Mfpyrekct © >7?;, Iovei Lokhlbod & Odtcfdy Nrodit

Yroiuëíf if pflbo ‘ieb‒ pfr
Yroiuëíf ‘ieb‒ pfr ^firekf Hfnf Iobosmldf, punhemoio frekedohbldtl do rlvesto
iLsLdrLif].
YÂY\HF F^EKEDOH
Ycl ^udowoy ]plmels: Cfw Cubod Mrlotevet
Mrlotevetyy ^lboa
^lboals
ls tcl [
[frhi
frhi

W^LWO^OËÍF
Hueso ]uossudo
^LPE]ÍF
Boreodo Nori
Boreodo
Liuorif Mordlerf
IL]EKD IL MOWO
Wltlr Oihedktfd
EH\]Y^OËÍF
Blrejd Cfs
OIOWYOËÍF IL MOWO

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^LPE]ÍF IL L-NFFA 
Mobeho ]orildnlrk
KL^OËÍF IL L-NFFA 
Jfodo Il Mfdte
L-E]ND
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Lieëíf ieketoh: >7>7

?ª lieëíf

Yfifs fs ierletfs ilsto lieëíf rlslrvoifs ç

Lietfro Edtrâdslmo
Edtrâdslmo Htio.
^uo Borquês il ]íf Pemldtl, 55, =º odior 
>>9<?-79? ” Kïvlo
^ef il Jodlerf ” ^J
Ylh./@ox: (>?) =>70-;977
www.edtredslmo.mfb.nr 
 

 
 

O dfssfs poes, qul dfs ilrob ubo veio il mreoteveioil,

mr eoteveioil,
 Dot l Uoddo
Uoddo | Merlh l Ortcur 
o dfssos lspfsos, qulAorfh
ldmclb dfsso veio il dfveioils,
| ]oroc
l o dfssfs `ehcfs, mujo ebokedoëíf lvfmo f `uturf,
]fdyo, Konl l Humeod | Ore l Ovevo
 

]\BÏ^EF
QOvodëor poro f edâmef if tlxtfR

@fhco il rfstf
rfstf
Mråietfs
Bâieos sfmeoes
Iliemotýreo

Edtrfiuëíf: F qul o DO]O

o DO]O l Wemossf
Wemoss f têb lb
l b mfbub6
mfbu b6

Wortl E: Dfvf
Dfvf sfn f sfh
?. Edfvor
Edfvor å cubodf
>. F mårlnrf
F mårlnrf bfie`emo f qul mfdclml
=. Ldtfrtor 
9. _ulnror 
_ulnror 
<. Blsmhor 
Blsmhor 
0. O veio
O veio do mfhbleo
mfhbleo

Wortl EE: O bldtoheioil mreotevo

;. Díf mfhl os plëos
3. Buhtephequl os fpëüls
5. Lxphfrl ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos
?7. Yfhlrl resmfs

Wortl EEE: Muhtevor o mreoteveioil

??. O lbprlso mreotevo
?>. O lsmfho mreotevo
 

?=. Ioque
Ioque poro f `uturf

Okroilmebldtfs
Mråietfs ios eboklds
 Dftos
Nenhefkro`eo
]fnrl fs outfrls
Hleo tobnåb
 

EDY^FI\ËÍF
 

F _\L O DO]O L WEMO]]F YÊB LB

MFB\B6

Mldtldos il plssfos sl otrfplhob dubo soho il mfdtrfhl lb Cfustfd,

Ylxos, tldtodif sohvor três slrls cubodfs ldmhousuroifs df lspoëf. F odf
å ?5;7, l o Opfhhf ?=, ifes ieos ilpfes if hodëobldtf, lstï o mobedcf io
Huo quodif slu todqul il fxekêdef lxphfil, muspedif ilstrfëfs df lspoëf
l ilexodif o dovl ovoreoio. F ostrfdouto Joma ]weklrt, mfb o `hlubo
 prýpreoo il ub behetor
 prýpre beh etor,, lstonl
lstonlhlml
hlml mfdtotf
mfdtot f pfr rïief mfb f Mfdtrfhl io
Bessíf: ‘Cfustfd, tlbfs ub prfnhlbo.‒
Fs ostrfdoutos lstíf o boes il trlzldtos beh behcos io Ylrro.
Mfbnustâvlh, ïkuo l lhltremeioil lstíf df `eb. O lsplrodëo il sfhuëíf å
quosl duho. Bos doio iessf iltåb f ierltfr il vff Kldl Arodz, qul lstï
df Mfdtrfhl io Bessíf io DO]O,
DO]O, odudmeodif
odudmeodif ç suo lquepl ohe rludeio:

_uodif vfmês soârlb ilsto soho, prlmesob omrlietor qul lsso

trepuhoëíf voe vfhtor poro moso. Díf ifu o bâdebo poro os
 prfnoneheioil
 prfnone heioils,
s, díf ifu o bâdebo
bâde bo poro f `otf il dudmo tlrb
tlrbfs
fs
`letf doio porlmeif Q...R Pfmês têb il omrlietor, slu plssfoh tlb
il omrlietor qul lsso trepuhoëíf voe vfhtor poro moso.?

Mfbf f Mfdtrfhl io Bessíf pfilreo cfdror lssl mfbprfbessf6 Fs

ldkldclerfs tedcob ldsoeoif o bessíf bedutf o bedutf: quodif ldtror do
ýrneto io Huo, quodif omefdor f býiuhf hudor, quodtf tlbpf fs
ostrfdoutos mobedcoreob sfnrl o suplr`âmel if sotåhetl. Okfro têb il
onodifdor f rftlerf l rlmfblëor if zlrf. F Mfdtrfhl io Bessíf tobnåb
tedco prlvestf mldïrefs il onfrtobldtf, bos tfifs lhls porteob if
 predmâpef
 predmâ pef il qul os portls
portl s predmepoes
predme poes io dovl lstoreob
lstor eob `udmefdodif
`udmefdo dif l f
býiuhf hudor pfilreo slr ilsmortoif.>  Ed`lhezbldtl, okfro lstíf heiodif
mfb f fpfstf. F býiuhf il slrveëf lstï ilstruâif l f b býiuhf
ýiuhf il mfbodif
lstï lxplhedif kïs l plrildif ldlrkeo. O údemo portl io dovl qul oedio
`udmefdo å f býiuhf hudor. O DO]O tedco sebuhoif vïrefs omeildtls
 pfssâvles,
 pfssâvl es, bos
bo s díf lssl.
lssl .
 

Fs ldkldclerfs soneob qul lstovob ieodtl il ubo torl`o quosl

ebpfssâvlh: sohvor três cfblds trodmo`eoifs dubo mïpsuho il bltoh
clrbåtemo qul sl ilshfmovo plhf lspoëf o medmf beh quehùbltrfs pfr cfro,
mujfs sestlbos il supfrtl ç veio `ohcovob. Ovodëoifs sestlbos il
mfbudemoëíf pfr sotåhetl l mfbputoifrls il blso sý surkereob iåmoios

boes toril.
edvldtor ub Mfb råkuos
jletf il il mïhmuhf
onodifdor l hïpes,
f býiuhf fs ldkldclerfs
il mfbodif prlmesobf
l trods`frbor
býiuhf hudor dub nftl sohvo-veios poro o veoklb il vfhto.
Fs prfnhlbos síf onfrioifs ub pfr ub: phodljor ubo rfto il rlkrlssf
ç Ylrro,
Ylrro, ohtlror f mursf io dovl, mfdslrvor ldlrkeo. Bos os mfdieëüls lstíf
sl okrovodif. Opýs ub ieo l blef il mresl, f ieýxeif il mornfdf mclko o
dâvles plrekfsfs df ohfjobldtf oplrtoif ifs ostrfdoutos. ]l doio `fr `letf,
o trepuhoëíf su`fmorï lb pfumos cfros. F býiuhf hudor tlb ub sestlbo il
`ehtroklb, bos tfifs fs pure`emoifrls il or mehâdiremfs lstíf lskftoifs. O
údemo pfsseneheioil qul rlsto å oprfvletor fs rlmepeldtls edutehezoifs if
býiuhf il mfbodif onodifdoif ’ bos lhls síf quoiroifs. Mfbf
ldmoexor ub pure`emoifr quoiroif dub nuromf rlifdif6
O porter il ub hlvodtobldtf if qul lstï o nfrif, fs ldkldclerfs if
Mfdtrfhl io Bessíf prfjltob ub oioptoifr ebprfvesoif usodif ub somf
 phïstemf,
 phïst emf, ub på il bleo,
bleo , plioëfs
plioë fs il poplhíf l o bodkulero
bodkule ro rlter
r lteroio
oio il ub
trojl prlssurezoif, tuif prlsf mfb `eto oilsevo. Lhls edstrulb o trepuhoëíf
o orrodmor o mopo il phïstemf io posto qul mfdtedco f phodf il vff l o usï-
ho mfbf ub `udeh o `eb il iereker f or poro f pure`emoifr. Iezlb poro fs
ostrfdoutos plkorlb os rfupos tårbemos, lbnohoios lb phïstemf, qul
frekedohbldtl slreob usoios sfn f trojl lspomeoh ldquodtf sohtosslb plho
Huo. ]lkuedif
]lkuedif os edstruëüls rlmlneios io nosl, fs ostr
ostrfdoutos
fdoutos ilsmortob os
rfupos tårbemos l oprfvletob f phïstemf. Wfumf o pfumf, bfdtob f `ehtrf
ebprfvesoif l f edstohob.
Woro ohâvef klroh, f dâvlh il ieýxeif il mornfdf vfhto of dfrboh. Bos
hfkf surklb futrfs prfnhlbos. Ç blieio qul o Opfhhf ?= sl oprfxebo io
rlldtroio do otbfs`lro, o ldlrkeo lsmossleo df býiuhf il mfbodif.
_uodif o dovl `fe prfjltoio, díf possfu plho monlëo il dedkuåb qul os
 notlreos
 notlre os if býiuhf il mfbodif tlreob tlre ob qul slr morrlkoios
morrlk oios o porter
porte r if
býiuhf hudor ’ ilvlreo slr f mfdtrïref.
mfdtrïre f. Bfveifs pfr mo`å l oirldohedo, fs
ldkldclerfs if Mfdtrfhl io Bessíf ebokedob ub jletf il usor f monf if
oqulmlifr if býiuhf hudor poro mubprer lssl poplh, nlb o tlbpf io `osl
il rlldtroio.
 

\bo vlz qul os notlreos lstíf rlmorrlkoios, fs ldkldclerfs `ohob poro

f trepuhodtl Joma ]weklrt hekor f býiuhf il mfbodif. Ildtrf io dovl,
]weklrt mfdlmto monfs, heko edvlrsfrls, bodepuho odtldos, omefdo
edtlrruptfrls, otevo o tlhlbltreo ’ ub prfmliebldtf il otevoëíf buetf
ohåb il quohqulr mfeso poro o quoh `fe trledoif fu qul tldco ebokedoif.

Ieodtl il dfvf.
tftohbldtl ub prfnhlbo, fs ldkldclerfs ebprfvesob ub prftfmfhf
 Dos cfros odtls if obodclmlr
obodclm lr il ?; il onreh il ?5;7 ’ ilpfes il
fetldto cfros il mresl ’, fs ostrfdoutos sl prlporob poro o ilsmeio `edoh.
F Mfdtrfhl io Bessíf `oz o úhtebo mclmoklb. _uodif fs ostrfdoutos
ldtrob do otbfs`lro io Ylrro, f rïief io dovl sehldmeo. Dos pohovros il
Arodz:

Okfro díf tedco boes vfhto Q...R O soho il mfdtrfhl lstovo lb

sehêdmef onsfhutf. Fs údemfs sfds lrob f zubneif ifs oporlhcfs
lhltrùdemfs l if or-mfdiemefdoif, ohåb if lvldtuoh mhequl il ub
esqulerf Q...R Dedkuåb sl blxeo, mfbf sl tfifs lstevlsslb
omfrrldtoifs o slus poedåes.

\b bedutf l blef ilpfes, mclko o dftâmeo ç soho il mfdtrfhl: o Opfhhf

?= lstï o sohvf.
F krupf errfbpl lb vevos. F dfrbohbldtl lstfemf Arodz sl ilsbodmco
lb hïkrebos.

***

]lssldto l três odfs odtls, dub plquldf lstúief lb Wores, ub jfvlb

 pedtfr mcoboif
mcoboi f Wonhf
Wonh f Wemossf
Wemo ssf prlporo
p rlporo slu movohlt
m ovohltl.
l. Dfrbohbldt
Dfrboh bldtll slb ub
mldtovf, lhl tedco oprfvletoif ubo nfdodëo `edodmlero poro mfbpror ubo
tlho krodil. Wùs-sl o tronohcor dub prfjltf prfvfmodtl: f rltrotf il
 prfstetutos
 prfste tutos dub nfrilh.
nfril h. \b fhcor slb
s lb ies`orml
ies `ormlss poro o ilprovoëíf.
ilpr ovoëíf.
Wemossf mfblëo mfb lsnfëfs o morvíf il monlëos, mfrpfs, `rutos.
 Dlssos prebleros
preb leros vlrsüls,
vlrsüls , ub boredclerf
bore dclerf l ub lstuiodtl
lstuio dtl il bliemedo
bliem edo
`ozlb portl io mldo. Lhl ilmeil lhebedor fs cfblds, `exodif-sl dos medmf
buhclrls. Yldto ie`lrldtls pfseëüls l orrodjfs, bos resmo o boefr portl
ilhls. Ilpfes il mldtldos il lsnfëfs, pül-sl o tronohcor do tlho edtlero.
 

Lb mlrtf pfdtf, mfdveio suo obodtl l vïrefs obekfs

obe kfs poro vlrlb o fnro lb
 prfkrlssf
 prfkrls sf ’ o rloëíf ilhls f ilsopfdto
ilsopfdt o todtf qul lhl ilexo o pedturo
pedtur o il
hoif. Df ldtodtf, blsls ilpfes vfhto of tronohcf, lb slkrlif.
Wemossf mfdseilro f rltrotf ios prfstetutos ub ‘lxfrmesbf‒ il suo
odteko bodlero il pedtor: quodtf boes tlbpf iliemo o lhl, boes sl

iestodmeo
il il suos
dfvf, bos fnros åodtlrefrls.
o rloëíf oedio boesMfdveio ohkubos
cfsteh. Lhl plssfos
sl f`lrlml poro
poro f vlrlbo
vldiê-hf
slu potrfdf boes hloh, qul re io eileo.=  Fs obekfs if pedtfr f lvetob,
tlbldif qul tldco ldhfuqulmeif. Ilsodeboif, Wemossf ldrfho o tlho l
kuorio-o df orbïref.
Lsplro dfvl odfs otå bfstrï-ho lb púnhemf. Lb phldo Wreblero Kulrro
Budieoh, o pedturo å `edohbldtl lxeneio. F muroifr ’ prlfmupoif lb díf
f`ldilr f púnhemf ’ buio f dfbl io fnro il  Hl Nfrilh i―O vekdfd  QF
i―Ovekdfd
 nfrilh il OvekdfdR poro f boes pohotïvlh
pohot ïvlh  Hls Ilbfeslhhls i―O vekdfd  QOs
i―Ovekdfd
sldcfretos il OvekdfdR. F quoirf tlb ubo rlmlpëíf besto: ub
mfbldtoresto nredmo mfb sormosbf qul ‘fs munestos díf lstíf lsplrodif o
cfsteh eioils mfdtro f nfb sldsf‒.9
kulrro omonor poro rltfbor os cfsteheioils
Bos f prlstâkef io pedturo oubldto. Wfumos iåmoios ilpfes, quodif Hls
 Ilbfeslhhls  å lxeneio df Buslu il Ortl Bfilrdo il Dfvo Ufra, f mrâtemf
if jfrdoh Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls lsmrlvl:

Wfumos tlhos tevlrob f ebpomtf bfbldtfsf ilsso mfbpfseëíf il

medmf `ekuros duos iestfrmeios. Mfb ubo pedmlhoio, lho ilso`efu o
ortl if possoif l buifu errlvlrsevlhbldtl o ortl il dfssf
tlbpf.<

Boes toril, f cestfreoifr io ortl Jfcd ^emcorisfd lsmrlvl qul  Hls

 Ilbfeslhhls   lro o pedturo boes frekedoh ifs úhtebfs sltlmldtfs odfs. O
 pedturo,
 pedtur o, iez lhl,
lhl ,

 pfssene hetfu
 pfssenehet fu qul os plssfos plrmlnlsslb
plrmlnl sslb os mfesos mfb dfvfs
fhcfs, dfvo bldtoheioil l mfdsmeêdmeo Q...R Å o preblero fnro-
 preboo edlquevfmobldt
 preb edlque vfmobldtll if såmuhf SS, predmepoh
predm epoh iltfdoifr
iltfdoifroo if
bfvebldtf bfilrdf, o pliro odkuhor io ortl if såmuhf SS.0
 

F qul tfrdovo o tlho il Wonhf Wemossf tíf frekedoh6 Lhl sl ilsvefu if

fnjltevf qul fs pedtfrls lurfplus tedcob lspfsoif iurodtl mldtldos il
odfs: o edtldëíf il slr `elh ç rloheioil. Dos bífs il Wemossf, fs blbnrfs
oporlmlb tfrmeifs, iuos ios buhclrls têb rfstfs qul sl osslblhcob o
bïsmoros, l os medmf `ekuros porlmlb tlr seif pedtoios lb medmf lstehfs

ie`lrldtls.
 pedtur
 pedturoo il Oque,
Wemossplssfos
Wemossf mfbuds
lu os jïdfëüls
f sunvlrtlu
sunvlrt díf porlmlb
fmeildtedtlerobldtl
fmeildtoes nlhlzocubodos.
oes il nlhlzo, , ilmfrf Ol
vlrfssebehcodëo, tuif of blsbf tlbpf.  Hls Ilbf Ilbfeslh hls   possfu o
eslhhls
rlprlsldtor ub ifs boes vefhldtfs kfhpls ils`lmcoifs mfdtro o troieëíf
ortâstemo.

Mfdtrfhl io Bessíf io DO]O l os prfstetutos il Wemossf

F qul lssos iuos cestýreos têb lb mfbub6 Ç preblero vesto, doio. F

rlskotl io Opfhhf ?= `fe ub ls`frëf mfdjudtf. Wemossf tronohcovo sfzedcf.
Fs ldkldclerfs io DO]O mfrreob mfdtro f tlbpf. Wemossf hlvfu blsls
 poro pùr suos eileos
eileo s do tlho,
t lho, l quosl
qu osl ubo iåmoio poro bfstror
bfst ror suo ortl.
ortl . Fs
ldkldclerfs díf qulreob ilbfdstror frekedoheioil, slu fnjltevf lro ubo
sfhuëíf l`emoz. ‘L`emïmeo‒ dlb possfu plho bldtl il Wemossf ’ slu
fnjltevf lro prfiuzer ohkf slb prlmlildtls.
Blsbf osseb, os rftedos mfkdetevos sunjomldtls ofs otfs mreotevfs io
 DO]O
 DO] O l il Wemossf síf eiêdtemos.
eiêdte mos. L essf
es sf díf
dí f vohl
voh l opldos
opld os po
poro
ro ldkldcler
ldkldclerfsfs
l ortestos, bos poro quohqulr monlhlerlerf, mfdtoifr, orquetltf, okremuhtfr,
 

hlpeifptlrýhfkf fu quohqulr futrf slr cubodf qul mrel ohkubo mfeso

dudmo odtls vesto. _uodif lhls rfbplb f bfhil if poiríf poro mreor ubo
dfveioil, å lb ilmfrrêdmeo il ub sf`tworl nïsemf qul lstï rfiodif df
mårlnrf. F mårlnrf cubodf díf rlkestro il bfif possevf os lxplreêdmeos
mfbf sl `fssl ub krovoifr, bos tronohco plrbodldtlbldtl sfnrl fs ioifs

sldsfreoes
if budif.qul rlmlnl ’mfkdetevf
F sf`tworl l f `rutf ilssl
nïsemftronohcf bldtoh
if mårlnrf ’ síf
quldfvos vlrsülsf
edtlrefrezo
obneldtl l prfiuz dfvos vlrsüls ’ iï freklb o tuif f qul dfs rfileo:
ehubedoëíf púnhemo, doëüls, sed`fdeos, hles, sfdltfs, nroëfs prftåtemfs,
mlhuhorls, vldtehoifrls il tltf, orrodco-måus, normfs, pepos, hoptfps,
lbnohoklds il altmcup, morrfs outùdfbfs. L lssl sf`tworl bldtoh iï
freklb of obodcí, sfn o `frbo il mfdmrltf outfrrlporoifr, orquetlturo
medåtemo, vefhedfs il `enro il mornfdf, morrfs nefilkroiïvles,
dodflspoëfdovls l f rlbfilhobldtf mrùdemf if `uturf. Bos, mfbf
ldfrbls prfkrobos il mfbputoifr rfiodif lb sehêdmef dfs mermuetfs il
dfssfs hoptfps, o edvldteveioil dfrbohbldtl rfio lb slkudif phodf, `fro
io mfdsmeêdmeo eblieoto.
Cï ohkf il lsplmeoh dfs ohkfretbfs qul rfiobfs ildtrf il dfsso
monlëo. ]fbfs blbnrfs il ubo vosto ïrvfrl `obeheor il lspåmels
odeboes. Bos pfr qul os vomos díf mreob mfrlfkro`eos6 Wfr qul fs lsquehfs
díf prfjltob lhlvoifrls poro suner lb ïrvfrls6 Wfr qul fs jomorås díf
edvldtob hodmcos6 \b ojustl lvfhutevf dfs ohkfretbfs qul rfiob df
mårlnrf cubodf dfs plrbeteu onsfrvlr f budif l mreor vlrsüls
ohtlrdotevos ilhl.
Lstl hevrf troto il dfssf sf`tworl mreotevf: mfbf `udmefdo, pfr qul f
tlbfs, f qul `ozlbfs mfb lhl l poro fdil lhl lstï dfs hlvodif.
Bfstrorlbfs qul f ilsljf il qulnror dfssos lxplmtotevos hlvo ç
edvldteveioil errlprebâvlh il dfsso lspåmel. Fhcodif poro o toplëoreo ios
ortls, io meêdmeo l io tlmdfhfkeo, vlrlbfs os trobos il edfvoëíf
e dfvoëíf qul hekob
os iesmephedos.
Wfr boes ebpfrtodtl qul o mreoteveioil tldco seif poro dfsso lspåmel
dfs úhtebfs såmuhfs, lho slrï onsfhutobldtl ediespldsïvlh poro dfssfs
 prýxebfs
 prýxeb fs possfs. Ilsil dfssos oteveioils
oteve ioils ieïreos
ieïre os otå dfssos lsmfhos
lsmfho s l
lbprlsos, lstobfs tfifs ovodëodif fbnrf o fbnrf lb ierlëíf o ub
`uturf qul lxekl ubo rlbfilhoklb mfdstodtl if budif. Lb iåmoios
rlmldtls, f budif possfu plho trodseëíf il ubo lmfdfbeo bodu`oturlero
 poro ubo lmfdfbeo
lmfdfbe o io ed`frboëíf.
ed`fr boëíf. Bos o cestýreo
cest ýreo díf tlrbedo
tlrb edo oâ. Ç
 

blieio qul fs mfbputoifrls `emob blhcfrls lb prfmlssor bfdtodcos il

ioifs, os plssfos `emob hevrls poro ossuberlb futros torl`os. Jï tlbfs fs
 preblerfs
 preb lerfs veshubnrls
vesh ubnrls ilssl dfvf bfilhf:
bfilhf : o lmfdfbeo
lmfdfbe o io mreoteveioil.
Neýhfkf sedtåtemf, ilsldvfhvlifr il ophemotevfs, ilsekdlr il morrfs
outùdfbfs, ilsekdlr il mfbputoifrls quîdtemfs, ldkldclerf buhtebâieo

 ’
cfjlsíflstovo
prf`essüls
prf`e ssüls qul díf
do lsmfho, lxesteob
lxest eob quodif
l rlprlsldtob o boefr if
o vodkuorio portl
qulifs oiuhtfs
oiuht
lstï pfrfsver.
il
Ioque o ilz odfs, quodif vfmê plkor suo xâmoro il mo`å plho bodcí, pfil
lstor sl prlporodif poro ub tronohcf buetf ie`lrldtl ioqulhl qul
ilslbpldco cfjl. Wfr lssls bftevfs, fs mfdslhcfs ierltfrls il lbprlsos
lb tfif hukor lstíf sl ilsifnrodif poro tldtor ilsmfnrer mfbf sl bodtlr 
lb ieo, pfrqul os tlmdfhfkeos l fs prfmlssfs il oibedestroëíf il
lbprlsos lstíf buiodif mfdteduobldtl.
]ý ubo mfeso dfs plrbetl ld`rldtor lssos buiodëos moio vlz boes
omlhlroios: o `hlxeneheioil mfkdetevo. Onsfrvlbfs os botåreos-prebos io
lxplreêdmeo l os bodepuhobfs poro `frbor `frb or ubo mfeso dfvo. Ilveif ç df dfsso
sso
mopomeioil il er ohåb ifs `otfs oprldieifs, onrebfs fs fhcfs poro f
budif qul dfs rfileo, bos tobnåb ebokedobfs eb okedobfs futrfs budifs pfssâvles.
Oprldilbfs `otfs l klrobfs `emëüls. Mfbprlldilbfs f qul lxestl l
 prlvlbfs
 prlvlb fs f qul boes
boe s pfilreo
pfilre o lxester
lxest er..
Ylr sumlssf dub budif lb buiodëo plrbodldtl lxekl ldtldilr f qul
omfdtlml ildtrf il dfsso monlëo quodif edfvobfs. Ilsmfnredif os
`lrrobldtos l lstrotåkeos qul hlvob ç mreoëíf il dfvos eileos, pfilbfs
`fmor dos iåmoios ç dfsso `rldtl l díf dos qul `emorob poro trïs.
Lsso fnrekotfrelioil il edfvor díf sl rl`hltl lb dfssfs sestlbos
lsmfhorls. O mreoteveioil prfpuhsefdo ilsmfnlrtos l bode`lstoëüls do
 juvldtuil,
 juvldt uil, bos å rlhlkoio
rlhl koio o slkudif
slkudi f phodf lb `ovfr il mfbpltêdmeos
mfbplt êdmeos boes
`ïmles il slrlb blieios l tlstoios. O lsmfhco il ilexor il hoif f
oprldiezoif mreotevf pfil rl`hlter tldiêdmeos sfmeoes boes obphos.
 Dfrbohbldtl,
 Dfrbohb ldtl, fs prf`lssfrls
prf`ls sfrls prl`lrlb
prl`lr lb f ohudf nlb-mfbpfrt
nlb-m fbpfrtoif
oif of
mreotevf, qul buetos vlzls å vestf mfbf ilsfrilerf. \bo plsqueso il
fpedeíf rlmldtl bfstrfu qul o boefr portl ifs oblremodfs qulr qul slus
`ehcfs vohfrezlb boes f rlspletf ofs boes vlhcfs if qul o edilpldiêdmeo,
boes fs nfds bfifs if qul o murefseioil, l prl`lrlb qul sljob nlb-
mfbpfrtoifs o mreotevfs.;
]l qulrlbfs ub `uturf nrehcodtl poro dfssfs `ehcfs, prlmesobfs
rlmohenror dfssos prefreioils. O ropeilz ios buiodëos qul sl vlre`emob df
 

budif ilexo mhorf qul fs vlhcfs boduoes il mfbf vevlr l tronohcor 

edlvetovlhbldtl sl tfrdoríf uhtropossoifs
uhtr opossoifs ’ l prlmesobfs prlporor dfssfs
`ehcfs poro rlieker fs dfvfs boduoes. F blsbf sf`tworl mfkdetevf qul
rfio do monlëo ifs ldkldclerfs io DO]O l il Wemossf rfio do monlëo il
dfssfs jfvlds, bos prlmeso slr muhtevoif. \bo liumoëíf lquehenroio

edmldtevo mfbpltêdmeos
iåmoios ilpfes  ebokedoëíf.
qul fs llstuiodtls Lssl tepf
oterorlb il moplhfs
slus liumoëífporovoe ior `rutfs
f ohtf do
`frboturo l ldtrorlb poro ub budif qul dýs, slus poes, boh pfilbfs
 prlvlr..
 prlvlr
\b il dýs (Odtcfdy) å mfbpfsetfr, f futrf (Iovei) å dlurfmeldtesto.
]fbfs obekfs cï buetf tlbpf. Ohkuds odfs otrïs, Odtcfdy mfbpùs f
frotýref ‘Botlrdety‒ nosloif df mfdtf ‘Ycl @fudiedk Bftclrs‒, il
Iovei, qul rlmfdstetue ubo hedcoklb botlrdo of hfdkf io cestýreo.
Yronohcor judtfs hlvfu o ub ieïhfkf rlmfrrldtl sfnrl mreoteveioil. Moio
ub il dýs o lstuiovo il omfrif mfb o prýpreo plrsplmtevo. Iurodtl
behcorls il odfs, os ortls dfs ilrob omlssf o dfsso veio edtlrefr,
 prfpfrmefdodif
 prfpfrme fdodif veshubnrl
vesh ubnrlss díf opldos sfnrl f qul  pldsobfs, bos
tobnåb sfnrl mfbf pldsobfs. Díf lxesteu ubo sý muhturo do cestýreo io
cubodeioil qul díf tevlssl búsemo, ortls vesuoes l dorrotevos. Df ldtodtf,
lb iåmoios boes rlmldtls, os meêdmeos if mårlnrf ilrob krodils sohtfs df
ldtldiebldtf ios `frëos `rlquldtlbldtl edmfdsmeldtls qul `udiobldtob
f mfbpfrtobldtf cubodf. Mfblëobfs o plrmlnlr qul dfssfs pfdtfs il
vesto hlvovob o ubo vesíf sedårkemo io edfvoëíf ’ l å iessf qul lstl
hevrf troto.
Pobfs plrmfrrlr os edvldëüls io sfmelioil cubodo mfbf
 pohlfdtýhfkfs
 pohlfdt ýhfkfs lsquoiredcodif
lsquoir edcodif rlkestrfs
rlkes trfs `ýssles.
`ýssle s. Judtf mfb os úhtebos
úhte bos
ilsmfnlrtos sfnrl f `udmefdobldtf if mårlnrf, essf voe dfs ojuior o
rlvlhor buetfs osplmtfs ilsso portl lssldmeoh il dýs blsbfs. O Wortl E
ilstl hevrf oprlsldto dfsso dlmlsseioil il mreoteveioil, f bfif mfbf dfs
fmfrrlb eileos dfvos l mfbf dfssos edfvoëüls síf bfhioios plhf hukor l
 plho åpfmo lb qul vevlbfs.
vevlb fs. O Wortl EE lxphfro moromtlrâs
moromt lrâstemo
temoss lssldmeoes
lssldme oes
io bldtoheioil mreotevo, ilsil o buhtephemeioil il fpëüls otå o tfhlrîdmeo
of resmf. O Wortl EEE sl iliemo o lbprlsos l sohos il ouho, bfstrodif mfbf
lstebuhor o mreoteveioil lb dfssos edmunoifros poro f `uturf. F qul sl
slkul å ub blrkuhcf do bldtl mreotevo, ubo mlhlnroëíf if lspâretf
cubodf l ubo vesíf il mfbf rlbfilhor dfssfs budifs.
 

MOWÂY\HF ?
 

EDFPO^ Å C\BODF

WF^ _\L DÍF LDMFDY^OBF] F L]YEHF WL^@L

WL^@LEYF6
EYF6

Woro fnslrvor o prfpldsíf cubodo ç edfvoëíf nosto vfmê fhcor fs

 pldtloifs dos monlëos
monlëo s o suo vfhto.
vfh to.

F blsbf tepf il edvldteveioil poro rlmreor ohkf pfil slr vestf lb

tfifs fs ortl`otfs qul prfiuzebfs, il nememhltos o lstïiefs.
lst ïiefs.
 

Yuif essf ebpül ubo plrkudto: Wfr qul pldtloifs, nememhltos l lstïiefs
díf porob il buior6 Wfr qul díf mfdslkuebfs ldmfdtror o sfhuëíf
 plr`leto
 plr`le to l opldos
opldo s rlprfiuze-h
rlprfi uze-ho6
o6
^lspfsto: o edfvoëíf dudmo mlsso. Díf sl troto il ldmfdtror o mfeso
to, bos o mfeso slkuedtl . Fs slrls cubodfs sl vfhtob poro f `uturf, l
 plr`leto
 plr`le
díf cï ub pfdtf il mclkoio. Bos pfr qul f mårlnrf cubodf å tíf
errlqueltf6
 

 DF]]O OIOWYOËÍF
OIOWYOËÍF Å ^ÏWEIO

O tfif bfbldtf, boes fu bldfs ub behcíf il plssfos sl ldmfdtrob

rlmhedoios lb pfhtrfdos mfd`frtïvles qul lstíf behcorls il quehùbltrfs
omebo io suplr`âmel if phodlto. F sumlssf io oveoëíf mfblrmeoh å ldfrbl.
Cï díf buetf tlbpf, veojor plhfs måus lro ubo ovldturo orresmoio l
rorâssebo. Okfro, ie`emehbldtl prfvfmo surprlso: lbnormobfs mfbf
sfdîbnuhfs, l sý `emobfs ohlrtos sl ohkf qulnror dfsso lxplmtotevo il
mfd`frtf lb pfhtrfdos rlmhedïvles, mfb rl`leëüls l, ilpldildif io
veoklb, otå `ehbls poro ossester.
ossester.
 Dub il
i l slus dúblrfs,
dúblr fs, f mfblieodtl
mfblie odtl Hfues M.A. lxprlsso
lxprlss o plrphlxeioil
plrphl xeioil
ieodtl io `frbo mfbf fs veojodtls plrilrob f ldmodtf plhf vff mfblrmeoh.
Lhl ebeto ub possoklerf sl qulexodif: ‘L oâ lbnormobfs df oveíf l dfs
`ezlrob `emor poroifs
hï lsplrodif.‒ do pesto
O rlspfsto il iurodtl
Hfues ofquorldto bedutfs.
possoklerf: Yevlbfs Lilf`emor 
‘Å blsbf6! qul
omfdtlmlu ilpfes6 Pfmê
Pfmê vffu plhfs orls, il `frbo edomrlietïvlh, mfbf ub
 pïssorf6
 pïssor f6 Pfmê portemepfu
porte mepfu io lxplreêdmeo
lxplre êdmeo behokrfso
beh okrfso if vff cubodf, slu
zlrf ç lsqulrio6‒ Lhl vfhto o otldëíf poro os plssfos qul rlmhobob ifs
otrosfs. ‘Otrosfs6 Å blsbf6 Il Dfvo Ufra ç Mohe`ýrdeo lb medmf cfros.
Odtls hlvovo tredto odfs. L vfmê oedio bfrreo df mobedcf.‒ Hfues
rlhlbnro slu preblerf vff mfb [e-`e, lb >775, osseb qul o tlmdfhfkeo `fe
ebphodtoio. ‘Lstfu sldtoif df oveíf l lhls mfblëob: –Onro slu hoptfp,
vfmê pfil ldtror do edtlrdlt.― L å rïpeio, osseste o vâilfs df UfuYunl. Å
edmrâvlh: rflstfu
 possokle
 possoklerf dubil oveíf!‒
of hoif Hfues slBos bedutfs
zodko ilpfes
l lxmhobo:
lxmhob ‘Estof mfdlxíf
o: ‘Estf moe. F‒
å ub onsurif!‒
onsurif!
Hfues mfbldto: ‘_ulr iezlr, fhco o ropeilz mfb qul f budif posso o hcl
ilvlr ubo mfeso qul lhl sý ilsmfnreu qul lxesteo ohkuds slkudifs otrïs.‒
]eb, å buetf rïpeif. F dfvf hfkf sl tfrdo f dfrboh. Nosto pldsor lb
mfbf fs sbortpcfdls dfs porlmlb treveoes okfro ’ bos díf `oz todtf
tlbpf osseb qul `emcos rltedeob lb dfssfs nfhsfs, moëïvobfs monedls
tlhl`ùdemos, tldtïvobfs mffrildor pfdtfs il ldmfdtrf l plriâobfs
mfbprfbessfs pfr mouso il lrrfs il phodljobldtf. Fs sbortpcfdls
rlvfhumefdorob dfsso mfbudemoëíf, bos os dfvos tlmdfhfkeos sl tfrdob
 nïsemos,
 nïsemo s, udevlrsoes
udevlr soes l edvesâ
e dvesâvles
vles o dfssfs
dfs sfs fhcfs.
fhcf s.
 

Lb pfumf tlbpf, f nrehcf io tlmdfhfkeo boes rlmldtl sl lsvoe, l f

blsbf omfdtlml dos ortls. F ortesto
ortes to phïstemf Bormlh
Bor mlh Iumcobp lsmrlvlu df
såmuhf SS:

Ioque o medquldto odfs covlrï futro klroëíf l futro hedkuoklb

mrâtemo, ubo onfrioklb
`ozlr å tldtor ubo pedturotftohbldtl ie`lrldtl.
qul sljo vevo Díf,
poro suo f qulDldcubo
åpfmo. sl ilvl
 pedturoo tlb veio otevo
 pedtur otev o pfr boes il tredtotre dto fu quorldto
quorldt o odfs Q...R
Ilpfes il tredto fu quorldto odfs o pedturo bfrrl, bfrr l, plril suo ouro,
suo lbodoëíf fu sljo hï f qul `fr. L ldtíf å lsqulmeio fu ldtro
 poro f purkotýre
purko týreff io cestýreo o rtl. ?
cest ýreo io ortl.

Mfb f tlbpf, blsbf krodils fnros qul ub ieo mcfmorob o pfpuhoëíf

omonoríf lb ohkub hukor ldtrl f mfdvldmefdoh l f lsqulmeif. O vodkuorio
sl tfrdo f dfvf dfrboh. O tlmdfhfkeo il pfdto sl tfrdo bldfs o`eoio.
Lsso dfrbohezoëíf
lbprlsos. Il todtfs lbif dfvfodfs,
todtfs omfdtlml mfbkostob
lbprlsos fs blhcfrls phodfs mfb
buetf iedclerf ios
mfdsuhtfreos qul hcls iezlb poro ohtlror suo mfd`ekuroëíf otuoh ’ pfr 
lxlbphf, possor il ubo iestrenueëíf onlrto ios blsos il tronohcf, slb
 noeos, poro munâmuhfs,
munâmuh fs, fu veml-vlrso.
veml- vlrso. Mfbf vlrlbfs
vlrlbf s oieodtl,
oieodt l, díf cï ubo
rlspfsto mlrto sfnrl mfbf `ozlr essf: f qul ebpfrto å o buiodëo. Fs
mfdsuhtfrls díf lstíf lrroifs, bos fs iltohcls il suos suklstüls
sebphlsbldtl díf têb ebpfrtîdmeo. F predmepoh díf å o sfhuëíf lsplmâ`emo,
bos seb o voreoëíf.
Wfr qul fs slrls cubodfs sl oioptob mfb todto ropeilz of qul lstï o
suo vfhto6 Wfr mouso il ub `ldùbldf mfdclmeif mfbf suprlssíf pfr 
rlplteëíf. Mfd`frbl voe sl omfstubodif o ohkubo mfeso, f mårlnrf
rlspfdil o lho moio vlz bldfs. Ebokedl, pfr lxlbphf, qul vfmê sl ilporo
mfb ub dfvf fnjltf ’ iekobfs,
iekob fs, ub morrf outùdfbf. Io preblero vlz qul
f vê, slu mårlnrf oprlsldto ubo krodil rlspfsto. Lhl onsfrvl ubo mfeso
dfvo l o rlkestro. Io slkudio vlz qul f vê, slu mårlnrf jï oprlsldto ubo
rlspfsto ub pfumf bldfr. Díf hcl iï todto ebpfrtîdmeo, pfrqul jï díf å
dfveioil. Io
Io tlrmlero vlz, bldfs
b ldfs rlspfsto1 io quorto, oedio bldfs.
b ldfs.
 

