LISTEN 1 – GAP-FILLING (BUSINESS)

PRE-CLASS TASK
Look up the following words in dictionary
WORDS PRONUNCIATION MEANING EXAMPLE
The economy (n)

Economics (n)

Economic (adj)

Economical (adj)

Takeover (n)

Acquisition (n)
To go out of business

Bankruptcy (n)

Staff (n)

Junior manager (n)

Senior manager (n)

To retain (v)

Democratic (adj)

Autocractic (adj)
 Product life cycle (n)

Regulation (n)

1. Listening
Listen 1 – audio
Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

THE FUTURE OF MANAGEMENT

Business markets

● greater 31 ……………………………among companies
● increase in power of large 32 ……………………………….. companies
● rising 33 …………………………………….in certain countries

External influences on businesses

● more discussion with 34 ………………………………….before making business decisions

● environmental concerns which may lead to more 35 …………………………………….
Business structures

● more teams will be formed to work on a particular 36 ……………………………

● businesses may need to offer hours that are 37 ………………………………………or the chance
to work remotely

Management styles

● increasing need for managers to provide good 38 …………………………

● changes influenced by 39 ……………………………..taking senior roles

Changes in the economy

● service sector continues to be important

● increasing value of intellectual property more and more 40 …………………………..workers

IN-CLASS
1. Overview
• ~30’
• 40 Questions – aim for 30/40
• 10’ to transfer your answers into the answer sheet (paper-based)
• Listening for specific information & for ideas
• 4 sections
Section 1: dialogue – social context
Section 2: monologue – social context
Section 3: conversation between 2-3 people – academic context
Section 4: monologue – academic context

2. Strategies
- Predictions (based on grammar and context)
- Pay attention to the words next to the gap
 - Expect to hear paraphrase

3. Pratice
Listen 2 – audio

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

‘SELF-REGULATORY FOCUS THEORY’ AND LEADERSHIP

Self-regulatory focus theory

People's focus is to approach pleasure or avoid pain

Promotion goals focus on 31 ………………………………

Prevention goals emphasise avoiding punishment

Factors that affect people's focus

The Chronic Factor

● comes from one's 32 …………………………….

● The 33 …………………………………. factor

● We are more likely to focus on promotion goals when with a 34 ………………………

● We are more likely to focus on prevention goals with our boss

How people's focus affects them

Promotion Focus: People think about an ideal version of themselves,

their 35 …………………………………. and their gains.

Prevention Focus: People think about their 'ought' self and their obligations

Leaders

Leadership behaviour and 36  …………………………………..affects people's focus

Transformational Leaders:

● pay special attention to the 37 ………………………………….of their followers

● passionately communicate a clear 38 …………………………………..
● inspire promotion focus in followers

Transactional Leaders:

● create 39 ………………………………….to make expectations clear

● emphasise the results of a mistake
● inspire prevention focus in followers

Conclusion

Promotion Focus is good for jobs requiring 40 ………………………………….

Prevention Focus is good for work such as a surgeon Leaders' actions affect which focus people
use

4. USEFUL VOCABULARY
• To motivate sb (v) – Motivation(n)
• Goals = objectives (n) = aims (n)
• To promote sb/sth (v) – Promotion (n)
• Punishment (n) >< reward (n)
• To aspire to sth/doing sth (v) – Aspiration (n)
• To be/to feel inspired (adj)
• Obligation (n) = responsibility (n)
• Anxious (adj) – Anxiety (n)
• Vision (n)

Transcript
SELF-REGULATORY FOCUS THEORY
Today, I want to talk about self-regulatory focus theory and how the actions of leaders can
affect the way followers approach different situations. Self-regulatory focus theory is a theory
developed by Tori Higgins. He says that a person’s focus at any given time is to either approach
pleasure or avoid pain. These are two basic motivations that each and every one of us has, and
they cause us to have different kinds of goals. Promotion goals in different life situations
emphasise achievement. Prevention goals are oriented towards the avoidance of punishment.

