi:
V d 1: gii li v d 4 ca LBTKL bng phng php tng gim khi lng.
Theo (1), (2), (3): t mui cacbonat chuyn thnh mui clorua th khi lng mui tng:
71 - 60 = 11g v to ra 1 mol CO
2
Theo :
2
CO
n 0, 02(mol)
khi lng mui tng:
m 0, 02x11 0, 22(g)

m
mui clorua
= m
mui cacbonat
+ m = 115 + 0,22 = 115,22 (g)
Vy p n ng l A.
V d 2: [10] Ha tan 9,875g mt mui hirocacbonat vo nc, cho tc dng vi dung dch
H
2
SO
4
va ri em c cn thu c 8,25g mt mui sunfat trung ha khan. Cng thc phn t
ca mui l:
tng (gim) lng mui theo bi
S mol =
tng (gim) lng mui theo phng trnh
A. NH
4
HCO
3
B. NaHCO
3
C.
3 2
Ca( HCO )
D. KHCO
3
Cch gii: gi mui hirocacbonat:
3 n
R(HCO )
vi n l ha tr ca kim loi trong mui .
3 n 2 4 2 4 n 2 2
2R(HCO ) nH SO R (SO ) 2nH O 2nCO + + +
Theo phng trnh: c 2 mol mui hirocacbonat chuyn thnh 1 mol mui sunfat th khi
lng mui gim: 61x 2n - 96n = 26n (g) v l khi lng ca 2n mol CO
2.
Theo : m
gim
= 9,875 - 8,25 = 1,625 (g)

2 3 n
CO M(HCO )
2n 0,125
n 1, 625x 0,125(mol) n (mol)
26n n

Ta c h thc tnh M
R
: M
R
=
9,875
61n 18n
0,125
n

n 1 2
R
18
(NH
4
)
39 (loi)

Chn p n A.
Nhn xt:
- Nu HS da vo phng trnh ha hc vi 2 s liu ca bi gii quyt bi tn th
phi chia ra 2 trng hp tng ng vi ha tr ca R l 1 hoc 2 a ra cng thc ca mui
sunfat ph hp (cng thc tng qut khng ph hp vi trng hp n = 2). Nhng khi s dng
phng php tng gim khi lng th ch cn quan tm n t l s mol CO
2
vi mui hirocacbon
lun l n. Do vi vic ch s dng phng trnh tng qut c th tnh c s mol CO
2
v bi tn
c gii quyt nhanh chng hn nhiu ln.
- Da vo phng php ny, cho ta rt ra cng thc tnh s mol ca kh CO
2
:

V d 3: [9] Oxy ha hn tn a(g) hn hp X (gm Zn, Pb, Ni) c b(g) hn hp 3 oxit Y
(ZnO, PbO, NiO). Ha tan b(g) Y trn trong dung dch HCl lng thu c dung dch Z. C cn Z
c hn hp mui khan c khi lng (b + 55) gam. Khi lng a (g) ca hn hp X ban u l:
A. a = b -16 B. a = b - 24 C. a = b- 32 D. a = b - 8
Cch gii: cc kim loi ny c cng ha tr gi chung l M
hh
M
hh
+
0
t
2 hh
1
O M O
2

M
hh
O + 2 HCl M
hh
Cl
2
+ H
2
O
Z cha mui khan c khi lng ln hn khi lng oxit 55g. chnh l chnh lch khi
lng ca 2 anion Cl
-
v O
2-
: 1 mol M
hh
O chuyn thnh 1 mol M
hh
Cl
2
tng: 71 - 16 = 55 (g)
Theo : m
tng
= 55 (g)

n
oxit
= n
mui
= 1 (mol)
Ta c: m
oxit
=
hh
M O
m m +

a =
hh
M oxit O
m m m b 1x16 b 16
.
Vy p n ng l A.
II.2.2. Dng tn cho thanh kim loi vo dung dch mui v sau phn ng c s thay
i khi lng ca thanh kim loi hoc dung dch phn ng:
Da vo cc d kin ca bi, thit lp c mi quan h n s vi bi cho:
a. Cho thanh kim loi A c khi lng ban u l m(g) vo dung dch mui B
(Av B cng ha tr)
- Khi lng thanh kim loi A tng hoc tng a % (nguyn t khi ca A< nguyn t khi ca
B) th: m
KL gii phng
- m
KL tan
= m
tng
hay
a
xm
100
- Khi lng thanh kim loi A gim hoc gim b% (nguyn t khi ca A > nguyn t khi
ca B) th: m
KL tan
- m
KL gii phng
= m
gim
hay
b
xm
100
b. Khi cho hai thanh kim loi khc nhau (cng ha tr ) nhng vo hai dung
dch mui ging nhau: nu u bi cho s mol hai mui dng cho phn ng bng nhau ngha l s
mol hai thanh kim loi tan vo hai dung dch mui l nh nhau. Nu cng mt khi lng th khi
lng hai thanh kim loi tan vo dung dch mui l nh nhau.
V d 4: [12] Cho m(g) Fe vo 100 ml dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
th nng ca Cu
2+
cn li trong
dung dch bng 1/2 nng ca Cu
2+
ban u v thu c mt cht rn A c khi lng (m +
0,16)g. Tnh m (khi lng Fe) v nng ban u ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
(phn ng hn tn).
A. 1,12g Fe, C = 0,3 M B. 2,24g Fe, C = 0,2 M
C. 1,12g Fe, C = 0,4 M D. 2,24g Fe, C = 0,3 M
Cch gii: sau phn ng cn d Cu
2+
, vy Fe phn ng ht. Gi x l s mol Fe c ban u
Fe + Cu
2+
Fe
2+
+ Cu
x x x
Khi lng ca cht rn tng ln 0,16g l do Cu sinh ra
Ta c: 64x - 56x = 0,16 x =
0,16
0, 02(mol)
8

m
Fe
= 0,02 x 56 = 1,12 (g);
2
bd
Cu
n 0, 02x2 0, 04(mol) +
3 2
Cu(NO )
0, 04
C 0, 4(M)
0,1

. Vy, chn p n C.
V d 5: [10] Nhng mt thanh graphit c ph mt lp kim loi ha tr II vo dung dch
CuSO
4
d. Sau phn ng khi lng ca thanh graphit gim i 0,24g. Cng thanh graphit ny nu
c nhng vo dung dch AgNO
3
th khi phn ng xong khi lng thanh graphit tng ln 0,52g.
Kim loi ha tr II l kim loi no sau y:
A. Pb B.Cd C.Fe D.Sn
Cch gii: gi kim loi c ha tr II l M c khi lng m(g)
M + Cu
2+
M
2+
+ Cu
1 mol 1 mol gim M - 64 (g)

0, 24
(mol)
M 64
m
gim
= 0,24 (g)
M + 2 Ag
+
M
2+
+ 2 Ag
1 mol 2 mol tng 2 x 108 - M = 216 - M (g)

0, 52
(mol)
216 M
m
tng
= 0,52 (g)
V cng mt thanh graphit tham gia phn ng nn:
0, 24
M 64

0, 52
216 M
M = 112
Vy p n ng l B: Cd.
II.2.3. Dng tn v nhit phn (v d: nhit phn mui cacbonat, mui nitrat, kt ta
hidroxit..........)
V d 6: [5] Nung nng 50g hn hp gm NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
cho n khi lng khng thay
i cn li 34,5g cht rn. Thnh phn phn trm khi lng mi cht trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 15% v 85% B. 16% v 84% C. 17% v 83% D.21% v 79%
Cch gii:
Khi nung ch c NaHCO
3
b phn hy. Gi x l s mol NaHCO
3

0
t
3 2 3 2 2
2NaHCO Na CO CO H O + +
2 mol 1 mol khi lng gim: 2 x 84 - 106 = 62 (g)

15, 5x2
0, 5(mol)
62
m
gim
= 50 - 34,5 = 15,5 (g)
3
NaHCO
m 0, 5x84 42(g)

%
3
NaHCO
42
m x100 84
50
(%) ; %
2 3
Na CO
m 16
(%)
Vy p n ng l B.
Nhit phn mui nitrat ca cc kim loi:
- Cc mui nitrat kim loi khc nhau s cho cc sn phm nhit phn khc nhau. Tng qut:
( ) ( )
0
t
3 2 2
n n
n
A NO A NO O
2
+ (1)
( )
0
t
3 2 m 2 2
m
m
2B NO B O 2mNO O
2
+ + (2)
( )
0
t
3 2 2
k
k
M NO M kNO O
2
+ + (3)
Phng trnh (1) ng vi cc kim loi kim th(Ca, Ba), ring cc kim loi kim th s
khng cho sn phm cui cng l mui nitrit m tip tc b nhit phn to oxit kim loi
kim th.
Phng trnh (2) ng vi cc kim loi t Mg Cu trong dy Beketop.
Phng trnh (3) ng vi cc kim loi dng sau Cu trong dy Beketop.
- Khi nhit phn mui thng cho ra cht rn c khi lng gim i mt lng bng chnh
khi lng ca NO
2
v O
2
tht ra. Da vo d kin gii quyt bi tn.
V d 7: [T ra] Nung nng AgNO
3
trong mt thi gian. Sau ngui, em cn th thy
khi lng gim i 15,5g. Khi lng AgNO
3
b phn hy v th tch cc kh tht ra 30
0
C v
1,5 atm l:
A. 40,25g; 2,07 lt v 6,02 lt B. 42,50g; 2,07 lt v 6,22 lt
C. 42,50g; 2,40 lt v 6,22 lt D. 40,25g; 2,40 lt v 6,30 lt
Cch gii:
PTP:
0
t
3 2 2
1
AgNO Ag NO O
2
+ +
170g 108g m
gim
= 170 - 108 = 62 (g)
x (g) m
gim
= 15,5 (g)
3
AgNO
m
b phn hy
= x =
170x15, 5
42, 5(g)
62

Theo phng trnh:
2 2 3
O NO AgNO
1 1
n n n
2 2

b phn hy
=
1 42, 5
0,125(mol)
2 170
| `

. ,
30
0
C; 1,5 atm th tch kh tht ra l:
( )
2
O
22, 4
0,125 273 30
nRT 273
V 2, 07(lt)
P 1, 5
| `
+

. ,

( )
2
NO
22, 4
0, 25 273 30
nRT 273
V 6, 22(lt)
P 1, 5
| `
+

. ,

Vy p n ng l p n B.
V d 8: [12] Nung 13,85g mui KClO
x
th khi lng cht rn thu c gim 46,21% so vi
khi lng mui ban u. Xc nh cng thc ca mui.
Nu cho tn b th kh thu c trong phn ng trn tc dng vi 32g Cu (phn ng hn tn).
Tnh khi lng cht rn thu c sau phn ng.
A. KClO
3
; 36,8g B. KClO
4
; 40g C.KClO
4
; 38,4g D.KClO
3
; 38,5g
Cch gii:
0
t
x 2
x
KClO KCl O
2
+
gim khi lng l khi lng oxi mt i.
2
O
13,85.46, 21
m 6, 4(g)
100

x
O
KClO
m 16x 6, 4
x 4
m 74, 5 16x 13, 85

+

Cng thc mui l KClO

4
4
KClO
13, 85
n 0,1(mol)
138, 5

;
2 4
O KClO
n 2n 0, 2(mol)
2
1
Cu O CuO
2
+
p dng LBTKL, ta c:
2
r Cu O
m m m 3, 2 0, 2x32 38, 4(g) + +
Vy chn cu C.
II.2.4. Mt s dng tn khc
V d 9: [10] Mt bnh cu dung tch 448ml c np oxi ri cn. Phng in O
2
chuyn
thnh O
3
(ozon ha), sau li np oxi cng th tch nh bnh trc ri cn. Khi lng trong hai
trng hp chch lch nhau 0,06g. Bit th tch kh np vo bnh u ktc. Phn trm v khi
lng ca ozon trong hn hp l:
A. 24,72% B. 26,72% C. 28,72% D. 25,71%
Cch gii:
Phng trnh ozon ha:
h
2 3
3O 2O

V th tch 2 bnh nh nhau, nn ta c th hiu chuyn 1 mol O

2
thnh 1 mol O
3
th khi
lng tng l 16g (bng khi lng 1 mol O nguyn t)

n
O nguyn t
=
3
0, 06
3, 75.10 (mol)
16

n
Onguynt
=
3 3
3 3
O O
n 3, 75.10 (mol) m 3, 75.10 x48 0,18(g)


Cc kh c np u ktc nn:
3
hh
448.10
n 0, 02(mol)
22, 4

2
hh O
m m m +
tng
= 0,02 x 32 + 0,06 = 0,7 (g)
3
O
0,18
%m x100 25, 71(%)
0, 7

.