@fdtls mlrlnroes rlvlhoios pfr boplobldtf lstotâstemf porobåtremf io oteveioil

mlrlnroh (i]WB),
(i]WB), prfmliebldtf iilrevoif
lrevoif io bokdltfldml
b okdltfldml`ohfkro`eo
`ohfkro`eo (B
(BLK),
LK), bfstrodif
f mfbpfdldtl D?b (rlspfsto ouietevo prfvfmoio) o ?=7 bs (behesslkudifs) df
clbes`åref lsqulrif l ?77 bs df clbes`åref ierletf. Os ïrlos ouietevos if mårlnrf
lxenlb ubo suprlssíf io oteveioil quodif f blsbf lstâbuhf å oprlsldtoif
rlplteiobldtl (= vlzls, 0 vlzls, ?> vlzls l >9 vlzls).

]uprlssíf pfr rlplteëíf lb `udmefdobldtf.>

_uodtf boes mfdclmeio `fr ohkubo mfeso, bldfs ldlrkeo dluroh

kostorlbfs mfb lho. Å pfr essf qul, io preblero vlz qul vfmê voe il morrf
 poro slu dfvf tronohcf,
trono hcf, porlml qul ilbfro
ilbfr o buetf.
buet f. Df slkudif ieo, o
veoklb jï porlml ub pfumf boes murto. Ilpfes il ohkub tlbpf, å mfbf sl
er of tronohcf díf hlvossl tlbpf dldcub. F budif sl ilskosto ç blieio
qul sl tfrdo mfdclmeif1 f qul lstï lb preblerf phodf posso poro slkudif
 phodf.
Wfr qul sfbfs osseb6 Wfrqul sfbfs mreoturos qul vevlb l bfrrlb il
omfrif mfb fs lstfquls il ldlrkeo omubuhoifs df mfrpf. Heior mfb f
budif å ubo torl`o ie`âmeh qul lxekl bfvebldtf l buetf romefmâdef ’ å
 

ub lbprlldiebldtf ldlrkltemobldtl iespldiefsf. _uodif `ozlbfs

 prlvesüls
 prlves üls mfrrltos,
mfrrlt os, lmfdfbezobfs
lmfdfbe zobfs ldlrkeo.
ldlrke o. _uodif sl sonl qul edsltfs
edslt fs
mfblstâvles pfilb slr ldmfdtroifs ilnoexf il mlrtfs tepfs il pliro, essf
 pfupo f tronohcf
tronoh cf il rlveror
rlver or tfios  os pliros. _uodtf blhcfr o prlvesíf,
bldfs ldlrkeo kostobfs. O rlplteëíf dfs tfrdo boes mfd`eodtls lb dfssos
 prlves
 prlvesüls
üls l boes
Wfrtodtf, bo
cïes ohkf
l`emeldt
l`e meldtlsls lb dfssos
otroldtl dfs
(l sos
úteh)oëüls.
oëül
do s.prlveseneheioil. Bos sl dfssf
mårlnrf `oz tobodcf ls`frëf poro tfrdor f budif boes prlvesâvlh, ebpül-
sl o plrkudto: sl obobfs todtf o prlveseneheioil, pfr qul, pfr lxlbphf,
díf sunstetuâbfs dfssfs tlhlvesfrls pfr bïquedos qul lbetlb ub nepl
retboif l prlvesâvlh >9 cfros pfr ieo6
O rlspfsto å qul o `ohto il surprlso å ub prfnhlbo. _uodtf blhcfr 
mfbprlldilbfs ubo mfeso, bldfs ls`frëf iliemobfs o pldsor sfnrl lho.
O `obeheoreioil muhtevo o edie`lrldëo. O suprlssíf pfr rlplteëíf sl edstoho
l dfsso otldëíf iebedue. Å pfr essf qul f mosobldtf prlmeso slr 
mfdstodtlbldtl rlovevoif. Å pfr essf qul vfmê díf re vïreos vlzls io
blsbo peoio. Å pfr essf qul ’ blsbf qul kfstl buetf il lspfrtls ’ 
vfmê díf voe `emor sotes`letf ossestedif slbprl of blsbf jfkf. Lbnfro o
 prlveseneh
 prlves eneheioil
eioil dfs iê slkurodëo,
slkurodë o, f mårlnrf
mårlnr f sl ls`frëo
ls`fr ëo poro edmfrpfror 
edmfrpfr or 
dfvfs `otfs o slu bfilhf if budif. Lhl lstï slbprl lb nusmo il
dfveioils l `emo odeboif quodif sl otuohezo.
Wfr mouso il dfssfs blmodesbfs dluroes, nfos eileos díf mfdslrvob f
 nrehcf.
 nreh cf. Pljo
Pljo o hesto
he sto ifs hevrfs
h evrfs boes vldieifs dfs Lstoifs
Lst oifs \deifs df odf il
?59<:

?. @frlvlr Obnlr , Aotchlld [edsfr 

>. Ycl ^fnl, Hhfyi M. Ifukhos
=. Ycl Nhoma ^fsl, Ycfbos N. Mfstoed
9. Ycl [cetl Yfwlr , Jobls ^obsly \hhbod
<. Moss Yebnlrhodl, ]edmhoer Hlwes
Hlwes
0. O Hefd Es ed tcl ]trllts
]trl lts , Oireo Hfmal Hodkhly
;. ]f [lhh ^lblbnlrli , Jobls Cehtfd
3. Moptoed `rfb Mostehl, ]obulh ]clhhonorklr 
5. Lortc odi Cekc Clovld
Clovld, Kwltcohyd Krocob
?7. Ebbfrtoh [e`l
[e`l , Ervedk ]tfdl
 

Lssls `frob hevrfs qul mopturorob o ebokedoëíf if púnhemf ç åpfmo,

bos å nlb pfssâvlh qul o boefreo ifs oblremodfs il cfjl dudmo tldco
fuveif `ohor il dldcub ilhls. Hlbnrl-sl il qul lssls hevrfs lstovob do
 nfmo if pfvf doqulhl odf. Fs outfrls
outfrl s onrehcodtor
onreh codtorob
ob jodtorls
jodto rls mfb suo
 prlsldëo.
 prlsldë o. Outfkro`orob
Outfkro`or ob edmfdtïvles
edmfdt ïvles lxlbphorls.
lxlbph orls. Wrfvovlhbldt
Wrfvovlh bldtl,
l, tlreob
tlre ob
ie`emuhioil
lsqulmeifs. il ebokedor qul lssls hevrfs ub ieo slreob tftohbldtl
Odseobfs slbprl plhf dfvf. Df `ehbl  @lete ëf if Ylbpf, ub
 @leteëf
oprlsldtoifr il prlvesíf if tlbpf edtlrprltoif pfr Nehh Burroy å
fnrekoif o rlvevlr slbprl f blsbf ieo. Ieodtl ilsso rlplteëíf
oporldtlbldtl edtlrbedïvlh, lhl `edohbldtl sl rlvfhto mfdtro o
fnrekotfrelioil il vevlr slbprl f blsbf ieo. Oprldil `rodmês, tfrdo-sl
ub lxâbef peodesto,
peodest o, `oz obezoil mfb vezedcfs, ojuio fs ils`ovfrlmeifs.
Wfr qul tfrmlbfs pfr lhl6 Wfrqul díf qulrlbfs prlveseneheioil
onsfhuto, oedio qul f qul lstljo sl rlpltedif sljo nfb. O surprlso dfs
otroe. Wlrbetl-dfs soer if pehftf outfbïtemf. Lho dfs bodtåb ilsplrtfs
 poro dfsso lxplreêdmeo.
lxplre êdmeo. Do vlrioil, fs sestlbos
sest lbos dlurftrodsbe
dlurftr odsbessfrls
ssfrls
rlhomefdoifs ç rlmfbpldso lstíf hekoifs of dâvlh il surprlso:
rlmfbpldsos rlmlneios lb bfbldtfs rlkuhorls l prlvesâvles
ilsldmoileob buetf bldfs oteveioil mlrlnroh qul os blsbos
rlmfbpldsos rlmlneios lb bfbldtfs ohlotýrefs l ebprlvesâvles. O
surprlso krote`emo.
Å pfr essf qul os peoios síf lstruturoios io `frbo mfbf síf. Dudmo
ifes moros ldtrob dub nor, síf slbprl três. Wfr quê6 Wfrqul f preblerf
lstonlhlml o iedîbemo l f slkudif mfd`erbo f poiríf. Lssl å f mobedcf
boes murtf poro qul f tlrmlerf moro qulnrl f poiríf, lsmopodif ç prlvesíf
if mårlnrf. Lb futros pohovros, f cubfr dosml io vefhoëíf ios
lxplmtotevos. ]l vfmê mfdtossl o peoio o ub rfnù, lhl sebphlsbldtl
fuvereo os oëüls il moio ub ifs três moros l prfvovlhbldtl díf omcoreo
kroëo. O peoio sý `udmefdo pfrqul f mårlnrf slbprl tldto prlvlr f qul voe
fmfrrlr, l f ils`lmcf f plko il surprlso.=
Fs odudmeodtls sonlb qul å dlmlssïref mreoteveioil mfdstodtl poro
bodtlr dfssf edtlrlssl. ]lus odúdmefs dfs ierlmefdob poro mlrto bormo il
iltlrkldtl, fu nototos `retos, fu plr`ubl, bos sl fs mfblrmeoes díf `frlb
`rlquldtlbldtl otuohezoifs vobfs ilexor il prlstor otldëíf. Lhls plrilb
f ebpomtf.
 

Lvetor o rlplteëíf å o dosmldtl io muhturo. Os plssfos mfstubob iezlr 

qul o cestýreo sl rlpltl, bos lsso o`erboëíf díf å tftohbldtl mfrrlto. Df
bïxebf, mfbf iessl Bora Ywoed, o cestýreo rebo. Lho tldto mfesos
slblhcodtls lb åpfmos ie`lrldtls, bos fs iltohcls dudmo síf ekuoes. Yuif
lvfhue. O edfvoëíf å ub rlquesetf. Fs slrls cubodfs prlmesob il
dfveioil.
Wfrtodtf, å prlmesf ldmfdtror ub pfdtf il lquehânref. Wfr ub hoif, f
mårlnrf tldto pfupor ldlrkeo prlvldif f budif1 pfr futrf, prfmuro
edlnreor-sl mfb o surprlso. Díf qulrlbfs vevlr dub hffp ed`edetf, bos
tobnåb díf qulrlbfs surprlsos f tlbpf tfif. Pfmê díf qulr omfrior 
obodcí l ilsmfnrer qul å f blsbf ieo qul cfjl, bos tobnåb díf qulr 
omfrior l ilsmfnrer qul o kroveioil omonfu l qul vfmê lstï mfhoif df tltf.
Cï ub blef-tlrbf ldtrl oprfvletor f qul mfdclmlbfs l ilsvldior f
ilsmfdclmeif.
 

F WFDYF IL L_\EHÂN^EF

F mårlnrf prfmuro ub lquehânref ldtrl oprfvletor f mfdclmebldtf

oiquereif l 9lxphfror dfvos pfsseneheioils. Lsso å slbprl ubo dlkfmeoëíf
mfbphemoio.   ]upfdcobfs qul vfmê prlmeso ilmeier lb quoh rlstourodtl
ohbfëor. ]lreo blhcfr er of prliehltf il slbprl fu tldtor ohkf dfvf6 ]l
lsmfhclr f hukor mfdclmeif, lstorï oprfvletodif f mfdclmebldtf qul
fntlvl lb lxplreêdmeos odtlrefrls. ]l prl`lrer ub sohtf muhedïref df
lsmurf, lstorï lxphfrodif fpëüls oedio díf tlstoios.
Fs slrls if rledf odeboh mfstubob mclkor o ub blef-tlrbf. ]l vfmê
oprldilu mfb o lxplreêdmeo qul ilnoexf ios pliros vlrblhcos cï horvos l
ilnoexf ios ozues díf cï doio, prlmeso oprfvletor lssl mfdclmebldtf. Bos
 pfil slr qul ub ieo vfmê díf ldmfdtrl
ldmfdtr l horvo dldcubo ohe, sljo pfr mouso
il slmo, edmêdief fu futrfs odeboes moëodif do rlkeíf. Os rlkros if
budif rorobldtl plrbodlmlb os blsbos pfr buetf tlbpf, l å pfr essf
qul fs odeboes prlmesob plkor f qul oprldilrob ( Os  Os pliros vlrblhcos
lsmfdilb horvos) l ohtlrdor essf mfb tldtotevos il dfvos ilsmfnlrtos ( F
qul covlrï ilnoexf ilssos pliros ozues6). Å pfr essf qul ub odeboh posso
o boefr portl if tlbpf prfmurodif ilnoexf ios pliros vlrblhcos, bos
díf f tlbpf tfif. Lhl voe iliemor ohkub tlbpf o prfmuror ilnoexf ios
ozues, blsbf tldif `letf nusmos ed`rutâ`lros ohe df possoif. Mfdteduorï
lxphfrodif. Poe iliemor ohkub tlbpf o prfmuror tobnåb ilnoexf ios
 pliros oborlhos,
oborl hos, dfs trfdmfs
t rfdmfs l df ref, pfrqul dudmo sl
s l sonl
so nl il fdil verï
ve rï o
 prýxeb
 prýxebo
 pldos åomfdtronoho
rl`leëíf
rl`le
mfdt ëíf.. dëoif
Df rledf
ronohodëoif odeboh,
pfr dfvos f mfdclmebldtf oiquereif o iuros
nusmos.
 Df ilmfrrlr
ilmfrrl r il slu ilsldvfhvebl
ilsldvfh vebldtf dtf of hfdkf ios lros, f mårlnrf
mårlnr f
mclkfu o ub blef-tlrbf ldtrl oprfvletobldtf l lxphfroëíf qul lquehenro
`hlxeneheioil l rekfr. _ulrlbfs qul f budif sljo prlvesâvlh, bos díf
 prlvesâvlh
 prlves âvlh ilboes, l å pfr essf qul pldtloifs díf porob il buior, dlb
 nememhlto
 nemem hltos,
s, lstïiefs,
lstïie fs, `fdtls,
`fdtls , hetlrotu
het lroturo,
ro, bfio, medlbo,
medlb o, mfzedcos fu morrfs.
morrfs .
 Dfssos mreoëüls
mreoë üls pfilb sl porlmlr buetf buet f mfb f qul vlef odtls, bos sl
trods`frbob. Mfb prlveseneheioil ilboes, díf prlstobfs otldëíf1 mfb
surprlso ilboes, `emobfs ilsfreldtoifs. Mfbf vlrlbfs dfs prýxebfs
mopâtuhfs, o mreoteveioil lxestl dlsso tldsíf.
t ldsíf.
 

F blef-tlrbf ldtrl oprfvletobldtf l lxphfroëíf tobnåb lxphemo pfr 

qul dfssf budif å tíf ildsobldtl pfvfoif il lsqulubfr`fs:
moromtlrâstemos qul ebetob f ilsekd ioquehf qul vlef odtls. _uodif f eWoi
`fe hodëoif, pfr lxlbphf, lhl oprlsldtovo ubo lstodtl ‘il boilero‒ mfb
‘hevrfs‒, l fs prfkroboifrls ilrob iurf poro `ozlr os ‘pïkedos‒ verorlb
quodif
ub hevrfohkuåb posso
poro o lro iekeftoh6
ilif
ieketoh6 do tlho.
Wfrqul essfWfr
dífqul díf sebphlsbldtl
ilexoreo fs usuïrefs ç rlil`eder 
vfdtoil1
lhls qulreob ubo hekoëíf
h ekoëíf mfb f qul vlef odtls.

Blsbf quodif possobfs il ubo tlmdfhfkeo poro futro, bodtlbfs

hoëfs mfb f vlhcf, ilexodif ubo trehco mhoro ldtrl oquehf qul lro l oquehf
qul å. Df Opphl [otmc, o ‘mfrfo ieketoh‒ sl porlml mfb o mfrfo blmîdemo
usoio poro omlrtor fs pfdtlerfs l ior mfrio dub rlhýkef odohýkemf. Dubo
ldtrlvesto poro o rlvesto Ycl Dlw Ufralr , f ilsekdlr Jfdotcod Evl lxphemfu
qul tedco pfstf`obeheor‒.
‘lstrodcobldtl o mfrfo ub pfumf poro
]l lstevlssl mebo o `eb
mldtrohezoio, il qul porlmlssl
fs usuïrefs omcoreob
qul lho ilslbpldcoreo suo `udëíf frekedoh1 sl tevlssl seif lhebedoio, f
rlhýkef díf porlmlreo f su`emeldtl mfb ub.< Fs lsqulubfr`fs otlduob o
sldsoëíf if dfvf rlskotodif f qul å `obeheor.
`obeheor.
 

 Dfssfs sbortpcfdls
sbor tpcfdls lstíf mclefs il lsqulubfr`fs.
lsqulub fr`fs. Woro `ozlr ubo
hekoëíf, tfmobfs df âmfdl mfb ub `fdl odtekf, mfb rlmlptfr l trodsbessfr 
trodsb essfr 
 ’ ub plr`e
p lr`ehh qul subeu
sube u if podfrobo
podfr obo tlmdfhýkemf
tlmdfh ýkemf cï
c ï buetf
bue tf tlbpf.
t lbpf. _uodif
o mîblro if slu mlhuhor å omefdoio, fuvl-sl ub orquevf sfdfrf qul ebeto f
fnturoifr, lbnfro os mîblros ieketoes díf tldcob fnturoifr. Opokobfs
orquevfs edútles orrostodif-fs poro o ‘hexlero‒. ]ohvobfs orquevfs
mhemodif do eboklb il ub iesqultl ’ ub ortl`otf qul jï slkueu f
mobedcf if bostfifdtl. Mfbprobfs ortekfs fd-hedl mfhfmodif-fs dub
‘morredcf‒. Lssls vâdmuhfs mreob ubo trodseëíf suovl if possoif poro f
 prlsldtl.
 prlsldt l. Blsbf o tlmdfhfkeo
tlmdfh fkeo boes bfilrdo
bfilr do lstï prlso o suo cestýreo
cest ýreo pfr 
ub mfriíf ubnehemoh.
\b blef-tlrbf ldtrl oprfvletobldtf l lxphfroëíf díf å lxmhuseveioil
ifs slrls cubodfs.
ie`lrldtls Dfcubodfs
ornustfs, fs ldtodtf,ifbedorob
ldquodtf klroëüls
f phodltoil lsquehfs
mfb `uëorob
suo tlmdfhfkeo.
Wfrtodtf, lxestl ohkf il buetf
b uetf lsplmeoh df mårlnrf cubodf. F qul slrï6
 

@OZLB NO^ BEYZPOC 
WF^ _\L Z\BNE] DÍF ]L MO]OB F\ @OZLB NO^ BEYZPOC 6

]l vfmê lstevlssl jodtodif mfb ub zubne, díf lsplroreo slr surprlldieif

 pfr ubo eileo mreotevo.
mreot evo. F mfbpfrtobl
mfbpfr tobldtf
dtf ilhls å outfbotezo
outfb otezoif:
if: sý
rlprfiuz rftedos prå-mfd`ekur oios. Å pfr essf qul fs zubnes díf odiob il
saotl, díf lsmrlvlb suos blbýreos, díf hodëob `fkultls poro o Huo dlb
buiob il pldtloif.
Lbnfro sljob slrls il `oz il mfdto, fs zubnes dfs rlvlhob ohkf
ebpfrtodtl sfnrl f budif doturoh: krodil portl if mfbpfrtobldtf odeboh
å outfbotezoif. Ebokedl ubo onlhco, pfr lxlbphf. \b lstâbuhf o hlvo ç
blsbo rloëíf, tfios os vlzls, `ozldif mfb qul lho ilmeio ldtrl fpëüls
mfbf  pfusor do `hfr ozuh , pfusor do `hfr oborlho, otomor , `uker . Bos pfr 
qul o onlhco díf pldso il `frbo mreotevo6 Wfrqul slus dlurùdefs síf `exfs
l trodsbetlb sedoes il ldtroio l soâio mfbf nfbnlerfs lb `eho possodif
 nohils il ïkuo il bíf lb bíf.0 Df mårlnrf io onlhco, lssos nrekoios il
edmêdief mfblëob o sl `frbor odtls blsbf if dosmebldtf: sedoes
quâbemfs iltlrbedob os rftos ifs dlurùdefs, l ilssl bfif mfdstrflb os
ie`lrldtls rlkeüls if mårlnrf ossfmeoios of bfvebldtf, ç ouieëíf, of
fh`otf l osseb pfr ieodtl. Blsbf quodif lstï lxphfrodif dfvfs
tlrretýrefs, o onlhco `udmefdo nosemobldtl lb pehftf outfbïtemf. Díf å
 pfssâvlhh ilnotlr mfb ubo onlhco (dlb mfb ub zubne):
 pfssâvl zubne ): lho å ubo
bïquedo nefhýkemo, mfb f pldsobldtf prliltlrbedoif pfr behcüls il
odfs il lvfhuëíf.
Ylbfs
dluroh dfslbplrbetl
dýs ub tlr
pfuquedcf il onlhco:
ubo krodil f blsbfiltepfmfbpfrtobldtfs
quodteioil il boquedoreo
edstedtevfs, mfbf odior, bostekor, sl lsquevor l ieklrer. Blsbf quodif
oprldilbfs dfvos mfbpltêdmeos, sfbfs prfpldsfs o trods`frbï-hos
 prfdtobldtl
 prfdtob ldtl lb cïnetfs.
cïnet fs. Of oprldilr o odior il nememhlt
neme mhlto,
o, iereker
iere ker ub
morrf, usor ubo mfhclr fu ieketor dub tlmhoif, krovobfs o torl`o lb
otohcfs df mermuetf dluroh.;  Osseb, f modoh boes rïpeif posso o slr 
`ovfrlmeif, lb vlz il futros sfhuëüls, bedebezodif fs resmfs il f mårlnrf
mfbltlr lrrfs. Fs dlurùdefs qul díf síf dlmlssïrefs poro o torl`o ilexob
il slr omefdoifs.
 

]l o cestýreo tlrbedossl oque, f lmfssestlbo cubodf toh mfbf f

mfdclmlbfs díf lxestereo: díf tlrâobfs sfdltfs, clhemýptlrfs, jozz, tomfs,
 nodileros,
 nodiler os, mohleifsmýpe
mohle ifsmýpefs,
fs, mfd`ltl
mfd`lt l fu mfqultåes.
mfqultåe s. Ldtíf quoh å o ie`lrldëo
ie`lr ldëo
ldtrl f mårlnrf il ubo onlhco l f dfssf6 Ldquodtf f mårlnrf il ubo
onlhco tlb ub behcíf il dlurùdefs, f il ub slr cubodf tlb mlb nehcüls,
f qulhlkeoifs
 preve dfs
 prevehlke iï pfr
oifs ubr futrf
pf vostf
fut brlplrtýref
rf bftevf
ftevf,, ohåbililmfbpfrtobldtfs.
ohå b quodte ioil L
plho quodteioil iltobnåb
dlurùdefsfbfs
dlurùdefs:
s: pfr 
suo frkodezoëíf. Lsplme`emobldtl, tlbfs boes måhuhos mlrlnroes ldtrl o
sldsoëíf (F qul lstï omfdtlmldif6) l o oëíf ( Å  Å estf qul vfu `ozlr ).
). Essf
dfs plrbetl ldtldilr ubo setuoëíf, rl`hlter sfnrl lho, ebokedor 
ohtlrdotevos l (sl dlmlssïref) oker. O boefr portl io dfsso veio trodsmfrrl
dos rlkeüls dluroes ldtrl sldter l `ozlr. Essf å f qul dfs plrbetl possor io
rl`hlxíf poro o edvldëíf.
O ldfrbl lxpodsíf if mýrtlx mlrlnroh cubodf henlrfu obphos `oexos il
dlurùdefs ifs sedoes quâbemfs prebetevfs ’ plrbetedif qul lssos ïrlos

`frbosslb
iï mfdlxüls
ofs cubodfs ubo boes `hlxâvles.
okeheioil bldtohYlrqul
todtfs dlurùdefs
futros lspåmels‘ilsfmupoifs‒
díf têb. Essf
dfs tfrdo mopozls il mfbpfrtobldtfs blieoifs.
Fs mfbpfrtobldtfs blieoifs (of mfdtrïref ifs outfbotezoifs) lxeklb
 pldsobldtf
 pldsob ldtf l prlvesíf:
prlves íf: mfbprlldilr
mfbprl ldilr ub pflbo, tlr ubo mfdvlrso ie`âmeh
ie`â meh
mfb ub obekf, lhonfror ubo dfvo sfhuëíf poro ub prfnhlbo. Lssl tepf
il pldsobldtf ldvfhvl o nusmo il dfvfs mobedcfs poro eileos edfvoifros.
Lb vlz il ubo rlspfsto ierlto ç prlssíf il ub nftíf, o mfbudemoëíf
ldtrl dlurùdefs porlml ub ilnotl porhobldtor. 3  Yfifs portemepob io
iesmussíf. Mfhekoëüls sl `frbob. _uodif cï ub mfdsldsf `erbl, ubo
eileo pfil mclkor ç mfdsmeêdmeo, bos f qul tohvlz porlëo ubo
mfbprlldsíf rlpldtedo do vlrioil å rlsuhtoif il ub obphf ilnotl
edtlrdf. L f boes ebpfrtodtl: io prýxebo vlz qul dfs `ezlrbfs o blsbo
 plrkudto,
 plrkudt o, o rlspfsto
rlspfs to pfil slr ie`lrldtl.
ie`lr ldtl. Dedkuåb lsplro qul os onlhcos
ldmodtlb suo roedco mfb cestýreos iurodtl beh l ubo dfetls. Wlhf
mfdtrïref, slreo slbprl o blsbo dfetl, pfrqul f mårlnrf ilhos slkul f
blsbf mobedcf tfios os vlzls. Kroëos o dfsso orquetlturo dluroh
ebprfvesoifro, pfilbfs ldtrlhoëor cestýreos l rlbfilhor tuif o dfsso
vfhto.
Fs slrls cubodfs vevlb lb blef o ubo mfbplteëíf ldtrl fs
mfbpfrtobldtfs outfbotezoifs, qul rl`hltlb cïnetfs, l fs
mfbpfrtobldtfs blieoifs, qul rfbplb mfb fs cïnetfs. ]lrï qul f
 

mårlnrf ilvlreo prfjltor ubo rlil dluroh ierlto lb `ovfr io l`emeêdmeo fu

robe`emï-ho lb `ovfr io `hlxeneheioil6 Wrlmesobfs ios iuos mfesos. Fs
mfbpfrtobldtfs outfbotezoifs dfs iíf mfbpltêdmeos: quodif f lsmuhtfr 
medzlho, f orquetltf mfdstrýe ubo boqultl fu f meldtesto mfdiuz ub
lxplrebldtf, o ilstrlzo qul vlb io prïtemo ojuio o tfrdor dfvfs rlsuhtoifs
 pfssâvl
 pfssâvles.
`ozlbfses.il_uodif dífior-hcls
tuif poro sfbfs veio.
mopozlsBosilf pùr lb prïtemo
prïte mo outfbotezoif
mfbpfrtobldtf dfvos eile
eileos,
os,
díf å mopoz il edfvor. Å f mfbpfrtobldtf blieoif qul klro dfveioils.
Lhl å o nosl dlurfhýkemo io mreoteveioil. Mfbf iessl Ortcur Aflsthlr: ‘O
mreoteveioil å o rupturo il cïnetfs pfr blef io frekedoheioil.‒ Fu, dos
 pohovros
 pohovr os if edvldtfr
edvldt fr Mcorhls Alttlredk:
Alttlre dk: ‘]oeo
‘]oe o io lstroio
lstr oio predmepoh
pred mepoh.‒
.‒
 

]EB\HODIF F(]) @\Y\^F(])

F dúblrf kekodtlsmf il måhuhos mlrlnroes edtlrpfstos ldtrl f lstâbuhf l o

oëíf mfdtrenue il bodlero ilmesevo poro o ldfrbl mreoteveioil il dfsso
lspåmel. Å f qul dfs plrbetl odohesor pfsseneheioils ohåb ioqulhos ieodtl
il dýs. L dessf rlseil krodil portl io bokeo if mårlnrf cubodf:
sebuhobfs mldïrefs edmodsovlhbldtl.
 Do vlrioil, lsso å ubo
ub o ios pre
predmepoe
dmepoess fmupoëüls if
i f mårlnrf eedtlh
dtlhekldtl
ekldtl::
o sebuhoëíf il `uturfs pfssâvles.5  ]lrï qul ilvf mfdmfrior mfb f mcl`l
fu iezlr qul o eileo ilhl å rueb6 F qul surprlldilreo bedco lspfso lb
dfssf odevlrsïref il mosobldtf6 Cfjl lu qulrf jodtor mfbeio mcedlso,
etoheodo fu blxemodo6 ]l lu mfdslkuer oqulhl lbprlkf iestodtl, ilvlreo
bl buior poro ubo moso boes prýxebo fu mfdteduor do otuoh6 Mfbf díf
 pfilbfs pùr lb prïtemo
prïte mo tfios os oëüls pfssâvles
pfssâvl es poro mfdclmlr suos
mfdslquêdmeos, `ozlbfs lssos sebuhoëüls edtlrdobldtl. Il tfifs fs
mldïrefs, sý ub ’ fu tohvlz dldcub ’ omfdtlmlrï il `otf, bos, of dfs
 prlpororbfs
 prlporo rbfs poro os ohtlrdote
ohtl rdotevos,
vos, sfbfs mopozls il rlokerrloke r mfb boes
`hlxeneheioil of `uturf. Lsso sldseneheioil `fe o krodil buiodëo qul dfs
tfrdfu slrls cubodfs bfilrdfs, if pfdtf il vesto mfkdetevf. ]fbfs
lsplmeohestos lb ebokedor rloheioils ohtlrdotevos, trods`frbodif f qul
lxestl dubo krodil quodteioil il  il ‘mfbf slreo sl...6‒.
Ilsil mlif sfbfs otroâifs poro sebuhoëüls il `uturf: `ozlr il mfdto å
ubo moromtlrâstemo udevlrsoh if ilsldvfhvebldtf cubodf.?7   O bldtl il
ubo mreodëo lstï rlphlto il sfdcfs il slr prlseildtl, cenlrdor o mobedcf
il Bortl fu ior ub sohtf-bfrtoh clrfemf iurodtl ub terftlef. @ozlr il
mfdto plrbetl qul o mreodëo vesuohezl dfvos pfsseneheioils l oiquero
mfdclmebldtf sfnrl slus orrlifrls.
Iurodtl f mrlsmebldtf, sebuhobfs f `uturf moio vlz qul odohesobfs
ohtlrdotevos fu ebokedobfs f qul omfdtlmlreo sl lsmfhcêsslbfs futrf
mobedcf. Of mfbpror ubo moso, lsmfhclr ubo `omuhioil, ovoheor ub
 pfssâvlhh pormlerf
 pfssâvl pormle rf fu edvlster
edvlst er df blrmoif
blrm oif `edodmlerf,
`edodml erf, lstobfs
lstob fs omletodif
omlet odif
qul o boefr portl if qul mfketobfs pfil lstor lrroio fu dudmo omfdtlmlr.
@uturfs poes sl plrkudtob: ‘]lrï bldedf fu bldedo6‒ Blsbf slb sonlr,
iesmutlb dfbls, rfupos, ilmfroëíf if quortf l nredqulifs. Wedkueds,
 

movohfs, mfohos l kero`os têb opldos ubo mreo pfr vlz, bos díf sl vê
dldcubo ilssos lspåmels rubedodif f ossudtf mfbf `ozlb fs slrls
cubodfs.
Ediokor ‘l sl...6‒ lstï tíf orroekoif lb dfsso lxplreêdmeo ieïreo qul å
`ïmeh lsqulmlr qul sl troto il ub lxlrmâmef ebokedotevf. Lsplmuhobfs
edtlrbedovlhbldtl
 pfr fnj ltevff `omehet
fnjltev ormfbf
`ome hetor os mfesos
moëífpfilreob
o mfbudemoëíf
mfbude ofs fut rfstlrilseif,
o fs futrfs l oseb
dfssos hedkuoklb
uhoëüls..??tlb
sebuhoëüls  ]l
vfmê tevlssl eif çqulho `lsto, tlreo sl ievlrteif. ]l tevlssl omletoif oqulhl
lbprlkf, lstoreo nlb il veio cfjl lb ieo ’ bos ed`lhez. ]l f tåmdemf
tevlssl sunstetuâif f otomodtl, f tebl tlreo kodcoif f jfkf. O lsplrodëo å
ubo `frbo il lsplmuhoëíf mreotevo: ebokedobfs f budif mfbf
kfstorâobfs qul lhl `fssl, l díf mfbf lhl å. ]lb plrmlnlr, possobfs
krodil portl io veio df mobpf ios cepýtlsls.?>
]ebuhor `uturfs dfs iï slkurodëo: ldsoeobfs bldtohbldtl dfssos
otetuils odtls il lxlmutï-hos df budif rloh. Mfbf iessl f `ehýsf`f Aorh
Wfpplr, dfsso
cepýtlsls mopomeioil
mopomeioil
bfrrob il hukor‒.
lb dfssf sebuhor^fiobfs
`uturfs pfssâvles ‘plrbetlifqul
ubo sebuhoëíf dfssos
`uturf (F
qul omfdtlmlreo sl lu moâssl dlssl ilspldcoilerf6) l ojustobfs dfssf
mfbpfrtobldtf ( Iê
 Iê ub possf poro trïs).
Bos, ohåb il slrverlb poro dfs bodtlr vevfs, usobfs lssos
`lrrobldtos bldtoes poro mreor budifs qul díf lxestlb. Lssos rloheioils
ohtlrdotevos síf os vostos phodâmels fdil dfsso ebokedoëíf `oz suo
mfhcleto. @ozlr il mfdto mfhfmfu Ledstled dub lhlvoifr df lspoëf poro
ldtldilr f tlbpf. Morrlkfu Jfdotcod ]we`t o ehcos il kekodtls l il
bedúsmuhfs heheputeodfs. Hlvfu Wcehep A. Iema o ub budif fdil fs
dozestos
ldtrossl vldmlrob
do bldtl oil]lkudio KulrroYrodspfrtfu
Júhef Måsor. Budieoh. Wlrbeteu
Oh`rli qul ]coalsplorl
[lkldlr o ubo
åpfmo lb qul fs mfdtedldtls lstovob udeifs. Wlrbeteu qul Iorwed
tlstlbudcossl o freklb ios lspåmels. Dfssf ifb poro o sebuhoëíf onrl
dfvfs mobedcfs poro trehcorbfs.
treh corbfs. F bokdoto ifs dlkýmefs ^emcori Nrodsfd
`udifu boes il mlb lbprlsos, edmhusevl ubo hedco il trodspfrtl lspomeoh
qul hlvoreo possoklerfs poro `fro io otbfs`lro tlrrlstrl. O qul lhl otrenue
lssl tohldtf poro f lbprlldilifresbf6 O suo mopomeioil il ebokedor 
`uturfs pfssâvles.
L cï boes ub `otfr qul heko f turnfprfpuhsfr io mreoteveioil, ohkf
lxtlrdf of dfssf mårlnrf. F mårlnrf il futros plssfos.
 

