Ch 11.

Superconductivity 449
Existenceofperfect«diamagnetism below T with y = -1.
The energy gap Eg is proporti to T (except for gapless semiconductors).
d
he transition temperarure l, and energy gap 24 are given by T = 1.148pe-yUD[E), where
The transiti
(e)
nE) represents the electron density ofenergy states at Fermi level.

2A E =4kepe-/UD(E,),
where Op is the Debye temperature and 0, the electron-electron attractive potential.

1.29 Solved Problems

A superconducting tin has a critical temperature of 3.7 K at zero magnetic field and a critical feld of
.l.
0.0306 T at 0K, What is the critical field at 2 k.
Solution: We know that the critical field H, is

H.(T)-Ho1
Here Tc 3.7 K, He(0) =0.0306 T, T =2K.

H.(2)= 0.03061 0.02166 T.

12. The criticalfields for a sample are 1.4 x 10° A/m and 4.2 x 10* A/m at T =14 K and 13 K respectively
What are the transition temperatures and criticalfield at OK and 4.2 K?
Solution: We have

H. (T) =H
()

H (T)= Ho1 (ii)

H.(T)T
(7) T?-T O,
14 T-TT-14
or,4.2T-4.2 x14 = 1.4T-14 x 13* or, T(4.2-14) =4.2 x 14* - 1.4 x 133
586.6
or, T
28 14.5 T = K.
Putting T = 14.5 K and H, =1.4 x10 in eqn (i), we get

H
with H =
1.4 x
10 A/m.
Ho1-(14/14.
1.4x 105
Ho , io = 20.7x 10 A/m.
1-0.9327
22
Now
H.(0) = H -
Holl-0] Ho,
=
H.(0) = 20.7 x
10 A/m.
and

H.(4.2)= Ho or, H.(4.2) = 18.9 x 10 A/m.

EOSSP- 29
 Physics
State
Solui
of
Exsentrals
450 6 . 3 9 x 104
the crifical freld
at O K is and the critical
e l.3.
For d
superonductor

magmeti fheld
is
718
K.
W h a f is

be
the crificalfield

the critical
for
for the material
material at 4 K?
temperatures for fielde H and
ty

0
temperature sor ZErg
Salution: 1r 7, (H)
and 7,(0)
T(H) H.(T) respectively, then
T(0) H.(0)
temperatures T and o.

H, (T) and H.(0)

are
the Critical ields at T (u vely.
where x 10° A/m, T,(0) = 7.18 K and H) = 4K.
6.39
H. (0)
=
case,
In the present

H(T) = H.(0)|1 TH=6.39

T.(0)
x10 4.41x10 A/m.
I mm. y itical temperature
the critical temperature for
for lead
The diameter ofa lead
wire at 4.2 K1S is 7.18 K and
214,
the critical current. H
6.5x 10 A/m.find current l, =
27TrH¢, where He is the ical field
critical 6i ,

the critical given by

Solution: We have
H =H

7.18 K and Ho = 6.5 x 10t A/m

4.2 K, T
=

Here T=

H. -65 x10 = 4.276 x10 A/m.

Hence,
I, = Tx (10-3) x (4.276 x 10") =134.51 A.

5. Calculate the London penetration depth for

tin from the given data at 2.3 K: T, =3.7K. deucie
nsity =
m* 1.9 m.
7.3 10 kg/m", M =118.7 and
=
x

Solutio: We have the London penetration depth

1/2
m
A(0) = \#one
118.7 1040 electrons,
m ' ofthe tin contains 2 x 6.02 x
7.3x 103
7.3 x10 x 12.04 x 1026
will contain - electrons or, n = 7.4 x 1028
Im 118,7
So
1/2
1.9x
(0) =|L(47 x 10-7) x (7.4 x 1028) x (1.6 x 10-19)" (9.1 10-3")
x
or, A(0) = 27 nm.

Again,
(T) =A(0)

Putting T 2.3 Kand T 3.7 K,

27 x 10
a(T)= / 2 29.1 cm.
-(
 Ch11. Superconductivity 451

with isotopic mass 199.5 is 4.18 K.

h eriiad.
al
enperature
T.for toHg203.4. Calculate its critical
temperature
ass
m a s s
changes
chang

s
isotoprc

f7 bhe the critical temperatures of Hg for isotopic masses 199.5 and

7,
and
203.4 respectively,
tion: If
or, T (M,/M,)'T,
= =
4.8 x(199.5 2 19*
nT/T=(M2/ 203.4
h e enperatureden dependenceofthe be given by
H.(T) = Ho

alculate( C , - C ,
C,)/C, at T. for aluminium from the given data: Ho =99 gauss; Te =1.18 K; y =
s/mole-K, the specific heat constant for the normal metal.
Solution: We have