In a specific situation, our thoughts might focus more on promotion goals or more on
prevention goals. The theory suggests that two factors affect which goals we are focusing on.
First, there is a chronic factor. This factor is connected to a person's personality and says that
each person has a basic tendency to either focus more on promotion goals or focus more on
prevention goals as part of his or her personality. Second, there is a situational factor which
means that the context we are in can make us more likely to focus on one set of goals or the
other. For example, we are more likely to be thinking about pleasure and to have promotion
goals when we are spending time with a friend. In contrast, if we are working on an important
project for our boss, we are more likely to try to avoid making mistakes and therefore have
more prevention goals in our mind.

Research has shown that the goals we are focusing on at a given time affect the way we think.
For example, when focusing on promotion goals, people consider their ideal self. their
aspirations and gains. They don't think about what they can lose, so they think in a happier
mode. They feel more inspired to change.

When people are focusing on prevention goals, they think about their “ought" self. What are
they supposed to be? What are people expecting from them? They consider their obligations to
others. As a result, they experience more anxiety and try to avoid situations where they could
lose.
Now that I have talked about the two focuses and how they affect people, I want to look at the
idea that the way leaders behave, or their style of leading, can affect the focus that followers
adopt in a specific situation. In talking about leadership, we often mention transformational
leaders and transactional leaders. Transformational leaders, when interacting with their
followers, focus on their development. In their words and actions transformational leaders
highlight change. Their speech is passionate and conveys a definitive vision. All of these things
can encourage followers to think about what could be. In other words, they inspire a
promotion focus in their followers.

In contrast, transactional leaders focus on developing clear structures that tell their followers
exactly what is expected of them. While they do explain the rewards people will get for
following orders, they emphasise more how a follower will be punished or that a follower won't
get rewarded if his or her behaviour doesn’t change. In short, they emphasise the
consequences of making a mistake. This emphasis will clearly lead followers to focus on
avoiding punishment and problems. This is clearly a prevention focus.

In conclusion, it is important to understand that one focus is not necessarily better than the
other one. For a designer who works in a field where a lot of innovation is needed, a promotion
focus is probably better. In contrast, a prevention focus which causes people to work more
cautiously and produce higher quality work might be very appropriate for a job like a surgeon,
for example. The main point of the research, though, is that the actions of leaders can greatly
influence whether people approach a situation with more of a promotion focus or more of a
prevention focus.
LISTEN 2 – GAP-FILLING (ENVIRONMENT)
PRE-TASKS
Look up the following words in dictionary
WORDS PRONUNCIATIO MEANING EXAMPLE
N
Conserve (v)
Conservation (n)

Preserve (v)
Preservation (n)

Reserve (n)

Endangered (adj)
Habitat (n)
Inhabitant (n)

Species (n)

Specimen (n)

Marine (adj)
 Predator (n)

Prey (n)

Sufficient (adj)

Quota (n)

1. Listening
Listen 5
SECTION 4 - Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Ocean Biodiversity
Biodiversity hotspots
   areas containing many different species
   important for locating targets for 31 …………….
   at first only identified on land

Boris Worm, 2005

   identified hotspots for large ocean predators, e.g. sharks
   found that ocean hotspots:
– were not always rich in 32 …………….
– had higher temperatures at the 33 …………….
– had sufficient 34 ……………. in the water

Lisa Ballance, 2007

   looked for hotspots for marine 35 …………….
   found these were all located where ocean currents meet

Census of Marine Life

   found new ocean species living:
– under the 36 …………….
– near volcanoes on the ocean floor
 
Global Marine Species Assessment
   want to list endangered ocean species, considering:
– population size
– geographical distribution
– rate of 37 ………………
   Aim: to assess 20,000 species and make a distribution 38 …………… for each one
 
 Recommendations to retain ocean biodiversity
   increase the number of ocean reserves
   establish 39 …………. corridors (e.g. for turtles)
   reduce fishing quotas
   catch fish only for the purpose of 40 ……………