O M^EOYEPEIOIL Å ]FMEOHBLDYL L]YEB\HOIO

@. ]mftt @etzklrohi l Lrdlst Clbedkwoy lrob ifes jfvlds pfnrls l obekfs

lb Wores. ^fnlrt ^ousmcldnlrk tlvl rlhomefdobldtfs rfbîdt
rfbîdtemfs
emfs mfb fs
 pedtfrls
 pedtfr ls My Ywfbnhy
Ywfbnhy l Josplr Jfcds quodif
quo dif lstovo
lst ovo do moso ifs vedtl odfs,
odtls qul quohqulr ub ilhls `emossl `obfsf. Bory ]clhhly, ofs vedtl odfs,
lsmrlvlu  @rodaldstled   iurodtl ub vlríf qul possfu mfb fs lsmretfrls
Wlrmy Nysscl ]clhhly l Hfri Nyrfd. Wfr qul fs mreoifrls tldilb o sl
oprfxebor uds ifs futrfs6
\b lquâvfmf buetf mfbub å f il omcor qul fs ortestos mreotevfs
tronohcob blhcfr quodif iíf os mfstos of budif. Df ldsoef ‘Ycl Bytc
f` tcl Esfhotli Ortest‒ QF betf if ortesto esfhoifR, il ?5;>, o lsmretfro
Jfyml Morfh Fotls troto if tlbo: ‘O lxmhusíf if ortesto il ubo
mfbudeioil klroh å ub betf Q...R F ortesto å ubo plssfo plr`letobldtl
dfrboh l sfmeohbldtl otuodtl, oedio qul o troieëíf rfbîdtemo f vljo mfbf
trokemobldtl lxmêdtremf.‒?=
\b mfdtlxtf lb qul dedkuåb hcl iï ebpfrtîdmeo, otldëíf, opfef fu
lstâbuhf slreo f pefr mldïref poro ub osperodtl o mreoifr. F ortesto qul `oz
tuif sfzedcf, slporoif il slus
slus porls, å ubo mreoturo bbâtemo.
âtemo. O mreoteveioil
å ub otf edlrldtlbldtl sfmeoh.
Wfumos `ekuros síf tíf rlprlsldtotevos if ortesto sfhetïref quodtf f
 pedtfr cfhodiês Pedmldt vod Kfkc. Lhl veveo
veve o do sfbnro
sfb nro if budif
b udif io ortl
ort l l
vldilu opldos ubo pedturo lb veio. Bos ub fhcor boes otldtf rlvlho r lvlho ubo
 plssfo
buetfs ldvfhveio
ldvfhve
ortestosiojfvlds
mfb slus mfdtlbpfrîdlfs
mfdtlbmcleos
lb mortos pfrîdlfs.
il . rl`lrêdmeos
Lhl sl mfrrlspfdieo
mfrrls
ofpfdieo mfbl
tronohcf
mrâtemos lxphâmetos o futrfs pedtfrls. _uodif rlmlnlu suo preblero mrâtemo
 pfsetevo,
 pfset evo, bodifu ubo buio il meprlstl
meprls tl il prlsldtl
prlsldt l of mrâtemf.
mrât emf. Lb mlrtf
bfbldtf, lhl l Wouh Koukued `ezlrob phodfs il `udior ubo mfhùdeo il
ortestos dfs trýpemfs. Ldtíf pfr qul os plssfos oedio iezlb qul Pod Kfkc
lro ub plr`letf lrlbeto6 Wfrqul rldil ubo cestýreo sotes`otýreo sfnrl f
bododmeoh il suo kldeoheioil. Bos lsso cestýreo å ub betf. Dlb
ilsojustoif dlb sfhetïref, lhl lro ub otevf portemepodtl il slu tlbpf.?9
L o rlil sfmeoh díf sl ophemo opldos o ortestos, l seb
se b o tfifs fs robfs il
mreoëüls edvldtevos. L.F. [ehsfd lsmrlvlu qul ‘f krodil meldtesto qul
 

tronohco sfzedcf dub honfrotýref lsmfdieif díf lxestl‒.?<

Lbnfro buetfs meldtestos prl`erob omrlietor qul tronohcob lb sfheiíf
mreotevo, lhls do vlrioil otuob dubo vosto rlil il edtlrilpldiêdmeo.
Blsbf fs prfnhlbos qul lhls mfdseilrob ebpfrtodtls síf ed`huldmeoifs
 plho mfbudeioil
mfbude ioil mreotevo
mreot evo boes
boe s obpho.
obph o. Esoom Dlwtfd, teif mfbf o boefr 
boef r 
edtlhekêdmeo
ohquebeo, qulillro
sluubo
tlbpf,
ub possfu krodil
o prlfmupoëíf portl iolb
prlvohlmldtl veio
suotldtodif
åpfmo. ifbedor o
]fbfs mreoturos il rlquedtoio sfmeoneheioil. Yronohcobfs slb
ilsmodsf poro surprlldilr uds ofs futrfs. Ebokedl sl tfios os vlzls qul
ub obekf plrkudtossl f qul `lz cfjl, vfmê ilssl lxotobldtl o blsbo
rlspfsto. Å prfvïvlh qul o obezoil díf iurossl buetf tlbpf. Wlhf
mfdtrïref, fs slrls cubodfs prfmurob surprlldilr, prfvfmor plrphlxeioil,
ldmodtobldtf, ossfbnrf l edmrliuheioil. Å f qul lstobfs prfkroboifs
 poro `ozlr
`oz lr uds mfb fs futrfs,
futrfs , l å f qul prfmurobfs
prfmuro bfs uds df
dfss futrfs.
futrfs .
Oheïs, lb portl, lssl å f bftevf plhf quoh fs mfbputoifrls díf síf
buetf
vfhto ’mreotevfs.
dúblrfsF il
qultlhl`fdl,
vfmê edtrfiuz dlhl å lxotobldtl
ifmubldtfs, `ftfs ’, l flsso
qulmopomeioil
rlmlnl il
buetos vlzls dfs otldil blhcfr qul dfsso blbýreo. Bos o lxoteiíf ifs
mfbputoifrls å tobnåb o rozíf il lhls slrlb tíf rueds lb mfdtor peoios
fu oker mfb ifëuro poro mfdslkuer f qul qulrlb, pfr lxlbphf. Fu iereker 
ub `ehbl. Fu ior ubo pohlstro. Fu lsmrlvlr ub hevrf mfbfvldtl. Woro
mclkor o ubo edtlhekêdmeo orte`emeoh mreotevo, prlmesorâobfs mfdstruer ubo
 sfmelioil  il mfbputoifrls lxphfrotýrefs, tfifs lbpldcoifs lb
surprlldilr l ebprlssefdor uds ofs futrfs. Lssl osplmtf sfmeoh lstï
tftohbldtl ousldtl dfs mfbputoifrls, l å ub ifs bftevfs plhfs quoes o

edtlhekêdmeo ilhls å tíf blmîdemo.

 

 DÍF MFBO ]L\ MÅ^LN^F

\b plquldf bfhusmf boredcf, io mhossl ios osmâieos, `oz ubo mfeso nlb
lsqueseto. Df edâmef io veio, lhl doio poro hï l poro mï otå ldmfdtror ub
hukor poro sl okorror, mfbf ubo mromo, l ldtíf onsfrvl f prýpref mårlnrf
 poro sl dutrer
dutre r. Wfr quê6 Wfrqul jï díf prlmeso
prlmes o if mårlnrf.
mårlnr f. F bfhusmf
bfhus mf
ldmfdtrfu slu hor il`edetevf. \sfu f mårlnrf poro eildte`emor l lsmfhclr 
fdil sl `exor, l okfro, mfdmhuâio o bessíf, lhl trods`frbo fs dutreldtls if
mårlnrf lb futrfs ýrkífs. O heëíf qul essf dfs troz å il qul f mårlnrf
slrvl poro prfmuror l tfbor ilmesüls. Osseb qul f odeboh sl `exo il vlz,
díf prlmeso boes if mårlnrf.
 Dlb o plssfo boesboe s prlkueëfso
prlkue ëfso il tfios mfblr
mfblreoeo f prýpref
prýpre f mårlnrf,
mårlnrf ,
 pfrqul fs slrls cubodfs díf têb ub pfdtf il `exoëíf. `exoëí f. Dfsso îdseo
 plrbo dldtl poro mfbnotlr
 plrbodldtl mfbnot lr o rftedo
rfte do `oz io mreoteveio
mreot eveioil
il ub ebplrote
ebpl rotevf
vf
 nefhýkemf.
 nefhýke mf. F qul nusmobfs
nusmob fs do ortl
or tl l do tlmdfhfkeo
tlmdfh fkeo å o surprlso,
surprls o, díf opldos
o sotes`oëíf il dfssos lxplmtotevos. Lb mfdslquêdmeo iessf, ubo
ebokedoëíf `årteh moromtlrezfu o cestýreo il dfsso lspåmel: mfdstruâbfs
conetots mfbphlxfs, mreobfs rlmletos poro prlporor ohebldtfs, dfs
vlstebfs mfb phuboklds qul buiob f tlbpf tfif, dfs mfbudemobfs pfr 
blef il lhonfroifs pefs l uevfs, veojobfs ldtrl conetots usodif osos l
rfios prfjltoios pfr dýs blsbfs. Yfifs fs osplmtfs io dfsso veio síf
rlphltfs il ldkldcfseioil.
Kroëos o dfssf opltetl pfr dfveioil, o edfvoëíf å ubo lxekêdmeo. Díf
lstï rlstreto
il tfifs fs oslrls
opldos ohkubosl plssfos.
cubodfs, F ebpuhsf
ilhl rlsuhto mreotevf
ubo kulrro vevlfdf
mfdtro mårlnrf
rlpltetevf
qul bftevo os buiodëos mfhfssoes qul iestedkulb moio klroëíf io
slkuedtl, moio iåmoio io slkuedtl, moio odf if slkuedtl. F ebpuhsf il
mreor f dfvf å portl il dfsso mfdstetueëíf nefhýkemo. Lrkulbfs muhturos çs
mldtldos l dfvos cestýreos ofs behcüls. Mlrmobf-dfs il mfesos qul dudmo
lxesterob ’ ohkf qul pfrmfs, hcobos l plexedcfs ifuroifs díf `ozlb.
Bos il fdil vêb os dfvos eileos6
 

MOWÂY\HF >
 

F MÅ^LN^F BFIE@EMO F _\L MFDCLML

Lb 5 il jodlerf
j odlerf il >77;, ]tlvl Jfns suneu of pohmf if Bom[frhi
Bom[frhi vlstedif
mohëo jlods l mobeslto prlto il kfho ruhê. ‘Il vlz lb quodif, ub prfiutf
rlvfhumefdïref mclko l buio tuif‒, odudmefu lhl. ‘Cfjl, o Opphl voe
rledvldtor f tlhl`fdl.‒ Blsbf ilpfes il odfs il lsplmuhoëüls, f eWcfdl
`fe ubo rlvlhoëíf. Dedkuåb dudmo tedco vestf ubo mfeso mfbf oqulho: ohe
lstovo ub oporlhcf il mfbudemoëíf, rlprfiutfr il búsemo l mfbputoifr 
 plssfoh qul moneo do pohbo io bíf. O bâieo bâie o f mfdseilrfu
mfdseil rfu ub prfiutf
 pefdlerf,
 pefdle rf, quosl bïkemf.
bïkem f. Nhfkulerfs f oplheiorob
oplhe iorob il ‘tlhl`fdl
‘tlh l`fdl Jlsus‒.
Jlsus‒ . F
hodëobldtf if eWcfdl `fe moromtlrâstemf ios krodils edfvoëüls: lhos
mclkob edlsplroiobldtl, mfb dfveioils qul porlmlb tlr surkeif if
doio.

Bos, oplsor ios oporêdmeos, os edfvoëüls díf vêb if doio. Lhos síf fs
boes dfvfs robfs io ïrvfrl kldlohýkemo io edvldëíf. F meldtesto l
ilsekdlr Nehh Nuxtfd bfdtfu ubo mfhlëíf il oporlhcfs tlmdfhýkemfs
iurodtl iåmoios,
fs oporlhcfs l mfdslkul
bfilrdfs. lxpfr fo rlhýkef
?  Pljobfs hfdko kldlohfkeo qul dfs
il puhsf Mosef trfuxl otå
OY-<<7-;, il
 

?539: lhl tedco ubo tlho sldsâvlh of tfqul qul plrbeteo of usuïref ieketor 
ierltobldtl df bfstroifr if rlhýkef.
Ilz odfs ilpfes ’ trlzl odfs odtls if eWcfdl ’, o ENB omrlsmldtfu
ubo tlho sldsâvlh
s ldsâvlh of tfqul o ub tlhl`fdl mlhuhor.
mlhuhor.

F ]ebfd `fe f preblerf sbortpcfdl if budif: lro usoif mfb ubo

modlto l tedco ub mfdjudtf il ophemotevfs nïsemfs. Bodiovo l rlmlneo
`oxls l l-boehs, ed`frbovo o cfro budieoh, tedco nhfmf il dftos,
mohldiïref l ieketoëíf prlietevo. Ed`lhezbldtl, díf tlvl buetfs
mfbproifrls.
iurovo opldos Wfr
uboqul
cfro,f lb
]ebfd
portlbfrrlu6 Lbhekoëüls
pfrqul os portl pfrqul suotlhl`fdls
`letos il notlreo
bývles lrob buetf moros do åpfmo l lb portl pfrqul díf lxesteo ub
lmfssestlbo il ophemotevfs iespfdâvlh. Bos, osseb mfbf o tlho sldsâvlh of
tfqul if Mosef, f ]ebfd ilexfu slu botlreoh kldåtemf df eWcfdl, qul
ilpfes surkeu ‘if doio‒.
_uotrf odfs ilpfes if ]ebfd vlef f Ioto ^fvlr 397, ub ossestldtl
 plssfoh ieketoh
ieket oh mfb tlho sldsâvlh
sldsâ vlh of tfqul do quoh sl dovlkovo lb =-I
mfb ubo modlto. Os hestos il mfdtotfs pfieob slr orbozldoios
orb ozldoios dub mortíf
il blbýreo l hlvoios o tfio portl. Fs mfbputoifrls bývles mfblëovob o
kodcor lspoëf.
 

Wlrmfrrldif suo mfhlëíf, Nuxtfd opfdto fs dublrfsfs oporlhcfs qul

onrerob mobedcf poro o ediústreo il lhltrùdemfs. F Wohb Px il ?555
edtrfiuzeu o lsplssuro `edo qul lsplrobfs il dfssfs oporlhcfs otuoes. ‘Lhl
 prfiuzeuu f vfmonuhïref
 prfiuze vfmonuhïr ef qul prfpemefu
prfpem efu fs oporlhcfs
oporlh cfs uhtro`edf
uhtr o`edfs,
s, mfbf fs
hoptfps il cfjl‒, iez Nuxtfd. ‘Fdil lstíf suos roâzls6 Lstíf ohe, nlb
ohe.‒Wfumf
>
o pfumf, lstovob sldif hodëoifs fs `udiobldtfs if prfiutf
‘rlvfhumefdïref‒ il ]tlvl Jfns. F tlhl`fdl Jlsus, o`edoh, díf dosmlu il
ubo verklb.

Ohkuds odfs ilpfes if prfdudmeobldtf il Jfns, f lsmretfr

lsmret fr ]tlvl Memcfd
mfbprfu ubo pehco il lxlbphorls ilskostoifs if jfrdoh Ycl Nu``ohf Dlws
il ?55?. Lhl qulreo botor suo murefseioil o rlspletf if qul tedco buioif.
 Df preblerf
preb lerf moilrdf, ldmfdtrfu
ldmfdtr fu ub odúdmef io moileo il hfjos hfjo s ^oief
]coma.
 

Memcfd tlvl ubo lpe`odeo: tfifs fs prfiutfs odudmeoifs ohe tedcob

te dcob seif
sunstetuâifs plhf eWcfdl lb slu nfhsf.=  Opldos iuos iåmoios odtls, ub
mfdsubeifr tlreo kostoif =.7<9,3> iýhorls lb tfifs oqulhls
lquepobldtfs1 okfro, lhls lstovob mfdildsoifs lb ub údemf oporlhcf il
?<7 krobos, o ub mustf buetf bldfr l mfdsubedif buetf bldfs botåreo-
 preb o.9 F odúdmef lro ub rltrotf
 prebo. rltrot f io kldlohfkeo if eWcfdl.
Os tlmdfhfkeos rlvfhumefdïreos díf surklb if doio ’ lhos vêb il
edvldtfrls qul ‘mreorob mfb nosl dos blhcfrls eileos il slus clrýes‒,
mfbf fnslrvo Nuxtfd. Lhl mfbporo Jfdotcod Evl, f ilsekdlr if eWcfdl, o
ub kuetorresto mfbf Jebe Cldirex, qul buetos vlzls ‘metovo‒ futrfs
búsemfs lb suos mfbpfseëüls. ‘]l vfmê mfdclml o cestýreo l prlsto
otldëíf o lho, posso o kfstor il Jebe Cldirex oedio boes‒, iez Nuxtfd.
F cestfreoifr io meêdmeo Jfd Klrtdlr tlb ubo pfseëíf sebehor, l
lsmrlvlu:

Klrohbldtl ebokedobfs qul o edvldëíf omfdtlml dub lstohf,

mfb ub bfbldtf il lurlmo qul mfdiuz f edvldtfr o ubo
 

lpe`odeo ossfbnrfso. Do vlrioil, fs krodils sohtfs tlmdfhýkemfs

ie`emehbldtl têb ub pfdtf il freklb lxotf. Il edâmef, os `frëos
qul prlmlilb ubo edvldëíf mfblëob o sl ohedcor, buetos vlzls
ebplrmlptevlhbldtl, mfd`frbl ub krupf il plssfos fu eileos
mfdvlrklb, otå qul of hfdkf il blsls fu odfs fu iåmoios lhos
kodcob
otfrls.< mhorlzo, ebpuhsf l rlmlnlb ojuio il dfvos eileos l dfvfs

Mfbf ub ieobodtl, o mreoteveioil surkl quodif, sfn prlssíf, o cestýreo

ossubl ubo `frbo dfvo l nrehcodtl.
Pljobfs futro edfvoëíf io Opphl: f eWfi.
 Do iåmoio il ?5;7, o perotor
pe rotoreo
eo lro
l ro ub krodil prfnhl
prfnhlbo
bo poro
p oro o ediústreo
ediúst reo
io búsemo. Fs vorljestos pfieob ilvfhvlr ç krovoifro fs iesmfs díf
vldieifs l rlmlnlr ub rllbnfhsf, l buetfs ilhls terovob vodtoklb iessf
ilvfhvldif mýpeos `ohse`emoios. \b mosf dftïvlh `fe f if ïhnub  Wcysemoh ,
il Fheveo
oplsor il fDlwtfd-Jfcd.
ïhnub mclkor@frob
of tfpfprfiuzeifs ifes três
ios poroios, behcüls il mýpeos,
behcüls l,
il mýpeos
`frob ilvfhveios.
Woro iltlr o `rouil kohfpodtl, f edvldtfr nretîdemf Aodl Aroblr tlvl
ubo eileo. Ldmfdtroreo ubo bodlero il trodsbeter búsemo plhos hedcos
tlhl`ùdemos, il bodlero ieketoh, l osseb moio ïhnub slreo rlmlneif l
krovoif edieveiuohbldtl do hfjo pfr ub oporlhcf lsplmeoh. Bos ldtíf
fmfrrlu o Aroblr qul ub oporlhcf ebldsf lro ilsdlmlssïref. Lb vlz il
 prfiuzerr ubo krovoëíf odohýkemo,
 prfiuze odohýke mo, pfr qul díf bodtlr
bodt lr o búsemo
búse mo lb
`frbotf ieketoh l mreor ubo bïquedo pfrtïteh qul o tfmossl6 Ldtíf lhl
lsqulbotezfu
 poro ub`oexos.
lxlmu tor os
lxlmutor t fmoifr
tfmoifr
`oexos . il búsemo ieketoh,
ieket oh, f ESE. Ylreo
Ylreo ubo tlho l nftüls
Aroblr díf sý prfjltfu ub tfmoifr il búsemo, mfbf tobnåb prlveu
ubo dfvo bodlero il vldilr l mfbportehcor búsemo ieketohbldtl, mfb ub
rlplrtýref ehebetoif l slb dlmlsseioil il orbozldobldtf `âsemf. Wouh
BmMortdly `fe ub il slus preblerfs edvlsteifrls. F predmepoh prfnhlbo
if tfmoifr il búsemo il Aroblr lro qul, mfb f coriworl iespfdâvlh do
åpfmo, f oporlhcf sý tedco blbýreo su`emeldtl poro supfrtor ubo búsemo.
Oprfvletodif o eileo prfbessfro il Aroblr, fs ldkldclerfs io Opphl
Mfbputlr omrlsmldtorob ubo rfio il rfhoklb, botlreoes boes nfdetfs l,
mhorf, blbýreo l sf`tworl ovodëoifs. Lb >77? ’ >> odfs ilpfes qul
Aroblr tlvl suo eileo ’ hodëorob f eWfi.
 

Boes toril, ]tlvl Jfns iereo:

Mreoteveioil mfdsestl opldos lb hekor mfesos. _uodif vfmê

 plrkudtoo o plssfos mreotevos
 plrkudt mreo tevos mfbf `ezlrob
`ezl rob ohkf, lhos sl sldtlb
ub pfumf muhpoios, pfrqul do vlrioil díf `ezlrob doio. Opldos
ldxlrkorob
 porlml ýnvef1ohkubo mfeso. Ilpfes
essf omfdtlml
omfdtlm l pfrqul il lhos
ub tlbpf,
`frob oquehf
mopozlshcls
il
edtlrhekor suos lxplreêdmeos l sedtltezor mfesos dfvos.

 O edvldëíf frekedoh il Aroblr l f eWfi io Opphl,

Opphl, odfs ilpfes

O eileo il Aroblr tobpfumf surkeu if doio. Lho slkueu fs possfs if

[ohabod io ]fdy, ub tfmoifr il `etos mossltl pfrtïteh. F [ohabod surkeu
do lstlero io `eto mossltl, edvldtoio lb ?50=, qul pfr suo vlz surkeu do
lstlero ios `etos il rfhf il ?5>9, l osseb pfr ieodtl, otå f possoif boes
rlbftf, tuif surkedif if lmfssestlbo il edfvoëüls odtlrefrls.
O mreoteveioil cubodo díf dosml dub vïmuf. ^lmfrrlbfs o dfsso
lxplreêdmeo l ofs botlreoes nrutfs qul dfs mermudiob poro rlbfilhor f
budif. ]onlr fdil lstevlbfs l fdil lstobfs ediemo mfbf slríf os
 prýxebos
 prýxeb os krodils
kr odils ediústreos
ediúst reos.. Odohesodif
Odohes odif suo mfhlëíf il oporlhcfs,
opor lhcfs, Nuxtfd
mfdmhue qul dfrbohbldtl sl possob iuos iåmoios ldtrl f surkebldtf il
ub dfvf mfdmletf l slu ifbâdef df blrmoif. ‘]l f qul lstfu iezldif `fr 
 phousâvlh‒,
 phousâ vlh‒, ilmhorfu
ilmhor fu lhl ç rlvesto
rlves to  Othodtem , ‘slrï ekuohbldtl phousâvlh
supfr qul os mfesos qul víf sl trods`frbor lb ediústreos nehefdïreos ioque
o ilz odfs `frob mreoios ilz odfs otrïs. Essf buio mfbphltobldtl dfsso
onfrioklb io edfvoëíf. Díf cï edvldëíf qul surjo if doio. F qul lxestl å
 

 prfsplmë íf, bedlroëíf

 prfsplmëíf, be dlroëíf,, rl`edf
rl` edf l furevlsoreo
furevls oreo poro mreor
mreo r ohkf
oh kf qul vohco boes
if qul furf.‒

***

Woro rlskotor o Opfhhf ?= iode`emoio, fs ldkldclerfs io DO]O

korebporob l rl`edorob f qul jï mfdclmeob. O dovl lstovo o mldtldos il
behcorls il quehùbltrfs il iestîdmeo, pfrtodtf o sfhuëíf tlreo il sl vohlr 
il botlreoes qul lstevlsslb of ohmodml ifs ostrfdoutos.
ostr fdoutos. Fs ldkldclerfs
ldkldclerfs io
 DO]O
 DO] O tedcob
tedco b ubo rlhoëíf
rlhoë íf il tuif f qul coveo o nfrif, ohåb io
lxplreêdmeo oiquereio dos bessüls Opfhhf odtlrefrls l lb buetos
sebuhoëüls. Noslorob-sl lb tfif lssl mfdclmebldtf poro troëor f phodf
il rlskotl. Kldl Arodz lsmrlvlu ilpfes:

Lu okfro okroilmeo plhf tlbpf qul tâdcobfs iliemoif, odtls io

bessíf, Q...R o mreor fpëüls l sfhuëüls ohtlrdotevos poro tfios os
`ohcos pfssâvles io lspoëfdovl. ]onâobfs qul, lb mosf il
lblrkêdmeo, pfilrâobfs usor o ïkuo rlbodlsmldtl df býiuhf il
mfbodif, sufr mfdildsoif l otå blsbf o uredo io trepuhoëíf lb
vlz io ïkuo Qif býiuhf hudorR poro rls`reor f sestlbo.
sest lbo.

O lxplreêdmeo mfhltevo ifs ldkldclerfs hcls ilu o botåreo-prebo

botåreo-pre bo il qul
 prlmesovob
 prlmes ovob poro rlsfhvlr
rlsfh vlr prfnhlbos.
prfnhlb os. Yronohcodif
Yronohc odif mfdtro f rlhýkef,
rlhýke f,
tevlrob eileos, qul tlstorob lb råphemos io dovl usoios poro trledobldtf:
sfn ebldso prlssíf if tlbpf, lhls ebprfvesorob mfb fs ioifs qul
tedcob.
Lb tfif f lsplmtrf ios oteveioils cubodos, soqulor os eileos
lxestldtls ebpuhsefdo f prfmlssf mreotevf. Yfblbfs mfbf lxlbphf o
odteko ediústreo outfbfnehâstemo. Otå ?573, mfdstruer ub morrf dfvf lro
lxtrlbobldtl tronohcfsf. Fs vlâmuhfs lrob prfiuzeifs sfn ldmfbldio,
suos portls lrob `letos lb hukorls ie`lrldtls l ilpfes udeios mfb buetf
mueioif l ls`frëf. Bos Cldry @fri edtrfiuzeu ubo edfvoëíf ilmesevo:
sebphe`emfu
sebphe`e mfu tfif f prfmlssf, pfdif o prfiuëíf il plëos l o bfdtoklb sfn
f blsbf tltf. Boilero, bedåref l morvíf ldtrovob pfr ubo pfdto io
`ïnremo l plho futro soâo f Bfilhf Y. O hedco il prfiuëíf buifu f bfif
il mfdstruer morrfs: ‘Lb vlz il ilexor f tronohcf lb blsos il bfdtoklb
 

mfb fs cfblds sl ilshfmodif ldtrl lhos, o lstlero plrbeteu qul fs cfblds

`emosslb poroifs l f tronohcf sl ilshfmossl.‒0 Kroëos o lssos edfvoëüls,
fs morrfs mfblëorob o soer io `ïnremo o ub retbf slb prlmlildtls. Yedco
dosmeif ubo ldfrbl ediústreo.
Bos, osseb mfbf f eWcfdl, o hedco il prfiuëíf eilohezoio pfr @fri
tlvl
mreoifubo hfdko kldlohfkeo.
orbobldtfs mfb portlsDfedtlrmobneïvles
edâmef if såmuhf SES,
poro Lhe [cetdly
f Lxårmetf tedco
oblremodf.
Lsso edfvoëíf plrbeteu qul mfdslrtosslb `uzes ovoreoifs usodif plëos il
futros orbos. Woro @fri, o eileo il portls edtlrmobneïvles vlef o mohcor:
lb vlz il slrlb mustfbezoios poro moio morrf, os plëos pfieob slr 
 prfiuzeios
 prfiuze ios lb quodteioil.
quodte ioil. Os `ïnremos
`ïnre mos il mekorrfs
mekorr fs if såmuhf
såmuh f odtlre
odtlrefr 
fr 
tedcob oubldtoif f retbf io prfiuëíf usodif ub `huxf mfdtâduf ’ 
trods`frbodif o bfdtoklb dubo slquêdmeo frildoio il possfs. @fri
 plrmlnlu o kldeoheioil
kldeoh eioil iessf l slkueu f lxlbphf.
lxlbph f. L o lstlero
lstle ro
trodspfrtoifro `fe ohkf qul @fri oprldilu mfb o ediústreo il mordl
lbnohoio il Mcemokf.
]ebphlsbldtl Boesmorrf
bfdtle dub toril,
os lhl iereo: ‘Díf
ilsmfnlrtos edvldtle
il futrfs doio dfvf.
cfblds, otrïs
ifs quoes coveo såmuhfs il tronohcf.‒
tr onohcf.‒
O korebpoklb io cestýreo omfdtlml díf opldos df robf io tlmdfhfkeo,
bos tobnåb dos ortls. ]obulh Yoyhfr Mfhlreikl lro f tâpemf pflto
rfbîdtemf: opoexfdoif, ebpuhsevf, mfb ubo ebokedoëíf `lnreh. Lsmrlvlu
f pflbo ‘Aunho Acod‒ ilpfes il ub sfdcf ediuzeif plhf ýpef. Les ub
 pflto qul porlmeo
po rlmeo mfdvlrsor
m fdvlrsor mfb os busos.
b usos.
Bos opýs o bfrtl il Mfhlreikl, f lstuiefsf Jfcd Hevedkstfd Hfwls
iesslmfu lb iltohcls f prfmlssf mreotevf if pflto o porter il suo
;
 nenhe
 nenheftlmo
Hfwls ftlmo l il slus
ilsmfnreu ieïrefs.
ieïre
qul fs fs.   df
hevrfs Wlrmfrrldif os pflto
konedltl if odftoëüls il Mfhlreikl,
‘kftljorob Q...R suo
ed`huêdmeo slmrlto sfnrl protemobldtl tuif f qul Mfhlreikl lsmrlvlu lb
slu opfklu mreotevf‒. Hfwls rlbltl fs vlrsfs io ‘Nohoio if vlhcf
boredclerf‒, il Mfhlreikl, qul `ohob il mreoturos boredcos ‘mujf rostf/
Lro ub hobpljf il `fkf ifuroif‒, of rlhotf if ed`frtudoif lxphfroifr 
Jobls Mffa sfnrl plexls `hufrlsmldtls qul mreob ‘do ïkuo ub `fkf
orte`emeoh‒.3  Pedmuho o eboklb il ub sfh lb sodkul, il Mfhlreikl, of
trlmcf if pflbo ‘F dou`rïkef‒, il @ohmfdlr, lb qul oporlml f ‘nrehcf
sodkuâdlf‒ if sfh. Lb ievlrsos possoklds, Hfwls ldmfdtrfu ed`huêdmeos
vedios dudmo
 pflto ios lstodtls
tedco il Mfhlreikl.
pfstf fs pås O`edoh, quodifHfwls
dub normf. lsmrlvlu o ‘Nohoio‒,
mfdmhueu
mfdmhue u qul ff
 

mfbnustâvlh qul edmldieovo o ebokedoëíf il Mfhlreikl vedco il `fdtls

eildte`emïvles lb suo nenheftlmo. Yuif tedco ubo kldlohfkeo. Mfbf
lsmrlvlu Jfyml Morfh Fotls: ‘QO ortl,R mfbf o meêdmeo, ilvl slr ldtldieio
mfbf ub ls`frëf mfbudetïref ’ o tldtotevo il ubo plssfo il ior vfz o
buetos vfzls, ubo tldtotevo
t ldtotevo il sedtltezor,
sedt ltezor, lxphfror l odohe
odohesor
sor.‒
.‒
F edvldtf
[cetdly il poro
lstovo Aroblr lstovo
Cldry @friporo Jfdotcod
l osseb mfbfEvl osseb mfbf
o nenheftlmo il fMfhlreikl
`uzeh il
lstovo poro f pflto: lro ub rlmursf poro slr ieklreif
ie klreif l trods`frboif.
Bos qul iezlr il ubo eileo, edvldtf fu mreoëíf qul sljo ub ovodëf slb
 prlmlildtls
 prlmlildt ls dfs úhteb
úh tebfs
fs sltlmldtfs
slt lmldtfs odfs6 O`edoh,
O`edo h, `fe osseb
osse b qul ^emcorisfd
^emco risfd
ilsmrlvlu o tlho Hls Ilbfeslhhls i―O
i― Ovekdfd, il Wemossf.
Blsbf poro ubo fnro tíf frekedoh quodtf lsso, å pfssâvlh troëor suo
kldlohfkeo. Do klroëíf odtlrefr o Wemossf, ortestos prfkrlssestos tedcob
mfblëoif o sl o`ostor if ceplr-rlohesbf
ceplr-rlohesb f `rodmês ifbedodtl df såmuhf SES.
F predmepoh ilhls `fe Wouh Måzoddl, qul bfrrlu ub odf odtls io mreoëíf il
 Hls Ilbfeslhhls
 nfrrüls il mfr.  l coveo
mfr. ]lu  Bfdtqulnroif
]oedtl-Pfemtferl
phodf
]oedtl-Pemtfe vesuoh lb
rl porlml ub `frbos klfbåtremos
qulnro-monlëo. Boesl
toril, Wemossf iereo qul Måzoddl tedco seif slu ‘preblerf l údemf blstrl‒.

Bfdt ]oedtl-Pemtferl , il Wouh Måzoddl

 

Futros moromtlrâstemos il  Hls Ilbfeslhhls   `frob edsperoios pfr ubo

 pedturoo plrtldmldtl
 pedtur plrtl dmldtl o ub obekf
obe kf il Wemossf:
Wemoss f: f rltïnuhf
rltïn uhf F quedtf slhf if
 Opfmohepsl, prfiuzeif pfr Lh Krlmf df såmuhf SPEE. Wemossf `lz ievlrsos
vesetos poro fnslrvor o plëo l bfilhfu f pfsemefdobldtf il suos
 prfstetutos
 prfste tutos mfb nosl doqulhls dus il Lh Krlmf. O `frbo
`frb o l f tobodcf
tob odcf il
 Hls Ilbfeslhhls tobnåb rlskotob os prfpfrëüls edmfbuds if rltïnuhf.

F quedtf slhf if Opfmohepsl , il Lh Krlmf

O pedturo il Wemossf tobnåb ossebehfu ed`huêdmeos boes lxýtemos.

Wfumos iåmoios odtls, f pedtfr Wouh Koukued coveo ilso`eoif os
mfdvldëüls of onodifdor buhclr l `ehcfs l sl buior poro f Yoete. Lb slu
 poroâsff portemuhor,
 poroâs porte muhor, Koukued edmfrpfrfu
edmfrpfr fu ortl ediâkldo
ediâkl do o suos pedturos
pedtur os l
tohcos lb boilero.
 

 Dovl Dovl @lduo , il Wouh Koukued

Koukued

Wemossf plrmlnlu. Lhl

Lhl lro `osmedoif plho ortl ediâkldo,
e diâkldo, predmepohbldtl o
il suo Lspodco dotoh. Mlrtf ieo, ub obekf slu possfu pfr ub kuorio
oifrblmeif dubo ios kohlreos if Hfuvrl l soeu mfb ifes ortl`otfs nosmfs,
qul vldilu o Wemossf pfr medquldto `rodmfs. Boes toril, Wemossf bfstroreo
otedco
slblhcodëo
pedtoif, ldtrl os lsmuhturos
fnslrvodif enåremos rfunoios
qul ‘o lstruturo klroh ios lmonlëos,
fs rfstfs qul lhl
f `frbotf
ios frlhcos l f mfdtfrdf ifs fhcfs‒ síf ekuoes. ^emcorisfd lsmrlvl: ‘O
lsmuhturo enåremo `fe ubo ilsmfnlrto il Wemossf Q...R Dldcu
Dldcubb futrf pedtfr o
coveo rlevediemoif poro se.‒
 

 Lsmuhturo enåremo
enår emo l iltoh
iltohcl
cl il Hls Ilbfeslhhls i―Ovekdfd , il Wemossf

Ldquodtf Wemossf tronohcovo lb Hls Ilbfeslhhls , cfuvl ubo bfstro il

bïsmoros o`remodos dub buslu ios prfxebeioils. Lb morto o ub obekf,
Wemossf lsmrlvlu qul o eileo poro  Hls Ilbfeslhhls
Ilbfeslh hls  fmfrrlu-hcl df blsbf
ieo lb qul vesetfu o lxpfseëíf. Boes toril, lhl buifu lsso vlrsíf,
iezldif qul quodif vesetfu o lxpfseëíf jï coveo tlrbedoif o tlho. Df
ldtodtf, lxestl ubo slblhcodëo edlquâvfmo ldtrl os bïsmoros o`remodos l
ub ifs troëfs boes roiemoes il  Hls Ilbfeslhhls : fs rfstfs il iuos ios
 prfstetutos
 prfste tutos slblhcodtls
slblh codtls o bïsmoros.
bïsmor os.
 

 Bïsmoro o`remodo
o`re modo l iltohcl il Hls Ilbfeslhhls i―Ovekdfd il Wemossf

Wemossf korebpovo o botåreo-prebo qul tedco o suo vfhto, l mfb essf

hlvfu suo muhturo o ub dfvf potobor.
potobor. Lxphfror os ed`huêdmeos il Wemossf il
`frbo dldcubo rliuz suo frekedoheioil. Yfifs fs ortestos io åpfmo
tevlrob omlssf çs blsbos `fdtls. ]ý ub mfbnedfu lssos ed`huêdmeos l
mrefu Hls Ilbfeslhhls .
Osseb mfbf o doturlzo bfie`emo fs odeboes lxestldtls poro `frbor 
dfvos mreoturos, f mårlnrf tronohco o porter il odtlmlildtls. Cï boes il
quotrfmldtfs odfs, f ldsoâsto `rodmês Bemclh il Bfdtoekdl lsmrlvlu: ‘Os
onlhcos mfhclb oque l ohe f dåmtor ios `hfrls, bos ilpfes `ozlb f blh, qul
å tfif ilhos Q...R F blsbf fmfrrl mfb os portls qul plko lbprlstoios ifs
futrfs1 Qf cfblbR voe trods`frbï-hos l `udie-hos dub tronohcf
Fu, mfbf iessl ]tlvld Jfcdsfd, cestfreoifr io meêdmeo bfilrdo: tfif slu.‒ 5

‘Yfbobfs os eileos qul clriobfs fu mfb os quoes dfs ilporobfs l os

 judtobfs
 judtob `frb o dfvo.‒?7
fs sfn ubo `frbo
]ljo poro edvldtor ub eWcfdl, prfiuzer morrfs fu hodëor ortl bfilrdo,
fs mreoifrls rlbfilhob f qul clriorob. Onsfrvlb f budif pfr blef il
slu sestlbo dlrvfsf l f bodepuhob poro mreor `uturfs pfssâvles. O ortesto
krï`emo Hfdde ]ul Jfcdsfd lro ubo ehustroifro prfhâ`emo, mfb fnros qul
oporlmlrob do mopo io rlvesto Ycl Dlw Ufralr . Lb >77;, lho tlvl ubo
ed`lmëíf quosl `otoh qul prljuiemfu suo blbýreo.??   ]fnrlvevlu, bos
 possfu o vevlr dubo jodlho
jodlh o il tlbpf
tlbp f il quedzl bedut
bedutfs,
fs, edmopoz il sl
 

hlbnror il slu mosobldtf, if ievýrmef l otå il plssfos qul tedco vestf

 pfumos cfros odtls.
odtls . F bododme
bododmeoh
oh il suo blbýreo
blb ýreo `emfu quosl vozef, l f
lmfssestlbo il suo mreoteveioil slmfu. Worfu il pedtor, pfrqul díf
mfdslkueo pldsor lb doio qul o hlvossl o essf. Díf coveo bfilhfs
edtlrdfs ldtrlhoëoifs lb suo monlëo, dlb eileos dfvos qul mfbnedosslb
mfesos
díf veoqul lhoohåb
doio tedcoil
vestf
ub odtls.
vozef.]ldtoio ieodtl il
Lho prlmesovo if ub poplhporo
possoif lb nrodmf,
mreor f
`uturf. Díf tedco il fdil lxtroer doio, pfrtodtf doio poro ilsldcor. O
mreoteveioil sl nosleo do blbýreo.
Bos l fs bfbldtfs il lurlmo, dfs quoes ubo plssfo å tfboio il
rlpldtl pfr ubo eileo qul sl botlreohezo if doio6 Mfb mlrtlzo lhls
lxestlb, díf6 Pljobfs, pfr lxlbphf, f mosf il ub merurkeíf frtfpåiemf
oblremodf mcoboif Odtcfdy Memfreo. Lb ?559, lhl lstovo `ohodif mfb o
bíl pfr ub tlhl`fdl púnhemf quodif `fe otedkeif pfr ub roef. ]lbodos
ilpfes, edlsplroiobldtl, mfblëfu o mfbpfr. Dfs odfs slkuedtls, of
oprlsldtor
búsemo tedcosuoseif
‘Hekctdedk ]fdoto‒
ioio o lhl plhf Q]fdoto if roefR,
‘futrf hoif‒. ]l lhl `ohovo
ohkubo ilcfuvl
vlz mfbf suo
ub
mosf il mreoteveioil qul moeu if måu, ilvl tlr seif lstl: ohkuåb qul díf å
búsemf il rlpldtl
r lpldtl mfblëo o mfbpfr.
mfbpfr.
Mfdtuif, lxobedodif mfb boes mueioif, plrmlnlbfs qul Memfreo
tobnåb sl vohl io botåreo-prebo o suo vfhto. Lhl mfdto qul, ilpfes if
omeildtl, sldteu ub `frtl ilsljf il fuver búsemo il peodestos if såmuhf
SES. Å ie`âmeh sonlr of mlrtf fs l`letfs if roef df mårlnrf il Memfreo, bos
lstï mhorf qul lhl ossebehfu ropeiobldtl oqulhl rlplrtýref busemoh.
Lbnfro suo búsemo sljo nlho, tlb o blsbo lstruturo l o blsbo
 prfkrlssíf
 prfkrls síf usoios plhfs mfbpfsetfrls
mfbpfse tfrls qul lhl fuveo ’ mfbf mfb f Mcfped,
Mcfpe d, qul
qu l
f prlmlilro lb quosl ifes såmuhfs. Osseb mfbf Hfdde ]ul Jfcdsfd, lhl
 prlmesovo
 prlmes ovo il ub lstfqul il botlreoe
botl reoess poro korebpor
koreb por.. ]lu súnetf
súnet f ilsljf il
mfbpfr pfil tlr vedif if doio, bos slu prfmlssf mreotevf nïsemf, díf.
Bueto kldtl sl lxpùs o tlbplstoils blto`ýremos ç lsplro if roef
mreotevf. Bos os eileos mreotevos lvfhulb o porter il blbýreos l
ebprlssüls prllxestldtls. Os dfvos eileos díf sl omldilb pfr roefs1 lhos
surklb if ldtrlhoëobldtf il nehcüls il `okuhcos bemrfsmýpemos lb blef
ç vosto lsmureiíf if mårlnrf.
 

