Month xi yi (xi- x ) (yi- y ) (xi- x )2 (yi- y )2 (xi- x ) * (yi- y )

1 6.67% 2.86% 2.52% 2.30% 0.06% 0.05% 0.06%

2 -6.25% 5.56% -10.40% 5.00% 1.08% 0.25% -0.52%
3 10% 5.26% 5.85% 4.70% 0.3% 0.22% 0.27%
4 3.03% -2.50% -1.12% -3.06% 0.01% 0.09% 0.03%
5 5.88% -5.13% 1.73% -5.69% 0.03% 0.32% -0.10%
6 5.56% -2.70% 1.41% -3.26% 0.02% 0.11% -0.05%
sum 24.89% 3.35%     1.55% 1.05% -0.30%
mean x = 4.15% y = 0.56%          
cov             -0.06%
sd 5.57% 4.58%          
corr             -0.24
6.67 % = (0.64-0.60) / 0.60
cov (x,y) = -0.30 / 5 = - 0 06%
√
s.d.x =
1.55 %
5
= 5.57% s.d.y =
√1.05 %
5
= 4.58%
corr (x,y) = -0.06% / (5.57% * 4.58%) = - 0.24
The USD value of the funds to be received in one month is estimated at USD 360,000 for the SF and USD 360,000 for the AP.
What is the maximum one)-day loss based on a 95% confidence level ?

s.d p = 3.15%
VaR p, 95%, 1 month = ((4.15%*0.5)+(0.56%*0.5)) - 1.65 * 3.15% = - 2.84%
 36.2 36.4 36.6 36.8 37 37.2 37.4 37.6 37.8

average body temperature : 37°

s.d = 0.2°

VaR 95% = 37 – (1.65 * 0.2) = 36.67°

Example: an Italian company will receive 400 000 USD tomorrow as a result of selling goods to a US firm. It wants to determine the maximum
1-day loss due to a potential decline in the value of the USD, based on a 95% confidence level. It estimates the standard deviation of daily
percentage changes of USD to be 1.1% over the last 100 days. Assuming these daily changes are normally distributed, an expected percentage
change of 0%, the spot rate of USD is EUR 0.73. Find the maximum 1-day loss.

VaR 95%, 1 day = 0% - 1.65 * 1.1% = - 0.01815 = - 1.815%

If the spot rate is 0.73, the maximum one-day loss of – 1.815% implies a dollar value of:
0.73 * (1 + (- 0.01815)) = 0.71675. 1 USD = 0.71675 EUR
If the maximum one-day loss occurs, the dollar value will decline to 0.71675.

If the firm expects 400,000 USD, it represents a value of 292,000 Euros (400,000 * 0.73) at the
spot rate.

So, a decline in the dollar value of – 1.815% will result in a loss of =

292,000 * (- 1.815%) = 5,299.8 Euros.

There is only 5% chance that we shall lose more than 5,299.8 Euros.
We are sure with a 95% confidence level that we shall not lose more than 5,299.8 Euros in one day.
Example: A French exporting firm expects to receive substantial payments denominated in Russian Rouble and Peruvian Nuevo Sol in 1 month.
Based on today’s spot rate, the euro value of the funds to be received is estimated at EUR 360,000 for the Rouble, and EUR 120,000 for the
Nuevo Sol. This company wants to determine the maximum expected 1-month loss due to a potential decline in the value of these currencies,
based on a 95% confidence level. Based on the data for the last 24 months, it estimates the standard deviation of monthly percentage changes
to be 6% for the Rouble and 14% for the Nuevo Sol and a negative correlation coefficient of (0.20) between Rouble and Nuevo Sol. Assuming the
monthly percentage changes of each currency and of the portfolio are normally distributed and an expected percentage change of 0% for each
currency during the next month, what is the maximum expected 1-month loss?

Wx = 360,000 / (360,000+120,000) = 0.75

Wy = 120,000 / (360,000+120,000) = 0.25
s.d. x = 6 %
s.d. y = 14 %
CORR (x,y) = -0.20
0,5625 = 0.752 0.0036 = 0.062 0.0625 = 0.252 0.0196 = 0.142

s.d.p = √ 0.5625∗0.0036+0.0625∗0.0196+2∗0.75∗0.25∗0.06∗0.14∗(−0.20) = 0,05118 = 5,12 %

VaR p 95%, 1 month = 0% - 1.65 * 5.12% = - 8.448%

The maximum one-month loss is equal to : 480,000 * 8.448% = 40,550.4 EUR

We are sure with a 95% confidence that we will not lose more than 40,550.4 EUR in one month.

Now, compare the portfolio’s VaR to the VaR of each currency :

VaR Rouble, 95%, 1 month = 0% - (1.65 * 6%) = - 9.9%

VaR Sol, 95%, 1 month = 0% - (1.65 * 14%) = - 23.1%