Vy p n ng l D.
V d 10: [12] Mt hn hp X gm Ba v Cu. Khi nung X vi O
2
d th khi lng tng ln
4,8g. Khi cho cht rn thu c sau phn ng tc dng vi H
2
d th khi lng cht rn gim 3,2g.
Tnh khi lng ca hn hp X.
A. 20,1g B. 33,8g C. 26,5g D. 16,2g
Cch gii: gi n
Ba
: x (mol) ; n
Cu
: y (mol)

2
1
Ba O BaO
2
+
x
1
2
x x

2
1
Cu O CuO
2
+
y
1
2
y y
tng khi lng chnh l
2
O
m
phn ng

2
O
x y 4, 8
n 0,15(mol)
2 32
+

x + y = 0,3 (1)
Kh bng H
2
, ch c CuO b kh: CuO + H
2
Cu + H
2
O

gim khi lng l khi lng oxi trong CuO b H

2
ly i:
O
3, 2
n y 0, 2
16
(2)
(1) v (2) suy ra: x = 0,1
m
X
= 137x + 64y = 137.0,1 + 64.0,2 = 26,5 (g)

p n ng l C.
V d 11: [t ra] Nung nng hn hp X gm PbO v FeO vi mt lng C va . Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hn tn, thu c hn hp cht rn Y v kh khng mu Z. em cn hn hp rn Y
thy khi lng gim 4,8g so vi hn hp X. Cho hn hp Y tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, thu
c cht kh A. Sc kh Z vo dung dch nc vi trong d c kt ta trng. Th tch kh A (ktc)
v khi lng kt ta thu c l:
A. 6,72 lt v 15g B. 3,36 lt v 30g
C. 6,72 lt v 30g D. 3,36 lt v 15g
Cch gii:
0
t
2
2PbO C 2Pb CO + +

0
t
2
2FeO C 2Fe CO + +
Khi lng cht rn Y gim so vi hn hp X l khi lng O trong oxit b C ly i to
CO
2

O O
4, 8
m 4, 8g n 0, 3(mol)
16

hhX hhY O
n n n 0, 3(mol)

2
CO O
1
n n 0,15(mol)
2

Pb + 2 HCl PbCl
2
+ H
2

Fe + 2 HCl Fe + H
2

2
H hhY
n n 0, 3(mol)

2
H
V 0, 3x22, 4 6, 72(lt)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
2
CO
n n 0,15(mol)

3
CaCO
m 0,15x100 15(g)
Vy p n ng l A.
Nhn xt: qua 2 v d trn, ta c th rt ra mt s nhn xt sau gip gii nhanh cc bi
tp v kh oxit kim loi:
- Khi kh oxit kim loi bng CO, kh sinh ra cho qua nc vi trong d (hoc dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
) th: n
O ca oxit kim loi
=
2 3
CO CaCO
2n 2n
- Khi kh oxit kim loi bng C d, kh sinh ra cho qua nc vi trong d (hoc dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
) th: n
O ca oxit kim loi
=
2 3
CO CaCO
2n 2n
- Kim loi to thnh khi oxit kim loi tc dng vi cht kh: m
kim loi
= m
oxit kim loi
- m
oxi
III. Mt s bi tp TNKQ gii theo phng php bo tn khi lng v tng gim khi
lng :
Bi tp 1: [4] Cho kh CO qua ng ng a (g) hn hp gm CuO, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO, Al
2
O
3
nung
nng. Kh tht ra c cho vo nc vi trong d thy c 30g kt ta trng. Sau phn ng, cht rn
trong ng s c khi lng 202g. Khi lng a (g) ca hn hp cc oxit ban u l:
A. 200,8g B. 216,8g C. 206,8g D. 103,4g
Hng dn: p dng LBTKL a = m
cht rn
+ m
O(trong oxit)
a = m
cht rn
+
2
CO
m

x 16
Bi tp 2: [10] Ha tan 5g hn hp 2 mui cacbonat kim loi ha tr I v ha tr II bng dung
dch HCl thu c dung dch M v 1,12l kh CO
2
(ktc). Khi c cn dung dich M thu c khi
lng mui khan bng:
A. 11,1g B. 5,55g C. 16,5g D. 22,2g
Bi tp 3: [10] Ngm mt l km trong dung dch cha 2,24g ion kim loi M
2+
. Phn ng
xong, khi lng l km tng thm 0,94g. M
2+
l ion kim loi no sau y:
A. Ba
2+
B. Sr
2+
C. Pb
2+
D. Cd
2+
Bi tp 4: [5] Cho 50g hn hp bt oxit kim loi gm ZnO, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, MgO tc dng
ht vi 200ml dung dch HCl 4M (ly va ) thu c dung dch X. Lng mui c trong dung
dch X bng:
A. 79,2g B. 78,4g C. 72g D. 72,9g
Bi tp 5: [16] Ha tan 5,94g hn hp hai mui clorua ca hai kim loi A, B (A v B l 2 kim
loi thuc PNC nhm II) vo nc c 100ml dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl
-
c trong
dung dch X, Ngi ta cho dung dch X tc dng vi dd AgNO
3
thu c 17,22g kt ta. Lc b kt
ta, thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y c m (g) hn hp mui khan, m c gi tr l:
A. 6,36g B. 63,6g C. 9,12g D. 91,2g
Bi tp 6: [16] Nhng mt thanh kim loi ha tr II vo dung dch CuSO
4
, sau mt thi gian
ly thanh kim loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung
dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng tng 7,1%. Bit rng s mol CuSO
4
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
tham gia phn ng hai trng hp l nh nhau. Vy M l kim loi no sau y:
A. Zn B. Fe C. Mg D. Ni
Bi tp 7: [12] Nung 24,5g KClO
3
. Kh thu c tc dng ht vi Cu (ly d). Phn ng cho
ra cht rn c khi lng ln hn khi lng Cu dng lc u l 4,8g. Tnh hiu sut phn ng
nhit phn KClO
3
.
A. 75% B. 80% C. 50% D. 100%
Bi tp 8: [22] Nhng mt thanh km v mt thanh st vo cng mt dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau
mt thi gian ly hai thanh kim loi ra thy trong dung dch cn li c nng mol ZnSO
4
bng 2,5
ln nng mol FeSO
4
. Mt khc, khi lng dung dch gim 2,2g. Khi lng ng bm ln thanh
km v thanh st ln lt l:
A. 12,8g ; 32g B. 64g ; 25,6g
C. 32g ; 12,8g D. 25,6g ; 64g
Hng dn: do cng nhng hai thanh kim loi vo mt dung dch nn dung dch cn li cng
th tch
C
M
(ZnSO
4
) = 2,5C
M
(FeSO
4
)
4 4
ZnSO FeSO
n 2, 5n
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu (1)
2,5x 2,5x 2,5x 2,5x
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (2)
x x x x
gim khi lng ca dung dch l: m
Cu (bm)
- m
Zn (tan)
- m
Fe (tan)

2,2 = 64(2,5x + x) -65. 2,5x- 56x x = 0,4 (mol)
m
Cu bm ln thanh Zn
= 64g ; m
Cu bm ln thanh Fe
= 25,6g
Bi tp 9: [20] Nung hn hp A gm CaCO
3
v CaSO
3
ti phn ng hn tn c cht rn B
c khi lng bng 50,4% khi lng ca hn hp A. Thnh phn phn trm v khi lng cc
cht trong hn hp A:
A. 40% v 60% B. 25% v 75%
C. 30% v 70% D. 20% v 80%
Hng dn:
Cch 1: Phng php i s

CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
(1)
x x x
CaSO
3
CaO + SO
2
(2)
y y y
Gi khi lng ca hn hp A l a (g).

3
CaO
0, 504a
n 9 10 a(mol)
56


3
3 3
CaCO
x y 9 10 a 9 10 (100x 120y) x 0,8y
100x 100 0,8y
%m 40%
100x 120y 100 0,8y 120y

+ +

+ +
Cch 2: Phng php tng gim khi lng
Theo pt (1), (2) ta c:
100g CaCO
3
56g CaO tng ng 56% m
cacbonat
120g CaSO
3
56g CaO tng ng 46,67% m
sunfit
Gi x l thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca CaCO
3
. Ta c :
56x + 46,67(1-x) = 50,4 x = 0,4 %
3
CaCO
m
= 40%.
Bi tp 10: [12] Trn 1l dung dch (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,01M vi 1l dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,005M nng,
khi lng ring ca hai dung dch ny u bng 1g/ml. Tnh khi lng dung dch thu c sau
phn ng (kh tht ra hn tn khi dung dch nng)
A. 1998,845g B. 1998,830g
C. 1999,015g D. 1998,120g
Bi t p 11: [1] Mt hn hp gm Fe v Fe
2
O
3
. Nu cho lng kh CO d i qua m (g) hn hp
trn iu kin nhit cao, sau khi kt thc phn ng, ngi ta thu c 11,2g Fe. Nu ngm m
(g) hn hp trn trong dung dch CuSO
4
d, phn ng xong thu c cht rn c khi lng tng
thm 0,8g. Khi lng no sau y l khi lng m (gam) ban u:
A. 14g B. 13,6g C. 13g D. 12g
Bi tp 12: [T ra] Cho 6,72l kh oxi (kktc) phn ng hn tn vi kim loi ha tr III thu
c 20,4g oxit. Cng thc phn t ca oxit l
A. Fe
2
O
3
B. Al
2
O
3
C. Cr
2
O
3
D. Ga
2
O
3
Bi tp 13: [T ra] Kh hn tn 11,6g oxit st bng C nhit cao. Sn phm kh dn vo
nc vi trong d, to ra 10g kt ta. Cng thc phn t oxit st l cng thc no sau y:
A. FeO B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. FeO
2
Bi tp 14: [T ra] Ha tan hn tn 5g hn hp ba kim loi Zn, Fe,Mg vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
thy tht ra 0,672l kh H
2
(ktc). Khi c cn dung dch ta thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 4,66g B. 6,46g C. 9,7g D. 7,9g
Bi tp 15: [T ra] in phn nng chy a(g) mui clorua ca kim loi nhm IA thu c
b(g) kim loi catot v 0,896l kh (ktc) anot. Cho b(g) kim loi vo nc, sau phn ng khi
lng dung dich gim 0,08(g) . Kim loi nhm IA l kim loi no v khi lng mui clorua ban
u l:
A. K v 3,12g B. K v 1,56g
C. Na v 3,12g D. Li v 1,56g
Bi tp 16: [T ra] em nung mt khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
sau mt thi gian dng li lm
ngui, ri cn thy khi lng gim 0,54g. Cho bit mui nitrat b nhit phn 60%. Vy khi lng
mui Cu(NO
3
)
2
ban u l:
A. 2,8g B. 0,82g C. 5,17g D.1,57g
Bi tp 17: [T ra] Cho 29,7g hn hp Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl
2
.
Sau phn ng thu c 49,25g kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m(g) mui
clorua. Vy m c gi tr l
A. 4,53g B. 23,5g C. 32,45g D. 3,45g
Bi tp 18: [T ra] Nung 5,05g nitrat kim loi kim cho n khi nitrat b nhit phn ht. Khi
lng cht rn thu c gim 15,84% so vi khi lng mui ban u. Kim loi kim l g v
th tch kh thu c ktc
A. Na v 0,56 lt B. K v 1,12 lt
C. K v 0,56 lt D. Li v 1,12 lt
Hng dn: gi cng thc ca mui nitrat: MNO
3
MNO
3
MNO
2
+1/2 O
2
Khi lng cht rn gim i l khi lng ca O
2