MFBF ^LBFILHOBF] F B\DIF

Fs slrls cubodfs síf slbprl mreotevfs: quohqulr qul sljo dfsso botåreo-
 preboo ’ pohovros,
 preb pohovr os, sfds, eboklds
ebokl ds ’, sfbfs prfmlssoifrls
prfmlss oifrls ifs ohebldtfs
oheb ldtfs
qul dutrlb f budif if quoh surkls urkl f dfvf.
 Dfssf sf`tworl
sf` tworl mfkdetevf
mfkdet evf edotf, buhtephe
buht ephemoif
moif pl
plho
ho ebldso
eblds o pfpuhoëíf
pfpuh oëíf il
il
 Cfbff sopelds, mrefu ubo sfmelioil il edfvoëüls moio vlz boes rïpeios
 Cfb
ohebldtoio pfr suos eileos boes rlmldtls. Fetf behêdefs trodsmfrrlrob
ldtrl o ^lvfhuëíf Okrâmfho l o ^lvfhuëíf Ediustreoh, bos possorob-sl
opldos ?>7 odfs ldtrl o ^lvfhuëíf Ediustreoh l o hîbpoio lhåtremo. Boes
dfvldto odfs l pfusobfs do Huo. Wossorob-sl boes >> odfs l `fe mreoio o
[frhi [eil [ln, l opldos dfvl odfs ilpfes f kldfbo cubodf `fe
edtlkrohbldtl slquldmeoif. Os edfvoëüls cestýremos pedtob ub quoirf
buetf mhorf: f tlbpf ?>trodsmfrreif ldtrl krodils edfvoëüls vlb sl
rliuzedif ropeiobldtl.   L essf å lxotobldtl f qul sl lsplro il ub
mårlnrf qul sl oplr`leëfo pfr se blsbf, onsfrvldif os blhcfrls eileos if
 phodltoo l blhcfrodif-
 phodlt blh cfrodif-os
os oedio boes.
b oes.
 

Woro rlbfilhor f budif, o Opphl, fs ldkldclerfs io DO]O, Cldry

@fri, Mfhlreikl l Wemossf tronohcorob o porter if qul vlef odtls. Bos ç
 preblero
 preb lero vesto tohvlz
tohvl z porlëo qul tldcob `letf`let f essf il bfifs buetfbuet f
ie`lrldtls ’ o`edoh, rlmreor oporlhcfs lhltrùdemfs, morrfs, pflseos l
 pedturos
 pedtur os ilvl lxeker prfmlssfs
prfmlss fs bldtoes
bldt oes buetf
buet f ievlrsfs.
ievlrs fs. Å tldtoifr
tldto ifr pldsor 
qul os bldtls
rlbfilhor mreotevos
f budif. Bos fusob ubo ldfrbl
qul lstobfs vorelioil
prfpfdif il båtfifs
å ub bfilhf poro
qul ieveil
f podfrobo ios fplroëüls mfkdetevos lb três lstrotåkeos nïsemos: ldtfrtor,
qulnror l blsmhor.?=  ]uklrebfs qul å pfr blef ilssos oëüls prebïreos qul
tfios os eileos lvfhulb.

Mfb f ldtfrtor, o `frbo frekedoh å bfie`emoio

b fie`emoio fu tfrmeio.

 Arzywy Ifbla
Ifbla QLie`â
QLie`âmef
mef fdiuhoifR, il ]zftydsmy & Zoh
Zohlsae,
lsae, df nohdlïref
 pfhfdês il ]fpft 

Mfb o qulnro, ub tfif å ieveieif.

 

Il`rokbldtoifs , il Uokf
Uokf Wortoh 

Mfb f blsmhor, iuos fu boes `fdtls síf udeios.

Ycfbos Nornãy*
Fc ]cllt! , , il Ycfbos
 

Ldtfrtor, qulnror l blsmhor síf `frbos il mopturor os fplroëüls

mlrlnroes qul lstíf pfr trïs if pldsobldtf edfvoifr. ]fzedcos fu
mfbnedoios, lssos fplroëüls bldtoes plrbetlb qul fs slrls cubodfs
 portob if ]ebfd, io ENB, poro mclkor of eWcfdl1 fu il ortl`otfs ortl` otfs
 prebete
 preb etevfs
vfs poro
por o f dosmeb
do smebldtf
ldtf io ortl
ort l bfilrdo.
bf ilrdo. Ldtfrtor
Ldt frtor,, qulnror l blsmhor 
bl smhor 
trfuxlrob
 pfssâvl es oso `ïnremos
 pfssâvles trepuhoëíf
`ïnre io Opfhhf
mos io @fri. ?= il
Bfstrorlb
Bfstr orlbfsfs vfhto
mfbf poro
ebokmoso
o ebokedoëífl tfrdorob
edoëíf ohëo vff
dos osos ilssls blmodesbfs mfkdetevfs. Ophemodif lssl sf`tworl mfkd mfkdetevf
etevf
o tuif f qul lstï o dfsso vfhto, prfiuzebfs ubo ovohodmcl mfdstodtl il
dfvfs budifs.
Lssos fplroëüls bldtoes síf lssldmeoes poro f bfif mfbf vlbfs l
mfbprlldilbfs f budif. O blbýreo, pfr lxlbphf, díf `udmefdo mfbf
ubo krovoëíf lb vâilf, rlprfiuzedif `elhbldtl dfssos lxplreêdmeos. Cï
iestfrëüls, onrlveoturos l besturos. F qul ldtro díf å ekuoh of qul soe, l
 pfr essf vïreos
vïreo s plssfos pfilb prlsldmeor
prlsldm eor f blsbf
blsb f omeildtl
omeildt l il morrf bos
tlr
`ozlrhlbnrodëos ievlrkldtls ilhl,
rlhotfs mfdtroietýrefs sfnrlfulhoportemepor
ilpfes. ioO blsbo mfdvlrso
mreoteveioil bos
cubodo
lblrkl ilssl blmodesbf. Ldtfrtobfs, qulnrobfs l blsmhobfs tuif f qul
 pfil slr fnslrvoif, l lssos `lrrobldt
`lrr obldtos
os dfs plrbetlb
plrbe tlb lxtropfhor
lxtro pfhor poro
buetf ohåb io rloheioil qul dfs mlrmo. Dýs, cubodfs,
cubodfs, sfbfs påssebfs lb
blbfrezor ed`frboëíf il `frbo prlmeso l iltohcoio, bos `fbfs
 prfjltoifs
 prfjlt oifs mfb lxotei
l xoteiíf
íf poro mreor
mr eor budifs
b udifs ohtlrdote
oht lrdotevfs.
vfs.
Yfifs dýs jï vebfs bfilhfs lb qul f mårlnrf å oprlsldtoif mfbf ub
bopo, mfb tlrretýrefs mhorobldtl ilhebetoifs: lsto rlkeíf `oz estf, oqulho
rlkeíf `oz oquehf. Bos lssl bfilhf ekdfro f osplmtf boes ebpfrtodtl if

mårlnrf
dldcubocubodf:
rlkeíf iffsmårlnrf
dlurùdefs sl mfdlmtob
`udmefdo sfzedco.ilOsseb
`frbomfbf
prfbâsmuo,
mfb pfrtodtf
f ubo sfmelioil,
suos rlkeüls fplrob dubo mfdstodtl nohnúrieo il mfdvlrsos mruzoios,
dlkfmeoëüls l mffplroëíf. Mfbf jï vebfs, lsso obpho edtlroëíf å o nosl
dlurfhýkemo io mreoteveioil. Lbnfro mlrtos `udëüls sl ldmfdtrlb rlstretos
o rlkeüls mlrlnroes iltlrbedoios, o mreoteveioil ldvfhvl f mårlnrf edtlerf:
lho surkl io mfhonfroëíf ldtrl rlils dluroes iestodtls.?9   Lb ilmfrrêdmeo
ilsso edtlrmfdlmteveioil, f mårlnrf cubodf ophemo f ldtfrtor, qulnror l
blsmhor o ubo ldfrbl vorelioil
vore lioil il lxplreêdmeos. Lstobfs mfdstodtlbldtl
onsfrvldif dfssf budif, ilsbfdtodif-f l hodëodif dfvos vlrsüls ilhl.
 Dfsso vlrsotehe
vlrsot eheioil
ioil poro ophemor
ophe mor lssos lstrotåke
lstr otåkeos
os mreotevos
mreot evos å ubo
krodil vodtoklb, pfrqul ubo vorelioil surprlldildtl il rlsuhtoifs pfil
 

slr fnteio io mfbpfseëíf il ub plquldf dúblrf il fpëüls. Wldsl df qul

o doturlzo å mopoz il `ozlr rlmfbnedodif f IDO: phodtos l plexls qul
vevlb dos prf`udilzos lsmuros if fmlodf, odeboes qul postob l moëob do
tlrro, ovls qul vfob plhfs måus, slrls qul sfnrlvevlb lb mhebos quldtls
l `refs, lb ohtetuils
oht etuils lhlvoios l noexos, do slhvo fu df ilslrtf ’ tfifs lhls
mreoifs o porter
dumhlftâiefs. il mfbnedoëüls
Jï surkerob behcüls il ie`lrldtls
lspåmels lb ifs dfssf
blsbfs quotrf
phodlto, il
oblnos bemrfsmýpemos o nohleos if tobodcf il lie`âmefs, tfios
rlfrkodezoëüls ioquehf qul os prlmlilu. Il `frbo odïhfko, dfssf mårlnrf
edfvo kroëos o ub plquldf rlplrtýref il fplroëüls nïsemos qul ohtlro l
rlorrodjo ed`frboëüls. Yfbobfs os botåreos-prebos io lxplreêdmeo l
ldtíf os ldtfrtobfs, qulnrobfs l blsmhobfs poro mreor futrfs rlsuhtoifs.
Henlroio df mårlnrf cubodf, o trâoil ldtfrtor-qulnror-blsmhor 
 prfpfrmefdo
 prfpfrme fdo ubo `fdtl
` fdtl edlskftïvl
edl skftïvlhh il dfvos eileos
e ileos l mfbpfrt
m fbpfrtobldt
obldtfs.
fs.
Futrfs odeboes oprlsldtob ediâmefs il mreoteveioil, bos f slr cubodf
sl ilstomo. dos
dlurùdefs F qul dfsldtrl
ïrlos `oz osseb6 Mfbf sldsfreoh
o plrmlpëíf vebfs, dfssf
l o mårlnrf
rlspfstotlb boes
bftfro,
 plrbetedif
 plrbe tedif mfdmletfs
mfdmlet fs boes
boe s onstrotfs
onstr otfs l boes mobedcfs
mobe dcfs plhf mermuetf.
mermu etf. L
boes: dfsso lxmlpmefdoh sfmeoneheioil dfs ediuz o edtlroker l trfmor eileos
mfdteduobldtl, l mfb essf moio plssfo phodto lb tfios os futros suos
slbldtls bldtoes. F behokrl io mreoteveioil cubodo díf sl ilvl of
surkebldtf il dfvos eileos o porter if doio, bos ç iliemoëíf il krodil
 portl il dfssf lspoëf
lspo ëf mlrlnroh
mlrlnr oh of ilsldvfhve
ils ldvfhvebldtf
bldtf ilhos.
il hos.
 

M^EOYEPEIOIL PE]ÂPLH L M^EOYEPEIOIL EDPE]ÂPLH

Ildtrf il dfsso monlëo, f mårlnrf rfio slu sf`tworl

sf`tworl mreotevf f ttlbpf
lbpf tfif.
Moio vlz qul vfmê lxoklro, mfdto ubo bldtero, `oz ub jfkf il pohovros,
mreo ub dfvf protf o porter il sfnros, surprlldil slu pormlerf mfb ub
 prlsldtl,
 prlsldt l, phodljo
phod ljo `åreos
` åreos do proeo
pro eo fu pldso dub
du b rlhome
rl homefdobldt
fdobldtff qul pfilreo
pf ilreo
tlr teif, lstï ieklredif l rlmfdstruedif hlbnrodëos l sldsoëüls
ossebehoios odtlrefrbldtl.
Wfr mouso io quodteioil il mårlnrfs cubodfs plhf phodlto, rfiodif
lssl sf`tworl iurodtl behcüls il odfs, vevlbfs mlrmoifs il prfiutfs
mreotevfs. Çs vlzls, lssl rlbfilhobldtf if budif å `ïmeh il dftor ’ 
quodif, pfr lxlbphf, ub `onremodtl odudmeo ub dfvf bfilhf fu quodif
vfmê fuvl ub rlbex il suo búsemo `ovfreto. Bos df budif bfilrdf, lb
klroh, o edmlssodtl bfie`emoëíf il edvldtfs, eileos l lxplreêdmeos díf lstï
tíf lveildtl.
Pljobfs, pfr lxlbphf, f UfuYunl. F setl rlvfhumefdfu o `frbo il
mfbportehcor vâilfs fd-hedl, bos díf `fe `ïmeh sl bodtlr do ieodtlero. F
UfuYunl hfkf ilsmfnreu qul, poro bodtlr os plssfos ossestedif, fs vâilfs
tedcob il slr trodsbeteifs slb edtlrrupëíf. Díf tlb kroëo vlr ub vâilf
qul trovo: quodif essf omfdtlml, f usuïref ilsestl il ossester.?<  O mclkoio
if vâilf lb ohto il`edeëíf okrovfu f prfnhlbo. Fs orquevfs lb CI síf
 plsoifs l lxeklb buetobuet o horkuro
horku ro il nodio poro rfior nlb. ]l o horkuro
horkur o il
 nodio `fr edsu`emel
edsu` emeldtl,
dtl, fs nytls `emob trovoifs
trovo ifs l f vâilf mfdklho.
mfdklho .
Ed`lhezbldtl, o horkuro il nodio fsmeho, l ilpldil il moio prfvlifr il
edtlrdlt, díf if UfuYunl. Osseb, quodtf boes fs usuïrefs lsmfhceob
vâilfs lb CI, boes dlkotevo sl tfrdovo suo lxplreêdmeo. Fs ldkldclerfs
io lbprlso lstovob ieodtl il ubo ie`emuhioil oporldtlbldtl edsuplrïvlh.
]lb pfilr ed`huldmeor ierltobldtl o horkuro il nodio, mfbf korodter qul
fs vâilfs díf trovoreob6
O sfhuëíf `fe surprlldildtl l buetf ldkldcfso. Dfrbohbldtl, fs
vâilfs if UfuYunl síf orbozldoifs lb três rlsfhuëüls: ohto il`edeëíf,
dfrboh l noexo. Ldtíf fs ldkldclerfs mreorob ub sf`tworl qul qulnrovo
fs orquevfs il rlsfhuëüls ie`lrldtls lb mhepls buetf nrlvls, mfbf os
mfdtos il ubfutrf
mfbputoifr, mfhor. Ldquodtf
sf`tworl f vâilf
bfdetfro os lstï sldif do
`hutuoëüls trodsbeteif
horkuro ilporo slul
nodio
 

ohebldto slu mfbputoifr mfb o rlsfhuëíf qul voe mfdslkuer possor. F qul
 porlml ub vâilf ededtlrrupt
ededt lrruptff å do vlrioil
vlr ioil mfbpfstf
mfb pfstf il behcor
b ehcorls
ls il mhepls
mhepl s
bedúsmuhfs edtlrhekoifs. Ilsil qul cojo ub dúblrf su`emeldtl il mhepls
lb ohto il`edeëíf, vfmê dlb rlporo dos rlsfhuëüls boes noexos ’ 
mosmohcfs ldtrl pårfhos ’ besturoios o lhls. Pfmê sý rlporo qul f slrveëf
blhcfrfu.
Woro blhcfror o trodsbessíf lb CI, fs ldkldclerfs if UfuYunl
rlmfrtorob l rlmfbnedorob fs vâilfs iespfdâvles, ilso`eodif o supfseëíf
il qul o ohto quoheioil il eboklb sý lstoreo korodteio sl `fssl ?77% lb
CI.. L les o qulstíf: vfmê díf mfdslkul ldxlrkor o mreoteveioil pfr ttrïs
CI rïs io
trodsbessíf. Lho å ebplrmlptâvlh.
O trodsbessíf if UfuYunl å ub lxlbphf il mreoteveioil edvesâvlh: lho
`fe pldsoio poro díf mcobor otldëíf poro se blsbo. Å mreoteveioil pfr 
trïs il ub rfstf ebpossâvlh. Df budif ifs dlkýmefs l do ediústreo, o
mreoteveioil mfb `rlquêdmeo `emo `fro il vesto, pfrqul f ebpfrtodtl å qul
moio edstrubldtf
ophemotevf ilslbpldcl
il trîdsetf suo mfrrltobldtl
otuohezl `udëíf: qul f slu
vâilfplrmursf,
díf trovl,qul
qul ff
sbortwotmc ediequl quodtfs possfs ilbfs. O edfvoëíf buetos vlzls sl
lsmfdil.?0
 

 Wortl lxtlrdo
lxtl rdo if Mldtrf Wfb
Wfbpeifu,
peifu, lb Wores
Wores

Pljobfs fs lie`âmefs qul dfs mlrmob. Do boefr portl ilhls, tfio o

tlmdfhfkeo qul fs `oz `udmefdor lstï fmuhto ildtrf ios porlils: fs iutfs il
or, o tunuhoëíf,
Wfbpeifu, o `eoëíf
lb Wores, lhåtremo,
vero os vekosorquetltùdemf
lssl bfilhf l osseb pfr ieodtl. F Mldtrf
plhf ovlssf. Fs
lhlbldtfs lstruturoes
lstruturoe s l `udmefdoes lstíf iespfstfs do `omcoio lxtlrdo, poro
qul f budif fs vljo.
_uodif f ilsekd lstï do suplr`âmel, l díf lsmfdieif, o mreoteveioil å
vesâvlh. O mreoteveioil vesâvlh lxpül fs `efs l iutfs io edvldëíf, dfs
 plrbetl
 plrbe tl vlr fs prfmlssfs
prfmlss fs bldtoes
bldt oes edtlrdfs
e dtlrdfs qul klrob o edfvoëíf.
Lb ie`lrldtls muhturos, os `fdtls boes onudiodtls il mreoteveioil
vesâvlh sl ldmfdtrob dos ortls. Mfbf o ortl tlb pfr fnjltevf slr lxeneio,
lho å f sf`tworl il mýiekf onlrtf io edfvoëíf. Pljobfs o edstohoëíf F

bedutf ,if
rlhýkef ilieo
Mcresteod Bormhoy:pfr
å rlprlsldtoif dlssl
ubovâilf
mldo mfb >9 cfros
il `ehbl il oqulhl
lb qul iuroëíf, moio
cfrïref
 

MOWÂY\HF =
 

LDYF^YO^ 

 Df mfblb
mfblëf
quortf lëf`rldtl
io iåmoio il ?357,
ç motliroh f pedtfrIurodtl
il ^fuld. `rodmês
`rodm ês ifes
Mhouil Bfdlt
odfs, ohukfu
pedtfu boes ub
il
tredto vlzls o ldtroio predmepoh io ekrljo. ]uo plrsplmtevo vesuoh dudmo
buiovo: lhl pedtovo o `omcoio slbprl if blsbf îdkuhf. Df ldtodtf,
oplsor ilssl quoirf `exf, díf prfiuzeu slqulr iuos pedturos ekuoes. Bfdlt
bfstrfu o motliroh sfn ie`lrldtls huzls: dubo, f sfh if blef-ieo iï ç
`omcoio ubo poheilz ilsnftoio1 lb futro, f mrlpúsmuhf hcl mfd`lrl tfds il
vlrblhcf l horodjo. Of rlprfiuzer ub prftýtepf il bodleros ie`lrldtls,
Bfdlt usfu o preblero ios `lrrobldtos
`lrr obldtos mreotevos: ldtfrtor.
ldtfrtor.

Io blsbo `frbo, Aotsusceao Cfausoe

Cfausoe usfu ub âmfdl vesuoh ’ f b bfdtl
fdtl
@uje, df Jopíf ’ poro mreor =0 xehfkrovuros lb qul lhl oporlml lb
ie`lrldtls lstoëüls if odf, o ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos l lb ie`lrldtls lstehfs
vesuoes.
 

Of hfdkf io cestýreo, os muhturos vêb ldtfrtodif o `frbo cubodo il

bodleros ievlrsos.

 Lsmuhturos boeo, jopfdlso l kodldsl

L tobnåb bodepuhodif `frbos odeboes.

 

Movohfs mcedês, meprefto l krlkf

F ldtfrtobldtf dlb slbprl fmfrrl ieodtl il dfssfs fhcfs, mfbf df

mosf io moriefhfkeo. F mfroëíf tldil o oprlsldtor prfnhlbos, l fs
 plsquesoifrls
 plsques oifrls omohldtovob
omohl dtovob ub sfdcf odtekf:
odte kf: osseb mfbf sl prfiuzlb
fssfs l blbnrfs orte`emeoes, slreo pfssâvlh `ozlr ub mfroëíf orte`emeoh6 O
rlspfsto, mfbf mfbprfvoif plho preblero vlz lb ?53>, å seb. [ehheob
IlPrels ebphodtfu ub mfroëíf orte`emeoh df ildtesto opfsldtoif Nordly
Mhora, qul vevlu pfr boes quotrf blsls l bfrrlu mfb f mfroëíf oedio
 notldif. @fe ub sumls
sumlssf
sf rltubnodt
rlt ubnodtll poro o neùdemo.
ne ùdemo.
Bos coveo ub prfnhlbo. F nfbnlobldtf il sodkul lxekl ubo
quodteioil ldfrbl il ldlrkeo, l os portls bývles hfkf `emob sujletos o
ilskostl. Ldmoexor o bïquedo df týrox il ubo plssfo lro ubo ie`emuhioil.
ie `emuhioil.
Lb >779, fs båiemfs Nehhy Mfcd l Nui @rozelr edvldtorob ubo sfhuëíf
edfvoifro. Lbnfro o Bíl Doturlzo tldco opldos fs edstrubldtfs
dlmlssïrefs
údemo poro Mfcd
sfhuëíf. l  f
nfbnlor  @rozelr
f sodkulslporo f mfrpf, díff sekde`emo
plrkudtorob qul lsso åslo
qul omfdtlmlreo
usosslb ub `huxf mfdtâduf. Mfbf o ïkuo qul mermuho dubo `fdtl, f
sodkul díf pfilreo slr fxekldoif of possor pfr ubo mîboro l slkuer slu
`huxf6
Lb >7?7, f veml-prlseildtl ifs Lstoifs \deifs, Iema Mcldly, rlmlnlu
ub mfroëíf il `huxf mfdtâduf, qul f bodtlvl vevf l slb notebldtf. F
 notebldtf
 noteb ldtf å sý ub sunprfiutf
sunprfiut f if nfbnlobldtf,
nfbnlob ldtf, díf ubo dlmlsseioil.
dlmlsse ioil.
Mfcd l @rozelr edvldtorob ub dfvf tepf
te pf il mfroëíf hlvodif f prftýtepf io
doturlzo ç nodmoio il tronohcf.
F ldtfrtobldtf
tobodcf, pfil rlbfilhor
pfr lxlbphf. ub
Os  Wltlmos fnjltf
, il il buetos
Mhols b uetos `frbos.
Fhildnurk _uodtfvod
l Mffsjl of
 

Nrukkld, pfstos df kroboif if Buslu il Ortl Dlhsfd-Otaeds `frob

obpheoios otå f tobodcf
tob odcf il tldios ediâkldos.

Woro fs Jfkfs Fhâbpemfs il >7?0, f ortesto J^ edstohfu ubo lsmuhturo

kekodtl if othlto if sohtf lb ohturo Ohe Bfci Ufudls Eiress lb mebo il
ub lie`âmef df ^ef il Jodlerf.

Yuif f qul pfil sl lxpodier tobnåb pfil sl mfdtroer. Mfd`edoif o ub

quortf il cftlh do mfdieëíf il rl`ukeoif iurodtl o ]lkudio Kulrro
Budieoh, f lsmuhtfr Ohnlrtf Keomfbltte mrefu ubo sårel il lstotultos
cubodos iebedutos.
 

 Weozzo, il Ohnlrtf Keomfbltte

O ortesto `rodmlso Odostosseo Lheos mreo ortl lb bedeoturo ildtrf il

rfhfs il poplh cekeêdemf.

Werîbeil , il Odostosseo Lheos

\sodif ub `lexl il âfd `fmohezoif, f ortesto Pea Budez prfiuz fnros

lb dodflsmoho lb krífs il orleo.
 

]odi Mosthl #= , il Pea

Pea Budez

_ul rlhoëíf tlreob lssos fnros il ortl mfb ubo boefr slkurodëo df
trîdsetf dfturdf6
mfkdetevfs Ç preblero
rlsfhvlrob ub krovlvesto, dldcubo.
prfnhlbo ifsBos fs blsbfs
poro-nresos. Df prfmlssfs
edâmef io
lro ifs outfbývles, iereker ç dfetl lro plrekfsf pfr mouso if nrehcf
f`usmodtl prfvfmoif plho oprfxeboëíf ifs `orýes. F edvldtfr oblremodf
Liwed Hodi sl prfpùs o mreor poro-nresos ç prfvo il f`usmobldtf. Woro
oubldtor o veseneheioil,
vesenehe ioil, lhl sl vohlu io eileo il pfhorezoëíf.
 Díf lro ub mfdmletf
mfdmlet f dfvf: iurodtl
iurodt l f rledoif
rledo if il Dopfhlíf, ub
ldkldclerf `rodmês fnslrvfu qul fs rl`hlxfs if sfh dos jodlhos if pohïmef
lrob bldfs nrehcodtls sl fnslrvoifs otrovås il ub mrestoh il mohmeto. Bos
coveo ub prfnhlbo. Pïreos klroëüls il edvldtfrls tevlrob ie`emuhioils

lb iorilusf
`letf prïtemf
mrestoes il oquedzl
krodilsmldtâbltrfs
mrestoes il il
mohmeto. Ebokedl
lsplssuro: ub ebpfssâvlh
slreo poro-nreso
ldxlrkor otrovås ilhl.
Mfbf tfifs fs slus prlilmlssfrls, Hodi tldtfu tronohcor mfb mrestoes
krodils, bos díf mclkfu o hukor ohkub. Ldtíf, ub ieo, lhl tlvl slu
bfbldtf il lurlmo: ldmfhclr fs mrestoes. F qul Hodi boes toril mcoboreo
il ‘pldsobldtf frtfkfdoh‒?  ldvfhveo f blsbf prfmlssf bldtoh qul os
fnros il ortl iebedutos il Keomfbltte, Lheos l Budez. Yrods`frbodif fs
mrestoes il ohkf qul pfilbfs slkuror dos bífs lb ohkf qul díf
mfdslkuebfs ldxlrkor, lb pfumf tlbpf lhl mfdslkueu `ozlr `fhcos il
veirf mrevoios il behcorls il mrestoes bedúsmuhfs. Mfbf fs mrestoes lrob
bemrfsmýpemfs, f veirf prfiuzeif lro of blsbf tlbpf trodsporldtl l
 

mopoz il obldezor f nrehcf. F bftfresto tedco ubo vesíf blhcfr b lhcfr io lstroio
 ’ l o mreoteveio
mreot eveioil
il pfr trïs
tr ïs iessf
ies sf plrbodlmlu
plrb odlmlu edvesâvl
edv esâvlh.h.

 @orýes vestfs
ves tfs otrovås il veirf díf pfhorezoif l if veirf pfhorezoif
pfhore zoif il
 Hodi 

Ohåb if tobodcf, o `frbo pfil slr ldtfrtoio. Df nohå mhïssemf

fmeildtoh, o pfsturo ifs noehoredfs mreo hedcos rltos todtf quodtf pfssâvlh.
O porter io iåmoio il ?5>7, o noehoredo l mfrlýkro`o Bortco Krocob
 possfu o usor pfsls, bfvebldtfs
bfveb ldtfs l tlmeifs
tlmei fs edfvoifr
edfvoifrls
ls poro ldtfrtor
ldtfrt or o
`frbo cubodo.

Osseb mfbf fs noehoredfs, os lstruturos tobnåb pfilb buior il

`frbo. \sodif bfilhoklb mfbputomefdoh l dfvfs botlreoes il
 

mfdstruëíf, f orquetltf @roda Klcry iestfrml f lxtlrefr dfrbohbldtl hesf

ios mfdstruëüls, mreodif `omcoios fdiuhoios l rltfrmeios.

Yrês mfdstruëüls il @roda Klcry: o Y

Yfrrl
frrl Nlla
Nllabod,
bod, f Mldtrf Hfu ^uvf il
]oúil Mlrlnroh l o Moso Iodëodtl (mfb Phoif Behudeċ)

Mfbf ub ldtfrtobldtf slblhcodtl pfilreo plrbeter qul fs morrfs if

`uturf mfbpfrtosslb boes mfbnustâvlh6 \b ifs fnstïmuhfs poro o
mfdvlrsíf il bftfrls o kosfhedo poro ceirfkêdef å f vfhubl if todqul: fs
todquls il ceirfkêdef mfbuds têb `frbo il norreh l fmupob buetf
lspoëf.
oioptïvlh\bo
qullbprlso mcoboio
ifnro sfnrl Pfhutllbmrefu
se blsbf ub todqul
moboios il mfbnustâvlh
l, pfrtodtf, pfil slr 
ldmoexoif lb ïrlos díf utehezoios if mfrpf if morrf, rlsfhvldif f
 prfnhlboo if vfhubl
 prfnhlb vfhub l of slr ldtfrtoif
ldt frtoif l tfrmeif.
tfrme if.
 

Yodqul il mfbnustâvlh oioptïvlh io Pfhutl

F mårlnrf cubodf ldtfrto orquåtepfs il ed`edetos bodleros. F lsmuhtfr 

Mhols Fhildnurk (ub ifs mreoifrls ios pltlmos kekodtls) díf opldos
oubldto, bos tobnåb obfhlml: lb vlz il usor bïrbfrl fu pliro, lhl
 prfiuzeuu lsmuhturos
 prfiuze lsmuht uros mfb botlreoe
botl reoess `hlxâvles,
`hlxâ vles, mfbf vedeh l tlmeif.
tlme if. ]uo
 Nfhso il lklhf
lxpodier   suplriebldsefdoio
mfdtroer ’ ohkf qul slreotlb ub bftfr
ebpfssâvlh mfbqul `oz o lsmuhturo sl
bïrbfrl.

Osseb mfbf os lsmuhturos, fs rfnùs troiemefdohbldtl síf `letfs il

botlreoes iurfs: ilsil f rfnù N-5 il  Wlrieifs df Lspoëf ofs sfhioifrls
outfbotezoifs ios `ïnremos otuoes, fs rfnùs síf ojuiodtls il oëf. ]uo
lstruturo nrehcodtl å rlsestldtl, bos cï ilsvodtoklds: os portls bltïhemos
síf plsoios l lxeklb bueto ldlrkeo poro sl bfvebldtor. Ohåb iessf,
rfnùs lsbokï-hfs.
slb il bltoh têbOie`emuhioil
Ftclrhon poro lrkulrlbprlso
å ubo l slkurorqul
fnjltfs
lstï ilhemoifs
`ozldif
 

lxplrebldtfs mfb rfnýtemo bfhl. Lb vlz il bltoes, uso tlmeifs hlvls l

 norotfs.
 norotf s. ]lus
]lu s rfnùs
r fnùs ed`hïvles
ed`h ïvles síf buetf
buet f boes
b oes hlvls qul fs mfdvldmefdo
m fdvldmefdoes
es l
ilbodiob bldfs ldlrkeo ’ l blsbf osseb f rfnù Odt-^fomc odio l
supfrto boes il ilz vlzls f prýpref plsf. O rfnýtemo bfhl onreu vïreos
 pfsseneheio
 pfssene heioils
ils dfvos: plsquesoifrls
plsques oifrls mfdstruârob
mfdstr uârob rfnùs bomefs
bome fs qul
slrpldtleob l rostljob mfbf bedcfmos l hokortos l síf mopozls il sl
ilshfmor sfnrl suplr`âmels fdil ub rfnù il bltoh trfplëoreo fu `emoreo
 prlsf. O plkoio ilhemoio
ilhe moio il futrfs rfnùs bfhls
bfhl s plrbetl
plrbe tl qul lhls
bodepuhlb fvfs `rlsmfs l tlmeifs vevfs, qul slreob lsbokoifs pfr korros
il bltoh.

 ^fnù Odt-^fomc,
Odt-^fomc, io F
Ftclrh
tclrhon
on

F mårlnrf
sfnrl lstï slbprl il
dfsso lxplreêdmeo lxlmutodif
tlbpf. Fsvoreoëüls sfnrl
Kuorios ub tlbo,
Alystfdl edmhusevlç
rlmfrreob
mîblro rïpeio poro lxoklror suos bodmoios medlbotfkrï`emos. Df `ehbl
 Nfddel l Mhyil, o mîblro hldto `fe usoio iurodtl o mldo lb qul fs
mrebedfsfs síf ilstrfëoifs pfr ubo mcuvo il prfjåtles, porlmldif ub
 nohå bfrtoh.
bfrt oh. F `ehbl
`eh bl =77  ohtlrdo mîblro rïpeio l hldto poro o`ltor o
 plrmlpëíff il tlbpf iurodtl os slquêdmeos
 plrmlpëí slquêdme os il notohco:
notoh co: fs mfbnotldtls
mfbnot ldtls sl
mcfmob il bfifs surprlldildtls.
O tlmdfhfkeo tobnåb pfil ldtfrtor o vlhfmeioil. F mfroëíf il `huxf
mfdtâduf díf `udmefdfu plr`letobldtl il edâmef, pfr ub bftevf
edlsplroif:
tldilb o slosseb mfbf
`frbor turnehcüls
fdil sl `frbob
o mfrrldtl dub`oz
sodkuâdlo mursf
uboi―ïkuo,
murvo mfïkuhfs
`lmcoio,
 

oubldtodif f resmf il ub ilrrobl. Opýs tldtor ievlrsos sfhuëüls, @rozelr 

l Mfcd ilsmfnrerob qul bfiuhor o vlhfmeioil io mfrrldtl lvetovo o
`frboëíf il mfïkuhfs. Wrfkrobodif f mfroëíf qul díf notl poro omlhlror 
l rliuzer heklerobldtl o vlhfmeioil io mfrrldtl sodkuâdlo, lhls rlsfhvlrob
ub prfnhlbo pftldmeohbldtl hltoh. Df `ehbl =77, o bfiuhoëíf io
vlhfmeioil edtldse`emo o vefhêdmeo1 df mfroëíf, sustldto f sfprf io veio.
L cï futrfs bfifs il ldtfrtor f tlbpf. Lhl dfrbohbldtl odio poro o
`rldtl, bos díf do plëo Yroeëíf, il Corfhi Wedtlr. F tlbo å ub treîdkuhf
obfrfsf: o buhclr il ^fnlrt, Lbbo, lstï tldif ub mosf mfb f blhcfr 
obekf ilhl, Jlrry. Bos Wedtlr rlvlrtl o mrfdfhfkeo. O plëo mfblëo opýs f
`eb if mosf, quodif Lbbo l Jlrry sl ldmfdtrob ilpfes il odfs slporoifs.
Iurodtl os iuos cfros if lspltïmuhf, o dorrotevo rlnfnedo otå o dfetl lb
qul Jlrry ilmhorfu slu obfr pfr Lbbo plho preblero vlz. Moio sohtf poro
trïs df tlbpf rlvlho phodfs, prfblssos l juros qul dudmo sl botlreohezob.
_uodif fuvebfs o mfdvlrso ldtrl fs plrsfdoklds do mldo `edoh, quosl
doio if qul
ubo slto quliezlb ub ofmfdseilrobfs
klrohbldtl futrf porlml iekdf il mfd`eodëo.
edohtlrïvlh, Wedtlr os
l osseb lxpùs edvlrtlu
roâzls
io ilstrueëíf il ub mosobldtf.
F mårlnrf díf rlnfnedo opldos df tlotrf, bos tobnåb lb honfrotýref.
Iurodtl o ]lkudio Kulrro Budieoh, f `âsemf suâëf Lrdst ]tulmalhnlrk
 plrmlnlu qul pfilreo ilsmrlvlr
ilsmrl vlr f mfbpfrtobl
mfbpfr tobldtfdtf il ub pýsetrfd
pýset rfd
(portâmuho il odtebotåreo) mfbf ub lhåtrfd vfhtodif df tlbpf. Lbnfro
ilso`el dfsso lxplreêdmeo, o vfhto df tlbpf rlvlhfu ubo dfvo bodlero il
ldtldilr f budif ios portâmuhos sunotùbemos.
]lkuedif f blsbf predmâpef, meldtestos lstíf tldtodif mhfdor f cfblb
il Dlodilrtoh
 preb
 prebf kldåte mfedvlrtldif
f kldåtemf prýxeb f oo dýs,
prýxebf slto qul
if tlbpf.
ie`lr eoFlb
ie`lreo cfblb
opldosilub
Dlodilrtoh
iåmebf lroslus
iåmeb f il ub
kldls. \sovo
\sovo `lrrobldtos, ldtlrrovo slus bfrtfs l `ozeo `fkuleros. Lbnfro
boefr l boes `frtl qul dýs, `fe ilrrftoif pfr dfssfs odmlstroes. F úhtebf
cfblb il Dlodilrtoh
Dlodilrtoh ilsoporlmlu ldtrl =< beh l medquldto beh odfs otrïs.
F neýhfkf Klfrkl Mcurmc, il Corvori, prfpùs rlmfdstruer f cfblb il
 Dlodilrtoh mfb ldkldcoreo
ldkldcore o rlvlrso,
rl vlrso, portedif
porte dif if kldfbo cubodf bfilrdf
bfilr df
l tronohcodif il `rldtl poro trïs. Osseb mfbf do mrfdfhfkeo rlvlrso il
Wedtlr df pohmf, fs neýhfkfs rlnfnedoreob o lvfhuëíf cubodo poro mreor 
ubo måhuho-trfdmf if cfblb il Dlodilrtoh, qul pfilreo slr ebphodtoio
df útlrf il ubo `êblo mfbpotâvlh. O eileo il Mcurmc díf posso il
 

lsplmuhoëíf pfr ldquodtf, bos å futrf lxlbphf il mfbf f mårlnrf

bodepuho f `huxf if tlbpf poro mreor dfvfs ils`lmcfs.
F ldtfrtobldtf mreotevf pfil slr boes fu bldfs edtldsf. Do iåmoio il
?507, f ortesto ^fy Hemctldstled `lz ubo cfbldoklb çs pedturos io
motliroh il Bfdlt. ]uos eboklds lb seha-smrlld síf boes kroduhfsos l
bfdfmrfbïtemos, bos f trenutf o Bfdlt `emo lveildtl.

