Pressure distribution in steel- lined rock tunnels and shafts A proper understanding of he maya which pressure fe tbuted in settined ocr exe ere “Buckling cee Sh edad ae aden ud ith lm re ceteramatont bee ete REE erecta beteen rock and ste! Kain Wil be discasied. The SaST SES Ue atig erect santas Sracronleae sases Inia stato of stress in the rock {The deteaon ofthe following formulae was based on these stepson 1 The rock is tropic with eapect to its elastic prop Hooke’ aw is wali; and {ine stresses wine enceed the elaic Kit ofthe tock ‘AL 2 depth 4 below a horizontal surface the com” pressive ses bectse ofthe weit of the oek cecnyk where y=specifc wight ofthe rock ‘Dis stress acts in the vera diccin From the theory of slasicky we know tate strani the horizontal areetons are (osEp—nfof8)—efeJE) ad lo 8m Hfese) ‘Assuming thatthe lateral expansion is prevented by theigerta fhe adjacent rock was, ese sins tes ut zero 0 no (= 9pe6-nhade)=0 The lateral (horizontal stress therefore: From rock mechanics it iskaown that Poisson's ratio ‘hdthe uni weigh ofthe rock=2.3.Thenat 1002 Selow ‘Thonsostl uflace the rocks prestesed In he ot eon = IS 10 Si esi Using Poison’s ais of 0.1 and 0.3 respectively, the cequivaene compressive suesses would Be opm ej02.8 knee =0.0) 10.7 kpeny=0.3) ‘Streses around the tunnel after excavation An excavated hoon eyaerea tonne! fa ntact Fa fs considered. Addonally tote esumptons on pir, ts aln sosmed tat the rahi of he eneseaed ‘intel small compared whe estan from eae ‘ofthe tine! tothe surface rom the theory of easy alo ANt+mt—ahe ye Hes2\0—nioth—tat 08 29 Teeeimcreee |oto ANLaN ba to tN 4324) c08 29 elo ANI aX Sa 26%) 608 20 With y-n=0 the three expressions forthe stresses around th tunnel convert nto expressions fo he sate ‘tatresae in fist pate yt a hale whose x pet Dendiclar (0 the plane ofthe pate. "The cscumfereminl ress and the radial stress slong thes pdt ane are plated in Fig rus n=O Soe ‘esponding (0, Spel iret i the circumferential stress about the inser surface ofthe tonne sy ara. The suet dion i sia to that susied By the ates of he theo eich ese gach, ng Neste) Gate Fa OD 9 and then rpily decreases, aymptoialy approaching "Gn thee aus atch the crcurterenil stress tarts wit Ogee sng soon ens seesaw Since Poisson's aio for rocks varies between 01 and ONE San ae Sy ere Shea ined pressure shat Stress distribution ina st tunnel The atic system. In most cases the state system con {ise he steel ning embedded ta a eonrtte ave of Sn emibicknese andthe sutrounding rock. Ths i Sealed composte system and the sess ditoaon ‘ilteinaterdnc whe iret teal charac ‘plteralprerare wl be decuseed Ree ‘Obviosl thin waled Tings will cause a greater popeston ofthe itera presse to be rested bythe Fock ta ck aed bps Un the ctr had foe Se ee Seu tetas cysts Doe ‘ale tube with fiat wal Iicknese Tasos case oh Spree eles oe Derivation ofthe forme. The al dsplacement echcundtencl of te ved be ae nse sti) canbe writen Alera As the embeded tube snot ce to move in the axial icon tents of Pac's eect oad by ‘Sinead fs the concretz between the bine and toe rein ok, Gennes oe fs gly oopattessin the iva wll amount cone ES prenpore wpe quenched and emperesices, Fang the modulus of eatiy af concrete ke a tenth that ofthe see, the cicuserenl sires bend the Hning would be 108-200 sem, far beyond he ang tenth Genaie stent) af concrete, Raul