3 2
2
MNO O
O
2 15,84 5, 05
n 2n 0, 05(mol)
100 32
5, 05
M 62 39(Kali)
0, 05
V 0, 25 22, 4 0,56(l)

Bi tp 19: [T ra] un nng 31,2g hn hp X gm mt mui hirocacbonat v mt mui
cacbonat ca cng mt kim loi n khi to hn tn thnh 25g mui cacbonat. Ha tan hn tn
mui cacbonat thu c trong dung dch HCl d to thnh dung dch Y. em c cn dung dch Y
thu c 27,75 mui khan Y. Kim loi l g v khi lng mui cacbonat trong hn hp X l bao
nhiu?
A. Na v 15,9g B. K v 29,7g
C. Ca v 25,2g D. Ca v 15g
Hng dn:
- Ha tan 25g mui cacbonat to thnh 27,75g mui clorua
tng 2,75g
2
CO
n
= 0,25 mol
- Tm biu thc mi lin h gia M v n, sau bin lun suy ra kim loi l Ca.
- Da vo phng trnh Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
. Tnh
3
CaCO
m
Bi tp 20: [T ra] Cho 19,5g hn hp Cu, Fe, Zn tc dng vi O
2
d, nung nng thu c m
(g) hn hp X. Cho hn hp X ny tc dng va vi dung dch HCl cn 325ml dung dch 2M
(khng c kh tht ra). Tnh khi lng mui clorua thu c:
A. 28,525g B. 42,025g C. 65,1g D. 56,1g
Bi tp 21: [T ra] Cho hn hp gm ba mui MgCl
2
, NaBr, KI vi s mol tng ng l 0,2
mol; 0,4 mol v 0,2 mol. Ha tan hn hp A trn vo nc to ra dung dch X. Dn V(l) Cl
2
sc vo
dung dch X, c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 66,2g cht rn. Tnh V (ktc)
A. 2,24l B. 8,96l C. 6,72l D. 4,48l
Hng dn: PTP c th xy ra

2 2
2 2
Cl 2I 2Cl I (1)
Cl 2Br 2Cl Br (2)


+ +
+ +
Nu phn ng (1) xy ra hn tn, khi lng mui gim: 0,2(127 - 35,5) = 18,3 (g)
Khi c hai phn ng (1) v (2) xy ra hn tn khi lng mui gim:
0,2(127 - 35,5) + 0,4(80 - 35,5) = 36,1 (g)
Theo bi, khi lng mui gim 93,4 - 66,2 = 27,2 (g)
18,3< 27,2 < 36

chng t phn ng (1) xy ra hn tn v c mt phn phn ng (2)

Gi
Br
n
p
= x th khi lng ca mui gim: 18,3 + x(80 - 35,5) = 27,2

2
2
Cl
Cl
1
x 0, 2(mol) n (0, 2 0, 2) 0, 2(mol)
2
V 4, 48(l)
+

Chn p n D.
CHNG II: PHNG PHP BO TN NGUYN T
I. Nguyn tc ca phng php: [2], [6]
Da vo nh lut bo tn nguyn t: Trong cc phn ng ha hc, cc nguyn t lun lun
c bo tn.
C th hiu nh lut nh sau: tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t A trc phn ng
ha hc lun bng tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t A sau phn ng.
Ch : nh lut c xem nh nguyn nhn ca nh lut bo tn khi lng.
II. Vn dng phng php bo tn nguyn t trong gii tn :
Cc dng tn thng s dng bo tn nguyn t:
- Nguyn t ca nguyn t tn ti trong nhiu hp cht trong cng mt hn hp hoc dung
dch... th khi lng ca nguyn t (hay ion) bng tng khi lng ca nguyn t ca nguyn t
trong cc dng tn ti.
- Tnh tn khi lng sn phm sau mt qu trnh phn ng th ch cn cn c vo cht u
v cht cui, b qua cc phn ng trung gian v cc nguyn t lun c bo tn.
II.1. Khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t ban u bng tng khi lng cc dng tn
ti ca nguyn t trong hn hp hoc trong dung dch.
Thng gp trong phn ng nhit nhm hoc kh oxit st v st c nhiu trng thi oxi ha
nn thng tn ti trong nhiu hp cht.
Chng hn: hn hp A
2 3
FeO: a(mol)
Fe O : b(mol)

'

b kh bi CO cho hn hp cht rn B
gm Fe
2
O
3
(cn d): x mol
Fe
3
O
4
: y mol
FeO (cn d) : z mol
Fe : t mol
Khi ta c:
Fe(trongA) Fe(trongB)
n n
hay a +2b = 2x + 3y +z +t
V d 1: [t ra] Kh ht m (g) Fe
3
O
4
bng kh CO thu c hn hp A gm FeO v Fe. A tan
va trong 300ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M to dung dch B. Tnh m v khi lng mui sunfat thu
c khi c cn B.
A. 23,2g v 45,6g B. 23,2g v 54,6g
C. 2,32g v 4,56g D. 69,6g v 45,6g
Cch gii:
Fe
3
O
4
(FeO, Fe) FeSO
4
x mol

2
4
4
Fe(trongFeSO )
SO
n n 0, 3(mol)
p dng LBTNT Fe:
3 4 4
Fe(trongFe O ) Fe(trongFeSO )
n n
3x = 0,3 x = 0,1 (mol)

4
B FeSO
m m 0, 3 152 45, 6(g)
Chn p n A.
V d 2: [12] Kh 39,2g mt hn hp A gm Fe
2
O
3
v FeO bng kh CO thu c hn hp B
gm FeO v Fe. B tan va trong 2,5 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,2M cho ra 4,48 lt kh (ktc). Tnh
khi lng Fe
2
O
3
v FeO trong hn hp A.
A. 32g Fe
2
O
3
; 7,2g FeO B. 16g Fe
2
O
3
; 23,2g FeO
C. 18g Fe
2
O
3
; 21,2g FeO D. 20g Fe
2
O
3
; 19,2g FeO
Cch gii:
Gi hn hp A
2 3
Fe O : x(mol)
FeO: y(mol)

'

160x + 72y = 39,2 (1)

Hn hp B + H
2
SO
4
: FeO + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
O (2)
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
(3)
2 3
Fe O
FeO
m 0, 2x160 32(g)
m 0,1x72 7, 2(g)


;
2 4
H SO
n 0, 2x2, 5 0, 5(mol);

2
H
4, 48
n 0, 2(mol)
22, 4

Fe(3)
n 0, 2mol;

2 4
FeO H SO Fe(3)
n n n 0, 5 0, 2 0, 3(mol)
p dng LBTNT Fe trong hai hn hp A v B ta c: 2x + y = 0,5 (4)
T (1), (4)

x 0, 2
y 0,1

'

2 3
Fe O
m 0, 2x160 32(g)
;
FeO
m 0,1x72 7, 2(g)
. Vy p n ng l A.
II.2. Cht tham gia tri qua mt s giai on phn ng to sn phm:
V d 3: [t ra] Ha tan hn tn hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Fe v 0,2 mol Cu vo mt lng va
dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (c , nng) thu c kh SO
2
(ktc) v dung dch B.Cho ddB tc dng vi
NaOH d, c kt ta C, nung C n khi lng khng i c hn hp cht rn E. Cho E tc
dng vi lng d CO, un nng thu c hn hp cht rn F. Khi lng ca hn hp cht rn F
l:
A. 24g B. 18,4g C. 15,6g D. 16,5g
Cch gii
0
0
NaOH t CO 2 4 3 3 2 3
t
4 2
Fe (SO ) Fe(OH) Fe O Fe Fe
hhA ddB C E F
Cu Cu CuSO Cu(OH) CuO


' ' ' ' '

p dng LBTNT, ta c:
hhA hhF
m m 0,1x56 0, 2x64 18, 4(g) +
Chn p n B.
Nhn xt: vi dng tn ny, HS thng vit phng trnh phn ng, cn bng sau
tnh tn theo phng trnh ha hc. Nhng vi HS nm vng nh lut BTNT th gii
quyt bi tn ch trong vi giy.
V d 4: [4] i t 120 gam qung pirit st (cha 80% l FeS
2
) s iu ch c (hiu sut
100%) mt lng H
2
SO
4
l:
A. 196g B. 147g C. 156,8g D. 245g
Cch gii: sn xut H
2
SO
4
i t qung pirit st phi qua nhiu giai on, song trong tnh
tn vi gi s hiu sut 100% cho mi qu trnh, c th p dng LBTNT i vi nguyn t S:

2 2 4
FeS 2H SO
120g 196g
120x80
96g
100
xg
Lng H
2
SO
4
iu ch c l:
96x196
x 156,8(g)
120
. p n ng l C.
Nhn xt: i vi dng tn tnh tn t thc t sn xut: cht phn ng khng ch tri
qua m l c mt chui cc phn ng th vic p dng LBTNT cho mt nguyn t
(chnh) s d dng cho vic tnh tn hn.
III. Mt s bi tp tng t c gii theo phng php BTNT:
Bi tp 1: [1] Ha tan a gam hh gm FeO v Fe
3
O
4
ht 300ml ddHCl 2M c ddX. Cho X
tc dng vi mt lng ddNH
3
d c kt ta. Nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng
i c a +1,2 g cht rn. Phn trm khi lng ca FeO trong hh trn l:
A. 28,4% B. 24,6% C. 38,3% D. 40,2%
Hng dn:
0
3d
ddNH HCl t trongkk 2 2
2 3
3 4 3 3
FeCl Fe(OH) FeO
Fe O
Fe O FeCl Fe(OH)


' ' '

V trong hh ban u c mt lng Fe
2
O
3
v coi Fe
3
O
4
= FeO. Fe
2
O
3
) nn ch xt s chuyn
ha qu trnh: 2FeO Fe
2
O
3
tng khi lng ca Fe
2
O
3
so vi hh u l khi lng oxi m FeO ly to Fe
2
O
3

n
O cn
=
1, 2
0, 075(mol)
16

n
FeO
= 0,15 (mol)
Gi hh
3 4 2 3
FeO: x(mol)
x y 0,15
Fe O (FeO.Fe O ) : y(mol)

+
'

(1)
n
HCl
= 0,6 (mol)

n
O trong oxit
= 0,3 (mol) x + 4y = 0,3 (2)
T (1), (2)

FeO
x 0,1
m 38, 3%
y 0, 05


'

Bi tp 2: [4] Cn bao nhiu tn qung phtphorit cha 80% Ca

3
(PO
4
)
2
thu c 1 tn
photpho, cho rng s hao ht trong qu trnh sn xut bng 5%.
A. 6,58 tn B. 6,29 tn C. 5,86 tn D. Kt qu khc
Bi tp 3: [12] Cho 21,52g hhX gm kim loi M c ha tr 2 v mui nitrat ca kim loi y
vo 1 bnh kn v nung cho n khi mui nitrat b nhit phn hn tn. Cht rn thu c sau phn
ng c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: phn ng va vi 2/3 lit dd HNO
3
0,38M cho ra kh NO.
- Phn 2: phn ng va ht vi 0,3l dd H
2
SO
4
0,2M li 1 cht rn khng tan. Xc nh kim
loi M, khi lng M v nitrat kim loi M trong hn hp X.
A. Cu; 12,8g Cu; 8,72g Cu(NO
3
)
2
B. Cu; 10,24g Cu; 11,28g Cu(NO
3
)
2
C. Zn; 68g Cu; 14,72g Zn(NO
3
)
2
D. Zn; 10,2g Cu; 11,32g Zn(NO
3
)
2
Hng dn:
HhX gm kim loi M v M(NO
3
)
2
.
Khi nung:
0
t
3 2 2 2
1
M(NO ) MO 2NO O
2
+ + (1)

2
1
M O MO
2
+ (2)
Cht rn cn li gm MO v M d (v khi cho cht rn phn ng vi HNO
3
c kh tht ra). Gi
M: x(mol)
MO: y(mol)

'

trong 1/2 cht rn.