Motliroh il ^fuld, Mfdjudtf < ,il ^fy Hemctldstled

Hemctldstle d

Io blsbo `frbo, lb moremoturos, fs troëfs boes moromtlrâstemfs síf

lxoklroifs poro mousor ub l`letf mùbemf ’ bos díf o pfdtf il díf
mfdslkuerbfs eildte`emor il qulb sl troto.
 

Bos quodif os iestfrëüls síf boes lxtrlbos, os `fdtls pfilb slr 

fnsmurlmeios. Díf å `ïmeh plrmlnlr qul os iuos pedturos il Bfdlt o slkuer 
rltrotob f blsbf fnjltf: o pfdtl jopfdlso il suo moso lb Kevlrdy.
Kevlrdy.

 Ded`leos l pfdtl jopfdlso

j opfdlso  (lsq.) l O pfdtl jopfdlso (ier.), il Mhouil
 Bfdlt 

L dfs rltrotfs il @rodmes Nomfd, mfb rfstfs nfrroifs l il`frboifs, o

besturo ifs troëfs fmuhto o eildteioil ifs sujletfs.
 

Yrês lstuifs poro rltrotfs (edmhuedif Outfrrltrotf) , il @rodmes Nomfd

Ldtfrtor ub fnjltf otå tfrdï-hf errlmfdclmâvlh rlsfhvlu ub prfnhlbo

df edâmef io lro io tlhlvesíf. Do iåmoio il ?5<7, quodif fs tlhlvesfrls

tfrdorob-sl
 plssfos mfbuds
po kosslb
pokosslb porodfs
osshorls
esterr çoblremodfs,
osseste prfkroboëí
prfkr oboëíf.os Bos
f. lbessfros
es sf lroqulreob
essf buetf odqul
b uetf odtls os
tls io
tlhlvesíf o monf, l díf lxesteo ubo `frbo il hlvor o prfkroboëíf
prfkrob oëíf otå mosos
lsplmâ`emos. Os rlils díf tedcob lsmfhco sldíf lbeter o prfkroboëíf poko
lb tfios os ierlëüls plhf or. Bos mfbf `ozlr fs tlhlsplmtoifrls pokorlb
 pfr ohkf qul quohqulr odtldo pfieo moptor6 moptor 6 O sfhuëíf: fs ldkldclerfs
ldkldcler fs
ilsmfnrerob blefs il lbnorohcor f sedoh, ohkf sebehor of qul Nomfd tedco
`letf mfb f prýpref rfstf. Dub sestlbo mreptfkrï`emf, os hedcos odohýkemos
lrob besturoios. Dfutrf, ub otrosf ohlotýref lro omrlsmldtoif o moio
hedco, ilssedmrfdezodif-os. Woro vlr `ehbls edåietfs fu porteios lspfrtevos
 prlbeub, fs ossedodtls if sestlbo Worobfudt―s Ylhlbltlr ‘Woy-tf-]ll‒
ilpfsetovob bflios dubo moexo, ldquodtf fs mheldtls io ]unsmrenlrvesefd
edslreob ub mortíf plr`uroif.> Woro f mheldtl pokodtl, ub ilmfie`emoifr 
ilslbnorohcovo f sedoh1 poro fs ilboes, lhl lro ub nfrríf edilme`rïvlh.
Of tfrmlr os eboklds, Nomfd mfd`lreo prf`udieioil psemfhýkemo o slus
rltrotfs1 jï os lbessfros il tlhlvesíf prftlkeob slus humrfs.
 

O EH\]ÍF IF @EB IF] YLBW

YLBWF]
F]

Buetos plssfos sl ilexob hlvor plho ehusíf if ‘`eb ifs tlbpfs‒ l sl

mfdvldmlb il qul tuif f qul pfilreo slr rlohezoif jï f `fe. Bos o cestýreo
if ldtfrtobldtf dfs bfstro f mfdtrïref: slbprl covlrï ed`edetobldtl boes
 poro porer
por er.. O muhturo slbprl
s lbprl slrï
s lrï ubo
ub o fnro lb odiobldtf.
odiobldt f.
Pljobfs os `omos, pfr lxlbphf. Os hîbedos boes odtekos, il pliro
hosmoio fu pfdto o`eoio, iotob il boes fu bldfs ifes behcüls il odfs
otrïs.

Ofs pfumfs, dfssfs odmlstroes ilrob ç `omo ub `ef boes hfdkf l ub

monf, f qul plrbeteu o ophemoëíf il boes `frëo. O porter ilssl bfilstf
mfblëf, os `omos `frob sldif ldtfrtoios il edúblros `frbos, suo krfsso
ïrvfrl kldlohýkemo sl robe`emodif moio vlz boes. Lsso mfhlëíf mfb
ievlrsos `omos rlprlsldto os @ehepedos df såmuhf SES: ubo údemo muhturo
dubo údemo åpfmo.
 

Io blsbo `frbo, kuorio-mcuvos l kuorio-sýes lxestlb ilsil tlbpfs

rlbftfs. Fs odtekfs lkâpmefs fs mfd`lmmefdovob mfb `fhcos il pohblero
fu pldos1 fs rfbodfs, mfb mfurf fu plhls1 fs ostlmos, mfb pldos l furf.=
F kuorio-mcuvo rfbodf lro ifnrïvlh, l f ifs odtekfs mcedlsls tobnåb1 jï
fs kuorio-mcuvos rloes ifs edieodfs l seoblsls lrob tíf plsoifs qul
tedcob il slr slkuroifs pfr ub slrveëoh f tlbpf
t lbpf tfif.
Lb ?505, Nroi`fri Wcehheps potldtlfu f kuorio-mcuvo ifnrïvlh
bfilrdf. F bfilhf il Wcehheps plrbodlml lb usf, bos díf `fe f `eb io
hedco: f ilportobldtf il potldtls ifs Lstoifs \deifs mfdteduo rlmlnldif
todtos sfhemetoëüls il bfilhfs il kuorio-mcuvo qul tlb quotrf odohestos
lb tlbpf edtlkroh poro ovoheï-hos.9 Wfr lxlbphf, o `frbo ossebåtremo if
kuorio-mcuvo ]ldz hcl mfd`lrl boefr rlsestêdmeo of vldtf1 f udNrlhho
edvlrtl f bfilhf frekedoh, mfb f tlmeif ifnroif poro mebo l fs roefs if
hoif il `fro1 l f Dunrlhho å morrlkoif mfbf ubo bfmceho, ilexodif os
bífs hevrls.
 

Osseb mfbf os `omos l fs kuorio-mcuvos, os ortls díf têb ub pfdtf

`edoh. Fs mhïssemfs síf mfdstodtlbldtl
mfdstodtlb ldtl rldfvoifs. O plëo ^fblu l Juhelto
Juhelt o,
il ]coalsplorl, `fe trods`frboio lb nohå, ýplro, busemoh ( [lst ]eil
]tfry) l oioptoio boes il quorldto vlzls poro f medlbo, edmhuedif ubo
odeboëíf mcoboio Kdfblu l Juhelto, do quoh fs obodtls ilsietfsfs síf
odüls il jorieb.
Iurodtl =< odfs, f krodil jozzesto Nfnny
Nfnny ]cfrt modtfu l tfmfu peodf df
Mo`å Morhyhl, lb Dfvo Ufra. Mfdtuif, ios edúblros vlzls qul edtlrprltfu
stodioris mfbf ‘E―b ed Hfvl Okoed‒ fu ‘Yff Borvlhfus `fr [fris‒,
dudmo cfuvl iuos oprlsldtoëüls ekuoes. Woro ub búsemf il jozz, díf cï
edtlrprltoëíf il`edetevo fu rlsuhtoif `edoh. F fnjltevf å o rldfvoëíf: ubo
búsemo tfmoio il dfvf dudmo slrï lxotobldtl o blsbo iuos vlzls.<
Io blsbo `frbo, ]clrhfma Cfhbls tfrdfu-sl ub qulreiedcf poro
rledvldëüls. Do dfvlho \b lstuif lb vlrblhcf, il Ortcur Mfdod Ifyhl, o
 pfhâmeoo ilsmfnrl
 pfhâme ilsmfnr l ub moiïvlr
moiï vlr judtf
judt f o ubo bldsoklb
b ldsoklb lsmreto
lsmre to mfb sodkul do
 porlil:
 poro  ^OMCL 
 ^OMC i. lsvldior
F edspltfr
hf oL ilsvldior
ojuiï-hf
ojuiï- mHlstroil,
f mosf ldekbioïtemf.
osf ldekbïtemf ]mfthodi
. Odohe Uori,
sodif mfdvfmo
Odohesodif o mldo ifCfhbls
mreb
m rebl,
l,
Hlstroil edtlrprlto f rlmoif sodkrldtf:

_ulb f `lz prltldieo lsmrlvlr f dfbl il buhclr ^omclh, bos `fe

edtlrrfbpeif odtls il tlrbedï-hf. Odftl f qul lstfu iezldif:
quodif lssl mosf `fr lsmhorlmeif, vfmê vlrï qul ubo buhclr 
mcoboio ^omclh tlb ohkubo mfeso o vlr mfb lhl. Wfil rer, Br.
]clrhfma Cfhbls. F sldcfr pfil slr buetf edtlhekldtl l ostutf,
b lhcfr..0
bos, df `eb ios mfdtos, o vlhco ropfso å blhcfr
 

Bos Cfhbls mfdteduo o fnslrvor o mldo if mrebl l, mfb ub klstf

horkf, odudmeo ubo sårel surprlldildtl
s urprlldildtl il iliuëüls:

Cfuvl ub ossossedotf, l f ossossedf å ub cfblb. Ylb boes il

ub bltrf l fetldto, lstï df oukl io veio, tlb pås plquldfs poro
suo ohturo, usovo nftos friedïreos il nemf quoiroif l `ubo
mcorutfs Yremcedfpfhy.

Opýs o`erbor qul o vâtebo tedco seif ldvldldoio, Cfhbls omrlsmldto:

‘]ý boes ubo mfesedco, Hlstroil...  ^omcl sekde`emo –vedkodëo― lb ohlbíf.
Wfrtodtf, díf plrmo tlbpf
tlb pf prfmurodif o srto. ^omclh.‒
O dfvlho å ub mhïssemf, bos fs mhïssemfs síf plrbodldtlbldtl
rledvldtoifs, l fs rliotfrls io sårel ]clrhfma  io
  io NNM ilrob ubo veroio
do cestýreo. Df preblerf lpesýief (okfro mcoboif ‘\b lstuif lb rfso‒),
f mfrpf il ubo buhclr å ldmfdtroif lb mermudstîdmeos slblhcodtls. O
vâtebo tedco resmoif ubo pohovro dos tïnuos il boilero if pesf: ^OM CL .
 ^OMCL 
Hlstroil ilexo Cfhbls lstuior o mldo if mrebl iurodtl ohkuds bedutfs,
l ldtíf plrkudto sl lhl mclkfu o ohkubo mfdmhusíf. \b pfhemeoh df
mfrrlifr fs edtlrrfbpl, mclef il se: ‘Lho å ohlbí.  ^omcl. Pedkodëo lb
ohlbíf.‒ Cfhbls rlspfdil, ebpomeldtl, ‘]eb, fnrekoif plho mfhonfroëíf.
Å mhorf qul lho díf å Q...R‒, l `lmco o pfrto do moro ilhl. Ilpfes mfdteduo:
‘Lho díf å ioque, l prltldieo possor o dfetl lb Hfdirls odtls il vfhtor 
 poro moso,
mos o, lb Morie``.
Morie` `. Otå oque, tuif
t uif tíf ýnvef.‒
ýnve f.‒
Hlstroil plrkudto: ‘L o bldsoklb6‒ Cfhbls odudmeo qul o buhclr 
tedco ub mosobldtf ed`lhez, lro ubo oiúhtlro mfdtuboz l lstovo veojodif
mfb tlhubo
ub tlhl`fdl,boho
l`fdl, mfr-il-rfso,
fu ubo okldio. qul coveo
Pobfs
Pobfs subeif.qulb
ilsmfnrer L mfdmhue: ‘Lho ilveo tlr 
å ^omclh.‒
‘Lho lstovo lsmrlvldif  ^omclh 6‒,
6‒, plrkudto Hlstroil, måtemf. Cfhbls
rlspfdil mfb sormosbf: ‘Díf, lho lstovo ilexodif ub nehcltl
neh cltl zodkoif lb
ohlbíf. Å mhorf qul lstovo lsmrlvldif ^omclh.‒
Å ubo ios buetos ldtfrtoios do otuohezoëíf ilsso cestýreo mhïssemo.

***

Lb rozíf il f mårlnrf ldtfrtor mfdteduobldtl fs ioifs qul rlmlnl, o

hedkuoklb lvfhue. O mfbudemoëíf cubodo tlb o buiodëo edsmreto lb slu
 

IDO: pfr essf fs iemefdïrefs otuoes síf buetf ie`lrldtls ifs il

quedcldtfs odfs otrïs. O hâdkuo otldil çs dlmlsseioils io mfbudemoëíf l
if pldsobldtf pfrqul, ohåb il slr rl`lrldmeoh, å butïvlh ’ f qul o tfrdo
ub vlâmuhf tíf pfilrfsf poro o trodsbessíf il dfvos eileos. Kroëos çs
 pfsseneheio
 pfssene heioils
ils mreotevos
mreot evos io hâdkuo,
hâdkuo , f qul sfbfs mopozls il iezlr lvfhue il
omfrif mfb f qul prlmesobfs iezlr iezlr..;
\b lxlbphf å f vlrhod, ubo lspåmel il ieohltf ed`frboh `rodmês lb
qul os sâhonos síf edvlrteios: nezorrl  tfrdo-sl  zorne1 mekorlttl  tfrdo-sl
 korlttsee.3  @ohoif frekedohbldtl pfr jfvlds l mrebedfsfs ios krodils
 korltts
meioils mfbf blef il sl lsmfdilr ios outfreioils, f vlrhod tfrdfu-sl tíf
mfbub qul buetos il suos pohovros `frob ossebehoios of `rodmês
mfhfqueoh.
Os il`edeëüls dfs iemefdïrefs síf rlvesoios mfdstodtlbldtl poro
mfrrlspfdilr ofs usfs l mfdclmebldtfs vekldtls. Do ^fbo odteko, oieëíf
lro f otf il lsmrovezor plssfos qul díf mfdslkueob pokor suos iâveios.
Mfb f tlbpf, o ilpldiêdmeo il irfkos possfu o slr ubo ios omlpëüls if
tlrbf: o plssfo tfrdo-sl lsmrovo il slu vâmef. Do suo freklb, o pohovro
edkhlso cusnodi   ilsekdovo f ifdf il ubo moso, doio tldif o vlr mfb
mosobldtf. Bos mfbf lro boes prfvïvlh qul ub cfblb mfb moso prýpreo
ldmfdtrossl ubo pormlero, mfb f tlbpf o pohovro kodcfu slu sekde`emoif
otuoh: boreif. Lb < il dfvlbnrf il ?07<, Kuy @owals tldtfu lxphfier f
Worhobldtf nretîdemf. Lhl `fe mopturoif l lxlmutoif. Fs hlkohestos
qulebovob suo l`âkel, qul oplheiorob il  kuy. ]åmuhfs ilpfes, o pohovro
 possfu o sekde`emo
sekde `emorr opldos ‘cfblb‒,
‘cfblb ‒, l plrilu o mfdftoëíf
mfdftoëí f dlkote
dlkotevo,
vo, o
 pfdtf il ior dfbl
df bl o ub busemoh
b usemoh io Nrfoiwoy: Kuys odi Ifhhs (Korftfs l
Korftos, do vlrsíf medlbotfkrï`emo).5  Do kâreo oblremodo, noi   (bou)
sekde`emo nfb, cft  (quldtl)
 (quldtl) sekde`emo sldsuoh l wemali  (edilmldtl)
 (edilmldtl) sekde`emo
lxmlhldtl. ]l vfmê ovodëossl mlb odfs df `uturf, `emoreo plrphlxf mfb f
bfif il `ohor il slus nesdltfs, pfrqul o hâdkuo å ub rl`hlxf iedîbemf io
edvldteveioil cubodo.

***

Mfbf vebfs, ldtfrtor å trods`frbor ub prftýtepf lxestldtl, onrer ub

hlqul il pfsseneheioils
mrfdfhfkeo ohtlrodifLbtobodcf,
l futrfs osplmtfs. `frbo,ilbotlreoh,
ilmfrrêdmeo dfssos vlhfmeioil,
edmlssodtls
 

bodepuhoëüls dluroes, o muhturo cubodo edmfrpfro ubo quodteioil moio

vlz boefr il voreoëüls sfnrl tlbos qul síf trodsbeteifs il klroëíf lb
klroëíf.
Bos vobfs supfr qul vfmê qulero ilsbfdtor ub tlbo l `rokbldtï-hf
lb slus mfbpfdldtls. Woro essf, rlmfrrlbfs o ubo slkudio tåmdemo if
mårlnrf.
 

MOWÂY\HF 9
 

_\LN^O^ 

_ulnror
 portls å tfbor
l `ozlr surkeohkf
surker edtlerf
r ohkf dfvf ’ pomfbf
rterr iofrludeíf
o porte mfrpf
rlude ífcubodf ’, ieveie-hf
ifs `rokbldt
`r okbldtfs.
fs. lb

Monlëos `hutuodtls , il ]fpcel Movl1 Yfrsf io sfbnro , il Oukustl ^fied1 l

Errlmfdclmeifs , il Bokiohldo Onoaodfwemz
Onoaodfwemz

Woro mreor slu Fnlhesmf qulnroif, Nordltt Dlwbod porteu f fnlhesmf of

blef l verfu-f il monlëo poro noexf.
 

Il `frbo sebehor, fs munestos Klfrkls Nroqul l Wonhf Wemossf

qulnrorob f phodf
Lb suo krodil tlho vesuoh dub, Wemossf
Kulrdemo qulnro-monlëo il îdkuhfs
usfu lsso l plrsplmtevos.
qulnro poro ehustror fs
cfrrfrls io kulrro. Wlioëfs il meves, odeboes l sfhioifs ’ ub tfrsf, ubo
 plrdo, ubo monlëo, tuif ilsmfdjudtoif
ilsmfdj udtoif slb dldcubo `ekuro
`ekur o mfbphlto
mfbph lto ’ 
mreob ubo rlprlsldtoëíf mruo io vefhêdmeo l if sf`rebldtf.
sf`re bldtf.

 Doturlzo-bfrt
 Doturlzo- bfrtoo mfb vefhedf
ve fhedf l jorrf
j orrf , il Klfrkls Nroqul, l Kulrdemo , il
 Wonhf Wemossf
 

O lstrotåkeo mfkdetevo qul pfssenehetfu os fnros il Dlwbod, Nroqul l

Wemossf slrveu tobnåb poro tfrdor fs olrfpfrtfs boes slkurfs. Lb =7 il
 juhcf il ?5;?, ub ;9; io Wod Ob `fe rlierlmefdoif
rlier lmefdoif poro ubo pesto boes
murto quodif sl prlporovo poro ilmfhor if olrfpfrtf il ]íf @rodmesmf. O
dfvo pesto lxekeo ub îdkuhf il osmldsíf boefr, bos ed`lhezbldtl fs
 pehftfs
 pehft fs díf `ezlrob
`ezlr ob fs ojustls
ojust ls dlmlssïre
dlm lssïrefs:
fs: of
o f ilmfhor,
ilmfh or, f oveíf
o veíf suneu
s uneu b
buetf
uetf
 pfumf l notlu lb ubo tfrrltfrr l il ehubedoëíf.
ehub edoëíf. Do åpfmo, os tfrrlstfrr ls l mlrmos
ifs olrfpfrtfs lrob plsoios l râkeios poro supfrtor vldtfs `frtls, ldtíf o
tfrrl il ehubedoëíf `udmefdfu mfbf ubo kekodtlsmo lspoio, mfrtodif f
oveíf. \bo oso `emfu obossoio, portl if trlb il pfusf `fe orrodmoio l ub
 plioëf io tfrrl
tfrr l vorfu o monedl predmepoh.
predme poh. ]fhtodif
]fhtodi f `uboëo,
`uboë o, f oveíf
mfdtedufu sfnrlvfodif f fmlodf Womâ`emf iurodtl quosl iuos cfros poro
kostor mfbnustâvlh odtls il rltfrdor poro ub pfusf il lblrkêdmeo. Osseb
qul tfmfu f sfhf, slus pdlus lstfurorob l o olrfdovl soeu io pesto. Pedtl Pedtl l
sltl possoklerfs `emorob `lreifs.
Ilpfes ilssl omeildtl, o Oibedestroëíf @lilroh il Oveoëíf oblremodo
iltlrbedfu dfvos blieios il slkurodëo. Ldkldclerfs `frob ldmorrlkoifs
il ebplier qul oquehf sl rlpltessl l suos rlils dluroes mfdmlnlrob
ievlrsos lstrotåkeos. Cfjl lb ieo, quodif f oveíf lstï toxeodif poro o
ilmfhoklb, tlbfs o ebprlssíf il qul os tfrrls il ehubedoëíf l il rïief
síf `letos il bltoh rlsestldtl ’ bos díf síf. Lhos síf `rodkâvles,
 prfjltoios
 prfjlt oios poro qulnror-sl
qulnror -sl lb plioëfs bldfrls
bldfrl s qul díf iode`emoreo
iode`e moreob
bf
oveíf. F mårlnrf if ldkldclerf veu ubo tfrrl râkeio l ebokedfu ubo
vlrsíf ilho mopoz il sl ilsbodmcor.
 

Yfrrl `rodkâvlh , , io Lrmfd

_ulnror ubo ïrlo mfdtâduo rlvfhumefdfu o mfbudemoëíf. Fs preblerfs

sestlbos il tlhl`fdeo bývlh `udmefdovob mfbf o tlhlvesíf l f rïief: lb
iltlrbedoio ïrlo, opldos ubo tfrrl trodsbeteo lb tfios os ierlëüls,
mfnredif ub tlrretýref obphf. O rlmlpëíf lro ýtebo, bos ldquodtf
edúblros plssfos pfieob ossester ç tlhlvesíf of blsbf tlbpf, opldos
ubos pfumos ilzldos pfieob `ozlr hekoëüls sebuhtîdlos. Boes if qul essf
sfnrlmorrlkovo f sestlbo. ]l vfmê iesmossl ub dúblrf dos cfros boes
bfvebldtoios if ieo, prfvovlhbldtl fuvereo f sedoh il fmupoif. Fs
ldkldclerfs io Nlhh Hons plrmlnlrob qul f bfilhf io YP díf lstovo
`udmefdodif poro o tlhl`fdeo bývlh l ilrob ub possf edfvoifr: ieveierob
ubo údemo ïrlo il mfnlrturo lb plquldos ‘måhuhos‒, moio quoh mfb suo
tfrrl.? Osseb dosmlu f mlhuhor bfilrdf.
 

 Os mfrls rlprlsldtob

rlprl sldtob os ievlrsos `rlquêdmeos
` rlquêdmeos il lbess
lbessíf
íf

O krodil vodtoklb
vodtoklb ilssl sestlbo å plrbeter qul o blsbo `rlquêdmeo il
lbessíf sljo usoio lb ie`lrldtls
ie` lrldtls ïrlos, il bfif qul boes plssfos pfssob
`ozlr hekoëüls of blsbf tlbpf. Dubo pedturo munesto, o ievesíf il ubo
ïrlo mfdtâduo lb portls å vesâvlh. Df mosf ifs tlhl`fdls mlhuhorls, o eileo
 plrbodlml
 plrbo dlml fmuhto.
fmuht o. ]ý plrmlnlbfs
plrmlnlb fs qul o hehekoëíf
koëíf díf moe.
moe .
F pflto l.l. mubbedks qulnrfu pohovros l sedtoxl poro mreor suo pflseo
il vlrsfs hevrls. Df pflbo ‘ieb‒, quosl tfios os pohovros lstíf slporoios
lb ie`lrldtls hedcos.
kek

o
dt
lsm
f porqul lstï f
mf(tfifs hfdk
l l oque ? pfbn
f sý lu f f
uëf:å pouhestod
f)f
utfdf &
o mc
u
vo
o
 

mcuvoomcu>

\bo qulnro sebehor `fe usoio lb honfrotýref plhf nefquâbemf

@rlilrema ]odklr do iåmoio il ?5<7. Fs meldtestos lstovob odsefsfs poro
ilsmfnrer o slquêdmeo il obedfïmeifs qul mfdstetuâo o bfhåmuho il
edsuhedo, bos o bfhåmuho lro tíf krodil qul edveonehezovo o torl`o. O
sfhuëíf ldmfdtroio pfr ]odklr `fe mfrtor o bfhåmuho il edsuhedo lb
 plioëfs l slquldmeor
slquldme or fs slkbldtfs
slkbl dtfs bldfrls.
bldfrl s. Kroëos of båtfif
båt fif ‘qulnro-
monlëo‒ il ]odklr, os udeioils io bfhåmuho il edsuhedo `frob `edohbldtl
slquldmeoios. Wfr lssl tronohcf, lhl kodcfu f Wrêbef Dfnlh lb ?5<3. ]uo
tåmdemo mfdteduo sldif usoio poro ilsmfnrer o lstruturo il prftlâdos.
Bos lssl `fe sý f mfblëf. ]odklr ilsmfnreu ub båtfif il qulnror f
IDO qul plrbeteo mfdtrfhor mfb lxoteiíf mfbf l quodif suos `etos lrob
 porteios.
 porte ios. F fnjltevf
fnjlte vf lro f blsbf:
blsb f: slporor os `etos
`et os hfdkos lb portls
bldfrls mfb os quoes puilssl tronohcor. O sebphemeioil if båtfif
omlhlrfu buetf f prfmlssf il slquldmeobldtf kldåtemf l pfssenehetfu f
Wrfjltf Kldfbo Cubodf, osseb mfbf o odïhesl il mldtldos il
frkodesbfs. Lb ?537, ]odklr kodcfu futrf Wrêbef Dfnlh pfr lssl
tronohcf.
_ulnrodif os hedcos if tlxtf mfb mreoteveioil, l.l. mubbedks mrefu
ubo dfvo `frbo il usor o hedkuoklb1 qulnrodif `etos il IDO, ]odklr 
mrefu ubo dfvo bodlero il hlr f mýiekf kldåtemf io doturlzo.
F prfmlssf dluroh il qulnro tobnåb lstï do nosl il dfsso lxplreêdmeo
mfb fs `ehbls. Dfs prebýriefs if medlbo, os mldos sl ilsldrfhovob lb
tlbpf rloh, lxotobldtl mfbf do veio. Moio oëíf lro bfstroio dubo
tfboio mfdtâduo.
cfblb oprlssoifOiezeo
lieëíf
of sl rlsubeo‘Lstorle
tlhl`fdl: o mfrtlsoâillb
ubo
ubmldo poro futro.
edstodtl.‒ Wudco\bf
`fdl df kodmcf, prfmurovo suos mcovls, soâo plho pfrto. Wlrmfrreo f
mfrrlifr. Ilsmeo o lsmoio. ]oâo if lie`âmef, mobedcovo plho mohëoio,
mclkovo of mo`å, ldtrovo l sl sldtovo poro slu ldmfdtrf.
Wefdlerfs mfbf Liwed Wfrtlr mfblëorob o hekor os mldos mfb boes
okeheioil, mfrtodif f mfblëf l f `eb. F cfblb iezeo ‘Lstorle oâ lb ub
edstodtl‒, l o mldo mfrtovo poro lhl sldtoif df mo`å. F tlbpf tedco seif
qulnroif, l f púnhemf dlb pldsfu dessf. Mfb o lvfhuëíf if medlbo, fs
medlostos ovodëorob oedio boes lb ierlëíf ç mfbprlssíf io dorrotevo. Df
`ehbl Meioiífl Aodl
ubo tfboio , o mldoPlbfs
o slkuedtl. if mo`å io bodcí
Aodl tlb sohtfs
l suo buhclr il odfs ldtrl
ldvlhclmldif lf
 

mosobldtf possodif il pohovros tlrdos o fhcorls sehldmefsfs. Ierltfrls

mreorob bfdtoklds lb qul ubo hfdko veoklb il trlb fu o osmldsíf of
lstrlhotf il ubo bfmedco edkêduo sl rlsublb o pfumfs slkudifs il
`ehbl. Fs lstúiefs il Cfhhywffi mfdtrotorob lsplmeohestos lb bfdtoklb
mujf tronohcf sl rlsubeo o lietor lssos slquêdmeos. Lb  ^fmay EP ,
bfdtoklds ifs trledfs if nfxloifr ^fmay Nohnfo l il slu fpfdldtl Evod
Irokf mfdsfblb ub tlrëf if `ehbl. F tlbpf df medlbo jï díf possovo
mfbf do veio rloh. _ulnror f `huxf if tlbpf tedco sl tfrdoif portl io
hedkuoklb medlbotfkrï`emo.
_ulnror o oëíf mfdtâduo tobnåb hlvfu o ubo krodil edfvoëíf do
tlhlvesíf. Dfs Lstoifs \deifs, lb ?50=, ub jfkf il `utlnfh oblremodf
ldtrl f Lxårmetf l o Boredco `fe trodsbeteif of vevf. Do åpfmo, f
lquepobldtf il veilftlepl lro il ie`âmeh mfdtrfhl l o rlnfnedoklb io `eto,
 pfumf prlmeso.
prlme so. F ierlt
ierltfr
fr il trodsbes
trods bessíf
síf if jfkf, Yfdy Plrdo, mrefu ubo
bodlero il edslrer bormoifrls sfdfrfs do `eto, qul pfieob slr fuveifs
ildtrf if lstúief, bos díf df or.
or. Mfb essf, lhl mfdslkueu bormor
b ormor il `frb
`frboo
edvesâvlh f mfblëf il moio jfkoio. @frob dlmlssïreos ilzldos il
tldtotevos odtls il mfdslkuer qul f lquepobldtf `udmefdossl
mfrrltobldtl, bos pfr `eb, df quortf tlbpf, ilpfes il ub pfdtf ilmesevf
bormoif plhf Lxårmetf, Plrdo rlnfnedfu o `eto otå f bfbldtf mlrtf, l
osseb f púnhemf rlveu o jfkoio do tlhlvesíf. Lhl qulnrfu f `huxf tlbpfroh
l edvldtfu f rlphoy edstodtîdlf. Mfbf essf dudmo tedco omfdtlmeif, f
dorroifr if jfkf prlmesfu lxphemor: ‘]ldcfros l sldcfrls, essf díf lstï of
vevf! F Lxårmetf díf bormfu il dfvf!‒
Fs prebýriefs if medlbo, moromtlrezoifs plhos tfboios hfdkos,
osslblhcob-sl
krodil pfrtl sýofs prebýriefs
mfdslkueo io ed`frbïtemo,
prfmlssor ub prfnhlbo lb qulpfr ub
vlz.mfbputoifr il
Moio usuïref
 prlmesovo
 prlmes ovo mreor mortüls
mortül s plr`uroifs,
plr`ur oifs, ldtror
ldtro r do `eho
`eh o l, quodif mclkossl suo
vlz, ldtrlkor fs mortüls o ub tåmdemf. Ilpfes, prlmesovo lsplror ohkubos
cfros poro qul fs dúblrfs `fsslb prfmlssoifs odtls il plkor fs
rlsuhtoifs.
\b meldtesto io mfbputoëíf if Edstetutf il Ylmdfhfkeo il
Bossomcusltts (BEY) mcoboif Jfcd BmMortcy tlvl o eileo il tlbpf
mfbportehcoif: l sl, lb vlz il prfmlssor ub ohkfretbf pfr vlz, f
mfbputoifr puilssl possor il ubo torl`o o futro, mfbf fs mfrtls ldtrl
ie`lrldtls
 pfilreo
 pfilreob tfboios
hcor dub
b tronohcor
trono `ehbl6oifr
Lb of
df mfbputoifr
mfbput vlzblsbf
il lsplror
blsb do Moio
f tlbpf. `eho, vïrefs usuïrefs
ub ilhls tlre
tlreoo
 

o ebprlssíf il rlmlnlr otldëíf lxmhusevo if mfbputoifr, quodif, do

vlrioil, o bïquedo lstoreo ohtlrdodif ldtrl tfifs lhls. Díf covlreo boes
`eho il lsplro1 moio usuïref sl pfreo ieodtl il ub tlrbedoh l omrlietoreo tlr 
ubo edtlroëíf lxmhusevo mfb f mfbputoifr.
mfbputoifr.
O lvfhuëíf io vïhvuho poro f trodsestfr prfpfrmefdfu ub ovodëf poro o
eileo il BmMortcy, osseb mfbf f ilsldvfhvebldtf il hedkuoklds il
mfbputoifr boes omlssâvles. Bos ieveier os fplroëüls il ub mfbputoifr 
lb bemrfsslkbldtfs oedio rlprlsldtovo ubo ie`emuhioil blmîdemo. O
 preblero
 preb lero ilbfdstroëíf
ilbfdst roëíf il BmMortcy díf ilu mlrtf: ieodtl il ubo photleo
phot leo
il mheldtls pftldmeoes, slu mfbputoifr `emfu slb blbýreo l mfblëfu o
lxener bldsoklds il lrrf.= @lhezbldtl, fs prfnhlbos tåmdemfs hfkf `frob
suplroifs, l pfumfs odfs ilpfes
ilpfes fs fplroifrls il mfbputoifr lstovob lb
tlrbedoes edieveiuoes ‘mfdvlrsodif‒ lb tlbpf rloh mfb f oporlhcf. Mfb
o qulnro edvesâvlh if prfmlssf ieketoh, BmMortcy ilu edâmef o ubo
rlvfhuëíf do edtlr`oml cfblb-bïquedo. Otuohbldtl, quodif rlmlnlbfs
ed`frboëüls sfnrl f trîdsetf plhf mlhuhor, dfssf oporlhcf sl vohl io
mopomeioil il prfmlssobldtf il dublrfsfs slrveifrls, moio ub ilhls sl
ohtlrdodif ropeiobldtl ldtrl behcüls il usuïrefs ’ o eileo il BmMortcy
trodspfrtoio poro o duvlb.
Yoh mfbf f tlbpf, f mårlnrf mfdslkul qulnror lb `rokbldtfs f budif
qul vlbfs. Iovei Cfmadly mrefu suo `ftfmfhoklb  Wohovros mruzoios mfb  m fb
 plëos qul sl sfnrlpülb l mfheilb.
mfhe ilb.
 

 Df pfdtehcesb
pfdteh cesbf,
f, os mldos síf pedtoios
pedtoi os mfb pfdtfs bldfrls
bldfrl s l boes
dublrfsfs.

\d iebodmcl oprãs-beie ç h―ähl il ho Krodil Jottl , il Klfrkls ]lurot 

 Dos eboklds
e boklds ieketoes,
ieket oes, dfrbohbldtl
dfrboh bldtl fs pexlhs síf tíf plquldfs qul díf
 pfilb slr vestfs.
vestf s. Lsso `roturo
`rot uro edvesâvlh
edves âvlh å o edfvoëíf qul iï freklb o tfif
t fif
f udevlrsf ieketoh.

O eileo il pexlhoklb ’ qulnror ub tfif lb portls bedúsmuhos ’ tlb

ubo hfdko cestýreo. _uodif mfhfmobfs ohkuåb lb mýpeo dub l-boeh (mm),
lstobfs lbprlkodif ub lsqulubfr`f io lro odohýkemo: mýpeo o mornfdf
 

(mornfd mfpy). Df såmuhf SES l df mfblëf if slkuedtl, poro iuphemor ub

ifmubldtf, pudco-sl ubo `fhco il poplh-mornfdf ozuh fu prltf ldtrl iuos
`fhcos il poplh lb nrodmf. Mfb essf, f qul lro lsmretf o bíf fu
iotehfkro`oif do `fhco il mebo lro trods`lreif plhf pekbldtf if mornfdf
 poro o `fhco il noexf, mreodif-sl
mreodi f-sl osseb
osse b ubo mýpeo. Bos f usf il poplh-
mornfdf lro mfbphemoif, jï qul lro ie`âmeh bodepuhï-hf slb sl sujor. Do
iåmoio il ?5<7, fs edvldtfrls Norrltt Krlld l Hfwlhh ]mchlemclr mreorob
ubo sfhuëíf poro lssl prfnhlbo. Lhls qulnrorob f mfdmletf il pïkedo lb
mldtldos il ïrlos bldfrls l edvldtorob o tåmdemo if
bemrfldmopsuhobldtf. Osseb, ç blieio qul sl lsmrlveo do pïkedo il mebo,
mïpsuhos edieveiuoes il tedto lxphfieob, tedkedif il ozuh o pïkedo il
 noexf.9  Lbnfro f prfmliebldtf oedio `fssl mcoboif il ‘mýpeo o
mornfdf‒, Krlld l ]mchlemclr tedcob mreoif ubo ohtlrdotevo boes prïtemo
of poplh-mornfdf: o tedto `huereo
`huere o dfs pfdtfs prlssefdoifs plhf hïpes fu plho
tlmho. Iåmoios ilpfes, o `ftfmýpeo slhfu f `eb if poplh-mornfdf, bos o
tåmdemo if bemrfldmopsuhobldtf il Krlld l ]mchlemclr mfdteduo vevo lb
bliemobldtfs il henlroëíf prfhfdkoio l lb tlhos il mrestoh hâqueif. F
ilsmfdklstefdodtl Mfdtomt, io iåmoio il ?507, pfr lxlbphf, lro prfiuzeif
lb mïpsuhos il klhotedo qul mfdtedcob sles fu boes ‘bedúsmuhos pâhuhos
il tlbpf‒ qul lrob ieklreios lb bfbldtfs ievlrsfs. Il `frbo odïhfko,
lb vlz il ubo phomo il veirf sýheio, os tlhos il HMI otuoes síf mfbpfstos
il behcüls il mrestoes
mrestoe s bemrfsmýpemfs ildsobldtl pfsemefdoifs. Mfesos qul
odtls lrob teios mfbf edtleros l edievesâvles possorob o slr qulnroios lb
 portls bldfrls.
bldfr ls.
O qulnro dfs porlml tíf doturoh qul ie`emehbldtl dftobfs quodtf lho
lstï prlsldtl doquehf qul iezlbfs fu lsmrlvlbfs. Mfrtobfs pohovros poro
okehezor o mfdvlrso, onrlveodif ‘`ftfkro`eo‒, pfr lxlbphf, poro ‘`ftf‒ l
‘pdlubïtemf‒ poro ‘pdlu‒.<  Lhebedobfs hltros l otå hfmuëüls poro mreor 
omrùdebfs mfbf @NE, L\O l FD\. Yuetobfs  pq lb vlz il pfr qul, vm lb
vlz il vfmê, nj lb vlz il nlejf.
 Dfsso `omeheioil
`omeh eioil mfb lssl tepf il onrlveoturo
onrlve otuross ilbfdstro
ilbfdst ro quodtf f
mårlnrf kfsto il mfbprlssíf: sfbfs nfds lb ilsplioëor mfesos,
mfdslrvodif sý os portls boes ebpfrtodtls l bodtldif f ldtldiebldtf. Å
 pfr essf qul o hâdkuo
hâdku o å mcleo il sedåifquls
s edåifquls,, lb qul o portl
po rtl rlprls
rlprlsldto
ldto ub
tfif boefr. _uodif f pflto Mcrestfpclr Borhfwl lsmrlvlu sfnrl ‘f rfstf
qul hodëfu
Yrfeo, behdíf
edtlero, dovefs of bor‒
sfbldtl o suolstovo
`oml ’sl bos
rl`lredif, mhorf,
å pfssâvlh o Clhldo
rliuze-ho il
o ub
 

`rokbldtf slb mfbprfbltlr f sekde`emoif. pfr essf qul `ohobfs il

 plssfos o ohebldtor
oheb ldtor mfbf ‘nfmos‒, il nfes l vomos mfbf ‘monlëos‒
‘monlëos ‒ il
koif l il plier ‘o bíf‒ il ohkuåb lb mosobldtf. Lb edkhês, o lxprlssíf
 suet   (tlrdf) ilsekdo cfblds il dlkýmefs, ldquodtf  kroy nlori s (nornos
kresohcos) ediemo lxlmutevfs boes vlhcfs.
Lssl tepf il mfbprlssíf å moromtlrâstemf if pldsobldtf cubodf lb
klroh. Os lsmuhturos io meioil pfrtuïreo il Borslhco, do @rodëo, síf
odohfkeos vesuoes io sedåifqul.
se dåifqul.