C-C A
Again,
H.(T) = Ho1
2HT and H
dT?
T
Cn-C 27T
Hence,
C-CH6/TT H (99) = 0.17.
Cn yTe tTey 3.4 x
(1.18)* (1.35 104)
x x

l8. The critical temperature and critical field are 718 K and 6.5 x 10* Am', respectively. Find the temper-
ature to which it hasbeen cooled to become a superconductor in a magnetic field 2 x 10 Am '. Find
the critical current density for 1 mm diameter of lead wire at 4.2 K.
Solution: Critical field is given by

At T
2x

4.2 K;
10 Am -6.5 10'Am
x

(1 or,
T5.97 K.
H = 6.5 x 10 Am 4.2K= 4.276 x10 Am".
PPlyng Ampere circuital law over the circle c of radius r encircling lead wire
B dr Hol
From sym
ymmetry, B =BÙ and B =
onstant on c; dr =pdr.
B odr =Hol or, Bo do = 4ol or, B21r = pol.
 State Physics
452/
Essentials of Solid
B
H
2Tr

Atr R,H=
Critical current,

27RH or,
Ie x10* Am')
2(4.276 x 10*Am")
44.276 1.7 x 10
Am?
=
0.5 x 10-3 m
TR nR2 R
1730 Å at 3 K and 7
396 Å and 17 K
I1.9, The penetration
depths for lead
are
respectively. Find the c

for lead and penetration depth at 0 K.

temperature
depth at TKis given by
Solution: The penetration
-1/2

A(T)=

/3K\ 17-/2 47-1/2

and 1730 Å a(0
-
=

396 A = A(0

Taking ratio,
-1/2
[1-(7./T oor| 396. 1-3/T =19
1730 (1730 1 - ( 7 . 1 / T , =19
396 1-(73/T,)
.19(7.1)
or,19-1= Te 7.19 K or, =

T
at 0 Kis
andpenetration depth 471/2
390 Å.
A(0).4n-(|-s- Am"a0k
6 K at zero magnetic
field and a critical field of 0.064
of lead is
L.10. The critical temperature
Find the critical field at 4K.
Solution: We have critical field,

H Ho = (0.064 Am
=

A
0.0355 Am.
Pina
and 4.284 Am respectively. i
alloy are 7616 Am-'
.1. The critical felds at 6 K and 8 K for NbT;
at 0K.
critical temperature and the critical field
Solution: The critical field,
}
and 4.284 Am"
=

H =i or, 7.616 Am = Hol

Dividing, we get
7.616 1-(6/T)* 83
4.284 7.616
4.284 1-(8/T,)2 4.284 7.616
'.616 = l1.9 Am
.7.616 Am=
 Ch 11. Superconductivity
of London penetration
depth using the
expression

453
y l 2M i a i n
an
density 7.3 gm-cm, T3.7
K, atomic following
=

mduction data: Fach

weight atom
118.7, effective mass
electron.
frece
ofaWe have theLondon penetration depth gives one
u2$s

pth 18 m, =
m
olution

/2
Hon,lel n, M

7.3x 10kg(1- m)] [6.023x 10

118.7x 10-kg-mol mol"
1.8 x 9.1 x 10-31
/2
(4T x 10-7 Hm') (3.7x 1028 m) (1.6 x 10-19 C) 37 x10m 37 nm.

EXERCISE

Type Questions
AObjective(MCO)
answer.
correct
the
edect
The resistivity
of a superconductor
as T»0 becomes
LL.
(c) any value between 0 and oo (d) none of these.
(a) oo(b)0
T> Te, the material behaves as a
12 f the temperature
(b) good conductor (c) semiconductor (d) insulator.
(a) superconductor
(T) a superconductor exhibits
temperature
IL3. Belowtransition
resistance
(b) only diamagnetic property
a) only zero
resistance and diamagnetic property
(d) zero resistance and paramagnetic property.
(c) zero

1L14. The magnetic susceptibility y of a superconductor

negativevalue.
has a positive value (6)x-0
as T T ()x-*o as T T (d)hasa
(a) to a superconductor
changes it to
15. Application of critical magnetic
field (H)
(b) normal
normal state
state
state (6)
a) temperature independent superconducting these.
(d) none of
c) zero conductivity
lL6. The critical field (H) of T
(T) (b) is independent
Leases with temperature these.
uncreases with the decrease of
T (d) none of
17. When a material becomessuperconductor structure
does not change

property of
lattice
(b) the does change.
a) it becomes ferromagnetic property
lattice
(d)
magnetic property does not changewith
18. A associated

onducting state is
aa)
only change of entropY
heat
Donly change of electronic specific