Phn 1:
2
3 3 2
3M 8HNO 3M(NO ) 2NO 4H O + + +
x 8/3x
M + 2HNO
3
M(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
y 2y

3
HNO
8 2 0, 76
n x 2y .0, 38
3 3 3
+ (3)
Phn 2: tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
lng to ra cht rn (M) nn M ng sau H trong dy Bktop
MO + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2
O
y y
2 4
MO H SO
n n y 0, 06(mol)
x = 0,05(mol)
V bnh kn nn O
2
dng cho phn ng (2) l O
2
to ra t phn ng (1):
3 2 3 2
MO(1) MO(2) M(NO ) MO(1) MO(2) M(NO )
n n n n n 2n 0,12(mol) +

3 2
M(NO )
n 0,12(mol)
p dng LBTNT: n
M (trong X)
= n
M (cht rn)
n
M u
+ 0,06 = n
M (trong MO)
+ n
M d

n
M u
= 0,16(mol)
3 2
3 2
X M M(NO )
Cu Cu(NO )
m m m 0,16M 0, 06(M 124) 21, 52 M 64(Cu)
m 0,16.64 10, 24(g); m 21, 52 10, 24 11, 28(g)
+ + +

Bi tp 4: [10] Dng a gam Al kh ht 0,8g Fe
2
O
3
. Sn phm sau phn ng tc dng vi
lng d dd NaOH to 0,336l kh (ktc). Gi tr ca a l:
A. 1,08g B.0,56g C. 0,54g D. 0,45g
Bi tp 5: [7] Cho oxit st X ha tan hn tn trong dd HCl thu c dd Y cha 1,625g mui
st clorua. Cho ddY tc dng ht vi ddAgNO
3
thu c 4,3025g AgCl. X c cng thc phn t l:
A. Fe
2
O
3
B. Fe
2
O
3
C. FeO D. FeO
2
CHNG III: PHNG PHP BO TN IN TCH
I. Nguyn tc ca phng php : [6] [14]
Phng php BTT da trn nh lut: in tch ca mt h c lp lun khng i tc l
c bo tn.
Ngha l tng in tch dng lun bng tng in tch m v gi tr tuyt i. Do dung
dch lun trung ha v in ( q
+
= q
-
)
II. Vn dng phng php bo tn in tch vo gii tn:
- Thng dng gii quyt cc dng tn trong dung dch vi vic tnh tn khi lng mui
khan, nng dung dch...Sau y l vi v d:
V d 1: [t ra] Cho 100ml dung dch A cha Na
2
SO
4
0,1M v Na
2
CO
3
0,2M tc dng va
vi 100ml dung dch B cha Ba(NO
3
)
2
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
0,05M to kt ta. Tnh nng mol ca
Ba(NO
3
)
2
v khi lng chung ca cc kt ta?
A. 0,25M v 66,2g B. 0,15M v 6,62g
C. 0,25M v 6,62g D. 0,15M v 66,2g
Cch gii: theo LBTT cc ion
2
4
SO

,
2
3
CO

phn ng vi Ba
2+
v Pb
2+
theo t l mol 1:1.
in tch cc ion trn bng nhau v gi tr tuyt i. Nn ta c:

2 2 2 2
4 3
n(SO CO ) n(Ba Pb )
+ +
+ +

0,1( 0,1 + 0,2) = 0,1( x + 0,05)

2
Ba
x C 0, 25(M) +
Khi lng chung ca cc kt ta ( BaSO
4
+PbSO
4
+ BaCO
3
+ PbCO
3
) l:

2 2 2 2
4 3
SO CO Ba Pb
m m m m m + + + + +
= 0,1. 0,1. 96 + 0,1. 0,2. 60 + 0,25. 0,1. 137 + 0,05. 0,1. 207 = 6,62 (g)
Nhn xt: i vi bi tn trn nu gii quyt theo phng php i s bng cch vit
phng trnh ri tnh tn theo phng trnh s gp rc ri v khng d kin nh
lng c khi lng tng loi kt ta. Phng php BTT trong trng hp ny l
mt gii php ti u.
- Phng php ny cng c th dng kim tra kt qu nh lng thnh phn cc ion ng
hay sai.
V d 2: [13] Kt qu xc nh nng mol ca cc ion trong mt dung dch c ghi bng
di y:
Ion
Na
+ 2
Ca
+
3
NO

Cl

3
HCO

S mol 0,05 0,01 0,01 0,04 0,025

Hy nh gi kt qu trn.
A. ng B. Sai
Cch gii:
Theo LBTT, ta c q
+
= q
-

2
Na Ca
q ( 1)n ( 2)n 0, 05 0, 01.2 0, 07 + +
+
+ + + + +

3 3
NO Cl HCO
q ( 1)(n n n ) ( 1)(0, 01 0, 04 0, 025) 0, 075

+ + + +

Gi tr tuyt i ca in tch (+) khc in tch (-)

kt qu trn l sai.
V d 3: [t ra] 100ml dung dch X cha cc ion Ca
2+
: 0,1mol;

3
NO : 0,05mol;

Br
:
0,15mol;

3
HCO : 0,1mol v mt ion ca kim loi M. C cn dung dch thu c 29,1g mui khan.
Ion kim loi M l ion no v tnh nng ca n trong dung dch.
A. Na
+
v 0,15M B. K
+
v 0,1M
C. Ca
2+
v 0,15M D. K
+
v 1M
Cch gii: gi n l in tch ca ion kim loi M; x l s mol ca M
n+
p dng LBTT, ta c: 0,1.2 + xn =0,05 + 0,15 + 0,1 xn = 0,1
Mt khc: m
mui

2 n
3 3
Ca M NO Br HCO
m m m m m + + + + + +

0,1 M
0,1.40 (M ) 0, 05.62 80.0,15 0,1.61 29,1 39 M 39n
n n
+ + + +
Trong s cc p n cho th K
+
l p n ph hp v
K
0,1
C 1(M)
0,1
+
Chn p n D
V d 4: [5] Dung dch A cha Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
v 0,2mol

Cl
, 0,3 mol

3
NO . Thm dn dn
dung dch Na
2
CO
3
1M vo dung dch Acho n khi thu c lng kt ta ln nht th ngng li.
Hi th tch dung dch A thm l bao nhiu?
A. 150ml B. 200ml C. 250ml D. 300ml
Cch gii:
Gi x,y,z l s mol Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
trong dung dch A.
Theo LBTT, ta c: 2x + 2y + 2z = 0,2 + 0,3 = 0,5 x + y + z = 0,25

2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
Mg CO MgCO
Ba CO BaCO
Ca CO CaCO
+
+
+
+
+
+
2
2 3 2 3
3
Na CO Na CO 1M
CO
0, 25
n n x y z 0, 25 V 0, 25(l) 250ml
1
+ +
Chn p n C.
III. Mt s bi tp gii theo phng php bo tn in tch:
Bi tp 1: [5] Mt dung dch cha hai cation Fe
2+
(0,1mol) v Al
3+
(0,2mol) v hai anion

Cl
(x mol) v
2
4
SO (y mol). Bit rng khi c cn dung dch thu c 46,9g cht rn khan. x v y c gi
tr l:
A. 0,2 v 0,3mol B. 0,15 v 0,3mol
C. 0,2 v 0,35mol D. 0,15 v 0,2mol
Bi tp 2: [10] C dung dch X, dung dich ny ch cha hai cation v hai anion trong s cc
ion sau: K
+
(0,15mol) ;
+
4
NH (0,25mol); H
+
(0,2mol);

Cl
(0,1mol);
2
4
SO (0,075 mol);
2
3
CO
(0,15mol). Dung dch gm cc ion no?
A.
4
NH
+
, K
+
,
2
3
CO

,
Cl

B.
4
NH
+
, K
+
,
2
4
SO

,
Cl

C.
4
NH
+
, H
+
,
2
4
SO

,
Cl

D.
4
NH
+
, K
+
,
2
3
CO

,
2
4
SO

Bi tp 3: [12] 100ml dung dch A cha AgNO
3
0,06M v Pb(NO
3
)
2
0,05M tc dng va
vi 100ml dung dch B cha NaCl 0,08M v KBr. Tnh nng mol ca KBr trong dung dch B v
lng kt ta to ra trong phn ng gia hai dung dch A v B.
A. 0,08M v 2,458g B. 0,016M v 2,185g
C. 0,008M v 2,297g D. 0,08M v 2,607g
Bi tp 4: [7] Dung dch A cha x mol Al
3+
, y mol Cu
2+
, z mol
2
4
SO v 0,4 mol

Cl
- C cn dung dch A c 45,2g mui khan.
- Cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
ly d thu c 15,6g kt ta.
Tm x,y,z.
A. 0,2; 0,04; 0,24mol B. 0,1; 0,1; 0,05mol
C. 0,2; 0,2; 0,3mol D. 0,1; 0,15; 0,1mol
Bi tp 5: [t ra] Cho 3,75g hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 250ml dung dch X cha HCl 1M
v H
2
SO
4
0,5M, c ung dch B v 3,92l H
2
(ktc). C cn ddB thu c m(g) mui khan. Tm m?
A. 19,3g B. 17,425g< m <19,3g
C. 17,425g D.
17, 425g m 19, 3g
Hng dn:
2
H
H (X)
n 0,175(mol); n 0, 50(mol) +

2
2
3
2
Mg 2H Mg H
3
Al 3H Al H
2
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +

2
H
H pu H (X)
n 2n 0, 35mol n + + <
dung dch B cn d axit.
Nhn thy: HCl v H
2
SO
4
phn ng ng thi do vi cc iu kin ca bi khi lng
mui thu c ch xt c trong mt khong, khng tnh c gi tr c th.
p dng LBTKL: m
mui

2
4
KL
SO Cl
m m m + +
Trong dung dch X, ta lun c: q
(+)
= q
(-)

2
4
SO Cl H
2n n n 0, 35 + +
Gi s dung dch HCl phn ng trc:
Cl
n 0, 25(mol)
2
4
SO
0, 35 0, 25
n 0, 05(mol)
2
m 3, 75 0, 25.35, 5 0, 05.96 17, 425(g)

+ +

Gi s dung dch H
2
SO
4
phn ng trc:
2
4
SO
n 0, 25(mol)
Cl
n 0, 35 2.0,125 0,1(mol)
m 3, 75 0,125.96 0,1.35, 5 19, 3(g)

+ +
.
Vy 17,425g < m < 19,3g
CHNG IV: PHNG PHP BO TN ELECTRON
I. Nguyn tc ca phng php: [2], [13], [14]
Trong phn ng oxi ha - kh th: electron nhng = electron nhn.
- Khi c nhiu cht oxi ha, cht kh trong mt hn hp phn n (nhiu phn ng hoc phn
ng qua nhiu giai on) th tng s electron cc cht kh cho phi bng tng s electron m cc
cht oxi ha nhn.Ta ch cn nhn nh ng trng thi u v trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha
hoc cht kh thm ch khng cn quan tm n vic cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng.
- Phng php ny c bit l th i vi cc bi tn phi bin lun nhiu trng hp c th
xy ra. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch p dng tt cho phn ng oxi ha - kh thng gi cc
bi tn v c.
II. Vn dng phng php bo tn electron vo gii tn:
S dng phng php bo tn electron gii nhiu dng tn nhng v c bn gm nhng
dng sau y:
II.1. Cho hn hp ca kim loi (hoc hp cht ca kim loi) tc dng vi dung dch axit
to ra mt kh hoc hn hp kh.
gii quyt bi tn dng ny ta thc hin cc bc:
Tnh s mol ca mi kh trong hn hp, thng da vo s ng cho (c trnh
by chng sau).
Tnh tng s electron nhn v electron nhng.
Cho electron nhng = electron nhn tm n s ca bi tn
V d 1: [t ra] Cho 18,98g hn hp A gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng va vi 2l ddHNO
3
c
1,792l kh X (ktc) gm N
2
v NO
2
c t khi so vi He l 9,25. Tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra
l bao nhiu v nng mol/l ca HNO
3
trong dung dch u?
A. 53,7g v 0,28M B. 46,26g v 0,28M
C. 46,26g v 0,06M D. 53,7g v 0,06M
Cch gii: nhn thy:

2 2
2 2
N NO
X
X
N NO
M M
M 9, 25x4 37
2
n 1, 792
n n 0, 04(mol)
2 2.22, 4
+


Ta c qu trnh nhn electron:

5 0
2
3
2 N(NO ) 10e N
+

+
0,08 0,4 0,04 e nhn = 0,4 +0,04 = 0,44(mol)

5 4
3 2
N(NO ) 1e N(NO )
+ +

+

3
HNO
n
b kh
= 0,08 + 0,04 = 0,12 (mol)
0,04 0,04 0,04
Theo nh lut bo tn electron: e nhn = e nhng = 0,44 (mol)
C th vit tng qut qu trnh nhng e: M - ne M
n+
0,44
Ta c nhn xt sau: v gc
3
NO

c ha tr I nn nu kim loi nhng bao nhiu electron th

cng nhn by nhiu gc
3
NO

to mui.
Vy
3
HNO
n
to mui
= n
e nhng
= n
e nhn
= 0,44 (mol)

3
HNO
n
p
= 0,44 + 0,12 = 0,56(mol)

3
M(HNO )
0, 56
C 0, 28(M)
2

Khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l:
3
KL
NO
m m m 18, 98 0, 44.62 46, 26(g) + +
Chn p n B
Nhn xt:
- Bi tn ch yu cu tnh khi lng mui v nng HNO
3
nn ch cn quan tm n
e nhng nhng tn yu cu tnh %m hoc m tng kim loi th cn t n gii h.
- Bi tn ny nu gii theo phng php i s (t n, tm cc phng trnh v gii h)
th s ri vo kh khn bi n i hi nhng k nng tn hc cao ca hc sinh, khi 6 ptp, 6 n m
ch c 3 d kin tnh tn. S dng LBT electron khng cn vit ptp v trong trng hp ny
n tr nn ti u.
- Da vo bi tn trn, c th khai trin thnh nhiu bi khc hi v cc i lng
khc nh V
hh kh
, % m
KL
, m
KL
...
- Khi vit cc qu trnh nhng, nhn electron nn vit trnh nhm ln cc bn phn
ng oxi ha - kh di dng ion electron. V thng phn ng to kh c c s tham gia ca mi
trng, nu cc bi tn a trng tm vo ni dung ny, hc sinh d mc sai lm khi ngh cc qu
trnh khng ph thuc vo mi trng.
V d 2: [17] H tan hn tn 9,28g mt hn hp X gm Mg, Al, Zn vi s mol bng nhau trong
mt lng va dd H
2
SO
4
c, nng; thu c ddY v 0,07mol mt sn phm duy nht cha lu
hunh. Sn phm l cht no?
A. SO
2
B. S C. H
2
S D.
2
2 8
S O

Cch gii:
Gi a l s mol Mg, Al, Zn trong hn hp.
Ta c: (24 + 65 + 27)a = 9,28

a = 0,08 (mol)
Qu trnh nhng e: Mg - 2e Mg
2+

0,08 0,16
Al - 3e Al
3+

e nhng = 0,16 + 0,24 + 0,16 = 0,56(mol)

0,08 0,24
Zn - 2e Zn
2+

0,08 0,16
Qu trnh nhn e:
6 x
S (6 x)e S
+
+

e nhn = 0,07(6-x) (mol)

0,07 0,07(6-x)
Vi x l s oxi ha ca S trong sn phm .
p dng LBT electron, ta c: 0,07(6-x) = 0,56

x = -2

sn phm l H
2
S.
Vy p n ng l C.
II.2. Cc bi tp v st qua nhiu trng thi oxi ha:
St c nhiu trng thi oxi ha nn khi oxi ha Fe kim loi thng thu c hn hp cc oxit
st. Thng thng bi tn cho tn b lng oxit st chuyn v mt trng thi oxi ha no . gii
quyt dng bi tp ny cn ch :
Ch quan tm n trng thi oxi ha u v cui ca st, khng cn quan tm n cc
trng thi oxi ha trung gian.
t n s vi cht ng vai tr cht kh.
V d 3: [18] Nung x gam Fe trong khng kh, thu c 104,8 gam hn hp rn A gm Fe,
FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
. Ha tan A trogn dd HNO
3
d, thu c ddB v 12,096 lit hn hp kh NO v
NO
2
(ktc) c t khi i vi He l 10,167. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 85,02g B. 49,22g C. 78,4g D. 98g
Cch gii: - Da vo s ng cho tnh c s mol NO v NO
2
ln lt l 0,18 v
0,36 mol. Cch tnh ny s c cp chng sau.
- Nhn thy, qu trnh phn ng tn b lng Fe kim loi c chuyn thnh Fe
3+
nn ta c qu trnh nhng e: Fe - 3e Fe
3+

x
56

3x
56
e nhng =
3x
56
(mol)
Qu trnh nhn e:
5 4
3 2
N(NO ) 1e N(NO )
+ +

+

0,36 0,36

5 2
3
N(NO ) 3e N(NO)
+ +

+
3.0,18 0,18
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-

Theo LBTKL:
2 2
Fe O A O A Fe
m + m = m m = m - m = 104,8 - x (g)
2
2 2
O
Fe O A O A Fe
3 2 2
104, 8 x
n (mol)
32
m + m = m m = m - m = 104,8 - x (g)
Al Fe Cu Ag
Al Fe Cu Ag
+ + + +

2
O
104, 8 x
n (mol)
32

e nhn = 0,36 + 0,18.3 +
104, 8 x
.4
32

= 0,9 +
104, 8 x
(mol)
8

Theo LBT electron, ta c: e nhn = e nhng
0,9 +
104, 8 x
8

=
3x
56

x = 78,4(g)
Chn p n C.
Nhn xt: y l dng tn kinh in ca phng php bo tn electron. i vi dng
bi tp TNKQ th y l phng php rt hay gii quyt nhiu bi tp v oxihoa-kh
mt cch chnh xc, rt nhanh v khng gy nhm ln.
II.3. Dng tn trong dung dch nhiu cht kh, nhiu cht oxi ha m s trao i
electron xy ra ng thi (thng gp l dng tn kim loi ny y kim loi khc ra khi dung
dch mui)
V d 4: [12] Mt hn hp X gm Al v Fe c khi lng 8,3g. Cho X vo 1lit ddA cha
AgNO
3
0,1M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc c cht rn B (hn tn khng tc
dng vi dd HCl) v ddC (hn tn khng c mu xanh ca Cu
2+
). Tnh khi lng cht rn B v
%Al trong hn hp.
A. 23,6g; %Al = 32,53 B. 24,8g; %Al = 31,18
C. 28,7g; %Al = 33,14 A. 24,6g; %Al = 32,18
Cch gii:
- Chiu sp xp cc cp OXH-K trong dy in ha:

3 2 2
Al Fe Cu Ag
Al Fe Cu Ag
+ + + +
- Ag b kh trc Cu
2+
; dd b mt ht mu xanh ca Cu
2+
nn Cu
2+
v Ag
+
u b kh ht to
Ag v Cu kim loi.
- Al phn ng xong ri n Fe; cht rn B khng phn ng vi HCl, do Al v Fe phn
ng ht.
Vy, hn hp B gm Cu v Ag

m
B
= m
Cu
+ m
Ag
n
Ag
= 0,1mol ; n
Cu
= 0,2mol

m
B
= 0,1x108 + 0,2x64 = 23,6(g)
Gi hhX
X
Al : x(mol)
; m 8, 3g 27x 56y 8, 3
Fe : y(mol)

+
'

(1)
Qu trnh nhng e: Al - 3e Al
3+

x 3x
Fe - 2e Fe
2+

e nhng = 3x + 2y(mol)
y 2y
Qu trnh nhn e: Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu


0,2 0,4
Ag
+
+ e Ag

e nhn = 0,4 + 0,1 = 0,5(mol)

0,1 0,1
Theo LBT electron: e nhng = e nhn 3x + 2y = 0,5 (2)
T (1) v (2), suy ra:
Al
x 0,1
0,1.27.100
%m 32, 53%
y 0,1 8, 3


'

Vy p n ng l A.
V d 5: [23] Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R
1
, R
2
c ha tr x,y khng i (R
1
, R
2
khng tc dng
vi H
2
O v ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp phn ng vi
CuSO
4
d, ly Cu thu c cho phn ng vi HNO
3
d thu c 1,12lit kh NO duy nht. Nu cho
lng hn hp trn phn ng hn tn vi dd HNO
3
th thu dc bao nhiu lit kh N
2
. Cc th tch o
ktc.
A. 0,224l B. 0,336l C. 4,48l D. 0,448l
Cch gii: qu trnh oxi ha-kh xy ra: kim loi R
1
, R
2
nhng electron cho Cu
2+
chuyn
thnh Cu, sau Cu li nhng e cho N(+5) to thnh N(+2)

s mol e do R
1
, R
2
nhng = s mol do N(+5) nhn vo

5 2
Ne N
++
+
0,05x3
1,12
0, 05
22, 4

- Khi R
1
, R
2
trc tip nhng e cho N(+5) chuyn thnh N(0)
Gi a l s mol N
2
th ta c:
5 0
2
N 10e N
+
+
10a a mol
V cng lng R
1
, R
2
tham gia phn ng nn: 0,05x3 = 10a

a = 0,015 (mol)

2
N
V
= 22,4x0,015 = 0,336(l)
Nhn xt:
- Qua v d ny nhn mnh c rng vi 1 mol cht phn ng trong iu kin
phn ng xy ra hn tn, cht phn ng ht th trong mi trng hp ca cng mt bn phn ng
s mol m n nhn vo hay cho i u l hng s.
- Nh v d ny, ta khng cn xt tnh kh ca kim loi no mnh hn vn gii
quyt c bi tn v tn b R chuyn thnh ion. l u im khi s dng phng php bo
tn electron.
II.4. p dng LBT electron gii mt s bi tn khc:
V d 6: [t ra] Khi t nng 22,05g mui KClO
3
thu c 2,24lit kh O
2
v mt hn hp cht
rn gm mui kali peclorat v kali clorua. Xc nh khi lng cc mui to thnh.
A. 4,97g KCl v 13,88g KClO
3
B. 7,0775g KCl v 14,9725g KClO
4
C. 7,0775g KCl v 11,7725g KClO
4
A. 11,7725g KCl v 10,2775g KClO
3
Cch gii:
3 2
KClO O
22, 05 2, 24
n 0,18(mol); n 0,1(mol)
122, 5 22, 4

Gi s mol ca KCl v KClO
4
ln lt l x v y.
Qu trnh nhng e:
5 1
Cl 6e Cl
+
+
x 6x x
Qu trnh nhn e:
5 7
Cl 2e Cl
+ +

y 2y y
2O
2-
- 4e O
2
0,4 0,1
Theo LBT electron: 6x = 0,4 + 2y 6x - 2y = 0,4 3x - y = 0,2 (1)
Mt khc: x + y = 0,18 (2)
T (1), (2) suy ra:
4
KCl
KClO
m 0, 095.74, 5 7, 0775(g)
x 0, 095
m 0, 085.138, 5 11, 7725(g)
y 0, 085

' '

Vy p n ng l C.
V d 7: [15] Ha tan hn tn 17,4g hn hp 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Mg trong dung dch HCl thy
tht ra 13,44lit kh. Nu cho 8,7g hn hp tc dng dd NaOH d thu c 3,36lit kh (ktc).Vy nu
cho 34,8g hn hp trn tc dng vi dd CuSO
4
d, lc ly tn b cht rn thu c sau phn ng
tc dng vi dd HNO
3
nng, d th thu c V lit kh NO
2
. Th tch kh NO
2
(ktc) thu c l:
A. 26,88l B. 53,76l C. 13,44l D. 44,8l
Cch gii:
2
H
13, 44
n 0, 6(mol)
22, 4