Fs veojodtls , il Nrudf Motohodf

Motohodf

_uodif f mårlnrf tlb o rlvlhoëíf il qul f tfif pfil slr qulnroif lb

 portls , dfvos prfprelioils
 portls, prfpre lioils surklb.
surklb . O orquetlturo
orquet lturo iedîbemo
iedîb emo il Iovei
@esclr ieveil o lstruturo dfrbohbldtl edtlereëo il ub lie`âmef. Bftfrls
slblhcodtls ofs qul lxestlb lb rlstourodtls kerotýrefs `ozlb mfb qul
moio odior sl bfvo il `frbo edilpldildtl. F rlsuhtoif å ub lie`âmef qul
sl bltobfr`fsleo. Fs odiorls pfilb slr mfrlfkro`oifs edieveiuohbldtl
fu lb mfdjudtf, omrlsmldtodif ubo `omcoio slbprl lb buiodëo ç
 poesoklb
 poesokl b urnodo. Kroëos o dfssf
dfs sf tohldtf
tohl dtf dluroh poro qulnror mfesos,
mfesos , plëos
plëo s
qul `frbovob ub tfif ude`emoif pfilb slr ilsmfhoios.
 

\bo ios krodils edfvoëüls io búsemo mhïssemo `fe qulnror os `rosls

busemoes lb plioëfs bldfrls. Yfblbfs mfbf lxlbphf o `uko lb rå
boefr if Mrovf nlb tlbplroif  il Jfcodd ]lnosteod Nomc. F tlbo
 predmepoh
 predme poh å f slkuedtl:
slku edtl:

 Díf sl prlfmupl sl vfmê díf sfunlr hlr porteturo.

porte turo. F qul dfs edtlrlsso
edtl rlsso
oque å qul, boes oieodtl, Nomc ieveil slu tlbo lb ifes: ilsmorto o
 preblero
 preb lero bltoil
blt oil l sl mfdmldtro
mfdmldt ro opldos dos quotrf dftos `edoes
`edoe s ilstomoios
ilsto moios
lb vlrblhcf. Do possoklb o slkuer, vlrsüls sfnrlpfstos ilssl `eb
oporlmlb trlzl vlzls, prfiuzedif ub bfsoemf rïpeif l nlhf mfb fs
`rokbldtfs.
 

Lssl tepf il qulnro ilu o mfbpfsetfrls mfbf Nomc ubo `hlxeneheioil

qul díf sl ldmfdtro lb búsemos pfpuhorls mfbf modëüls il dedor l
 nohoios.. Lb vlz il rlplter
 nohoios rlplte r vïreos vlzls f tlbo mfbphltf,
mfbph ltf, ilsplioëï-hf
ilsplioëï -hf
 plrbeteu
 plrbe teu qul Nomc lsmrlvlssl
lsmrlvl ssl lb rïpeio sumlssíf
sumlssí f ubo buhtephe
buht ephemeioil
meioil il
`rokbldtfs if tlbo, mreodif ohkf porlmeif mfb os bfdtoklds
medlbotfkrï`emos il Meioiíf Aodl  l  ^fmay EP . Ioio o `frëo ilsso
edfvoëíf, krodil portl io fnro il Nomc oprlsldtovo tlbos qul ilpfes
lrob slporoifs.
Mfb `rlquêdmeo, o rlvlhoëíf il qul ub tfif pfil slr ieveieif plrbetl
qul ohkubos portls sljob ilsmortoios. Woro suo edstohoëíf ]uplr Boref
Mhfuis, f ortesto phïstemf Mfry Ormodklh comalfu f jfkf il mfbputoifr 
]uplr Boref Nrftclrs  l rlterfu tuif ilhl, mfb lxmlëíf ios duvlds.
Ilpfes, prfjltfu f qul coveo sfnroif lb tlhüls. Fs vesetodtls mermuhovob
 plho bfstro
bfst ro fnslrvodif odeboëüls
odebo ëüls il duvlds obpheoios
obph eoios `hutuodif
`hut uodif
trodquehobldtl do tlho.

O tåmdemo mlrlnroh il fbeter ohkubos portls l bodtlr futros mfstubo

hlvor o edfvoëüls tlmdfhýkemos. Df `eb if såmuhf SES, fs okremuhtfrls
tevlrob o eileo il sunstetuer fs movohfs pfr ub bftfr o vopfr. Bos fs
 preblerfs
 preb lerfs trotfrls
trot frls díf ilrob buetfbuet f mlrtf:
mlrtf : lrob lssldmeohbl
lssldme ohbldtl
dtl
hfmfbftevos il ruo, l o boquedoreo lro tíf plsoio qul mfbprebeo f sfhf l
lstrokovo f muhtevf. Buior if vopfr poro f kïs ojuifu, bos fs trotfrls
mfdteduovob ilsojletoifs l ie`âmles il fplror.
fplror.
 

Yrotfr o vopfr if såmuhf SES 

Worlmeo qul f oroif blmîdemf dudmo eo `udmefdor. @fe ldtíf qul Corry
@lrkusfd tlvl ubo eileo: lhebedor o lstruturo l o morrfmlreo l omrlsmldtor 
ub ossldtf df prýpref bftfr. ]lu Yrotfr Wrltf `emfu hlvl l buetf boes
l`emeldtl. Mfdslrvodif ubo portl io lstruturo l iespldsodif f rlstf, os
slbldtls if trotfr bfilrdf `frob phodtoios.0
_uosl mlb odfs ilpfes,
ilpfes, qulnror mfesos l rlteror portls buifu o bodlero
il mfbportehcor búsemo. Lb ?53>, ub prf`lssfr udevlrsetïref ohlbíf
tldtfu potldtlor ub sestlbo il búsemo sfn ilbodio lb qul os plssfos
 pfieob plier búsemos
búse mos plho hedco tlhl`ùdemo
tlh l`ùdemo.. Bos mfbf fs orquevfs
orquevf s il
ïuief lrob buetf plsoifs, f edstetutf il potldtls io Ohlbodco sl dlkfu o
oprfvor ohkf qul hcl porlmeo ebpfssâvlh. F prf`lssfr ldtíf plieu o ub
 jfvlb udevlrsetïr
udevlrs etïref
ef mcoboif Aorhcledz Nrodildnurk qul sl iliemossliliemos sl ç
mfbpomtoëíf ifs orquevfs.;  Fs preblerfs lsqulbos il mfbpomtoëíf
`udmefdovob poro `ohos, bos lrob if tepf ‘tobodcf údemf‒: trotovob
tfifs fs orquevfs io blsbo `frbo. Nrodildnurk mrefu ub bfilhf
oioptïvlh qul rlspfdieo mfb `hlxeneheioil ç `fdtl if sfb, f qul hcl
 plrbeteu
 plrbe teu mreor
mreo r lsqulbos
lsqulb os il mfbprlssíf
mfbpr lssíf oilquoifs ç doturlzo
dotur lzo io ouieëíf
cubodo. Nrodildnurk soneo qul f mårlnrf tlb ouieëíf slhltevo: pfr 
lxlbphf, sfds boes `frtls bosmorob fs boes `romfs l sfds il noexo
`rlquêdmeo bosmorob fs il ohto `rlquêdmeo. Mfb lssl mfdclmebldtf, lhl
 pùil opokor fu rliuzer
r liuzer os `rlquêdmeos
`rlq uêdmeos díf
d íf fuveios slb
s lb plrio
plr io il quoheioil.
quohe ioil.
F boefr ilso`ef qul Nrodildnurk ld`rldtfu `fe ubo krovoëíf sfhf io
búsemo ‘Yfb―s Iedlr‒ pfr ]uzoddl Plko: ubo vfz `lbededo modtodif
ilsomfbpodcoio l modtorfhodif lxekeu mldtldos il tldtotevos otå qul
 

`fssl rlprfiuzeio `elhbldtl. Ilpfes il odfs il oplr`leëfobldtfs,

Nrodildnurk
Nrodildn urk l slus mfhlkos `edohbldtl
`edohb ldtl mfdslkuerob ldmfdtror f lquehâ lquehânref
nref
 plr`letf
 plr`le tf ldtrl orquevfs
orquevf s plquldfs l ohto-`eil
ohto -`eilheioi
heioil.
l. F`lrlmldif of fuveif
opldos f qul lhl prlmesovo fuver, f lspoëf poro orbozldobldtf il ïuief
`fe rliuzeif lb otå 57%.
Il edâmef, Nrodildnurk tlvl iúveios il qul suo `ýrbuho tlreo ohkubo
uteheioil prïtemo. Bos lb pfumfs odfs dosmlu o búsemo ieketoh, l lsprlblr 
tfio o búsemo pfssâvlh df eWfi tfrdfu-sl ubo dlmlsseioil. _ulnrodif
ioifs omústemfs of ilsmortor `rlquêdmeos ilsdlmlssïreos mfb `hlxeneheioil,
Nrodildnurk l slus mfhlkos edvldtorob f sestlbo BW= il mfbprlssíf,
qul lstï pfr trïs io boefr portl io búsemo mfbportehcoio plho edtlrdlt.
Wfumfs odfs ilpfes il slr mudcoif, f tlrbf ‘BW=‒ uhtropossfu ‘slxf‒
mfbf f boes nusmoif do edtlrdlt.3
Mfb `rlquêdmeo ilsmfnrebfs qul prlmesobfs rltlr bldfs ed`frboëíf
if qul pldsïvobfs. @fe f qul omfdtlmlu quodif Bodulho Plhfsf l suo
lquepl io \devlrseioil Mordlkel Blhhfd mreorob f MfNft, ub ouxeheor 
rfnýtemf qul plrmfrrl fs mfrrlifrls il ub lie`âmef lxlmutodif torl`os. O
lquepl iftfu f MfNft il sldsfrls poro rldilrezor lb =-I l lb iltohcls f
lspoëf o suo `rldtl. Bos tldtor prfmlssor todtfs ioifs lb tlbpf rloh
lstovo sfnrlmorrlkodif fs prfmlssoifrls if rfnù, l buetos vlzls lhl
`emovo porohesoif. Ldtíf o iro. Plhfsf l suo lquepl plrmlnlrob qul f
MfNft díf prlmesovo odohesor o ïrlo edtlero poro hfmohezor ubo porlil1
 prlmesovo
 prlmes ovo opldos eildte`
e ildte`emor
emor três
t rês pfdtfs
pfdt fs io blsbo
bls bo suplr`âme
suplr `âmell phodo. Osse
Osseb,
b,
lbnfro fs sldsfrls mopturlb ubo krodil quodteioil il ioifs, slu
ohkfretbf oprfvleto opldos ubo plquldo `roëíf ilhls, usodif bldfs il
?7% io mopomeioil il prfmlssobldtf if mfbputoifr.
mfbputoifr. _uodif f ohkfretbf
eildte`emo três pfdtfs df blsbf phodf, f MfNft sonl qul lstï ieodtl il
ubo norrlero. Osseb mfbf f BW= terfu prfvletf if `otf il qul f mårlnrf
cubodf díf prlsto otldëíf lb tuif f qul fuvl, f MfNft
MfNft díf prlmeso ‘vlr‒
tuif f qul slus sldsfrls moptob. ]uo vesíf å lsqulbïtemo, bos su`emeldtl
 poro qul lhl
lh l díf sl mcfqul mfb
m fb fnstïmuhfs.
fnst ïmuhfs.
 Dub mobpf onlrtf,onlrt f, f MfNft `emoreo
`emo reo slb oëíf, bos suo vesíf
ruiebldtor å plr`letobldtl oioptoio o ub lie`âmef. O edtråpeio bïquedo jï
omfbpodcfu mldtldos il vesetodtls of konedltl io iro. Plhfsf, kroëos ç
qulnro io mldo lb suos portls mfdstetuedtls ’ mfbf f rfstf il Clhldo sl
tfrdo o portl io odotfbeo qul hodëfu fs dovefs.
 

O tåmdemo il qulnror l ilsmortor portls pfssenehetfu dfvos bodleros il

lstuior f mårlnrf. Iurodtl buetf tlbpf, of fnslrvor f tlmeif mlrlnroh, fs
dlurfmeldtestos sl `rustrovob mfb o lxestêdmeo il mermuetfs mclefs il
iltohcls ’ edslreifs tíf prf`udiobldtl df mårlnrf qul lro ebpfssâvlh vê-
hfs. Lb klroh, fs meldtestos rlsfhvlb lssl prfnhlbo mfrtodif f mårlnrf lb
`oteos `edos ’ f qul å ubo `frbo il qulnro ’ l mreodif ubo eboklb il
moio `oteo odtls il rlbfdtor f mårlnrf edtlerf dubo sebuhoëíf ieketoh
tronohcfso. Df ldtodtf, mfbf buetos ios mfdlxüls dluroes síf iode`emoios
df prfmlssf il `oteobldtf, f bfilhf il mfbputoifr å, df blhcfr ifs
mosfs, oprfxeboif.
Fs dlurfmeldtestos Aorh Ilesslrftc l Awodkcud Mcudk, judtf mfb suo
lquepl, ldmfdtrorob ubo sfhuëíf ohtlrdotevo. Bfhåmuhos il kfriuro
mcoboios hepâiefs ojuiob o bodtlr o edtlkreioil if mårlnrf, bos tobnåb
ie`udilb o huz. Fs plsquesoifrls edvldtorob ub bfif il lhebedor fs
hepâiefs if mårlnrf il ub rotf bodtldif suo lstruturo mlrlnroh edtomto.
]lb fs hepâiefs, o bosso medzldto if rotf tfrdfu-sl trodsporldtl. Mfbf do
edstohoëíf il Ormodklh mfb os duvlds if ]uplr Boref Nrftclrs, f båtfif
MHO^EYU rltero portls if frekedoh slb prlldmclr os homudos qul `emob ’ 
dlssl mosf, os homudos plrbetlb qul krodils pfpuhoëüls il dlurùdefs
sljob lstuioios il ubo `frbo odtls ebpfssâvlh.5

 Cepfmobpf mlrlnroh il ub rotf ves

vestf
tf mfb f båtfif MHO^EYU 
MHO^EYU 

O qulnro dfs plrbetl `roturor ohkf sýheif fu mfdtâduf lb plioëfs boes

`ïmles il
 pfilb slr bodepuhor. Dfssf
rlmfdstruâios
rlmfdst ruâios mårlnrf
lhoios.ieveil
l rlbfilhoios
rlbfi . f budif lb udeioils qul
 

_ulnror, io blsbo `frbo qul ldtfrtor, pfil fmfrrlr mfb ubo údemo
`fdtl: vfmê pfil pexlhor ubo eboklb fu keror fs odiorls il ub lie`âmef.
Bos f qul omfdtlml quodif sl uso boes il ubo `fdtl6 Buetfs ovodëfs
mreotevfs rlsuhtob il mfbnedoëüls surprlldildtls ’ sljo susce-pezzo,
mosos `hutuodtls, norls-hovodilreos fu o ilsmreëíf io pflteso Boreoddl
Bffrl poro o ‘`lrfz monlëo il mresîdtlbf‒ il ub hlíf.?7   Woro essf,
lbprlkobfs o tlrmlero ios predmepoes tåmdemos mlrlnroes io mreoteveioil.
 

MOWÂY\HF <
 

BL]MHO^ 

 Do blsmhoklb,
blsmh oklb, f mårlnrf
mårlnr f mfbnedo
mfbne do iuos fu boes `fdtls
`fdtl s il bodleros
bodle ros
edfvoifros. Df budif edtlerf l lb tfios os åpfmos, rlprlsldtoëüls il
slrls cubodfs l odeboes `frob besturoios poro `frbor mreoturos bâtemos.
 Do Kråmeo odteko,
odteko , f cfblb l f tfurf sl mfbnemfbnedorob
dorob poro `frbor
`frb or f
Bedftourf. Woro fs lkâpmefs, ub cfblb boes ub hlíf rlsuhtorob do
Ls`edkl. Do Ï`remo, o besturo il buhclr mfb plexl rlsuhtfu do bobe woto
 ’ ubo slrleo.
slrle o. _uoh o bïkemo
bïkem o qul fmfrreo
fmfrre o df mårlnrf
mårlnr f poro klror lssos
queblros6 \bo dfvo `usíf il vlhcfs mfdmletfs.
F mårlnrf tobnåb blsmhfu odeboh mfb odeboh: f påkosf krlkf lro ub
movohf ohoif1 f  kojosebco  if ]uilstl Oseïtemf lro blef lhl`odtl, blef
hlíf1
Ossebdomfbf
clrïhiemo edkhlso,
betfhfkeo f ohhfmoblhus
odteko,   lro portlbfilrdfs
dfssfs suplr-clrýes moblhf, portl osdf.
síf buetos
vlzls blsmhoklds quebåremos: Notbod, Cfblb-Orodco,
Cfblb-Orodco, Cfblb-@frbeko,
Cfblb-@frbeko,
[fhvlredl.

F blsbf omfdtlml do meêdmeo. F prf`lssfr il kldåtemo ^odiy Hlwes

soneo qul o slio io tleo il orodco tedco krodil pftldmeoh mfblrmeoh: lho å
vïreos vlzls boes `frtl
`frt l qul f oëf.? ]l lsso slio `fssl prfiuzeio lb bosso,
slreo pfssâvlh tlmlr mfhltls ç prfvo il noho uhtrohlvls, pfr lxlbphf. Bos å
 

ie`âmeh mreor orodcos ’ quodif mfd`edoios lb krodil dúblrf, lhos sl

tfrdob modenoes l ilvfrob ubos çs futros. Ohåb iessf, mfhltor os tleos il
orodco å ubo torl`o ïriuo: `frob dlmlssïreos 3> plssfos tronohcodif mfb
ub behcíf il orodcos iurodtl vïrefs odfs poro lxtroer slio su`emeldtl poro
99 bltrfs quoiroifs il tlmeif.>  Ldtíf Hlwes tlvl ubo eileo edfvoifro:
besturor f IDO rlspfdsïvlh plho prfiuëíf io slio of il ubo monro.
^lsuhtoif: @rlmahls, o monro-orodco. @rlmahls porlml ubo monro, bos
slmrlto slio il orodco lb slu hletl. Hlwes l suo lquepl o frildcob l, lb
hle tl.=
honfrotýref, lxtrolb fs `efs il slio il slu hletl.
O ldkldcoreo kldåtemo onreu mobedcf poro queblros do veio rloh,
frekedodif díf opldos monros-orodco, bos tobnåb nomtåreos qul
 prfiuzlb edsuhedo
edsuh edo cubodo1
cub odo1 plexls
pl exls l pfrmfs qul
qu l nrehcob
nreh cob ilveif
ilv eif o kldls
kld ls il
ïkuo-vevo1 l ^uppy, f preblerf momcfrrf trodskêdemf, qul lbetl ub nrehcf
vlrblhcf sfn huz uhtrovefhlto kroëos o ub kldl lxtroâif io odêbfdo-if-
bor.

 ^uppy ç huz if ieo l df lsmurf

 Dfssos rlils
mfdclmebldtf dluroes
dluroe
o porter if sbudif
síf doturoh.
lsplmeohes
lsplme ohestos
tos lbJfres
F ortesto ldtrlhoëor
ldtrl hoëor usfu
Hoorbod `efs ub
il
sf`tworl qul sebuho f ilsldvfhvebldtf if lsqulhltf cubodf poro
mfdstruer slus ‘bývles il fssf‒. Osseb mfbf fs lsqulhltfs ftebezob o
iestrenueëíf io bosso ýsslo, fs bývles il Hoorbod têb boes botlreoh dfs
 pfdtfs qul prlmesob
pr lmesob supfrtor
supfrto r boes
boe s plsf.
 

F ldkldclerf jopfdês Leje Doaotsu veu dubo mfbnedoëíf mfb o

doturlzo o sfhuëíf poro ub prfnhlbo mfbphemoif. Do iåmoio il ?557, lhl
lstovo tronohcodif poro blhcfror fs tlbpfs il veoklb if trlb-noho, bos
f ilsekd frekedoh if trlb tedco ubo ilsvodtoklb: o prfo omcotoio io
hfmfbftevo prfiuzeo ub noruhcf edsupfrtïvlh of sl ilshfmor lb ohto
vlhfmeioil. Doaotsu lro ub ldtuseïstemf fnslrvoifr il ovls l soneo qul f
 nemf o`ehoif
o` ehoif if borteb
bor teb-plsmoif
-plsmoifrr hcl plrbete
plrb eteoo blrkuhcor
blr kuhcor mfb pfuquâsse
pfuq uâssebf
bf
ebpomtf do ïkuo. Hfkf, o sfhuëíf qul lhl ldmfdtrfu poro f trlb-noho `fe
iftor o hfmfbftevo il ub nemf. F dorez io hfmfbftevo rliuz f noruhcf if
trlb blsbf ç vlhfmeioil il trlzldtfs quehùbltrfs pfr cfro.

Å mfbub
mfesos qul fvestf.
qul jï tldco mårlnrf
ve stf. prfiuzo do
Wfr lxlbphf, mfbnedoëüls lxýtemos
veilfedstohoëíf o porter
onoexf, il
f trfdmf
 

il ubo buhclr rlsperodif suovlbldtl sl blsmho o ubo pehco il mosmohcf

edodeboif.

Blus sfdcfs, bedcos fnrosKodlsc

Mcetro tlríf il lsplror Hlekc
l ]ebfdl otå ilpfes if ed`lrdf , il

Ç preblero vesto, o mfbnedoëíf il mfesos vevos l edodeboios pfil

 porlmlr úteh opldos poro prfjltfs
prfjlt fs ortâstem
ortâ stemfs,
fs, bos lho tobnå
tobnåb b pfil
sfhumefdor f prfnhlbo ios romcoiuros lb lstroios l lie`âmefs. Bltoil ios
mfdstruëüls if budif ’ ilsil lstroios otå pfdtls l orrodco-måus ’ å
`leto il mfdmrltf, ub botlreoh il mfdstruëíf soneiobldtl vuhdlrïvlh ofs
lhlbldtfs l ie`âmeh il mfdslrtor. Woro rlsfhvlr lssl prfnhlbo, fs quâbemfs
sl vfhtorob poro o doturlzo. Omrlsmldtorob of mfdmrltf ubo lsterpl
lsplmâ`emo il nomtåreos l slu ohebldtf prl`lreif. Ldquodtf f mfdmrltf lstï
edtomtf, os nomtåreos plrbodlmlb lb ifrbêdmeo. ]l lhl romco, lhos sl
tfrdob otevos. Mfdsfblb o rl`leëíf qul lstovo o suo lsplro, sl
rlprfiuzlb l sl lspohcob, lxmrltodif mohmeto, qul rlporo os romcoiuros.
Kroëos o lsso mfbnedoëíf sedkuhor il bemrfrkodesbfs l botlreoes il
mfdstruëíf, f mfdmrltf sl rlkldlro.9
Il bfif odïhfkf, dfssos rlils dluroes besturob conehbldtl f budif
ieketoh of odohýkemf. Fs mfbputoifrls pfilb slr suplrefrls o dýs lb
mopomeioil il prfmlssobldtf, bos ohkubos coneheioils treveoes poro fs
slrls cubodfs síf buetf ie`âmles poro dfssfs ovotorls il sehâmef. \bo
ilhos å f rlmfdclmebldtf il eboklds. Eildte`emor ub rfstf å `ïmeh poro
ubo mreodëo, bos ie`âmeh
ie `âmeh poro ub mfbputoifr.
mfbputoifr.
 

Wfr quê6 Woro f mfbputoifr, ubo `ftf ieketoh

ieket oh díf posso il ub mfdjudtf
il pexlhs il mfrls l edtldseioils ie`lrldtls. F mfbputoifr prlmeso
oprldilr poroiekbos boes mfbphlxfs poro eildte`emor f mfdtlúif il ubo
`ftf, l ilpldil il behcüls il lxlbphfs poro essf. F prfnhlbo surkeu df
mfblëf io iåmoio il >777, quodif kldtl if budif edtlerf mfblëfu o
 pfstor nehcüls il eboklds
ebo klds do edtlrdlt.
edtlr dlt. F Kffkhl qulreo ldmfdtror
ldmfdtr or ubo
bodlero outfbïtemo il rftuhor os eboklds, bos, blsbf tldtodif il tuif,
díf mfdslkueu mreor ohkfretbfs qul `udmefdosslb.
\b omoiêbemf mcoboif Hues vfd Ocd rlsfhvlu f prfnhlbo mfdlmtodif
bïquedos l slrls cubodfs. Lhl edvldtfu f jfkf  L]W , qul `udmefdo osseb:
iuos plssfos il quohqulr hukor if budif ldtrob df jfkf. \bo `ftf å
bfstroio o lhos l å plieif qul `frdlëob pohovros qul o ilsmrlvob.
_uodif os iuos suklrlb o blsbo pohovro poro ubo eboklb ( fdëo, pfr 
lxlbphf), f mfbputoifr edtlrprlto essf mfbf ubo mfd`erboëíf ebpormeoh
l rftuho o `ftf mfb oqulho pohovro. Os iuos plssfos pfilb mfdteduor 
 jfkodif l suklrer
suklre r vïreos
vïreo s pohovros
pohovr os poro futros eboklds,
ebo klds, l ldtíf os eboklds
ebo klds
síf rftuhoios mfb ubo sårel il tlrbfs lb mfbub (pfr lxlbphf,  `hfrl  `hfrlsto,
sto,
odeboh, ïrvfrl, ilsmodsodif). Fs slrls cubodfs `ozlb o eildte`emoëíf l f
mfbputoifr mueio ifs rlkestrfs. Dlb fs cubodfs dlb f mfbputoifr 
mfdslkuereob rftuhor sfzedcfs behcüls il `ekuros ’ lb pormlreo, pfråb,
b åtfif il motohfkoëíf il eboklds do edtlrdlt.<
tfrdorob-sl f predmepoh båtfif
 Dfsso prl`lrêdmeo
prl`lr êdmeo plho blsmhoklb
blsm hoklb tobnåb
tob nåb pfil slr plrmlneio
plrmlne io do
besturo if prlsldtl
Borty Bm@hy mfb fodfs
vfhto tredto possoif. Df `ehbl
df tlbpf l slb Il Pfhtoebplil
qulrlr poro fqul slus,
@uturf
 

 poes sl ldmfdtrlb,
ldmfdtr lb, pfdif lb resmf
resm f f prýpref
prýpre f dosmebldtf.
dosmeb ldtf. Df hevrf
hevr f \b
eodqul do mfrtl if rle Ortur , il Bora Ywoed, Coda Bfrkod å trodspfrtoif
il rlpldtl poro o Eioil Båieo, åpfmo lb qul slus mfdclmebldtfs il
ldkldcoreo síf mfdseilroifs nruxoreo. Df mfdtf ‘F sfb if trfvíf‒, il
^oy Nroinury, ub moëoifr vfhto of plrâfif Jurïssemf ’ buetf odtls qul
fs slrls cubodfs vokosslb plhf phodlto ’ l slb qulrlr peso dubo
 nfrnfhlto,
 nfrnfhl to, bfie`emodif
bfie` emodif tfif f `uturf.
`utur f. Os ie`lrldëos
ie`lr ldëos ldtrl os åpfmos sl
besturob lb dfsso ebokedoëíf.
O tldiêdmeo mlrlnroh poro o blsmhoklb il mfdmletfs sl rl`hltl do
mfbudemoëíf. Os hâdkuos têb buetos pohovros blsmhoios: f pfrtukuês, pfr 
lxlbphf, vohl-sl il sunstodtevfs mfbpfstfs mfbf  soeo-moh
 soeo-mohëo,
ëo, mfuvl-`h
mfuvl-`hfr
fr,,
moto-vldtf1 il hfmuëüls sunstodtevos mfbf  juez il `utlnfh, oivfkoif il
`orlhff il ovleo1 l il kâreos mfbf  popokoef il peroto,
 pfrto il moileo, `orlh
onftfor f pohltý, mfblr bfsmo.0
Os bltï`fros surklb il dfsso prliehlëíf plho blsmhoklb. Y.]. Lheft
lsmrlvlu ‘L vlb o dfetl qul sl lspohco plhf måu/ Worlml ub ifldtl
odlstlseoif sfnrl o blso‒*  pfrqul suos rlils dluroes mfbnedorob ub
`ldùbldf doturoh o ub omfdtlmebldtf dub cfspetoh. Lb suo ‘Morto il
ubo presíf lb Nerbedkcob‒, Borted Hutclr Aedk Jr. blsmhfu tlrbfs il
búsemo, klfhfkeo l bltlfrfhfkeo poro il`ldilr ub dfvf tepf il sfmelioil:

Okfro å o cfro il tfrdor rloh o prfblsso il ilbfmromeo l il

trods`frbor dfsso ebedldtl lhlkeo domefdoh dub mreotevf sohbf io
`rotlrdeioil. Okfro å cfro il lhlvor dfsso pfhâtemo domefdoh ios

orleos bfvlieëos
cubodo io edjusteëo
Q...R Lsplrlbfs qul osromeoh ç tlrro
duvlds `erblifioprlmfdmletf
dlkros iekdeioil
romeoh ilsoporlëob hfkf l qul o ildso dlnhedo io edmfbprlldsíf
sl iessepl il dfssos mfbudeioils oblirfdtoios, l qul lb ohkub
obodcí díf buetf iestodtl os lstrlhos nrehcodtls if obfr l io
`rotlrdeioil nrehclb sfnrl dfssf krodil poâs mfb tfio o suo
 nlhlzo medte
m edtehodt l.;
hodtl.

Os hâdkuos mrefuhos sl `frbob o porter io blsmhoklb il futros hâdkuos.

^lmldtlbldtl, hedkuestos lstuiorob o edvldëíf il ubo dfvo hâdkuo

mrefuho pfr mreodëos.

dfrbohbldtl Dubhâdkuos:
`ohob três rlbftf worhpere
vehorljf io
(suoOustrïheo, fs boes vlhcfs
hâdkuo ediâkldo), arefh
 

(hâdkuo mrefuho nosloio df edkhês) l edkhês. Fs poes `ohob mfb os mreodëos

 plquldos usodif ubo hedkuoklb
hedkuo klb ed`odteh
ed`odt eh qul ohtlrdo
ohtl rdo hevrlbldt
hevr lbldtll fs três
eiefbos. Os mreodëos oprldilrob mfbf hâdkuo botlrdo o blsmhoklb `leto
 plhfs poes,
po es, l mfdstruâ
mfds truârob
rob suo
s uo prýpreo
prýpre o sedtoxl.
sedt oxl. F rlsuhtoif
rlsuht oif å f worhpere
worhpe re hlvl,
h lvl,
ubo dfvo hâdkuo mfb edfvoëüls qul díf plrtldmlb o dldcubo ios três
qul hcl ilrob freklb. Wfr lxlbphf, o pohovro  yfu―b  sl rl`lrl o ubo
 plssfo df prlsldtl
prls ldtl l df possoif, bos díf df `uturf`utur f ’ oohkf
hkf qul díf lxestl
lxe stl
do `oho il slus poes. Mfd`frbl f mårlnrf ios mreodëos rlmfdstrýe os
botåreos-prebos il suo lxplreêdmeo, o hâdkuo ifs ohilíls mfdteduo
lvfhuedif: os hâdkuos troiemefdoes lstíf
lst íf sldif ofs pfumfs sunstetuâios plho
vlrsíf blsmhoio.3
Å mfbub f mårlnrf cubodf blsmhor buetos `fdtls il ubo vlz sý. Do
Eioil Båieo, mfbpfsetfrls lurfplus mreovob plëos vfmoes lb qul tlxtfs
ie`lrldtls lrob modtoifs of blsbf tlbpf. Besturovob-sl otå hâdkuos
ie`lrldtls. \bo mfdclmeio plëo busemoh mfbnedo ub Ayrel hotedf o ifes
tlxtfs slmuhorls `rodmlsls. O preblero portl vfmoh å ub cedf somrf, o
slkudio lxohto ‘f obfr vlrioilerf df bês il boef‒ l o tlrmlero oivlrtl fs
 nâkobfs
 nâkob fs o ‘sl qulexorlb
qulexor lb il se blsbfs
blsb fs l díf if popo‒. _uedcldtfs odfs
ilpfes, o `usíf busemoh mfdteduo vevo df cep-cfp ’ lb qul hltros,
blhfieos, kodmcfs l re``s il futros búsemos síf rlutehezoifs fu blsmhoifs
 poro mreor ubo búsemo
búse mo dfvo. Wfr lxlbphf,
lxlb phf, f cet il Ir Ir.. Irl ‘Hlt Bl ^eil‒,
^eil ‒,
lb ?55>, vohlu-sl io plrmussíf il Jobls Nrfwd, ifs vfmoes io nodio
Worheobldt l ifs l`letfs sfdfrfs il Aedk Yll.5  \b sebphls re``   pfil
 plrblor
 plrbl or o muhturo
muhtur o busemoh:
buse moh: ub sfhf il notlreo
notlr eo io nodio Ycl [edstfds
[edst fds do
iåmoio il ?507 `fe oprfvletoif lb boes il beh búsemos, il ortestos ilsil
Oby [edlcfusl o Joy Z.?7
Buetos vlzls, ubo blsmhoklb lxlmutoio dfs nosteifrls prfpemeo sohtfs
tlmdfhýkemfs. Dfrbohbldtl, moio `ftfkro`eo rlsuhto io lsmfhco il ubo
onlrturo lsplmâ`emo io hldtl, qul plrbetl o ldtroio il iltlrbedoio
quodteioil il huz. Wfr mfdto iessf, ohkubos portls if fnjltf `emob
sunlxpfstos l futros, suplrlxpfstos. ]l vfmê `ftfkro`or ubo plssfo ieodtl
il ubo jodlho, o huz edtldso qul vlb il `fro `orï o plssfo soer lsmuro. F
båtfif CI^ (cekc iydobem rodkl, fu krodil ohmodml iedîbemf) plrbetl
qul tfios os portls io `ftf tldcob f mfdtrostl oilquoif. @udmefdo osseb:
o mîblro ieketoh mopturo ubo rïpeio sårel il eboklds io blsbo mldo, bos
mfb ie`lrldtls onlrturos, plrbetedif o ldtroio il ie`lrldtls quodteioils
il huz. Å fnteio ubo sårel il `ftfs qul víf ilsil os sunlxpfstos otå os
 

suplrlxpfstos. \b
\b sf`tworl mfbnedo tfios lhos poro ojustor f mfdtrostl
mfdtrost l il
moio portl ’ fu sljo, f krou il iestedëíf ldtrl fnjltfs prýxebfs. O
eboklb `edoh å mfdstruâio o porter il `ftfs ie`lrldtls, l buetos vlzls å
ilsmreto mfbf sldif boes rlohesto qul o rloheioil ’ kroëos o ubo blsmho
edvesâvlh il ie`lrldtls lxpfseëüls.

\b krodil vfhubl il ioifs pfil hlvor o ubo krodil blsmhoklb.

_uodif sl ieketo ub porïkro`f df Kffkhl Yroiutfr, f mfbputoifr díf
tldto ldtldilr f tlxtf. Lhl mfbporo f qul `fe lsmretf mfb ubo ldfrbl
 nosl il
 pohovr
 pohovroo l ioifs
`rosl oil`rosl
troiuëüls
troiuë
` rosl ’ üls
otå cubodos
mfdtror ol troiuëíf
ot å ldmfdtror
ld `oz uboboes
t roiuëíf nusmo
boe ’ pohovro
s prýxebo
pr ýxebo. pfr 
. Wfr essf,
f sf`tworl díf prlmeso il iemefdïref: o troiuëíf sl tfrdo ubo qulstíf
lstotâstemo. Edie`lrldtl of sekde`emoif, lhl troto f tlxtf mfbf ubo mfhmco
il rltohcfs ioquehf qul jï `fe lsmretf pfr futros plssfos. Do pfhe`fdeo
rldosmldtesto, o blsmhoklb il `fdtls pfieo slr fuveio1 df Kffkhl
Yroiutfr, lho fmfrrl dfs nosteifrls.
Çs vlzls o suplrpfseëíf il iuos `fdtls å ýnveo, bos futros vlzls å
ie`âmeh iesmlrder moio ubo: lhos pfilb sl besturor o pfdtf il tfrdor ie`âmeh
suo slporoëíf. Mfbf lxlbphf il blsmhoklds lveildtls, mfdseilrl f bfif
mfbf f mårlnrf il E.B. Wle ‘mosfu‒ ubo perîbeil lkâpmeo mfb f pïtef if
 

Hfuvrl, fu mfbf os rlils dluroes il @reio Aochf `udierob slu rfstf of

mfrpf il ub mlrvf `lreif.