IN-CLASS
1. Feedback on pre-class task
2. Animal classification

Features:
- Fish:
- Amphibians:
- Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals:

3. Practice
Listen 6
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
THE SPIRIT BEAR
General facts
•    It is a white bear belonging to the black bear family.
•    Its colour comes from an uncommon 31  …………
•    Local people believe that it has unusual 32 …………….
•    They protect the bear from 33 …………………..
Habitat
•    The bear’s relationship with the forest is complex.
•    Tree roots stop 34 ………………….. along salmon streams.
•    The bears’ feeding habits provide nutrients for forest vegetation.
•    It is currently found on a small number of 35 ………………..

Threats
•    Habitat is being lost due to deforestation and construction of 36 …………………. by logging
companies.
•    Unrestricted 37 ……………………  is affecting the salmon supply.
•    The bears’ existence is also threatened by their low rate of 38 ……………………….

Going forward
•    Interested parties are working together.
•    Logging companies must improve their 39 …………………… of logging.
•    Maintenance and 40 ……………………  of the spirit bears’ territory is needed.

4. Useful vocabulary
- Vegetation (n)
- Terriotory (n)
 - Ecology (n)
- Ecosystem (n)
- Habitat (n)
- Conserve (v) - Conservation (n)
- Erode (v) – erosion (n)
- Intact (adj)
- Nurture (v)
- Nutrients (n)
- To sustain life (v)
- Survive (v) – survival (n)
- Preseve (v) – preservation (n)
- Log (n) – logging (n)
- Hibernation (n)
- Fragile (adj)
- Reproduction (n)

Transcript
Narrator: Today we continue our series on ecology and conservation with a look at a
particularly endangered member of the black bear family. One in ten black bears is actually
born with a white coat, which is the result of a special gene that surfaces in a few [31]. Local
people have named it ‘the spirit bear’. And according to the legends of these communities, its
snowy fur brings with it a special power [32]. Because of this, it has always been highly
regarded by them – so much that they do not speak of seeing it to anyone else. It is their way of
protecting it when strangers visit the area [33].

The white bear’s habitat is quite interesting. The bear’s strong relationship with the old- growth
rainforest is a complex one. The white bear relies on the huge centuries-old trees in the forest
in many ways. For example, the old-growth trees have extremely long roots that help prevent
erosion of the soil along the banks of the many fish streams [34]. Keeping these banks intact is
important because these streams are home to salmon, which are the bear’s main food source.
In return, the bear’s feeding habits nurture the forest. As the bears eat the salmon, they discard
the skin and bones in great amounts on the forest floor, which provide vital nutrients. These
produce lush vegetation that sustains thousands of other types of life forms, from birds to
insects and more.

Today, the spirit bear lives off the coast of the province of British Columbia on a few
islands [35]. There is great concern for their survival since it is estimated that less than two
hundred of these white bears remain. The best way to protect them is to make every effort to
preserve the delicate balance of their forest environment – in other words, their ecosystem.

The greatest threat to the bear’s existence is the loss of its habitat. Over many years, logging
companies have stripped the land by cutting down a large number of trees. In addition, they
have built roads which have fractured the areas where the bear usually feeds [36], and many
hibernation sites have also been lost . The logging of the trees along the streams has damaged
the places where the bears fish. To make matters worse, the number of salmon in those
streams is declining because there is no legal limit on fishing [37] at the moment.
All these influences have a negative impact on the spirit bear’s very existence,  which is made
all the more fragile by the fact that reproduction among these bears has always been
disappointingly low [38].

And so, what’s the situation going forward? Community organisations, environmental groups
and the British Columbia government are now working together on the problem.
The government is now requiring logging companies to adopt a better logging method [39],
which is a positive step. However, these measures alone may not be sufficient to ensure a
healthy population of the spirit bear in the future.
Other steps also need to be taken. While it is important to maintain the spirit bear’s habitat,
there also needs to be more emphasis on its expansion [40]. The move is justified as it will also
create space for other bears that are losing their homes