Xt tn b qu trnh phn ng th: Al, Mg, Fe nhng e; H
+
(HCl), Cu
2+
nhn e.
M: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2;
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu u nhn 2 electron.
Nn e(H
+
) nhng = e(Cu
2+
) nhn

2
2
H Cu
Cu
n n n +
Qu trnh nhn e ca HNO
3
:
5 4
Ne N
++
+

e(
5
N
+
) nhn = e(Cu) nhng
Trong 34,8g hn hp:
2
NO Cu
n 2n 2.0, 6.2 2, 4(mol)

2
NO
V 2, 4.22, 4 53, 76(l)
Nhn xt: nu gii bi tn ny theo phng php i s s di dng v vit phn ng,
t n, gii h nhng nu gii theo phng php bo tn electron th d kin cho 8,7g
hn hp tc dng vi dd NaOH d cho 3,36lit kh khng cn s dng vn cho kt qu
chnh xc vi cch ngn gn, nhanh chng.
III. Mt s bi tp TNKQ gii theo phng php bo tn electron:
Bi tp 1: [8] Ha tan hn tn 1,2g kim loi X vo dd HNO
3
d thu c 0,224lit kh N
2
(ktc)
(gi thit phn ng ch to ra kh N
2
). Vy X l:
A. Zn B. Cu C. Mg D. Al
Bi tp 2: [16] Trn 0,54g bt Al vi bt Fe
2
O
3
v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm thu
c hn hp A. Ha tan hn tn A trong dd HNO
3
c hn hp kh gm NO v NO
2
c t l s
mol tng ng l 1:3. Th tch (ktc) kh NO v NO
2
ln lt l:
A. 0,224l v 0,672l B. 0,672l v 0,224l
C. 2,24l v 6,72l D. 6,72l v 2,24l
Bi tp 3: [10] Cho H
2
SO
4
lng tc dgn vi 6,659g hn hp 2 kim loi X v Y u ha tr II,
thu c 0,1mol kh, ng thi khi lng hn hp gim 6,5g. Ha tan phn cn li vo H
2
SO
4
c,
nng thy tht ra 0,16g kh SO
2
. X v Y l nhng kim loi no sau y?
A. Hg v Zn B. Cu v Zn C. Cu v Ca D. Cu v Mg
Bi tp 4: [22] Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nht cao mt thi
gian. Ngi ta thu c 6,72g hn hp gm 4 cht rn khc nhau(A). em ha tan hn tn hn hp
ny vo dd HNO
3
d thy to thnh 0,448lit kh B duy nht c t khi so vi H
2
bng 15. m nhn
gi tr l:
A. 5,56g B. 6,64g C. 7,2g D. 8,81g
Bi tp 5: [4] Khi cho 17,40g hp kim Y gm st, ng, nhm phn ng ht vi H
2
SO
4
lng d
ta c ddA; 6,4g cht rn v 9,856lit kh B 27,3
0
C; 1atm. Phn trm khi lng mi kim loi
trong hp kim ln lt l:
A. 34,18%; 34,79% v 31,03% B. 30,18%; 38,79% v 31,03%
C. 31,18%; 37,79% v 31,03% D. 32,18%; 36,79% v 31,03%
Bi tp 6: [17] Cho kim loi M khi ha tan ht m(g) M trong HNO
3
lng, nng thu c kh
NO, khi ha tan m(g) M trong dd HCl thu c kh H
2
c
2
H NO
V V
trong cng iu kin nhit ,
p sut. Khi lng mui clorua bng 52,48% khi lng mui nitrat thu c. Xc nh M v ha
tr ca n.
A. Fe, c ha tr 2 v 3 B. Fe, c ha tr 3
C. Cr, c ha tr 2 v 3 D. Cr, c ha tr 3
Hng dn: gi ha tr ca M trong 2 trng hp phn ng vi HNO
3
v HCl ln lt l p, k.
- Vi HNO
3
:
5 2
N3e N
+ +
+

m
p
M

m
p
3M
- Vi HCl: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2


m
k
M

m
k
2M
Theo :
2
H NO
V V
hay
2
H NO
n n

m
p
3M
=
m
k
2M
2p = 3k
Chn k = 2, p = 3

2 mui thu c: MCl

2
v M(NO
3
)
3
Ta c:
2 3 3
MCl M(NO )
52, 48 52, 48
m m (M 71) (M 62.3)
100 100
+ +
M = 56

M l Fe. Chn p n A.
Bi tp 7: [1] t chy a gam FeS trong O
2
d, thu kh SO
2
. Trn SO
2
vi 1 lng O
2
ri nung
hn hp c xc tc V
2
O
5
c hn hp kh X. Cho X vo dd nc brm, va ht 0,08 mol Br
2
v thu
c ddY. Cho Y tc dng vi dd NaOH trung ha ht lng axit c trong Y va ht 0,8mol
NaOH. Tnh a.
A. 24,64g B.25,52g C. 26,25g D. 28,16g
Hng dn: X c th tc dng vi nc brom nn X cn cha SO
2
.
Gi s mol ca SO
2
v SO
3
trong hn hp X ln lt l x v y.
Qu trnh nhng e:
4 6
S 2e N
+ +

x 2x x
Qu trnh nhn e: Br
2
+ 2e 2
Br

0,08 0,16 0,16

Theo LBT electron: 2x = 0,16 x = 0,08
Dd Y c: HBr: 0,16 mol ; H
2
SO
4
:(x + y) mol

2
H OH H O
+
+
0,8 0,8

0,16 + 2(x + y) = 0,8 x + y = 0,32

y = 0,24

2
SO FeS
n x y 0, 32(mol) n 0, 32(mol) +

FeS
m 0, 32.88 28,16(g)
. Chn p n D.
Bi tp 8: [23] Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt S ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c
cht rn A. Ha tan A bng dd axit HCl d c ddB v kh C. t chy C cn V lit O
2
(ktc) (bit
cc phn ng xy ra hn tn). V lit kh oxi l:
A. 32,928 lit B. 16,454 lit C. 22,4 lit D. 4,48 lit
Hng dn: - n
Fe
> n
S
30
32

Fe d v S ht

kh C l hn hp H
2
S v H
2
. t C thu c
SO
2
v H
2
O. Vy qu trnh phn ng l Fe v S nhng electron, cn O
2
thu electron.
- Vit cc qu trnh nhng, nhn electron ri thit lp phng trnh lin quan
n n s ca s mol O
2
, ta tnh c s mol O
2
l 1,47(mol)

th tch O
2
l 32,928 lit.
Bi tp 9: [18] ha tan 9,18g bt Al nguyn cht cn dng dd axit (A) thu c mt kh (X)
v dd mui (Y). Bit trong khng kh (X), s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s thay i s OXH l
0,3612.10
23
(s Avgaro l 6,02.10
23
). tc dng hn tn vi dd (Y) to ra mt dd trong sut cn
290g dd NaOH 20%. Vy kh X l:
A. NO
2
B. N
2
C. N
2
O D. NO
Hng dn: tm c kh X, cn xc nh c axit A. Ta c:
3
Al
Al
n n 0, 34(mol) +

3
2 2
Al 4OH AlO 2H O
+
+ + (1)
OH pu OH (bd)
n 4.0, 34 1, 36mol n 1, 45 <

mui Y phi cn mt mui phn ng vi
OH

. l NH
4
NO
3

(A) l HNO
3
- Xc nh (X):
4 3 2
NH OH NH H O
+
+ + (2)
OH (2)
n 1, 45 1, 36 0, 09mol
;
23
N(trongX)
23
0, 3612.10
n 0, 06(mol
6, 02.10
nguyn t)
Qu trnh nhng e: Al - 3e Al
3+
0,34 1,02
Qu trnh nhn e:
5 3
3 4
N(NO ) 8e N(NH )
+
+
+
0,72 0,09

5 x
3
N(NO ) (5 x)e N
+

+
0,06(5-x) 0,06
Theo LBT electron: 0,06(5-x) + 0,72 = 1,02 x = 0

X l N
2
. Chn p n B.
Bi tp 10: [t ra] Cho hn hp X gm 0,03mol Al v 0,05mol Fe vo 100ml ddA c
Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
. sau phn ng thu c 8,12g cht rn B. Cho B tc dng vi dd HCl d c
0,672 lit kh H
2
. Cc th tch kh u o ktc. Nng mi mui trong dd A l:
A.
3
AgNO
C 0, 32M
v
3 2
Cu( NO )
C 0, 29M
B.
3
AgNO
C 0,5M
v
3 2
Cu( NO )
C 0, 3M
C.
3
AgNO
C 0, 22M
v
3 2
Cu( NO )
C 0,04M
D.
3
AgNO
C 0, 3M
v
3 2
Cu( NO )
C 0,5M
Bi tp 11: [t ra] Ha tan 13,2g hn hp bt Fe, FeO v Fe
2
O
3
vo dd HCl. Sau phn ng
thu c cht rn A l kim loi; 0,56 lit cht kh B v mt ddC.
- Cho ddC tc dng ht vi dd NaOH d thu c kt ta D. Nung kt ta D trong khng kh
n khi lng khng i c 12g cht rn.
- Mt khc, nu ly khi lng cht rn A ng bng khi lng ca n trong hn hp em
ha tan hn tn trong dd H
2
SO
4
c, nng d thu c 3,36 lit kh mi xc (ktc). Tnh %m
FeO
trong
hn hp?
A. 10,53% B. 27,27% C. 16,36% D. 44,32%
Hng dn: gi s mol ca Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
trong hn hp ln lt l a, b, c.

2
H
0, 56
n 0, 025(mol)
22, 4

Sau phn ng cn d Fe chng t tn b lng mui Fe
3+
trong ddC chuyn thnh mui Fe
2+
.
Gi s mol Fe d l d. Thit lp cc mi lin h ta c h phng trnh:

56a 72b 160c 132
a 0,1
3, 36.2
3a 0, 3
b 0, 05
22, 4
c 0, 025
d 0, 025 c
d 0, 05 b d
c 0, 075
2
+ +

' '

+


+

+

FeO
0, 05.72
%m .100 27, 27(%)
13, 2

. Chn p n B.
CHNG V: PHNG PHP DNG CC GI TR TRUNG BNH
V PHNG PHP NG CHO
I. Phng php dng cc gi tr trung bnh:
Ni dung ca phng php ny c chia thnh nhiu dng:
- Phng php khi lng mol trung bnh (M)
- Phng php s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh
- Phng php s nguyn t hiro trung bnh
- Phng php gc hirocacbon trung bnh
- Phng php nhm chc trung bnh
- Phng php ha tr trung bnh
Phng php ny dng ch yu trong ha hu c, i vi v c thng ch s dng 2 phng
php: khi lng mol trung bnh (M) v ha tr trung bnh.
I.1. Phng php khi lng mol trung bnh(M): [13]
I.1.1. Khi lng mol trung bnh:
I.1.1.1. Khi nim:
- Khi lng mol trung bnh (KLMTB) ca hn hp l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp .
I.1.1.2. Cng thc tnh KLMTB:
hh 1 1 2 2 i i
hh 1 2 1
m M n M n .... M n
M
n n n .... n
+ + +

+ + +
(1)
Trong : m
hh
l tng s gam ca hn hp.
n
hh
l tng s mol ca hn hp.
M
1
, M
2
M
i
l khi lng mol ca cc cht trong hn hp.
n
1
, n
2
n
i
l s mol tng ng ca cc cht.
i vi cht kh v th tch t l vi s mol nn (1) c vit li:
1 1 2 2 i i
1 2 1
M V M V .... M V
M
V V .... V
+ + +