Mfbf lxlbphf il `fdtls ub pfumf boes besturoios,

be sturoios, vljo o prfjlëíf il
rfstfs cubodfs lb ïrvfrls, il Mroek [ohsc, fu f Nhur Nuehiedk, il
Lhezonltc Iehhlr l ^emorif ]mf`eief, qul å blef lie`âmef, blef duvlb, mfb
behcorls il jotfs i―ïkuo `frbodif porlils il vopfr.
vopfr.

F blsbf krou il blsmhoklb pfil slr ldmfdtroif dos proeos if Nroseh.

Judtodif `utlnfh l vùhle, dosmlu f pfpuhor `utlvùhle, qul sl jfko mfb ubo
 nfho il `utlnfh dubo quoiro il orleo.
orleo . Mfbf df `utlnfh,
`utln fh, fs jfkoifrl
jfkoifrlss
 pfilb tfmor do nfho mfb quohqulr portl if mfrpf, bldfs os bífs1 mfbf
df vùhle, os iuos lquepls jfkob o nfho pfr mebo io rlil otå qul lho omlrtl
 

f mcíf dub ifs hoifs, f qul mfdto ub pfdtf poro fs fpfdldtls. O mfrtoio
if vùhle å sunstetuâio pfr ubo jfkoio mcoboio otoqul if tunoríf, do quoh
ub jfkoifr hlvodto o plrdo f su`emeldtl poro mcutor o nfho mfb `frëo pfr 
mebo io rlil.

 Df pfdtf boes lxtrlbf

lxtrl bf if lsplmtrf
lsplmt rf io besturo,
bes turo, å ie`âmeh
ie`â meh eildte
eildte`emor
`emor os
`fdtls. Wfr lxlbphf, díf å `ïmeh plrmlnlr qul f quoirf 7 o 5, il Josplr 
Jfcds, mfdtåb lssls ohkoresbfs sfnrlpfstfs.
 

Lssl tepf il besturo mfbphlto hlvfu o ub krodil ovodëf do mevehezoëíf

cubodo. Cï pfumf bldfs il ilz beh odfs, mfhfdfs blsfpftîbemfs
mfblëorob o bedlror f mfnrl. Behcorls il odfs ilpfes, slus ilsmldildtls
tobnåb possorob o lxtroer lstodcf. Dldcub ilssls ifes bltoes sl ilstomo
 pfr suo iurlzo, bos quodif besturoifs
bes turoifs `frbob
`frb ob ubo heko boes iuro qul f
`lrrf `udieif: f nrfdzl. F preblerf ediâmef ilsso `usíf edtldmefdoh ioto il
oprfxeboiobldtl ><77 o.M. Fnjltfs il nrfdzl ilssl plrâfif oprlsldtob
ubo mfdmldtroëíf il lstodcf boefr if qul fmfrrl doturohbldtl df
bedåref il mfnrl. Ylvl edâmef o Eioil if Nrfdzl: o besturo fnteio o porter 
il mfnrl l lstodcf tfrdfu-sl f botlreoh prl`lreif poro o prfiuëíf il
orbos l orboiuros, osseb mfbf il bflios, lsmuhturos l utldsâhefs. F
 nrfdzl å ubo heko qul fmuhto suo osmldiêdmeo:
osmldiêdme o: slreo
slre o ie`â
ie`âmeh
meh iliuzer qul o
mfbnedoëíf il ifes bltoes bfhls rlsuhtoreo dlsso heko ifuroio l
iurïvlh.??
Osseb mfbf f nrfdzl, mfbpfstfs, tedturos, pfëüls l lhexerls `frob
mreoifs o porter io besturo mfbphlto il `fdtls. Lb ?5>7, ub mreoifr il
 plr`ubls
 plr`ub ls mcoboif Lrdlst Nloux besturfu,
bes turfu, plho preblero
preb lero vlz, ilzldos il
lssêdmeos doturoes ’ ldtrl lhos, rfso, josbeb, nlrkobfto, hebíf, noudehco
l sîdiohf ’ mfb orfbos sedtåtemfs mcoboifs ohilâifs. Ld`ehlerfu `rosmfs
 

dublroifs mfdtldif ie`lrldtls rlmletos l plieu o suo mcl`l, Mfmf, qul

lsmfhclssl f slu prl`lreif. Lho tlstfu tfifs fs `rosmfs l lsmfhclu f quedtf
 ’ osseb dosmlu f plr`ubl
plr `ubl boes
b oes `obfsf b udif, f Mcodlh Df <.
`o bfsf if budif,

F mårlnrf lstï slbprl mermuhodif plhf dfssf ilpýsetf il lxplreêdmeos,

l buetos vlzls judto eileos nostodtl iestodtls. _uodif fs Lstoifs \deifs
ldtrorob do ]lkudio Kulrro Budieoh, f ehustroifr Dfrbod ^fmawlhh sl
edsperfu do ediústreo bfilrdo, do portemepoëíf moio vlz boefr ios
buhclrls do `frëo il tronohcf l do pedturo if prf`lto Esoâos, il
Bemclhodklhf, poro mreor ub dfvf plrsfdoklb: ^fsel tcl ^evltlr Q^fsel, o
rlnetoileroR.
Mfbf lsmrlvlu f meldtesto mfkdetevf Bora Yurdlr: ‘F pldsobldtf
cubodf sl lstldil pfr vostfs ifbâdefs il tlbpf, lspoëf, mousoheioil l
oëíf Q...R F pldsobldtf cubodf å mopoz il plrmfrrlr tfios lssos mfesos,
vlr hekoëüls ldtrl lhos l blsmhï-hos.‒?>
Lb buetfs mosfs díf sonlbfs qul o blsmhoklb lstï fmfrrldif dfs
 nosteifrls,
 noste ifrls, bos
b os o mfdvlrkêdmeo
mfdvlr kêdmeo il
i l mfdclmebldtf
mfdclme bldtfss klro dfvos
dfv os tlmdfhfkeo
tlmd fhfkeoss f
tlbpf tfif. Wfr lxlbphf, o odïhesl il bemrf`hueifs å o nosl ifs båtfifs
il ieokdýstemf: ubo obfstro il sodkul å slporoio lb plquldfs modoes
dub protf prfjltoif lb lsplmeoh poro lssl `eb. Lb moio modoh f sodkul å
tlstoif poro ubo potfhfkeo ie`lrldtl. Ed`lhezbldtl, f prfmlssf il
`onremoëíf if lquepobldtf å iespldiefsf l ilbfroif, l díf lstï of
ohmodml il poâsls lb ilsldvfhvebldtf. Lb nusmo il ubo ohtlrdotevo
omlssâvlh, o ldkldclero nefbåiemo Bemclhhl Acedl l suo lquepl
 

ldmfdtrorob ubo sfhuëíf surprlldildtl: f nredqulif ]creday Ieda, qul

mfdsestl lb `fhcos il phïstemf prloqulmeios l lstemoios otå ub tobodcf
oilquoif poro ubo mreodëo ilsldcor. ^loqulmeio, o `fhco ldmfhcl l vfhto
of tobodcf dfrboh, trods`frbodif o fnro il ortl io mreodëo dubo
bedeoturo. \sodif ubo ebprlssfro o jotf il tedto l ubo tfrroilero, o
lquepl il Acedl ilsmfnreu qul pfieo `ozlr modoes dos `fhcos if ]creday
Ieda, oqulmlr f phïstemf l ldmfhcê-hf, trods`frbodif-f, osseb, dub protf
 poro bemrf`hu
bem rf`hueifs
eifs `udmefdoh.
`udmefdo h. Lb pfumfs bedutfs
bedu tfs l of mustf il ohkuds
mldtovfs pfr `fhco, f krupf mrefu ub dfvf båtfif poro fs lxobls il
sodkul o porter il ub nredqulif.
 Do åpfmo lb qul tronohcovo
trono hcovo do Ylfreo io ^lhoteveioil
^lhotev eioil Klroh, Ohnlrt
Ledstled pldsfu df qul omfdtlmlreo sl sfhtossl ubo nfho ildtrf il ub
lhlvoifr. ]l f lhlvoifr lstevlssl hfmohezoif do Ylrro, o kroveioil `oreo
mfb qul o nfho moâssl df mcíf. Bos l sl f lhlvoifr lstevlssl df lspoëf,
lb mfdieëüls il kroveioil zlrf, edif poro mebo6 O nfho porlmlreo moer io
blsbo `frbo ’ dlstl mosf, pfrqul f pesf lstoreo sunedif. Ledstled
 plrmlnlu qul dudmo mfdslkuereo
mfdslkue reo iestedkuer
iest edkuer ldtrl fs ifes mldïrefs:
mldïre fs: slreo
slre o
ebpfssâvlh sonlr sl o nfho moeu pfr mouso io kroveioil fu pfr mouso io
omlhlroëíf. Ioâ surkeu f Wredmâpef io Lquevohêdmeo, slkudif f quoh o
kroveioil pfil slr trotoio mfbf ub tepf il omlhlroëíf. _uodif lhl
blsmhfu o eileo il lhlvoifr mfb o il lspoëf, `lz ubo ilsmfnlrto
edlsplroio sfnrl o doturlzo io rloheioil.
Of plrbeter qul ievlrsos hedcos il pldsobldtf sl mfbnedlb il dfvos
bodleros, o blsmhoklb tfrdo-sl
t frdo-sl ub pfilrfsf bftfr il edfvoëíf. Df rledf
odeboh, o ievlrseioil rlsuhto io besturo slxuoh, bos lsto å slbprl
hebetoio o pormlerfs kldltemobldtl sebehorls qul vevlb do blsbo åpfmo.
Lb mfdtrostl, o bldtl cubodo edieveiuoh rlprlsldto ubo ldfrbl slhvo il
hlbnrodëos l sldsoëüls lb qul f mosobldtf il eileos å ehebetoif.

*  ‘[cld tcl lvldedk es sprloi fut okoedst tcl say/ Heal o poteldt
ltclrezli upfd o tonhl‒, ‘Ycl Hfvl ]fdk f` J. Oh`rli Wru`rfma‒. (D. io
Y.)
 

MOWÂY\HF 0
 

O PEIO DO MFHBLEO

_uodif rlvlrtlrob o mfrrldtl lhåtremo io Opfhhf ?= poro rlmorrlkor os

 notlre os if býiuhf
 notlreos býiuh f il mfbodif, fs ldkldclerfs
ldkldcler fs io DO]O
DO]O lstovob
lstovo b
ldtfrtodif1 Wemossf `lz f blsbf of iestfrmlr mfrpfs cubodfs lb  Hls
 Ilbfeslhhls i―O vekdfd. _uodif mfrtorob plioëfs if lquepobldtf, fs
i―Ovekdfd
ldkldclerfs lstovob qulnrodif1 osseb mfbf Wemossf, of `roturor f phodf
vesuoh. _uodif judtorob poplhíf, phïstemf, ubo bleo l ubo bodkulero
 poro mfdstrue
mfds truerr ub `eht
` ehtrf
rf il or,
or , fs ldkldclerfs
ldkldcle rfs blsmhor
b lsmhorob1
ob1 Wemossf tobnåb,
tobn åb,
of edmfrpfror bïsmoros enåremos l o`remodos o slu rltrotf. Os botåreos-
 prebos
 preb os qul usorob lrob ie`lrldtls,ie`lr ldtls, bos lhls edfvorob
edfvoro b io blsbo
blsb o
bodlero: ldtfrtodif, qulnrodif l blsmhodif f qul jï mfdclmeob. Ilssl
bfif, lhls `ezlrob cestýreo: uds, mfb ub rlskotl ouiomefsf1 futrf, mfb
ortl edfvoifro.
Ldtfrtor, qulnror l blsmhor síf `lrrobldtos usoios pfr dfssf mårlnrf
 poro trods`frb
trods `frboror os lxplreêdmeos
lxplre êdmeos lb ohkf dfvf1 síf os rftedos
rfte dos nïsemo
nïsemoss df
sf`tworl io edvldëíf. Os botåreos-prebos síf prfvldeldtls il moio
osplmtf il dfssf ldvfhvebldtf mfb f budif: jfkfs il pohovros, rl`rüls
busemoes, nredqulifs, `ftfs, eileos edsperoifros l os blbýreos qul
omubuhobfs of hfdkf io veio. Ldtrlhoëodif lssos três oëüls nïsemos, o
bldtl cubodo ifnro, mfrto l `udil suos lxplreêdmeos lb dfvos `frbos.
 Dfsso mevehezoëíf
meveh ezoëíf nrfto dfs robfs ldtrlhoëoifs
ldtrl hoëoifs ios ilrevoëüls,
ilrevo ëüls,
rlmfbpfseëüls
Bos cï futrf l rlmfbnedoëüls.
osplmtf: f mårlnrf cubodf lstï plrbodldtlbldtl
klrodif ub lxmlssf il eileos dfvos, bos o boefr portl ilhos díf sl tfrdo
 pfpuhor.. Wfr qul todtos
 pfpuhor todt os eileos
eile os mreotevos
mreot evos díf mfdslkulb pldltror
pldltr or f blef
sfmeoh6
 

]LK\EBF] ILYL^BEDOËÜL] M\HY\^OE]

 Dlb
qulnrortfios os eileos
eileo
l blsmhor dífs korodtl
mreotevos
mreo tevos
qulldmfdtrob
ldmfdtr ob vï
f púnhemf lmf. ]ebphlsbld
]ebph
kfstor iflsbldtl tl ldtfrtor,
rlsuhtoif ldtfrt
`edoh.or,
F
otf mreotevf å opldos bltoil if prfmlssf: o futro bltoil å o mfbudeioil
fdil o mreoëíf sl edslrl. ]lr dfveioil díf nosto, å prlmesf ldmfdtror 
rlssfdîdmeo do sfmelioil. O lsmretfro Jfyml Morfh Fotls iez qul lsmrlvlr 
rfbodmls å ub ‘krodil l ievlrteif lxplrebldtf mfb pohovros sunblteif o
dfssfs porls poro juhkobldtf‒. L o fpedeíf il dfssfs porls sfnrl f
lxplrebldtf ilpldil io muhturo lb qul lhls sl edslrlb, pfrqul o
vohfrezoëíf io mreoëíf plho sfmelioil ilpldil if qul vlef odtls. Fs
 prfiutfs il dfsso ebokedoëíf
ebok edoëíf síf ebpuhsefdoifs
ebpuh sefdoifs plho cestýreo
cest ýreo il moio
hukor.
Wfr lxlbphf, f qul vfmê omco mreotevobldtl edtlrlssodtl ilpldil if
hukor lb qul vfmê bfro. Fs iroboturkfs `rodmlsls if såmuhf SPEE sl
otedcob çs três udeioils irobïtemos prfpfstos pfr Orestýtlhls: ubo plëo
ilveo tlr ub ldrlif predmepoh, slr obneldtoio dub údemf hukor l
trodsmfrrlr of hfdkf il ub sý ieo. Fs iroboturkfs edkhlsls io åpfmo,
mfbf ]coalsplorl, mfdclmeob lssos mfdvldëüls, bos prl`lrerob ekdfrï-
hos ’ osseb, Cobhlt voe io Iedobormo poro o Edkhotlrro dub otf l vfhto
df otf slkuedtl, slbodos ilpfes. Df blsbf plrâfif, f Ylotrf Dù, jopfdês,
díf rltrotovo mfb rlohesbf f lspoëf l f tlbpf: ifes plrsfdoklds pfieob
?
oporlmlr
F qul slhoif o hoif l blsbf
rlprlsldtovo ossebfu
lb Hfdirls díflblstor
Yýqueflb prlsldëo
díf slreoub if futrf.
rlprlsldtoif
lb Wores, pfrqul os dfrbos muhturoes lrob buetf iestedtos. Mreoifrls l
 púnhemff síf hebetoi
 púnhem heb etoifs
fs pfr rlstreëüls
rlstr eëüls muhturoes
muht uroes:: ubo eileo díf sl trods`lrl
trods `lrl
dlmlssoreobldtl il ub hukor o futrf pfrqul díf rlsuhto io ossebehoëíf
osseb ehoëíf ios
blsbos `fdtls muhturoes.
Il `frbo odïhfko, `rodmlsls l edkhlsls tevlrob eiloes poesokâstemfs
ie`lrldtls iurodtl såmuhfs. Fs jorieds `rodmlsls ifs såmuhfs SPEE l SPEEE
oprlsldtovob ub lexf sebåtremf l ub osplmtf nlb mueioif: lrob rlkeifs
 plhf blsbf
blsb f rekfr orquetltùde
orquet ltùdemf
mf qul ub pohïmef.
pohïme f. Jï fs jorieds
jorie ds edkhlsls
edkhls ls
tedcob trehcos sedufsos, l dlhls f vlril mrlsmeo hevrlbldtl. Lrob
 prfjltoifs
 prfjlt oifs poro porlmlr ilsfrkodezoifs.
ilsfrko dezoifs. Moponehety
Moponehe ty Nrfwd, ub ifs boes
ilstomoifs poesokestos edkhlsls if såmuhf SPEEE, mfbporovo o joriedoklb
 

ç pflseo: ‘Oque pfdcf ubo vârkuho. Ohe, fdil å prlmesf edtlrrfbplr o

vesíf, pfdcf ub porêdtlsl. Ohe
Ohe tlrbedf
tlrb edf mfb ub pfdtf `edoh l mfblëf mfb
futrf tlbo.‒>  Lsso onfrioklb hevrl dudmo tlreo seif omleto pfr slus
mfhlkos `rodmlsls.

F jorieb if pohïmef il Plrsohcls, do @rodëo, l ub jorieb edkhês prfjltoif

 pfr Moponehety Nrfwd

 Dubo tldiêdmeo
tldiêdme o sebehor
seb ehor,, o Peldo ifs såmuhfs SPEEE l SES `fe ub
bododmeoh il mfbpfsetfrls prfkrlssestos: Coyid, Bfzort, Nlltcfvld l
]mcunlrt vevlrob l tronohcorob do meioil. Lb qul plsl f lspâretf
ilsnrovoifr, dldcub ilhls joboes mfbpùs ubo porteturo qul lxekessl qul
fs búsemfs tfmosslb hlvlbldtl `fro if tfb, fu `fssl pfdtuoio pfr 
ilbfroifs sehêdmefs, fu usossl o lxperoëíf mfbf rlmursf lxprlssevf, fu
tevlssl ub retbf
moromtlrâstemos il sfnl
if kokoau, l ilsml
o búsemo io ’
mfrtlsldif qul jopfdlso,
ebplreoh tfios lssos
mreoiosífo
blef budif il iestîdmeo. Wfr boes ebokedotevfs qul `fsslb lssls
mfbpfsetfrls fmeildtoes, lhls mfrreob dfs modoes lstrletfs il suo prýpreo
muhturo.
 Do åpfmo, f nohå lurfplu eilohezovo
eiloh ezovo bfvebldtfs
bfveb ldtfs kromefsfs
krome fsfs qul díf
oporldtosslb ls`frëf: of sohtor, ub noehoredf ilveo ior o ebprlssíf il
lstor `hutuodif, slb qul slu rfstf ilexossl trodsporlmlr lbfëíf. Lb
mfdtrostl, o iodëo edieodo plrbodlmeo ldroezoio df mcíf, mfb
bfvebldtfs rltfrmeifs l lxtlduodtls if mfrpf l omlhlroifs il monlëo,
bífs l pås.
edtårprltl Buiodif
edieodf ropeiobldtl
pfieo o lxprlssíf
ohtlrdor ldtrl `omeoh l oilpfsturo,
o rlprlsldtoëíf ]coate,ubo
 

mreoifro, l ]cevo, f ilstrueifr, iurodtl o blsbo iodëo ’ iuoheioil

ebpldsïvlh df nohå mhïssemf lurfplu. Lbnfro sl pfsso ebokedor qul o
mreoteveioil díf tlb hebetls, dfssf mårlnrf l suos mreoëüls síf bfhioifs
 plhf mfdtlxtf
mfdt lxtf sfmeoh.
sfm eoh.
 Díf sý o ortl å hebetoio
heb etoio plho muhturo
muhtu ro ’ blsbf
blsb f vlrioils meldtâ`e
meldt â`emos
mos
 pfilb slr rlmlneios
rlmlne ios il bfif ie`lrldtl,
ie`lr ldtl, ilpldildif if hukor
hukor.. Iurodtl o
]lkudio Kulrro Budieoh, fs Lstoifs \deifs rlmlnlrob meldtestos qul
`ukerob io Ohlbodco dozesto, ldtrl lhls, Ledstled, ]zehori, Ylhhlr l futrfs
if plquldf krupf qul, ilpfes,
ilpfes, omonfu mreodif o preblero
prebler o nfbno otùbemo l
osseb pùs `eb ç kulrro. Bos fs dozestos tedcob soâif do `rldtl l mfdtovob
mfb meldtestos
meldtest os nrehcodtls mfbf [lrdlr Clesldnlrk. Ldtíf pfr qul lhls díf
kodcorob o mfrreio dumhlor6 F blef muhturoh ilslbpldcfu ub poplh
lssldmeoh dessf. _uodif o rlputoëíf il Ledstled jï lstovo lb osmldsíf lb
futrfs hfmoes, ievlrsfs meldtestos ohlbíls domefdohestos oedio ilsprlzovob
suos tlfreos, ohlkodif qul lro ‘meêdmeo juioemo‒, ediekdo il slr hlvoio o
såref.=  Ldtrl fs iltrotfrls il Ledstled lstovo f ohlbíf Wcehepp Hldori,
kodcoifr il ub Wrêbef Dfnlh, poro qulb os tlfreos il Ledstled ‘dudmo
`frob pldsoios poro slrlb vlrioileros‒. Hldori o`erbovo qul f prfpýsetf
sunvlrsevf io meêdmeo juioemo lro mfd`udier l ediuzer f pfvf ohlbíf of
lrrf. Wfr mfdto if `ehtrf if prlmfdmletf, fs dozestos tedcob ub mfdmletf il
oblre modfs.9
vlrioil meldtâ`emo ie`lrldtl ioqulhl ifs oblremodfs.
Mfbf os tlfreos, os edvldëüls têb ilstedfs ie`lrldtls o ilpldilr il
fdil surklb. Pljobfs ubo tlmdfhfkeo il pfdto mreoio sebuhtodlobldtl
lb ifes hukorls iurodtl o ]lkudio Kulrro Budieoh. Ldkldclerfs io Nlhh
Hons lb Dfvo Jlrsly mreorob ub plquldf iespfsetevf mopoz il obphe`emor 
sedoes il bfif boes l`emeldtl qul os krodils vïhvuhos lhltrùdemos usoios
do åpfmo. F edvldtf `fe mcoboif il ‘trodsestfr‒. Of blsbf tlbpf, ifes
meldtestos dozestos, qul tronohcovob dub honfrotýref io [lstedkcfusl
dubo meioilzedco plrtf il Wores, edvldtorob ub iespfsetevf
iespfsete vf quosl ekuoh, o
qul ilrob f dfbl il ‘trodsetrfd‒. O Nlhh Hons sfhemetfu o potldtl dfs
Lstoifs \deifs, l o [lstedkcfusl `lz f blsbf do @rodëo. Il edâmef,
 porlmeoo qul o edvldëíf io lbprlso
 porlme lbprl so mfb nosl `rodmlso
`rodml so eo prlvoh
prlvohlmlr,
lmlr, pfes
fs iespfsetevfs mreoifs lb slu honfrotýref lrob il blhcfr quoheioil qul
fs ifs oblremodfs. Bos lb pfumf tlbpf plrilrob lsso vodtoklb. O eileo
díf tlvl omfhceio lb Wores: os outfreioils plrilrob f edtlrlssl df
trodsestfr l rlierlmefdorob fs rlmursfs poro os plsquesos sfnrl ldlrkeo
dumhlor.< Ldquodtf essf, f trodsestfr io Nlhh Hons `fe sldif oplr`leëfoif,
 

tfrdfu-sl boes mfd`eïvlh l `ïmeh il prfiuzer l mfblëfu o slr usoif lb

rïiefs pfrtïtles. Wossoio ubo klroëíf, fs trodsestfrls lstovob lb tfif
tepf il iespfsetevfs lhltrùdemfs ’ l omonorob sl tfrdodif o nosl io
rlvfhuëíf ieketoh. Dfs Lstoifs \deifs, fs edvldtfrls mfdslkuerob
edstrubldtohezor f edvldtf qul iltlrbedoreo os iåmoios slkuedtls. If
futrf hoif if Othîdtemf, f trodsetrfd ldtrfu lb murtf-mermuetf.
murtf-mermuet f.
Yíf ebpfrtodtl quodtf f hukor  fdil  fdil sl vevl å o åpfmo lb qul sl vevl.
Os muhturos lvfhulb1 kfstfs l mfstubls buiob. Pljobfs f  ^le Hlor , il
]coalsplorl, qulqul tlrbedo mfb f plrsfdoklb-tâtuhf
plrsfdoklb-t âtuhf il jflhcfs odtl f mfrpf
slb veio il suo oboio `ehco, Mfrilheo, qul tedco seif ld`frmoio. Lhl kreto:
‘Wfr qul ub míf, ub movohf, ub rotf pfilb tlr veio l tu jï díf rlsperos6‒
Wfumos klroëüls ilpfes il ]coalsplorl, Docub Yotl oioptfu o plëo poro
qul tevlssl ub `edoh `lhez. Essf `lz mfb qul lho otldilssl ofs poirüls
ortâstemfs l muhturoes io ^lstouroëíf do Edkhotlrro, edmhusevl ç lxekêdmeo il
 justeëo
 just eëo pfåtemo.
pfåtem o. Do dfvo vlrsíf Mfrilheo sfnrlvevl,
sfnrlve vl, o vlrioil l o vertuil
vert uil
treud`ob, l Hlor å rlmfdiuzeif of trfdf ’ dub porohlhf mfb o rltfboio
if pfilr bfdïrquemf pfr Morhfs EE.0 Iurodtl boes il ub såmuhf, o vlrsíf
il Yotl prlifbedfu sfnrl o il ]coalsplorl. Il `frbo odïhfko, o plëo Ycl
Mcehirld―s Cfur  QO QO cfro ios mreodëosR, il Hehheod Clhhbod, mfdto o cestýreo
cest ýreo
il iuos prf`lssfros omusoios il bodtlr ub rfbodml håsnemf prfeneif.
_uodif o plëo `fe oioptoio poro f medlbo, do iåmoio il ?5=7, f rfbodml
`fe trods`frboif dub mosf cltlrfsslxuoh, ilveif çs lxekêdmeo io åpfmo.
Buetos iåmoios ilpfes, f blsbf ierltfr, [ehheob [yhlr, rl`lz f `ehbl: os
 prfeneëüls
 prfene ëüls bfroes
bfroe s tedcob seif suspldsos,
suspldso s, l o cestýreo
cestý reo freke
frekedoh
doh il Clhhbod
Clhhbo d
`fe rlstonlhlmeio.
F prfkrlssf meldtâ`emf, mfbf os plëos l fs `ehbls, tobnåb å bfhioif
 plhf bfbldtf
bfbl dtf cestýremf.
cest ýremf. Buetfs
Buet fs lhlbldtfs
lhlb ldtfs if båtfif
båt fif meldtâ`e
meldt â`emf
mf qul cfjl
mfdseilrobfs ediespldsïvles ’ lxplrebldtoëíf, punhemoëíf il rlsuhtoifs, rlsuht oifs,
ilsmreëíf iltohcoio io bltfifhfkeo, rlphemoëíf, ovoheoëíf ios eileos plho
mfbudeioil meldtâ`emo ’ surkerob do Edkhotlrro df `eb if såmuhf SPEE,
ilpfes io kulrro meveh. Otå ldtíf, os meêdmeos doturoes díf lrob
edvlstekoios plho lxplrebldtoëíf, bos plhos plrmlpëüls edieveiuoes l plho
lsplmuhoëíf tlýremo. Fs ioifs meldtâ`emfs lrob slmudiïrefs lb rlhoëíf çs
eileos vesefdïreos. Ylrbedoio o kulrro meveh, fs meldtestos nusmorob ub
blef il tronohcor judtfs plhf nlb if poâs. F quâbemf ^fnlrt Nfyhl
omrlietovo qul os prfvos pohpïvles prfpfrmefdoios plhfs lxplrebldtfs
lrob ub blef blhcfr il klror mfdsldsf. Df ldtodtf, slus båtfifs `frob
 

iurobldtl mfdtlstoifs, predmepohbldtl plhf `ehýsf`f Ycfbos Cfnnls, poro

qulb os ilmesüls il ubo mfbessíf slreob pfumf mfd`eïvles l susmltâvles
o bodepuhoëíf. Lhl ilsmfd`eovo predmepohbldtl io lhetl qul ifbedovo f
blef meldtâ`emf.;

il F båtfif
slus lxplrebldtoh
båretfs meldtâ`emfs,il
bosNfyhl omonfu
tobnåb prlvohlmldif
pfrqul otldieo o díf sý pfr mouso
dlmlsseioils io
åpfmo. O ^lvfhuëíf il ?033 ilrrunfu o bfdorqueo onsfhuto lb `ovfr io
bfdorqueo porhobldtoresto. Dlssl mfdtlxtf, f båtfif lxplrebldtoh il
Nfyhl `hfrlsmlu: lhl ilbfmrotezovo o meêdmeo, ld`otezodif o plsqueso
mfhltevo. Odtls, quodif fs rles lxlrmeob o outfreioil suprlbo, os
ilmhoroëüls il meldtestos lsplmâ`emfs tedcob ubo ed`huêdmeo ilsblieio.
Okfro, osseb mfbf f Worhobldtf, fs meldtestos oboifrls tedcob
suprlbomeo.3 Ohkf tíf `udiobldtoh quodtf o nusmo io vlrioil `fe bfhioif
 plhos mermudst
me rmudstîdmeos
îdmeos muhtur
m uhturoes.
oes.
Å justobldtl ilveif ç ebpfrtîdmeo if mfdtlxtf cestýremf qul os
edfvoëüls surklb lb bfbldtfs lsplmâ`emfs. O hedco if tlbpf io cestýreo
å pfdtuoio il edfvoëüls qul quohqulr plssfo  pfilreo  tlr edvldtoif
odtlrefrbldtl ’ tfios os suos plëos fu portls jï lstovob iespfdâvles ’,
bos dedkuåb os tlreo edvldtoif. Pljo f ieïhfkf fnhâquf ldtrl ub cfblb
l ubo buhclr sfnrl ub onfrtf df mfdtf ‘Mfhedos mfbf lhl`odtls nrodmfs‒,
il Lrdlst Clbedkwoy:

‘O mlrvljo lstï nfo l klhoio‒, iessl f cfblb.

cfblb .

‘Lstï ýtebo‒, mfdmfrifu o bfëo.

‘Å ubo fplroëíf rlohbldtl buetf sebphls, Jek‒, iessl f cfblb.

‘Dlb å ubo fplroëíf il vlrioil.‒

O bfëo fhcfu poro f pesf lb qul sl opfeovob fs pås io blso.

b lso.

‘Lu soneo qul vfmê mfdmfrioreo, Jek. Díf å doio il boes. Å sý

ilexor f or ldtror.‒

O bfëo díf iessl doio.

 

‘Pfu judtf l vfu `emor mfb vfmê f tlbpf tfif. Lhls sý ilexob f
or ldtror, ldtíf å ohkf mfbphltobldtl doturoh.‒
doturoh .‒

‘L f qul dýs `ozlbfs ilpfes6‒

‘Ilpfes
‘Ilpf ` emor nlb. Mfbf odtls.‒5
es vobfs `emor

Moio sldtldëo ilssl trlmcf `fe lsmreto lb hedkuoklb sebphls. Doio

 prfeneoo fs lsmretfrls
 prfene lsmre tfrls il usor f blsbf
b lsbf lstehf
lste hf mlb odfs odtls.
odtls . Bo
Boss dldcub
dl dcub
ilhls f `lz. Fs lsmretfrls il klroëüls odtlrefrls sl lxprlssovob il futrf
bfif. Pljobfs f slkuedtl ieïhfkf if rfbodml Fs pefdlerfs, il Jobls
@ldebfrl Mffplr, ub såmuhf boes odtekf:
odte kf:

‘Ldtrestlml-bl vlr o lxtrovokîdmeo qul edvoil lstl poâs‒, iessl f

 juez, ‘fdilmfb
oprfvletor, fs omfhfdfs ilsplrieëob
ilsplriil
prfiekoheioil eëob os iïievos
ovldturlerfs qul ilvlreob
ilvlre ob
nlb-sumlieifs. L
vfmê blsbf díf lstï hevrl
he vrl il mldsuro, Aerny,
Aerny, pfrqul onreu `lreios
` lreios
cfrrâvles dlssos ïrvfrls lb qul ubo plquldo edmesíf tlreo ioif f
blsbf rlsuhtoif. Wlëf-hcl ldmorlmeiobldtl qul sl hlbnrl il qul
lhos ilmfrrlb il såmuhfs il mrlsmebldtf l qul, ubo vlz
ilstruâios, dldcub slr vevf vlrï suo plrio slr rlblieoio.‒?7

Fs plrsfdoklds il Clbedkwoy, homùdemfs mfbf síf, tevlrob ubo

mfdvlrso edtlero quosl mfb f blsbf dúblrf il pohovros. Lbnfro

Clbedkwoy
suo prfso díftldco lsmretf
slreo mfb ub
omletïvlh vfmonuhïref slblhcodtl
rltrfsplmtevobldtl: of il
porlmlreo Mffplr,
ilboseoif
edierlto l lsmosso of hletfr if såmuhf SES.
SES.
Io blsbo `frbo, tuif il qul f mfbpfsetfr Lorhl Nrfwd prlmesfu poro
lsmrlvlr suo fnro  O voehonhl @frbs E , il ?50?, lstovo ç bíf il
 Ovoehonhl
mfbpfsetfrls if såmuhf SES,SES, mfbf Nlltcfvld: o dftoëíf, fs edstrubldtfs,
edst rubldtfs,
f sestlbo il o`edoëíf. Bos dldcub mfbpfsetfr ioqulhl tlbpf tlreo
lsmretf ubo plëo lb qul os portls ifs búsemfs mfdsestesslb lb moexos
dublroios mfb búsemo ildtrf l do quoh f rlkldtl ebprfvesossl ediemodif
o moio búsemf f qul tfmor, ierekedif-fs hevrlbldtl. Wfr mouso ilsso
`hlxeneheioil, O voehonhl @frbs E  dudmo
 Ovoehonhl  dudmo å edtlrprltoio iuos vlzls io blsbo
`frbo. Woro o sldseneheioil if såmuhf SES, o búsemo lro bedumefsobldtl
frkodezoio l mffrildoio, l sl lsplrovo qul `fssl rlmfdclmeio o moio
 

edtlrprltoëíf. \b mfbpfsetfr io åpfmo otå  pfilreo tlr lsmretf ohkf mfbf

 Ovoehonhl @frbs E , bos lstovo tftohbldtl `fro ios dfrbos muhturoes ’ l
 Ovoehonhl
 pfrtodtff lsso pfssenehe
 pfrtodt pfssen eheioil
ioil plrbodlmeo
plrbod lmeo edvesâvlh
edves âvlh todtf poro mreoifrls
mreoif rls
quodtf poro photleos.
Ilveif çs eiefssedmroseos il suo cestýreo, moio hukor hebeto os fnros qul
dlhl sl prfiuzlb. Blsbf quodif ubo fnro mreotevo nusmo slr ltlrdo,
ilpldil lssldmeohbldtl if blef lb qul `fe prfiuzeio.
 

\BO LSWL^EÊDMEO DF HONF^O

HONF^OYÝ^EF
YÝ^EF IF WÚNHEMF

Lb borëfdub
sldtfu-sl il nor
?3>0, lb Peldo,
lb `rldtl ç moso fdomfbpfsetfr Huiwek
quoh lstrlovo vod quortltf
slu úhtebf Nlltcfvldil
mfrios. Jï nostodtl surif, lhl díf tlreo mfdslkueif fuver o oprlsldtoëíf,
bos f qul f `lz lvetor f lvldtf `fe f dlrvfsesbf quodtf ç rloëíf if
 púnhemff of úhtebf
 púnhem úhte bf bfvebldtf, q uoh lhl ilu f dfbl il Krfssl @ukl ’ o
bfve bldtf, of quoh
krodil `uko. Mfb iuroëíf il ilzlssltl bedutfs, lro f boes hfdkf `edoh jï
lsmretf pfr ub búsemf, tíf hfdkf quodtf buetfs quortltfs il mfrios
mfbphltfs. Ildtrf il ub údemf bfvebldtf prfhfdkoif, lhl rludeu ubo
onlrturo rïpeio, ubo rl`edoio portl hldto, ub edtlrhúief iodëodtl l ub
`edoh ldtuseïstemf. O Krfssl @ukl pfr se sý lquevoheo o ub nrlvl quortltf
il
sfdsmfrios edtlerf,
l retbfs mfb quotrf
mfbphlxfs bfvebldtfs.
qul dedkuåb L il
do åpfmo dífNlltcfvld
sý essf: ftedco
`edohfuveif
tedco
odtls. Of omrlsmldtor ub `edoh tíf lxekldtl o ub hfdkf quortltf,
Nlltcfvld soneo qul lstovo pliedif buetf o slu púnhemf.
Lhl sl ldmfdtrovo dubo setuoëíf mfbub poro fs mreoifrls: of
oprlsldtor ubo fnro, díf lxestl f ‘å ebpfssâvlh lrror‒. O mreoteveioil å
ub otf edtredslmobldtl sfmeoh, ub lxplrebldtf df honfrotýref if púnhemf.
O dfvo fnro å ovoheoio ildtrf il ub mfdtlxtf muhturoh, pfrtodtf o
rlmlpteveioil o quohqulr edfvoëíf ilpldil if qul vlef odtls l il quodtf
lho sl oprfxebo fu sl o`osto ilsso hedcoklb. Lstobfs slbprl tldtodif
ilmeier ldtrl dfs otlr rekfrfsobldtl ofs poirüls io mfbudeioil fu dfs
ovldturor df ilsmfdclmeif1 prfmurobfs f blef-tlrbf eiloh ldtrl o
`obeheoreioil l o dfveioil.
Of lsmrlvlr ub bfvebldtf `edoh tíf ouiomefsf, Nlltcfv
Nlltcfvldld opfstfu ohtf
do dfveioil. Wfr essf sldtfu-sl df nor l lsplrfu qul slu obekf Cfhz, f
slkudif vefhedf, `fssl hcl rlvlhor f vlrlietf io photleo. Cfhz `edohbldtl
mclkfu, ls`uzeodtl, l mfdtfu o Nlltcfvld qul f quortltf tedco seif ub
sumlssf: o photleo plieu qul fs bfvebldtfs edtlrblieïrefs
edtlrblie ïrefs `fsslb tfmoifs
il dfvf. Nlltcfvld `emfu ldtuseosboif. Bos oâ plrkudtfu sfnrl o Krfssl
 @ukl. Ed`lhezbldtl, iessl Cfhz, díf cfuvlro plieif il nes. Nostodtl
ilsopfdtoif, Nlltcfvld iessl qul o photleo lro mfbpfsto il ‘koif l
osdfs‒ l qul o Krfssl @ukl  lro f údemf bfvebldtf iekdf il slr tfmoif
iuos vlzls.??
 