fisuree ‘preven the developestofereunferenalsestes {ol ony normal ese tans elo pyr "As he dhikness ofthe concrete “tubes aml come pared withthe dmensone of te aurtounding Toc, he Bharacteses of asety of the rock a} were a9 ef? tbe deh from he centre ofthe system (centre of in tn depths fem he cate ofthe system (centre o conduit the compressive ses tay We wen a hheae the stain of the coneretefock tube wih radi tat sfestsafosept Ps nin 0/Erin jr) ‘Ata certain dept when = r the rail fissures will oe dsped RES we racks dapat of banking Up &lecunferenta sess cgnion. Considering the tick ‘eae oft rock “tabs tbe large compared with ihc Tus vp the dicumderenal tet treas Uangeatal Stree ay be taken tobe eat tote vada sts ut, ‘with opposite sign: moreso, comresponding tothe sess condition na tube with n- ‘ate wil chest Wie mre he nner rie (isn of he Seose—nexlE ny Se tl4+apindEr ‘The condion of compasity of strain gives he fl- owing equation: arate, denotes aasimod radial gapiween pip shell Socrete reing Rom cost shocking penne ‘ierences etnnonmtgemperngé anderen {enperure) an rom net dosing rock asics set cette ofthe pressure Sal =e PsE sear HOsmosErts ‘This equation may te completed by ws instead the motu of casey By forthe ork Howevertberent ns notte enced mach and ssitia moreconseratvewastaken oe 70 t3 othe PR Snowe adver Thos: post's YO HE YAMA WHEY “Fler fn It fe more convenient to use the scaled losing factor e=(o—pid denaing the proporionet the ntrnal res Saliba ne ee iia P teasing pertissn nar 40) eauied to close the sndconctete, weave FA eo LIU pgp (4 HE QML laa DI art pilpr with ~[4 (hte HEHE AML ne ‘yedisibution amber Wate Power Con Cnson esamber 177 sr tee cunt sen in tes ie seat veneer doers ae SVR Tp et sgt Thott and nh lc ke Sn nase Sibel are op vm are ey bt es pg ‘eaten een Be nipnoncnt apes mei, igo whe wanna eee, ae Sess nthe rok tbe ne depth 2aty the cin confereuil esta beveel 7 rnjo=e0 ‘Taeradial senses are ofsoimpomance. Coasder Fig.2. Design example ‘oped tiie o «rockets sown in ‘ig! Calciaon for stress esttation 3 follows {rE ~G.0%2. 1x10 9300KS2 5004 ‘aking ros U1 yp EEN aug" AU s(C+0166y0 OHA Petadr NEMA =(0-91000)2-1%1090919.300=1 5 kplem? up i0stie0=0288 I(t 0450-0680 “The tensile stress in the seeing: opr 40% 300% 90680 2720 kpc? <0 kpc? ict Hee 21 tnew Paid a tran» 23M ns a co san pat Bear = OSDeIS=008 the tensile stress a the rock78-00 x40=346 kplan? <4 kp? These furs were found using the tal and eor inetbo te eqns dened & Re pete sper (tee nloted int raph Fag’ 3 Using te pag Ea Tekst Sl ny can Sound guy: te Ines ofthe deren peameters ae ven Sec ig Th ho dn the stet lining i et fnng THe nate ses in hes i Bite a tlvon ended neces ne coe, coving Sufi came toes oa Spe a enaeemacce See de pees ae cer it unt sense fase ‘Rock; Kisnot possible to stipulate an allowable tensile sre var cen ype foc of Sede Ste otc eh uadicurted ater oly oughly described by the expressions on pope 47, Br semodats olnelD sade rosea eas meyer es an he sa Sie fete raphe duos orate fed err int ata pth o 10a bene ara hs compressive, hodeontal trees fe 10c) kgiemt whee patt3 and 28'Eplen when yO. It Seen thot the ‘hnoantapresecsing vareslarge'y th Posonstats fanthe lable knowledge ot aie st Ss par, {tas the knowledge ofthe maals of city, Te th Se omen oy ‘ith the tresses organ frm te wee of tne rock ‘and acting around the exevated tunel