RAL 204 – MICROCONTEOLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LABORATORY

VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Introduction of 8051 Microcontroller Architecture?

In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called the 8051. The 8051
became widely popular after Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and market any
flavors of the 8051. They please with the condition that they remain code-compatible with
the 8051. This has led to many, versions of the 8051 with different speeds and amounts of
on-chip ROM marketed by more than half a dozen manufacturers. It is important to note
that although there are different flavors of the 8051 in terms of speed and amount of on-
chip ROM, they are all compatible with the original 8051 as far as the instructions are
concerned. This means that if you write your program for one, it will run on any of them
regardless of the manufacturer.

Intel 8051 Follows Which Architecture?

Intel 8051 is Harvard Architecture.

What Is the Difference Between Harvard Architecture And Von Neumann

Architecture?
The name Harvard Architecture comes from the Harvard Mark. The most obvious
characteristic of the Harvard Architecture is that it has physically separate signals and
storage for code and data memory. It is possible to access program memory and data
memory simultaneously. Typically, code (or program) memory is read-only and data
memory is read-write. Therefore, it is impossible for program contents to be modified by
the program itself.
The von Neumann Architecture is named after the mathematician and early computer
scientist John von Neumann. Von Neumann machines have shared signals and memory
for code and data. Thus, the program can be easily modified by itself since it is stored in
read-write memory. 

8051 Was Developed Using Which Technology?

Intel’s original MCS-51 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later
versions, identified by a letter C in their name (e.g., 80C51) used CMOS technology and
consume less power than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable for
battery-powered devices.

Why 8051 is Called 8 Bit Microcontroller?

The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are
limited to 8 bits.

What is the Width Of Data Bus?

8-bit data bus
What is the Width Of Address Bus?
 16-bit address bus

List out the Features of 8051 Microcontroller?

40 Pin IC.
128 bytes of RAM.
4K ROM.
2 Timers (Timer 0 and Timer 1).
32 Input/ Output pins.
1 serial port.
6 Interrupts (Including Reset). 

On-chip Ram Is Also Called _____ Memory?

Direct memory

What Location Code Memory Space and Data Memory Space Begins?
At location 0x00 for internal or external memory

How Much On Chip Ram Is Available?

128 bytes of RAM (from 0x00 to 0x7F) and can be used to store data.

List Out Addressing Modes In Mcs-51............

Direct Addressing
Register Addressing
Register Indirect Addressing
Implicit Addressing
Immediate Addressing
Index Addressing

How Much Total External Data Memory That Can Be Interfaced To The 8051?
64K data memory

What Is Special Function Registers (sfr)?

The memory addresses from 80H to 0FFH are called SFR. These are 128 bytes registers
specially designed for interrupts and few other operations.

Give Example Of Bit Address And Byte Address?

Example: bit address 87h –> byte address 80h, bit #7
What Are the Types Of Interrupts In 8051?
External interrupt 0 (IE0) has highest priority among interrupts.
Timer interrupt 0 (TF0)
External interrupt 1 (IE1)
Timer interrupt 1 (TF1) has lowest priority among other interrupts.
Serial port Interrupt
Reset.

What Are The Four Distinct Types Of Memory In 8051?

Internal RAM
Special function registers
Program memory
External data memory

Internal Ram Is Located From Address 0x00 To ___?

Internal RAM in 8051 is located from address 0 to address 0xFF. IRAM from 0x00 to
0x7F can be accessed directly. IRAM from 0x80 to 0xFF must be accessed indirectly.

Tell The Addresses Which Are Bit Addressable?

The bit addressable memory in 8051 is compose from 210 bits: bit address space: 20H –
2FH bytes RAM = 00H – 7FH bits address, SFR registers.

What Is Lst File?

This file is also called as list file.
It lists the opcodes, addresses and errors detected by the assembler.
List file is produced only when indicated by the user.
It can be accessed by an editor and displayed on monitor screen or printed.
Programmer uses this file to find the syntax errors and later fix them.

Explain Db.?
DB is called as define byte used as a directive in the assembler.
It is used to define the 8 bit data in binary, hexadecimal or decimal formats.
It is the only directive that can be used to define ASCII strings larger than two characters.
DB is also used to allocate memory in byte sized chunks.
The assembler always converts the numbers into hexadecimal.
What Is Equ?
EQU is the equate assembler directive used to define a constant without occupying a
memory location.
It associates a constant value with data label.
Whenever the label appears in the program, constant value is substituted for label.
Advantage: The constant value occurring at various positions in a program can be
changed at once using this directive.
Syntax: label EQU constant value

How Are Labels Named In Assembly Language?

Label name should be unique and must contain alphabetic letters in both uppercase and
lowercase.
1st letter should always be an alphabetic letter.

It can also use digits and special characters?,.,@,_,$.

Label should not be one of the reserved words in assembly language.
These labels make the program much easier to read and maintain.

Are All The Bits Of Flag Register Used In 8051?

The flag register also called as the program status word uses only 6 bits.
The two unused bits are user definable flags.
Carry, auxiliary carry, parity and overflow flags are the conditional flags used in it.
1 is a user definable bit and PSW.5 can be used as general purpose bit.
Rest all flags indicate some or the other condition of an arithmetic operation.