+ + +
(2)
Vi V
1
, V
2
V
i
: ln lt l th tch cc cht kh tng ng.
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
M
= M
1
x
1
+ M
2
x
2
+ + M
i
x
i
(3)
Vi x
1
, x
2
, x
i
l thnh phn % s mol hoc th tch ( nu hn hp kh) tng ng ca cc
cht v c ly theo s thp phn ( ngha l 100% ng vi x = 1).
Ch : Nu hn hp ch c hai cht c khi lng mol tng ng M
1
v M
2
th cc
cng thc (1), (2), (3) c vit di dng:
(1) suy ra
1 1 2 1
M n M (n n )
M
n
+

(2) suy ra
1 1 2 1
M V M (V V )
M
V
+

(3) suy ra
M
= M
1
x + M
2
(1-x)
Trong n
1
, V
1
, x l s mol, th tch, thnh phn % v s mol hoc th tch ( hn hp kh ) ca
cht th M
1
.
I.1.1.3. Tnh cht:
-
M
khng phi l hng s m c gi tr ph thuc vo thnh phn v lng cc cht trong hn
hp.
-
M
lun nm trong khong khi lng mol phn t ca cht nh nht v ln nht.
M
min
<
M
< M
max
- Hn hp hai cht A, B c M
A
< M
B
c thnh phn tnh theo s mol tng ng l a%, b% th :

a% = b% = 50 a% < 50% < b% a% > 50% > b
%
A B
M M
M
2
+

A B
M M
M
2
+
>
A B
M M
M
2
+
<
I.1.2. Vn dng trong gii tn:
Trong v v, thng gp cc dng tn xc nh khi lng nguyn t ca 2 kim loi thuc
cng phn nhm chnh v nm 2 chu k k tip nhau; xc nh thnh phn hn hp mui cng 1
cation hoc cng 1 anion; xc nh % s lng mi ng v 1 nguyn t; % th tch cc kh trong
hn hp.
I.1.2.1. Vn dng trong gii tn lin quan n hn hp kim loi hoc hn hp mui
V d 1: [t ra] H tan ht 7,6g hn hp 2 kim loi X v Y nhm IIA thuc 2 chu k lin tip
bng dd HCl d th thu c 5,6 lit kh (ktc). X v Y l nhng kim loi no sau y?
A. Mg v Ca B. Be v Mg C. Ca v Sr D. Sr v Ba
Cch gii: gi cng thc 2 kim loi X, Y l
M

2
H
5, 6
n 0, 25(mol)
22, 4


2 2
M 2HCl MCl H

+ +
0,25mol 0,25mol

7, 6
M 30, 4
0, 25

. Gi s X<
M
= 30,4 <Y

2 kim loi l Mg v Ca.

Nhn xt: i vi bi tn ny, nu gii theo phng php chnh tc s dn n s
phng trnh t hn s n s. Khi i hi nhng th thut tn hc tt mi x l
c. Do , trong trng hp ny, phng php
M
em li hiu qu cao hn.
V d 2: [t ra] Cho 500ml dd X cha 2 mui NaA v NaB vi A v B l halogen (nhm VIIA
thuc 2 chu k k tip ca bng HTTH) tc dng vi 100ml ddAgNO
3
0,1M (lng va , cho ra
1,5685g kt ta). Xc nh A, B v nng mol ca NaA v NaB trong dd X.
A. F v Cl; C
NaF
= 0,015M; C
NaCl
= 0,005M
B. Br v I; C
NaBr
= 0,014M; C
NaI
= 0,006M
C. Cl v Br; C
NaCl
= 0,012M; C
NaBr
= 0,008M
D. Cl v Br; C
NaCl
= 0,014M; C
NaBr
= 0,006M
Cch gii:
Ag A AgA
Ag B AgB
+
+
+
+

A B Ag
n n n 0,1.0,1 0, 01(mol) + +
2 A,B A,B
1, 5685
M 156, 85 108 M 156,85 M 48,85
0, 01

+
M: 35,5 < A,B
M = 48,85 < 80

A l Cl, B l Br
Gi
Cl : x(mol)
x y 0, 01
Br : y(mol)

+
'

(1)
m 1, 5685 x(108 35, 5) y(108 80) 1, 5685

+ + +
(2)
T (1) v (2)
3
M(NaCl) 3
3 3
M(NaBr)
7.10
C 0, 014(M)
x 7.10 0, 5
y 3.10 3.10
C 0, 006(M)
0, 5

' '

Chn p n D.
I.1.2.2. Dng tn lin quan n khi lng nguyn t trung bnh v ng v ca
nguyn t:
Cng thc tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh:
Gi s nguyn t c n ng v A
1,
A
2
,..., A
n
vi A
i
l nguyn t khi ca ng v A
i
; gi a
i
l t
l s nguyn t ca ng v th i; A l nguyn t khi trung bnh; ta c:
1 1 2 2 n n 1 1 2 2 n n
1 2 n
A a A a ... A a A a A a ... A a
A
a a ... a 100
+ + + + + +

+ + +
V d 3: [t ra] Trong t nhin nguyn t clo c 2 ng v l
35
Cl
v
37
Cl
c phn trm s
nguyn t tng ng l 75% v 25%. Nguyn t c ng v trong
63
Cu
chim 73% s nguyn t.
ng v clo to c hp cht CuCl
x
, trong phn trm khi lng Cu chim 47,228%. Tm ng
v th 2 ca ng v cng thc phn t ca CuCl
x
. Bit s khi 2 ng v hn km nhau a n v v
>
Cu
M 63 .
A.
65
Cu
, CuCl B.
65
Cu
, CuCl
2
C.
64
Cu
, CuCl
2
D.
64
Cu
, CuCl
Cch gii: gi ng v 2 ca Cu: 2
A
Cu
Ta c: Cl
75 25
M .35 .37 35, 5
100 100
+
Trong CuCl
x
, %m
Cu
= 47,228%
Cu
Cu Cu
Cu
M
.100 47, 228 M 0, 47228M 16, 7659x
M 35, 5x
+
+
Cu Cu
0, 52772M 16, 7659x M 31, 771x (1)
M:
Cu
M = 63. 0,73 + A
2
.0,27 = 63. 0,73 + (63 + x). 0,27 (v
2 1
A A x
v
Cu
M > 63)

Cu
M 63 0, 27x + (2)
T (1) v (2)
Cu
2
x 2; M 63, 54; A 65 . Chn p n B.
I.1.2.3. Dng tn lin quan n hn hp kh:
V d 4: [t ra] Hn hp A gm cc kh N
2
, H
2
, NH
3
(v mt t cht xc tc) c t khi so vi
H
2
bng 6,05. Nung nng A mt thi gian thy t khi hn hp so vi H
2
tng 0,348. Vy, hiu sut
to kh NH
3
l:
A. 10% b. 18,75% C. 34% D. 27%
Cch gii:
2
2
3
N : x(mol)
H : y(mol)
NH : z(mol)

'

trong 1 mol hn hp A x + y + z = 1 (1)

Theo :
2
tr
hh
H
d 6, 05 M 28x 2y 17z 6.05.2 12,1 + +
(2)
Mt khc: y = 4x (3)
T (1), (2), (3)

x = 0,1; y = 0,4; z = 0,5

0
t ,p
2 2 3
xt
N 3H 2NH +

Ban u: 0,1 0,4 0,5

Phn ng: a 3a 2a
Cn bng: 0,1-a 0,4-3a 2a+0,5
s
28(0,1 a) 2(0, 4 3a) 17(2a 0, 5)
M 6, 398.2 12, 796
1 2a
1 2a 0, 946 a 0, 027
+ + +

Hiu sut to kh NH
3
l: 27%. Vy p n ng l D.
I.2. Phng php ha tr trung bnh:
Thng p dng trong dng tn hn hp m ha tr ca nguyn t khng i trong bi tn
V d 5: [17] Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi X,Y c ha tr khng i v khng c kim loi no
ha tr I. Ly 7,68g hn hp A chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: nung trong kh O
2
d oxi ha hn tn, thu c 6g hn hp rn B gm 2 oxit
- Phn 2: ha tan hn tn trong dd cha HCl v H
2
SO
4
lng, thu c V lit kh H
2
(ktc) v
ddC. Tnh V.
A. 2,352lit B. 4,704lit C. 3,024lit D. 1,176lit
Cch gii: gi k hiu chung ca 2 kim loi X, Y l: M; ha tr trung bnh l
x
; s mol ca
hn hp trong mi phn l: a
2 2
x
4M xO 2M O +
(1)
2
x
2M 2xHCl 2MCl xH

+ + (2)
2 4 2 4 2
x
2M xH SO M (SO ) xH

+ + (3)
T LBTKL
2
O
m
p
=
7, 68
6 2,16(g)
2

2
O
ax 2,16
n 0, 0675(mol) ax 0, 0675.4 0,135(mol)
4 32

T (2) v (3)
2 2
H M H
x ax
n n 0,135(mol) V 3, 024(l)
2 2

Chn p n C.
V d 6: [13] Cho mt lung H
2
i qua ng s t nng ng 11,3g hn hp 2 oxit vanai ha
tr k nhau ti kh hn tn v cho kh i ra khi ng s qua H
2
SO
4
c thy khi lng axit tng ln
4,68g. Xc nh cc oxit vanai.
A. V
2
O
3
v VO
2
B. V
2
O
3
v V
2
O
4
A. V
2
O
3
v V
2
O A. VO v VO
2
Cch gii: gi x l ha tr trung bnh ca vanai.
0
t C
2 x 2 2
V O xH 2V xH O + +
(1)
2
H O
m 4, 68g
Theo (1) ta c:
11, 3 4, 68 1
x 3, 7
51.2 16x 18 x

+
Vy cc oxit l V
2
O
3
v VO
2
. Chn p n A.
II. Phng php ng cho: [2], [14]
Phng php ng cho thng p dng gii cc bi tn trn ln cc cht vi nhau, c th
l ng th: lng - lng, kh - kh, rn - rn hoc d th lng - rn, lng - kh, nhng hn hp cui
cng phi l ng th. Phng php ny c ngha thc t l trng hp pha ch dung dch. Tuy
nhin, phng php ny ch p dng cho trng hp trn ln cc dung dch ca cng mt cht (hoc
cht khc nhng do phn ng vi nc li cho cng mt cht) ; khng p dng cho trng hp trn
ln cc cht khc nhau hoc xy ra phn ng ha hc.
II.1. Nguyn tc ca phng php: trn ln 2 dung dch:
- Dung dch 1: c khi lng m
1
, th tch V
1
, nng C
1
(C% hoc C
M
), khi lng ring d
1

- Dung dch 2: c khi lng m
2
, th tch V
2
, nng C
2
(C
2
> C
1
), khi lng ring d
2
.
- Dung dch thu c c m = m
1
+ m
2
, V= V
1
+ V
2
, nng C (C
1
<C <C
2
), khi lng ring d.
S ng cho v cng thc tng ng vi mi trng hp l:
i vi nng % v khi lng:
m
1
C
1

2
C C
C
2 1
2 1
C C m
m C C

(1)
m
2
C
2

1
C C
i vi nng mol/l:
V
1
C
1

2
C C
C
2 1
2 1
C C V
V C C

(2)
V
2
C
2

1
C C
i vi khi lng ring:
V
1
d
1

2
d d
d
2 1
2 1
d d V
V d d

(3)
V
2
d
2

1
d d
Trn c s s dng s ng cho gii quyt cc bi tn trong dung dch, nhn thy
phng php ny cng rt thun li khi p dng gii tn thnh phn phn trm hn hp rn v t l
th tch cht kh. Vi phng php ny, thng cho kt qu mt cc nhanh chng v chnh xc.
iu ny rt cn thit trong vic gii cc bi tp TNKQ. Khi s dng cn ch :
Cht rn coi nh dd c C = 100%
Dung mi coi nh dd c C = 0%
Khi lng ring ca nc l d = 1g/ml
II.2. Vn dng phng php vo gii tn:
Sau y l mt s dng tn c th dng s ng cho:
II.2.1. Dng tn tnh tn pha ch trong dung dch:
V d 1: [t ra] thu c HCl 25% cn ly m
1
gam dung dch HCl 35% pha vi m
2
gam dd
HCl 5%. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 1:3 B.1:2 C. 2:1 D. 3:1
Cch gii: p dng s ng cho (1):
1
2
35 25 m 10 1
m 5 25 20 2