Earle (7 It was fund that atthe vertex of the pose the stesses ‘heres const rasat vie es Fock Gverburdet snd internal esate ae sot Wat Power Cam Cosrcon Ona 177in two diferent state systems, andi is therefore not Correct to superimpose the stestesOn the ather hand it Sen fom Fig Bhat the tena srecs tthe verex of ‘hetunnel changes rapidly ios compressive sess tad aba distance of 4 gr dlameter from the conte of the {tel the undistbed stress condton preva “The most easonste concluion sees 16 Ye that itis sof popetin he rad pene oe e nd 49, using an swat tena ese of he fe felaedotheiepthof he nae below stare ed othe eso at tod chug oy ene ae Ever ional sft. ss cml “fhe nformaton ned from investigations and sul rat ape a pele of eat Importance whes fupulating the capably of he tek to ‘itistid internal pressure fromthe tunel I ay be ot lnteesttostatethatthe author asused allowable terse stresses for the rock surzounding presure shals and Engle aig etyeen a Fn in peat many Pifgecrian atten, of exvies or shifts are expected, shi ng ole dnesiogdg aan ea ‘ittanfocreased silowable ress fr the siecke ‘The case of small rock cover Ine ease of smal tock cover the ably ofthe rock (kerburden fo have the sscs aye checked By ung {he emule fo thick walled ees Steular teasile stress at = ae Bo clear tense stress at r= ‘ome i012) 1 sey th te aioe Benen he er and cuter tena rire i equal othe ster By, Beg he takings toate stress a tube wifi yell ic tis. We can therefore chest toe thickrssof the ok ‘Cover by establishing the diference betwee Beaver) 1d pip, hs ference st bing the ese sess obo root vee te sre ifs recta i twp tis wae teow 0 afsdepihof 1m when he ult wht otrock's 38 fol eter sc otra dr he ‘an therefore formulate the condition as flows: BeOS kplem? a Eine Ess es Veins Decker Ingre Va Fee ee ee eee stant oro, A awoStesae A, Bec re Petieund Ropurubton fpomaciy Daeuchiche'! wnctons ereuonchar A BES Pe ee te ee Be a eee mer Modern trends in selecting and designing Kaplan turbines PART ONE By F. de Siervo and F.de Leva Results of an extensive investigation carried out on more then 130 Kaplan turbines manufactured ll over the world ate presented in the form af statistics! Slagrams providing engineers wilh the latest information fr preliminary design of hydro powerplants, Tas raven presen the fal af «study onthe pest Slate of he art nthe design of hydraulic mache, af which he fit pare eoneerng Panes ype turbines bas Dublstedin Aupu 17 seve ofthe mageene! or sine considrtions tat tt common to both anes aad Kipn toner ae not tjeted Ws Dap: the author super therfore tha stersee Toe Provous ere wil pea beer undestanding of the Weoever it has teen deemed advisable, compaisens hae en ‘made ‘between Franc tou Rapes desgn te at ining ary for tae mh ‘Vent Such teste setae and thea abe “he data collected show that he ten fowads grater apa ree pronoutced for Reapan han for anes susie nthe fidaips haunt espa tobe {utbines oleh ar es expensive’ whe for low beads the Upper epacty Tint is Se bythe acta dimensions of thease. The teseseh caters wth some xepons Ieperod betwers 19cdaad 1 Table {gives the main features of the ineaitions igvestgnted ts ake fren the flees lee dag: are based onthe peor ate ne imemiont tallecd oy an ocensivetnuty sare ut through toh ‘Upfamules ate tro fora manta The cores wore raya by'a simple rept poo- exis ie ee il inptr progam sloped