Review

CS342
Creating the Database
 Designing the Database
 Conceptual Design
 Logical Design / Normalization
 Physical Design

 CREATE DATABASE Statement

 Database Files

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Creating a Table
 Column Definitions
 Datatypes
 Nullability
 Default
 Primary key
 Unique
 Check Constraints
 Foreign Key
 INDEX

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 Creating Tables - Example
 Creating a Table and Constraints

CREATE TABLE Employee

(
EmpID int IDENTITY NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
, EmpCode char(10) NOT NULL UNIQUE CHECK (EmpCode LIKE '([A-Z][A-Z])[0-9]')
, PhoneNo varchar(14) NOT NULL UNIQUE
, FirstName varchar(20) NOT NULL
, FatherName varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘N/A’
, SupID int NULL
, DepID int NULL REFERENCES Department(DepID);
, CONSTRAINT FK SupID FOREIGN KEY (SupID) REFERENCES Employee(EmpID);

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SQL Statement
 DDL
 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP

 DML
 INSERT
 SELECT
 UPDATE
 DELETE

5
The INSERT
Statement
Examples
 specifying both the column names and the values to be inserted

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...)

 Without specifying the column names

INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...)

 Using DEFAULT and NULL

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...)

VALUES (value1, DEFAULT, NULL, ...)

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The SELECT
Statement
SELECT Statement
 Basic Syntax

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] [TOP expr [PERCENT] [ WITH TIES ] ] selectList

[ FROM tableSource [ ,...n ] ]
[ WHERE searchCondition ]
[ GROUP BY columnName(s) ]
[ HAVING searchCondition ]
[ ORDER BY columnName(s) ]

 All clauses are optional except the selectList

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Get some useful info

10
JOINs
 A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from one or
more tables, based on a related column
 The different types of the JOINs in SQL are:
 (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in
both tables
 LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the left table, and
the matched records from the right table
 RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the right table,
and the matched records from the left table
 FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records when there is a match
in either left or right table
 CROSS JOIN: Matches each record from the right table with
each record from the left table
 This is the Cartesian Product

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INNER JOIN - Syntax
 Option 1
SELECT column-name-list
FROM table_1 , table_2
WHERE table_1.column_A = table_2.column_B

 Option 2
SELECT column-name-list
FROM table_1 INNER JOIN table_2
ON table_1.column_A = table_2.column_B

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 SELF JOIN - Example
Employee
EmpID Fname Lname DepID SupID
1 Taye Mekonnen 1 NULL
2 Sofia Teferi 1 1
3 Genet Abebe 2 2 Employee Name Supervisor
4 Daniel Abera 2 3 Sofia Teferi Taye Mekonnen
5 Hanna Samuel 3 1 Genet Abebe Sofia Teferi
6 Kaleb Kassa 3 5 Daniel Abera Genet Abebe
7 Solomon Michael 3 5 Hanna Samuel Taye Mekonnen
8 Beza Seifu 2 3 Kaleb Kassa Hanna Samuel
9 Michael Yossef 3 5 Solomon Michael Hanna Samuel
10 Hanna Natnael 3 5 Beza Seifu Genet Abebe
Michael Yossef Hanna Samuel
Hanna Natnael Hanna Samuel

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 Understanding GROUP BY
EmpID FName LName DepName Salary
1 Taye Mekonnen Administration 25,000.00
2 Sofia Teferi Research 18,000.00
3 Genet Abebe Administration 20,000.00
4 Daniel Abera Sales 12,000.00
5 Hanna Samuel Sales 15,000.00
6 Kaleb Kassa Sales 5,400.00
7 Solomon Michael Sales 5,000.00
8 Beza Seifu Administration 10,000.00
9 Michael Yossef Sales 4,500.00
10 Hanna Natnael Research 12,000.00

GROUP BY DepName
SELECT DepName , SUM(Salary) AS Total
FROM Employee
DepName Total Salary
GROUP BY DepName Administration 55,000.00
Research 30,000.00
Sales 41,900.00
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