Formula Sheet

Variance = X2 – (X)2

N
N

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Standard deviation =
X2 – (X)2
N
N

________________________________________________________________________

Percent frequency = Category frequency x 100

Total frequency

________________________________________________________________________

Mean = x =
∑X
N

_____________________________________________________________________

x−x
z= SD

Probability: Number of occurrences of desired outcomes

Total number of possible outcomes
The standard normal z-distribution
z-score Percentage of scores z-score Percentage of scores
higher than this higher than this
particular score particular score
-4.00 99.97% 0.00 50.00%
-3.00 99.87% +0.10 46.02%
-2.90 99.81% +0.20 42.07%
-2.80 99.74% +0.30 38.21%
-2.70 99.65% +0.40 34.46%
-2.60 99.53% +0.50 30.85%
-2.50 99.38% +0.60 27.43%
-2.40 99.18% +0.70 24.20%
-2.30 98.93% +0.80 21.19%
-2.20 98.61% +0.90 18.41%
-2.10 98.21% +1.00 15.87%
-2.00 97.72% +1.10 13.57%
-1.96 97.50% +1.20 11.51%
-1.90 97.13% +1.30 9.68%
-1.80 96.41% +1.40 8.08%
-1.70 95.54% +1.50 6.68%
-1.64 95.00% +1.60 5.48%
-1.60 94.52% +1.64 5.00%
-1.50 93.32% +1.70 4.46%
-1.40 91.92% +1.80 3.59%
-1.30 90.32% +1.90 2.87%
-1.20 88.49% +1.96 2.50%
-1.10 86.43% +2.00 2.28%
-1.00 84.13% +2.10 1.79%
-0.90 81.59% +2.20 1.39%
-0.80 78.81% +2.30 1.07%
-0.70 75.80% +2.40 0.82%
-0.60 72.57% +2.50 0.62%
-0.50 69.15% +2.60 0.47%
-0.40 65.54% +2.70 0.35%
-0.30 61.79% +2.80 0.26%
-0.20 57.93% +2.90 0.19%
-0.10 53.98% +3.00 0.13%
0.00 50.00% +4.00 0.0003%