. Chn p n B.
V d 2: [t ra] iu ch 300ml dd CuSO
4
8% (d = 1,1g/ml) cn mt lng tinh th
CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O l:
A. 47,14g B. 41,25g C. 26,4g D. 16,5g
Cch gii: coi tinh th CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O nh dd CuSO
4
nng
160.100
64%
250

Coi H
2
O nh dd CuSO
4
nng 0%
p dng s ng cho, ta c:
m
1
CuSO
4
. 5H
2
O 8 - 0
8%
1
2
m 8 1
m 56 7

m
2
H
2
O 64 - 8
1
m
cn ly
=
(300.1,1).1
41, 25(g)
1 7

+
V d 3: [t ra] Ha tan hn tn m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo 80g dd NaOH 24% thu c
dd NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m (gam) l:
A. 11,3 B. 13,84 C. 24,08 D. 27,68
Cch gii: khi ha tan c phn ng: Na
2
O + H
2
O 2NaOH (1)
Theo (1): c 100g Na
2
O ha tan cho
100.80
129, 03g
62
NaOH
p dng s ng cho, ta c:
m
1
Na
2
O 129,03 27
51
1
2
m 27 1
m 78, 03 2,89


m
2
NaOH 24 78,03
2
Na O 1
80
m m 27, 68(g)
2, 89

Chn p n D.
II.2.2. Dng tn hn hp 2 ng v:
V d 4: [t ra] Cho bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Irii l 192,22. Irii trong t nhin c
2 ng v l
191
77
Ir v
193
77
Ir . Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
193
77
Ir l:
A. 61% B. 63% C. 39% D. 37%
Cch gii: p dng s ng cho, ta c:

191
77
Ir 193 - 199,22
M 192, 22
1
2
m 27 1
m 78, 03 2,89



193
77
Ir 192,22 - 191
191
77
1,22
% Ir = .100 61%
0,78+1,22

. Chn p n A.
II.2.3. Tnh t l th tch hn hp 2 kh:
V d 5: [t ra] Mt hn hp gm N
2
O v NO 27,3
0
C; 1,5atm c t khi i vi He l 8,375.
Thnh phn % v th tch ca NO trong hn hp l:
A. 87,68% B. 25% C. 12,32% D. 75%
Cch gii: p dng s ng cho, ta c:
2
N O
V
1
M 44
33,5 - 30
M 8, 375.4 33, 5

2
N O
NO
V
3, 5 1
V 10, 5 3

NO
V

2
M 30
44 - 33,5
NO
3
V 75%
4
. Chn p n D.
II.2.4. Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz v a axit:
Dng bi tp ny c th gii theo phng php i s thng thng bng cch t n, gii h.
Nhng cng c th gii theo phng php ng cho mt cch nhanh chng.
V d 6: [t ra] Cho 11g dd NaOH 10% tc dng vi 5g dd H
3
PO
4
39,2%. Mui no c to
thnh v khi lng tng ng l bao nhiu?
A. 1,775g NaH
2
PO
4
v 2,05g Na
3
PO
4
B. 1,775g Na
2
HPO
4
v 0,9g NaH
2
PO
4
C. 1,065g Na
2
HPO
4
v 2,05g NaH
2
PO
4
D. 1,775g NaH
2
PO
4
v 0,9g Na
3
PO
4
Cch gii:
3 4
NaOH H PO
11.10 5.39, 2
n 0, 0275(mol); n 0, 02(mol)
100.40 100.98

Ta c:
3 4
NaOH
H PO
n 0, 0275
1 1, 375 2
n 0, 02
< <

to hn hp 2 mui: Na
2
HPO
4
v NaH
2
PO
4
.
p dng s ng cho:
Na
2
HPO
4
(n = 2) 2 - 1,375
n 1, 375
2 4
2 4
Na HPO
NaH PO
n
0, 625 5
n 0, 375 3


NaH
2
PO
4
(n = 1) 1,375 - 1

2 4 2 4
Na HPO NaH PO
3n 5n
M :
2 4 2 4 3 4
Na HPO NaH PO H PO
n n n 0, 02(mol) +
2 4 2 4
2 4 2 4
Na HPO Na HPO
3 3
NaH PO NaH PO
n 0, 0125(mol) m 0, 0125.142 1, 775(g)
n 7, 5.10 (mol) m 7, 5.10 .120 0, 9(g)




' '



Chn p n B.
II.2.5. Dng tn hn hp mui ca 2 kim loi c cng tnh cht ha hc:
Thng gp l dng tn tnh thnh phn phn trm v s mol ca tng mui trong hn hp.
V d 7: [t ra] Ha tan 4,955g 2 mui CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dd HCl d thu c 784 ml
kh CO
2
(ktc). Thnh phn % v s mol ca BaCO
3
trong hn hp l:
A. 40,36% B. 59,64% C. 42,86% D. 57,14%
Cch gii: 2
2 2
3
CO CO
CO
0, 784
n 0, 035(mol); n n 0, 035(mol)
22, 4

hh
4, 955
M 141, 57
0, 035

p dng s ng cho:

3 1
BaCO (M 197)
141,57 - 100
M 141, 57
3
3
BaCO
CaCO
n
41, 57
n 55, 43

3 2
CaCO (M 100)
197 - 141,57
3
BaCO
41, 57
%n .100 42, 86%
41, 57 55, 43

+
. p n ng l C.
II.2.6. Dng tn trn 2 qung ca cng kim loi:
Dng tn ny nu gii quyt thep phng php thng thng s rt phc tp. Nhng nu s
dng s ng cho th bi tn s tr nn n gin v hiu qu hn rt nhiu.
V d 8: [20] A l qung hematit cha 60% Fe
2
O
3
. B l qung mahetit cha 69,6% Fe
3
O
4
.
Trn m
1
tn qung A vi m
2
tn qung B thu c qung C m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch
c 0,5 tn gang cha 4% cacbon. T l m
1
/m
2
l:
A. 5/2 B. 4/3 C. 3/4 D. 2/5
Cch gii: s kg Fe c trong 1 tn ca mi qung:
- Qung A cha:
60 112
.1000. 420(kg)
100 160

- Qung B cha:
69, 6 168
.1000. 504(kg)
100 232

- Qung C cha:
4
500.(1 ) 480(kg)
100

p dng s ng cho:
m
1
420 504 - 480 = 24
480

1
2
m 24 2
m 60 5

m
2
504 480 - 420 = 60

p n ng l D.
Thng thng, phng php dng cc gi tr trung bnh v phng php ng cho c kt
hp vi cc phng php bo tn nhm lm phong ph bi tp v trong TNKQ, cch kt hp ny
vn nhm kch thch t duy v nng lc pht hin vn ca HS.
III. Mt s bi tn s dng phng php trung bnh v phng php ng
cho phi hp vi cc phng php bo tn:
Bi tp 1: [19] Ha tan hn tn 12g hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng HNO
3
thu c Vlit
(ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
) v ddY (ch cha 2 mui v axit d). T khi ca X i vi
H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 3,36 B. 2,24 C. 4,48 D. 5,6
Hng dn: - p dng s ng cho suy ra t l s mol hn hp kh
2
NO NO
n n
- S dng LBT electron tnh n
hh kh
t e nhn

V = 5,6lit. Chn p n D.
Bi tp 2: [17] 0,1 mol hn hp A c khi lng 3,84g gm 2 kim loi X,Y c ha tr khng
i v khng c kim loi no ha tr I. Nung hn hp A trong O
2
d oxi ha hn tn, thu c 6g
hn hp rn B gm 2 oxit. Bit khi lng nguyn t ca X, Y u ln hn 20vC. X, Y l nhng
kim loi no?
A. Mg v Fe B. Mg v Zn C. Al v Zn D. Al v Fe
Hng dn: gi M l k hiu chung X, Y;
x
l ha tr trung bnh

2 2
x
4M xO 2M O +
2
O
x 2, 7
n 0, 0675
M 38, 4

'

X ha tr II v Y ha tr III
- Gi x, y l s mol ca X, Y. Ta c h:
2x 3y
2, 7 x 0, 03
x y
y 0, 07
x y 0,1
+

+
' '

- Mt khc: m
hh
= 0,03M
X
+ 0,07M
Y
= 3,84 3M
X
+ 7M
Y
= 384
- Bin lun:
Nu 20 < M
X
< 38,4

X l Mg nhng khng c kt qu Y
Nu 20 < M
Y
< 38,4

Y l Al

X l Zn.
Vy p n ng l C.
Bi tp 3: [12] Mt hn hp 2 kim loi kim 2 chu k k tip ca bng HTTH c khi lng l
8,5g. Hn hp ny tan ht trong nc d cho ra 3,36lit kh H
2
(ktc). Xc nh A, B v khi lng
mi kim loi.
A. Na, K; 4,6g Na; 3,9g K B. Na, K; 2,3g Na; 6,1g K
C. Li, Na; 1,4g Li; 7,1g Na A. Li, Na; 2,8g Li; 5,7g Na
Bi tp 4: [12] 2,56g mt hn hpX gm 2 halogen A
2
, B
2
(thuc 2 chu k k tip ca bng
HTTH) tc dng ht vi Ag cho ra hn hp 2 mui c khi lng l 133,6g. Xc nh A, B v A
2
, B
2
trong hn hp X.
A. Cl, Br;
2 2
Cl Br
m 14, 2g; m 11,4g
B. F, Cl;
2 2
Br Cl
m 5,7 g; m 19,9g
C. F, Cl;
2 2
F Cl
m 11, 4g; m 14, 2g
D. Cl, Br;
2 2
Cl Br
m 7 ,1g; m 18,5g
Bi tp 5: [4] Nung 200g CaCO
3
. Cho kh CO
2
thu c trong phn ng i qua C nung nng
ta thu c mt hn hp CO, CO
2
v V = 56lit (ktc) v t khi i vi O
2
l 0,975. Tnh
CO
V
,
2
CO
V
v hiu sut phn ng nhit phn CaCO
3
.
A. 11,2 lit CO
2
; 44,8lit CO; 80% B. 11,2 lit CO
2
; 44,8 lit CO; 75%
C. 22,4 lit CO
2
; 33,6 lit CO; 65% D. 5,6 lit CO
2
; 50,4 lit CO; 80%
Bi tp 6: [t ra] Hn hp X nng 5,28g gm Cu v mt kim loi ch c ha tr 2, 2 kim loi
ny c cng s mol. X tan ht trong HNO
3
sinh ra 3,584 lit hn hp NO
2
v NO (ktc) c t khi vi
H
2
l 21. Kim loi cha bit l:
A. Ca B. Mg C. Ba D. Zn
Hng dn: - s dng s ng cho tnh ra
2
NO NO
n 0,12(mol); n 0, 04(mol)
- S dng phng php bo tn electron: e nhng = e nhn = 0,24(mol)
- S dng s ng cho cho hn hp X (
X
M 44 ):
Cu 64 44 - R

X
M 44
Cu
R
n 44 R
1
n 20

R

R 64 - 44

R = 24 (Mg). Vy p n ng l B.
P N:
Chng I:
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A
7.C 8.B 9.A 10.A 11.B 12.B
13.C 14.D 15.A 16.D 17.C 18.C
19.D 20.B 21.D
Chng II:
1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A
Chng III:
1. A 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. B
Chng IV:
1.C 2. A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A
7. D 8. A 9. B 10.D 11.B
Chng V:
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. B
C.KT LUN
Vi mc ch cung cp cho HS trng THPT phng php nhanh nht gii
quyt cc bi tp trc nghim khch quan, ng thi cng nhm xy dng mt ngn
hng trc nghim da trn nhng phng php gii tn nhanh, c th dng rn
luyn nng lc pht hin vn ca hc sinh. Cc bi tp c phn dng theo tng
phng php gii c coi l ti u nht i vi d kin ca bi tn