Which Bit Of The Flag Register Is Set When Output Overflows To The Sign Bit?
The 2nd bit of the flag register is set when output flows to the sign bit. This flag is also
called as the overflow flag. Here the output of the signed number operation is too large to
be accommodated in 7 bits. For signed numbers the MSB is used to indicate the whether
the number is positive or negative. It is only used to detect errors in signed number
operations.

What Are Issues Related To Stack And Bank 1.?

Bank 1 uses the same RAM space as the stack.
Stack pointer is incremented or decremented according to the push or pop instruction.
If the stack pointer is decremented it uses locations 7, 6, 5… which belong to register
bank 0.
 If a given program uses R1 then stack is provided new memory location.
The push instruction may also take stack to location 0 i.e.it will run out of space.

Explain Jnc.?
It is a command used to jump if no carry occurs after an arithmetic operation. It is called
as jump if no carry (conditional jump instruction). Here the carry flag bit in PSW register
is used to make decision. The processor looks at the carry flag to see if it is raised or not.
If carry flag is 0, CPU fetches instructions from the address of the label.

Can Port 0 Be Used As Input Output Port?

Yes, port 0 can be used as input output port. Port 0 is an open drain unlike ports 2, 3, 4.
To use it as input or output the 10k ohm pull-up resisters are connected to it externally.
To make port 0 as input port it must be programmed by writing 1 to all bits. Example:
MOV  A,#0FFH
MOV  P0,A

Which 2 Ports Combine To Form The 16 Bit Address For External Memory Access?
Port0 and port2 together form the 16 bit address for external memory.
Port0 uses pins 32 to 39 of 8051 to give the lower address bits(AD0-AD7)
Port2 uses pins 21 to 28 of 8051 to give the higher address bits(A8-A15)
This 16 bit address is used to access external memory if attached.
When connected to external memory they cannot be used as input output ports.

What are the various criteria to choose the microcontroller?

The important criteria to be considered in choosing micro controllers are:
Availability of software development tools like compilers, debuggers, assemblers
Meeting the computing needs of the task at hand efficiently at low-cost.
Wide availability
Reliable sources/manufacturers
The amount of RAM and ROM on chip
The number of I/O pins and the timer on the chip
Power consumption
Speed of the device
Packaging
Cost per unit.

List some of the 8051 microcontroller manufacturers?

 Intel
Philips
Infineon
Maxim/Dellas semiconductor
Atmel

What is difference between microprocessor and microcontroller?

The microprocessor has no ROM, RAM and no I/O ports on the chip itself.
Whereas the microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM,ROM, I/O
ports and a timer all on a single chip.

List out some of the features of the 8051?

ROM -  4K bytes
RAM - 128 bytes
Timer - 2 no
I/O Pins - 32
Serial Port - 1
Interrupt sources - 6

What are the various types of memories used in microcontroller/microprocessor?

ROM - Read Only Memory
RAM - Random Access Memory
PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EEROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

What is meant by Flipflop?

A Flip-flop is a basic electronic circuit used for storing information in a digital machine.
It is a bistable device. It means it has two stable states.
It has one or more inputs and two complement outputs.
system or machine.  It is a system with a dedicated function within a larger electrical or
mechanical system.
Mention what are the essential components of embedded system?
Essential components of embedded system includes
Hardware
Processor
 Memory
Timers
I/O circuits
System application specific circuits
Software
It ensures the availability of System Memory
It checks the Processor Speed availability
The need to limit power lost when running the system continuously
Real Time Operating System
It runs a process as per scheduling and do the switching from one process to another
Mention how I/O devices are classified for embedded system?
The I/O devices of embedded system are classified into two categories
Serial
Parallel
What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open source electronic platform. It is based on easy-to-use hardware
and software. It able to read input signal. It is used to write and upload the computer code
to the physical board by using Arduino.
What is the stable version of Arduino software?
The stable version of Arduino software is 1.8.3 and released on 31 may 2017.
Who is the developer of Arduino?
Arduino is the developer of Arduino.
Why we should use Arduino?
We should use Arduino because of its features:
It is easy to use.
It runs on Cross platform.
Low cost
It is open source.
In which language Arduino software was written?
Arduino software was written in Java, C++ and c language.
What are the advantages of Arduino?
There are following features of Arduino:
It able to read analog or digital input signals.
 We can control our functions.
It uses c and c++ programming language.

What is sketch in Arduino?

In Arduino, the first terminology is the program called sketch.
What are the three important parts of Arduino?
Arduino has three important parts: structure, values (variables and constants) and
function.
What are the software structure functions?
There are two main software structure functions:
Setup( ) function
Loop( ) function
What is the use of operator in Arduino?
Operator is used to compile mathematical or logical functions.
Which function is used to find the length of string?
Strlen() functions is used to find the length of string.
How to convert string to upper case?
The my_str.toUpperCase() function is used to convert string to upper case.
What are Libraries in Arduino?
In Arduino, Libraries are collection of code that makes it easy to connect to a sensor,
display, module etc.