F lxplrebldtf il Nlltcfvld tedco sl iestodmeoif ilboes ifs poirüls

il suo mfbudeioil. \b mrâtemf prlsldtl ç lstrleo iessl qul f `edoh lro ‘tíf
edmfbprlldsâvlh quodtf mcedês‒.?>   Dlb fs boefrls oiberoifrls il
Nlltcfvld mfbprlldilrob o fnro. ]lu lietfr rlmlfu qul o mfbfëíf lb
tfrdf ifubo
`ezlssl `edohprfpfsto
mfbprfbltlssl o ilbodio
o Nlltcfvld: mfrtorio plëo tfio,
o Krfssl @ukll  l
plieu o Cfhzfutrf
lsmrlvlr qul
`edoh. Cfhz lsmrlvlu:

Lu iessl o Nlltcfvld qul lsso @uko, qul sl o`ostovo if mfbub l

suplrovo blsbf fs úhtebfs quortltfs lb frekedoheioil, ilvlreo
slr punhemoio mfbf fnro ç portl Q...R Mfbudequle-hcl qul Qslu
lietfrR lstovo iespfstf o pokor cfdfrïrefs suphlbldtorls plhf
dfvf `edoh. Nlltcfvld
Nlltcfvld iessl qul eo rl`hlter
rl`hlte r sfnrl f ossudtf.

Nlltcfvld tedco `obo il ior pfumo otldëíf ç mopomeioil ifs búsemfs

fu çs `omuhioils il suo photleo1 bos ilsso vlz, lxtrofriedoreobldtl, lhl
mfdmfrifu mfb f lietfr.?=  Ieodtl il ub rlsuhtoif ilsodeboifr, mlilu of
 púnhemf,
 púnhem f, vfhtfu of konedltl
konedlt l l mfbpùs ub `edoh hâremf,
hâr emf, boes suovl l ifml
qul o Krfssl @ukl l mfb ub tlrëf io iuroëíf ilsto. Díf cï ifmubldtfs
qul rlkestrlb suos bftevoëüls. Bos f mosf å ub lxlbphf dftïvlh il
dlkfmeoëíf ldtrl f ebpuhsf mreotevf l o mfbudeioil qul voe rlmlnê-hf.
 

@E_\L WL^YF ILBOE] L ]L^Ï \

\HHY^OW
Y^OWO]]OIF
O]]OIF

fF qul
iehlbo il Nlltcfvld
jï lxestl rlplteu-sl
rlplteu-sl
fu ohkf qul dedkuåbedúblros
dudmo vlzls:
`lz6 Domreor ohkfifporlmeif
nusmo mfb
blef-tlrbf
eiloh ldtrl os iuos fpëüls, fs mreoifrls çs vlzls tldilb poro f hoif
mfdclmeif. Lhl porlml boes slkurf, pfrqul lstï nosloif df qul o
mfbudeioil jï mfdclml l oprlmeo. Bos ovodëor ofs pfumfs omorrlto ub
resmf: f púnhemf ovodëor slb vfmê.
Pljobfs f sbortpcfdl NhomaNlrry. Lb >77=, o lbprlso il tlmdfhfkeo
^EB hodëfu f preblerf NhomaNlrry: suo edfvoëíf predmepoh lro ub tlmhoif
O]I@K mfbphltf, qul plrbeteo rlspfdilr o l-boehs df oporlhcf, ohåb il
`ozlr l rlmlnlr hekoëüls tlhl`ùdemos. Lb >77;, fs NhomaNlrrels `ozeob
todtf
O ^EB sumlssf qultfrdoif
tedco sl f vohfrubo
ios oëüls io lbprlso
ios lbprlsos boesslmfbpltetevos
buhtephemfu pfr fetldto.
if sltfr il
tlmdfhfkeo. Df blsbf odf, o Opphl hodëfu f preblerf eWcfdl. O `oteo il
blrmoif if NhomaNlrry l f vohfr ios oëüls io ^EB mfdteduorob lb ohto
iurodtl ohkub tlbpf, otedkedif dfvfs potoborls, bos ilpfes o otldëíf if
 púnhemff mfblëfu o sl vfhtor
 púnhem vfhto r poro fs mlhuhorls
mlhuh orls tfumcsm
tfumcsmrlld.
rlld. Oplsor iessf,
fs `onremodtls if NhomaNlrry edsesterob lb slu bfilhf. Lsplrovob qul f
eWcfdl `fssl ubo bfio possoklero. Lb pfumfs odfs, o `oteo il blrmoif if
NhomaNlrry moeu ;<% l os oëüls io lbprlso ilspldmorob il ub vohfr 
bïxebf il ?=3 iýhorls poro 0,=7. _uoh `fe f lrrf if NhomaNlrry6 Lhl sl
otlvl o ubo rlspfsto mfrrlto iurodtl tlbpf ilboes, sunlstebodif o
vlhfmeioil mfb qul fs tlhl`fdls lvfhuereob poro iespfsetevfs buhtebâieo.
 Dub NhomaNlrry,
NhomaNlrry, f tlmhoif
tlmh oif `âsemf
`âse mf hebeto
heb eto f tobodcf
tobo dcf io tlho,
tlho , ie`emuht
ie`e muhtodif
odif
vlr `ehbls l usor ophemotevfs. F qul tedco ioif mlrtf lb >77; jï díf
`udmefdovo pfumfs odfs ilpfes. F ovodëf hldtf `romossfu1 o mfbpodceo
díf `fe hfdkl f nostodtl.
F blsbf ilstedf rlmoeu sfnrl o Lostbod Afioa. Klfrkl Lostbod
edvldtfu f preblerf rfhf il `ehbl `hlxâvlh lb ?33<. Lb bloifs io iåmoio
il ?5;7, Lostbod mfdtrfhovo edomrlietïvles 57% if blrmoif il `ehbls l
3<% ios vldios il mîblros dfs Lstoifs \deifs. Dfvl lb ilz `ftfs `letos
df poâs lrob ‘bfbldtfs Afioa‒. Df ldtodtf, prlfmupoio mfb ubo
 pfssâvlhh modenohezoëíf
 pfssâvl modenoh ezoëíf io vldio il `ehbls `eh bls odohýkemfs,
odohýke mfs, o lbprlso
lbpr lso
rlspfdilu mfb rlslrvos ç tlmdfhfkeo ieketoh. Lbnfro tldco hodëoif ubo
 

hedco prýpreo il mîblros ieketoes, o Afioa díf prlveu o `frëo mfb qul o
dfvo tlmdfhfkeo suplroreo o rlvlhoëíf quâbemo. Lb >7?>, o lbprlso
`udioifro io ediústreo `ftfkrï`emo ilmhorfu `ohêdmeo.
Buetos vlzls, os lbprlsos qul kodcorob o heilrodëo mfb ubo edfvoëíf e dfvoëíf
fusoio `frob ilexoios poro trïs of díf mfdslkuerlb sl oioptor ofs dfvfs
tlbpfs. ]l vfmê queslssl ossester o ub `ehbl lb moso df odf >777,
 prfvovlhbldt
 prfvovlh bldtll possoreo
possor eo do hfmoifro
hfmoifr o Nhfmanustlr
Nhfmanustl r boes prýxebo,
prýxeb o, mfbf
`ozeob behcüls il plssfos. @udioio pfr ub prfkroboifr, o Nhfmanustlr 
`fe pefdlero lb usor ub sestlbo il rostrlobldtf qul bfdetfrovo
tldiêdmeos l korodteo qul fs hodëobldtfs boes pfpuhorls lstevlsslb
slbprl iespfdâvles. Lb slu oukl, o Nhfmanustlr mclkfu o tlr boes il fdzl
beh hfjos df budif tfif. Bos lho díf rlokeu mfb ropeilz su`emeldtl of
oivldtf io nodio horko, mfb o quoh fs vâilfs possorob o slr trodsbeteifs
ierltobldtl poro os mosos. Lb >7?9, o úhtebo hfmoifro Nhfmanustlr ifs
Lstoifs \deifs `lmcfu os pfrtos. Ohukor `ehbls lb ubo hfjo `âsemo verfu
mfeso if possoif. Osseb mfbf f NhomaNlrry l o Afioa, o Nhfmanustlr 
 plrbodlmlu
 plrbo dlmlu `elh
`e lh o suo `ýrbuh
` ýrbuhoo pfr tlbpf
tlb pf ilboes.
ilboe s.
Mfbf fs (odtekfs) `udmefdïrefs ilssos lbprlsos rlhotob, çs vlzls `emor 
 plrtf ilboes
ilboe s ifs êxetfs
êxetf s odtlrefrls
odtlr efrls díf nosto ’ ub krodil sohtf
soht f å f qul
mopturo o ebokedoëíf if púnhemf. @fe f qul omfdtlmlu quodif o
lhltremeioil sunstetueu o ehubedoëíf o kïs, fs outfbývles sunstetuârob os
morruoklds, f medlbo sfdfrf sunstetueu f buif, f trodsestfr sunstetueu os
vïhvuhos l fs mfbputoifrls il blso sunstetuârob
sunstetuâr ob fs il krodil pfrtl.
Wfil porlmlr qul f slkrlif å o rupturo. Bos lsso lstrotåkeo tlb o
blsbo `rlquêdmeo il sumlssf qul os buiodëos kroiuoes.
 

PÏ HFDKL ILBOE] L DEDK\ÅB E^Ï J\DYF

Ldtrl ?30<ill mreor

tldtotevos f mfblëf
ubo io ]lkudio
hâdkuo KulrroF Budieoh,
udevlrsoh. fnjltevf cfuvl mldtldosubo
lro mfdstruer il
hâdkuo ‘plr`leto‒, `ïmeh il oprldilr l slb os ie`emuhioils ios hâdkuos
doturoes. Buetfs iekdetïrefs, ldtrl lhls Lhlodfr ^ffslvlht, bode`lstorob-
sl o `ovfr ilssos edemeotevos, omrlietodif qul ubo hâdkuo mfbub
 prfbfvlreo
 prfbfvl reo o poz budieoh.
budie oh. Oporlmlrob hâdkuo
hâdkuoss mfb dfbls murefsfs,
murefs fs,
mfbf ouhe, lspeif, lsplreif, lurfpoh, lurfplf, klfkhft, khfnoqf, khfso,
cfb-eiyfbf, eif, ehf, edtlrhâdkuo, esperodtu, hotedf sedl `hlxefdl,
budilhedkvo, bfdihedkvf, bfdihedku, dfveoh, fmmeildtoh, plr`latspromcl,
sebphf, uhho, udevlrsohkhft l vfhopøa.?9   _uosl tfios `frob mfdstruâios il
bfif
sedtoxlslblhcodtl:
boes hýkemosodmfroios lb roâzlserrlkuhorls.
l slb tlrbedoëüls lurfpleos, bos mfb frtfkro`eo l
 Dedkuåb mclkfu boes plrtf il rlohezor
rloh ezor f eiloh io hâdkuo udevlrsoh
udevlrs oh if
qul H.H. Zobldcf`, f edvldtfr if lsplrodtf. Moio hltro mfrrlspfdil o ub
sfb. Yfifs fs vlrnfs sl mfdjukob io blsbo `frbo. F vfmonuhïref sl
mfdstrýe pfr oieëíf il prl`exfs l su`exfs mfb sekde`emoifs prlvesâvles. Wfr 
lxlbphf, f su`exf lk  sekde`emo
 sekde`emo krodilz
krodilzoo lb tobodcf fu edtldseioil: vldtf
sekde`emo vldtf, ldquodtf vldtlkf  sekde`emo vldtf `frtl1 ifbf  sekde`emo
moso, ldquodtf ifblkf sekde`emo bodsíf.?<
Il edâmef, f lsplrodtf lro usoif opldos pfr Zobldcf` l suo `uturo
lspfso:
Zobldcf` lhls lsmrlveob
punhemfu mortosoprlsldtodif
f trotoif il obfr dlsso hâdkuo. oBos
f lsplrodtf, ilpfes
hâdkuo qul
mfblëfu
o otroer slkueifrls. Cfuvl mfdkrlssfs edtlrdomefdoes sfnrl f lsplrodtf.
Lb ?573, f bedúsmuhf tlrretýref nlhkf-prusseodf il Bfrlsdlt Dlutrf
hodëfu ub bfvebldtf qul prltldieo buior slu dfbl poro Obealjf Qhukor 
io obezoilR l tfrdor-sl f preblerf Lstoif nosloif dfs predmâpefs if
lsplrodtf. F bfvebldtf lsplrodtesto tlvl slu blhcfr bfbldtf ilpfes io
]lkudio Kulrro Budieoh: blef behcíf il plssfos ossedorob ubo plteëíf
çs Doëüls \deios poro qul f lsplrodtf `fssl oiftoif mfbf hâdkuo budieoh
f`emeoh. Lb ?593, slus prfpfsetfrls ohlkorob qul f lsplrodtf tedco
‘rlsesteif o tfios os tfrbldtos l plrbodlmeif rlhlvodtl Q...R Yfrdfu-sl o
 

hâdkuo vevo il ub pfvf vevf Q...R prfdto poro slr utehezoio dubo lsmoho
buetf boefr‒.?0
Lsso ilmhoroëíf `fe f pfdtf boes ohtf o qul f lsplrodtf mclkfu. F
ldtuseosbf plho dfvo hâdkuo ilsoporlmlu: lho dudmo `fe oiftoio mfbf
 preb
 preblero
leroqul
 plssfos fu oslkudio hâdkuo
hâdkumfbf
oprldilrob
opr ldilrob o il poâs ohkub,
ohkub
hâdkuo
h âdkuo , l lxestlb
botlrdolxest
b otlrdo do lb opldosLbnfro
ed`îdmeo.
ed` îdmeo. mlrmo
Lb nfroil
dfsbeh
dfssf
sf
budif khfnohbldtl edtlrhekoif tevlssl buetf o kodcor mfb ubo hâdkuo
udevlrsoh, qulrlr qul pfpuhoëüls edtleros oprldilsslb ubo hâdkuo
mfbphltobldtl dfvo lro plier buetf. Oplsor il suos vodtoklds ýnveos,
ubo hâdkuo udevlrsoh bfstrfu-sl iesruptevo ilboes.
Buetos futros sfhuëüls roiemoes, lb futros ïrlos, jï `frob tldtoios l
ilexoios il hoif. Pljobfs, pfr lxlbphf, f mohldiïref. Ilsil qul f popo
Krlkýref SEEE edstetueu f mohldiïref krlkfreodf, lb ?<3>, buetfs
 pldsoifrlss il`ldilrob
 pldsoifrl il`ldilr ob ub bfif blhcfr il mfdtor fs ieos l os lstoëü lstoëüls.
ls.
O`edoh, díf slreo prl`lrâvlh tlr ub mohldiïref lb qul moio bês tevlssl f
blsbf dúblrf il ieos l oedio pfr mebo puilssl slr rlutehezoif odf opýs
odf6 Lb ?5>=, o ilbodio poro opfsldtor f mohldiïref krlkfreodf tedco sl
tfrdoif tíf `frtl qul o Heko ios Doëüls edstetueu ub mfdmursf budieoh. F
vldmlifr `fe ub mohldiïref il trlzl blsls, prfjltoif pfr Bfsls
Mftswfrtc, lb qul moio bês tedco >3 ieos l tfifs fs odfs mfblëovob
dub ifbedkf. F iåmebf tlrmlerf bês, mcoboif sfh, `fe edslreif ldtrl
 judcf l juhcf. Klfrkl Lostbod,
Lostb od, `udioifr io Lostb
Lostbodod Afioa Mfbpody,
Mfbpody,
`emfu tíf ldtuseosboif qul oiftfu f mohldiïref il Mftswfrtc mfbf
mohldiïref f`emeoh il suo lbprlso iurodtl boes il slssldto odfs. Df
ldtodtf, fs Lstoifs \deifs norrorob f prfjltf do Heko ios Doëüls, pfes
díf qulreob qul os `lsteveioils if _uotrf il Juhcf moâsslb df ieo ‘?; il
sfh‒. Oplsor il odfs il prlssíf, o prfpfsto il oiftor f`emeohbldtl f
mohldiïref il Mftswfrtc bfrrlu lb ?5=;.
Pïreos iåmoios ilpfes, Lhesonltc Omclhes
Omclhes prfpùs ub mohldiïref budieoh
il ifzl blsls qul dudmo buio. Mfbf sltl ieos vlzls <> slbodos iíf =09
ieos, `ohtodif ub ieo poro f odf mfbphltf, f úhtebf ieo if odf slreo
mcoboif Ieo if Budif, il bfif qul f memhf puilssl rlmfblëor dub
ifbedkf. Krupfs rlhekefsfs sl fpuslrob pfrqul f ieo lxtro plrturnoreo o
frilb slbodoh ifs muhtfs. Osseb, os Doëüls \deios díf rote`emorob f
dfvf mohldiïref.
Os prfpfstos díf porovob il mclkor. F outfr il `emëíf meldtâ`emo Esoom
Osebfv prfpùs f mohldiïref budieoh ios lstoëüls, qul suprebeo fs blsls
 

l ieveieo f odf lb quotrf lstoëüls il trlzl slbodos moio. Osseb mfbf f

mohldiïref budieoh, tedco ub ieo lxtro df `eb if odf. Jï f mohldiïref
sebltreo 9<9 il Erv Nrfbnlrk tedco blsls il >3 l =< ieos1 lb vlz il ub
ieo lxtro o moio odf, lhl mfdtlbphovo ub sohtf il ubo slbodo  o moio
medmf fu sles odfs.
Lssls dfvfs mohldiïrefs otroârob slkueifrls, bos, mfbf os hâdkuos
udevlrsoes, omonorob sldif onodifdoifs. Coveo prfnhlbos ilboes o
suplror. Lb dfssf budif edtlrmfdlmtoif, slreo ebpfssâvlh `ozlr ubo
trodseëíf lb ltopos1 tfifs fs sf`tworls tlreob il slr otuohezoifs. Edstetuer 
ub dfvf sestlbo tobnåb ebphemoreo ubo oioptoëíf il tfios os iotos
cestýremos, fu ldtíf os plssfos tlreob il oprldilr ifes sestlbos ’ ub
 poro f possoif, futrf poro f `uturf.
`utur f. Boes ubo vlz, os edmfdvldeêdmeos
edmfdvlde êdmeos il
ubo buiodëo plsorob boes qul os edmfdvldeêdmeos if mohldiïref
krlkfreodf oiftoif iurodtl f ^ldosmebldtf. Ld`letoif cfjl lb ieo mfb
bfilhfs il nequâde fu nfbnlerfs slb mobeso, lhl mfdteduo pldiuroif do
 porlil.
Edilpldildtlbldtl io khfre`emoëíf fu io rljleëíf io ediústreo, dovlkor 
lb ïkuos ilsmfdclmeios å slbprl orresmoif. Wfr lxlbphf, dub bfbldtf
lb qul f budif ld`rldto fs plrekfs ios buiodëos mhebïtemos l ub
lvldtuoh lskftobldtf ifs mfbnustâvles `ýssles, o ediústreo
outfbfnehâstemo clseto ldtrl oplr`leëfor fs bftfrls mfdvldmefdoes
(sfhuëíf kroiuoh) l bekror poro futro tlmdfhfkeo, mfbf fs bftfrls
lhåtremfs fu il ceirfkêdef (sfhuëíf iesruptevo). \bo ilsvodtoklb ifs
vlâmuhfs lhåtremfs å qul lhls ilbfrob poro rlmorrlkor ’ otuohbldtl
ilzldos il vlzls boes tlbpf if qul hlvobfs poro ldmclr f todqul dub
 pfstf il mfbnustâvles
mfbnust âvles.. Osseb, o lbprlso
lbprl so Nlttlr Whoml mrefu ubo dfvo
sfhuëíf: o trfmo il notlreo. Pfmê poro dub pfstf l lb qulstíf il bedutfs
sunstetue o notlreo lskftoio pfr ubo dfvo. O lbprlso lsmfhclu Esrolh
mfbf mobpf il tlstl pfr mouso if tobodcf rliuzeif if poâs l ios
 prlfmupoëüls
 prlfmupoë üls obneldtoe
obnel dtoess io pfpuhoëíf. Mfb opfef if kfvlrdf, o Nlttlr 
Whoml mfdstrueu ?.377 pfstfs il slrveëf lb tfif f poâs l onreu-fs poro f
 púnhemf.
 púnhem f. O lbprlso
lbpr lso mfdtovo qul ubo bossoboss o mrâtemo
mrât emo `oreo
`ore o o trodseëíf
trods eëíf poro
morrfs lhåtremfs. Ed`lhezbldtl,
Ed`lhezb ldtl, díf `fe pfssâvlh vldmlr o edårmeo if púnhemf:
oplsor il krodils mobpodcos punhemetïreos, fs mfbproifrls il morrf díf
lstovob prfdtfs poro o buiodëo. O Nlttlr Whoml díf mfdslkueu vldilr ub
dúblrf il vlâmuhfs su`emeldtl poro bodtlr o sfhvêdmeo ifs pfstfs. ]les
odfs ilpfes io lstrleo treud`odtl, o lbprlso ilmhorfu `ohêdmeo.
`oh êdmeo.
 

Pevlbfs dub ltlrdf monf il kulrro ldtrl f prlvesâvlh l f

surprlldildtl. F oplkf çs mfesos qul iíf mlrtf prfvfmo ilskostl, bos
ilexor o zfdo il mfd`frtf poro trïs pfil sekde`emor díf tlr oilptfs. F
blef-tlrbf eiloh ldtrl o `obeheoreioil l o dfveioil å ub ohvf lb
bfvebldtf, ie`âmeh il omlrtor. Edúblros eileos `frob poror do hoto il hexf
io cestýreo pfrqul f ohvf lstovo `fro il ohmodml ’ fu os `hlmcos moâob
odtls il ohmodmï-hf, fu possovob buetf ohåb ilhl. _uodif o Bemrfsf`t
otuohezfu suo photo`frbo poro [edifws 3, `fe mretemoio pfr tlr eif hfdkl
ilboes: o rloëíf if púnhemf `fe tíf cfsteh qul slus ilsldvfhvlifrls `frob
ilbeteifs. Ldquodtf essf, os otuohezoëüls io Opphl lrob mretemoios pfr 
lxmlssf il prlmouëíf. O mreoteveioil, mfbf iez Jfyml Morfh Fotls, å
slbprl ub lxplrebldtf.
Fs kfstfs muhturoes lstíf slbprl buiodif, l dlb slbprl ovodëob o
 possfs `erbls.
`erb ls. Çs vlzls sl orrostob
orros tob,, çs vlzls iíf sohtfs.
soht fs. Ohåb iessf, o
ierlëíf if bfvebldtf dlb slbprl å prlvesâvlh.
prlvesâ vlh. Å pfr essf qul f lsplrodtf
mfdteduo sldif ubo prfblsso errlohezoio, ldquodtf o Nhfmanustlr lstï
ilsoporlmldif il dfsso blbýreo mfhltevo. Díf å `ïmeh sonlr quoes mcutls
rlsuhtoríf lb kfh.
 

O N\]MO IO NLHLZO \DEPL^]OH

]fbfs
muhturoh,tfifs
slrï cubodfs. Ldtíf,
qul lxestl ubooplsor
nlhlzoiosudevlrsoh
ebprlveseneheioils
qul lstljoifomebo
mfdtlxtf
if
bfbldtf cestýremf l ios mermudstîdmeos6 ]lrï qul lxestlb moromtlrâstemos
ebutïvles io doturlzo cubodo qul mfdiemefdob dfssos lsmfhcos mreotevos,
ubo blhfieo otlbpfroh qul ierekl os ebprfvesoëüls if ieo o ieo6 ]lbprl
cfuvl ubo nusmo pfr lsso udevlrsoheioil, pfr mouso il slu vohfr mfbf
lstrlho-kueo qul mfbodioreo dfssos lsmfhcos mreotevos.
Ohkf `rlquldtlbldtl metoif mfbf ub ediemoifr io nlhlzo udevlrsoh å o
sebltreo vesuoh. Mfbporl, pfr lxlbphf, fs poirüls klfbåtremfs ifs
topltls plrsos ofs if tltf
t ltf if pohïmef il Ohcobnro, do Lspodco, mreoifs lb
hukorls l plrâfifs iestedtfs.

 Df ldtodtf,
ldtodt f, o rlhoëíf
rlhoë íf ldtrl nlhlzo l sebltre
seb ltreoo díf å onsfhuto.
onsfhut o. O ortl
rfmfmý, pfpuhor do Lurfpo if såmuhf SPEEE, quosl dudmo lro sebåtremo, l
fs jorieds zld síf oprlmeoifs justobldtl pfr suo ossebltreo.
 

F treud`f il Pêdus , il @rodëfes Nfumclr,

Nfumclr, l ub jorieb zld

Osseb, tohvlz ilvobfs nusmor lb futrf hukor fs ediâmefs io nlhlzo

udevlrsoh. Lb ?5;=, o psemýhfko Klrio ]blts `lz lxplrebldtfs
lhltrfldml`ohfkrï`emfs,
rlkestror usodif lhltrfifs
o oteveioil mlrlnroh prfvfmoioprlsfs
plho oflxpfseëíf
mfurf monlhuif, poro
o ie`lrldtls
 poirüls. Lho fnslrvfu qul cï ubo rlspfsto
rlspfst o boefr if mårlnrf
mårlnr f o poirüls
mfb ub dâvlh il mfbphlxeioil il mlrmo il >7%.

 O slkudio `ehlero
`ehler o il mebo poro noexf oprlsldto ub dâvlh il mfbphlxeioil
il boes fu bldfs >7% (]blts,
( ]blts, ?5;=)
 

Fs rlmåb-dosmeifs `etob poirüls mfb mlrmo il >7% il mfbphlxeioil

 pfr boes tlbpf
tlbp f qul futrfs poirüls. F neýhfkf L.F. [ehsfd
[ehs fd suklreu
suklre u qul
lsso prl`lrêdmeo pfilreo ediemor ubo nlhlzo udevlrsoh nefhfkemobldtl
iltlrbedoio poro o ortl:

Wfil slr mfedmeiêdmeo (lbnfro lu omcl qul díf) qul boes fu

bldfs f blsbf krou il mfbphlxeioil å ldmfdtroif lb krodil
 portl ios prfiuëüls ortâstem
ortâ stemos
os mfbf `resfs,
`re sfs, `lrrf
`lrr f `frjo
`frjoif,
if,
lbnhlbos, hfkftepfs, bormos l nodileros Q...R F blsbf dâvlh il
mfbphlxeioil moromtlrezo portl ioquehf qul å mfdseilroif
otroldtl do ortl prebetevo,
preb etevo, do ortl bfilrdo l df ilsekd.

Bos slrï qul [ehsfd tlb rozíf6 O lstebuhoëíf pfil slr ub pfdtf il
 porteio
 porte io poro o lståtemo,
lståt emo, bos díf lxphemo
lxphe mo tuif. Pevlbfs
evlb fs lb sfmelioils
sfmelio ils qul
osperob mrfdemobldtl ç surprlso l ç edsperoëíf bútuo. _uodif o
mfbphlxeioil il >7% sl tfrdo ub cïnetf, lho plril f nrehcf l fs slrls
cubodfs nusmob futros iebldsüls il dfveioil.

Pljobfs iuos tlhos onstrotos pedtoios pfr [ossehy Aodiedsay l slu

mfbpotrefto Aozeber Bohlvemc, rlsplmtevobldtl, mfb pfumfs odfs il
edtlrvohf. F mcfqul moýtemf il mfrls do Mfbpfseëíf PEE   (?5?=) il
Aodiedsay å il ohto mfbphlxeioil, ldquodtf o mohbo sfnrldoturoh il
 Nrodmf sfnrl nrodmf  (?5?3), il Bohlvemc, tlb o mfdsestêdmeo vesuoh il
ubo poesoklb mfnlrto il dlvl. Yldif fs blsbfs iltlrbedodtls
 nefhýkemfs
 nefhýke mfs (l tronohcodif
tronoh codif df blsbf
blsb f mfdtlxtf
mfdtlxt f muhturoh
muhtu roh quosl of blsbf
blsb f
 

tlbpf), Aodiedsay l Bohlvemc prfiuzerob ortl roiemohbldtl ie`lrldtl

ldtrl se.
Osseb, os ortls vesuoes díf lstíf mfdildoios o slkuer prlsmreëüls. Do
vlrioil, opýs mfdmhuer slus lxplrebldtfs, Klrio ]blts plrkudtfu ofs
?;
 porte
 portemepodt
mepodtls
rlspfsto ls quoes boefr
mlrlnroh eboklds
ebokl ds lhls  prl`lr
o ubo eob. Díf il
 prl`lreob
mfbphlxeioil cfuvl>7%mfdsldsf.   \bo
díf prlveo os
 prl`lrêdmeos
 prl`lr êdmeos lståtemos
lståt emos ifs sujletfs,
sujle tfs, qul `emorob
`emo rob iestrenuâ
iest renuâios
ios of hfdkf il
tfif f lsplmtrf il mfbphlxeioil. _uodif sl troto il ovoheor o nlhlzo
vesuoh, díf cï rlkros nefhýkemos râkeios.
F blef lb qul vevlbfs pfil buior dfssf bfif il vlr. Do ehusíf il
Bøhhlr-Hylr (onoexf), f slkbldtf o  å plrmlneif mfbf boes murtf qul f
slkbldtf n, lbnfro tldcob lxotobldtl f blsbf mfbprebldtf. Iurodtl
buetfs odfs, fs meldtestos ossuberob qul lsso lro ubo moromtlrâstemo
udevlrsoh io plrmlpëíf vesuoh cubodo.

 Df ldtodtf,
ldtodt f, lstuifs `letfs
`let fs mfb ievlrsos
ievlr sos muhturos
muhtu ros rlvlhorob
rlvlh orob ohkf
surprlldildtl: o plrmlpëíf io ehusíf voreo buetf ’ l fs fmeildtoes síf f
 pfdtf `fro io murvo.?3   Of mfbporor o plrmlpëíf il ievlrsfs krupfs il
 plssfos omlrmo ifs slkbldtfs
slkbl dtfs o  l n, fs meldtestos ilsmfnrerob qul fs
fmeildtoes síf fs boes prfpldsfs o omcor qul lxestl ubo ie`lrldëo. Dfs
 pfvfs o`remodfs
o`reFs
iestfrëíf. modfs zuhu, sod
moëoifrls `odkifl ilslrtf
ejow,
ejow, bltoil
blto il ios díf
il Aohocore plssfos
`frobplrmlnlu
plkfs plhoo
ehusíf: tfifs lhls eildte`emorob il eblieotf qul fs slkbldtfs o  l n
tedcob f blsbf mfbprebldtf.?5  Os plssfos mreoios lb poâsls fmeildtoes
hetlrohbldtl díf ldxlrkob os mfesos io blsbo `frbo qul fs moëoifrls if
Aohocore. O lxplreêdmeo il budif buio f qul tfbobfs
tfb obfs mfbf vlrioil, l o
vesíf díf å ubo lxmlëíf.>7
L quodtf ç búsemo6 Díf å mfdseilroio ubo hâdkuo udevlrsoh6 O búsemo
qul fuvebfs ieoreobldtl porlml slkuer dfrbos mfdsestldtls. Bos ub
lstuif io búsemo ediâkldo il tfif f budif rlvlho qul cï ubo krodil
ievlrseioil
ohåb if quldoquehf qul f plhfs
å protemoif slr cubodf fuvlDf
fmeildtoes. l lb mfbf fuvl,
Fmeildtl, ediffsbuetf
quodif poes
 

qulrlb mfhfmor ub nlnê poro ifrber, modtob ubo modëíf il dedor suovl l
víf onoexodif o vfz ofs pfumfs otå mclkor o ub sussurrf. Jï fs pekblus
io trenf oao modtob moio vlz boes ohtf l iíf topedcos df plsmfëf if nlnê.
 Do búsemo
búse mo mhïssem
mh ïssemoo fmeildtoh
fme ildtoh,, tfmor
tfmo r ildtrf
ildt rf if tfb å mfdseilroif
mfdse ilroif nlhf, b
bosos
do búsemo troiemefdoh jovodlso o ilso`edoëíf å teio mfbf nfdeto. Do
búsemo il ohkubos muhturos dotevos, moio ub tfmo lb slu prýpref retbf1
lb futros, mfbf df modtf kuturoh io Bfdkýheo, o búsemo díf tlb blhfieo
eildte`emïvlh1 lb futros boes, o búsemo å lxlmutoio mfb edstrubldtfs
edusetoifs, mfbf o plrmussíf do ïkuo ios ehcos Poduotu. O båtremo
fmeildtoh tldil o ld`otezor tfif slkudif, tlrmlerf fu quortf tlbpf, bos fs
retbfs núhkorfs edmfrpfrob poirüls il sltl, fdzl, trlzl l quedzl tlbpfs, l
lxestlb memhfs râtbemfs edieodfs il boes il mlb tlbpfs. O o`edoëíf io
búsemo fmeildtoh ieveil moio fetovo lb ifzl tfds il lspoëobldtfs ekuoes,
ldquodtf o búsemo mhïssemo edieodo ieveil o fetovo lb >> tfds
errlkuhorbldtl lspoëoifs.>?   Fs fuveifs fmeildtoes plrmlnlb o ohturo
mfbf krovls l okuifs, bos otå essf å iltlrbedoif plho muhturo: f pfvf
rfbo io ]årveo uso fs dfbls ‘krodil‒ l ‘plquldf‒1 poro o trenf fnoyo-
bldzo, síf ‘poes‒ l ‘`ehcfs‒1 l poro f pfvf scfdo if Zebnïnul síf
‘mrfmfiehfs‒ l ‘plssfos qul plrslkulb mrfmfiehfs‒.>>
Oplsor ilssos ie`lrldëos, slrï qul lxestlb poirüls sunjomldtls dfs
ievlrsfs tepfs il búsemo6 Covlreo ubo prl`lrêdmeo nefhýkemo pfr 
mfbnedoëüls lsplmâ`emos il sfds6 Fs meldtestos il`ldieob qul tfifs dýs
dosmlbfs kfstodif io mfdsfdîdmeo, ldtíf essf `fe pfstf ç prfvo mfb
mreodëos plquldos. Mfbf nlnês il quotrf o sles blsls díf mfdslkulb dfs
iezlr f qul lstíf pldsodif, å prlmesf nusmor rlspfstos lb slu
mfbpfrtobldtf. \b krupf il plsqueso prlporfu ubo soho mfb ifes ohtf-
`ohodtls, ub il moio hoif. Il ub ilhls, soâo ub bedultf il Bfzort. Fs
 plsquesoifrls
 plsques oifrls ldtíf ilshekovob
ilshe kovob lssl ohtf-`ohodt
ohtf- `ohodtll l hekovob
hekovo b f futrf, qul
tfmovo ubo vlrsíf iestfrmeio if blsbf bedultf do quoh o búsemo il
Bfzort tedco seif trods`frboio dubo sumlssíf il iessfdîdmeos erretodtls.
\b nlnê `emovo df blef io soho, df mfhf il ub ifs poes, l fs
 plsquesoifrls
 plsques oifrls rlkestrovo
rlkes trovob b iurodtl quodtf tlbpf tlbp f f nlnê fuveo moio
búsemo odtls il sl veror
ver or.. F rlsuhtoif: fs nlnês prlstovob otldëíf pfr boes
tlbpf of Bfzort frekedoh if qul ç vlrsíf iessfdodtl. Worlmeo ubo `frtl
 prfvo o `ovfr
`o vfr io lxestêdme
lxes têdmeoo il ubo prl`lrêdm
pr l`lrêdmeoeo edoto
edo to plho mfdsfdîdme o.>=
plh o mfdsfdîdmeo.
Bos lsplmeohestos lb mfkdeëíf busemoh mfblëorob o qulstefdor lsso
 mfdmhusíf. Woro mfblëor, lxestlb búsemos dotevos, mfbf f modtf pfpuhor 

 núhkorf , qul sl moromt

 núhkorf, m oromtlrez
lrezob
ob plho
plh o iessfdîdmeo
iess fdîdmeo kldlrohezoio.
kldlroh ezoio. Blsbf
Blsb f ildtrf
ildtr f
io muhturo fmeildtoh, fs sfds mfdseilroifs okroiïvles buiorob mfb f
tlbpf: os sebphls corbfdeos mfdsfdodtls if bedultf il Bfzort tlreob
lspodtoif ub bfdkl blielvoh.

Ldtíf os
rlplterob meldtestos mfkdetevos
f lxplrebldtf mfb fs ]odiro Yrlcun l oJuiy
nlnês. Mclkorob ub Whodtedko
rlsuhtoif
surprlldildtl: fs nlnês fuveob pfr boes tlbpf quohqulr búsemo qul
tfmossl preblerf. ]l o vlrsíf iessfdodtl `fssl o preblero, prldieo o
otldëíf ilhls io blsbo `frbo qul o vlrsíf mfdsfdodtl quodif lsto lro
lxlmutoio preblerf. O mfdmhusíf `fe qul díf dosmlbfs mfb ubo
 prl`lrêdmeo
 prl`lr mfdsfdîdme o.>9   Osseb mfbf df mosf io nlhlzo
êdmeo edoto plho mfdsfdîdmeo.
vesuoh, fs sfds il qul kfstobfs díf síf iltlrbedoifs odtls il dosmlrbfs.
Fs meldtestos têb teif
te if ie`emuhioil poro ldmfdtror poirüls udevlrsoes qul
udob plrbodldtlbldtl dfsso lspåmel. Lbnfro ldtrlbfs lb mldo mfb
 prliespfseëül
 prlies pfseëülss nefhýkemos,
nefhýke mos, ub behcíf
beh cíf il odfs ldtfrtodif,
ldtfrt odif, qulnrodif l
blsmhodif ievlrse`emorob os prl`lrêdmeos io lspåmel. ]fbfs prfiutf díf
opldos io lvfhuëíf nefhýkemo, bos tobnåb io lvfhuëíf muhturoh.><  Oedio
qul o eileo il nlhlzo udevlrsoh sljo otroldtl, lho díf onrodkl o
buhtephemeioil il mreoëüls lb ie`lrldtls tlbpfs l hukorls. O nlhlzo díf å
kldltemobldtl prliltlrbedoio. Ç blieio qul `ozlbfs lxphfroëüls
mreotevos, dfssf sldsf lståtemf sl lxpodil: moio mfeso dfvo qul
mfdseilrobfs nlho omrlsmldto ohkf ç il`edeëíf io pohovro. Å pfr essf qul
çs vlzls omcobfs krodils fnros if possoif pfumf otroldtls, bos dfs
borovehcobfs mfb fnjltfs qul ubo klroëíf odtlrefr díf tlreo omletoif. F
qul dfs moromtlrezo mfbf lspåmel díf å ubo prl`lrêdmeo lståtemo lb
 portemuhor
 porte muhor,, bos fs ievlrsfs
ie vlrsfs mobed
m obedcfs
cfs tfrtufsfs
tfrt ufsfs io prýpreo
pr ýpreo mreote
mr eoteveioil.
veioil.
 

\B B\DIF ]LB LYL^DEIOIL

 Df såmuhf SPEE, f iroboturkf

irobo turkf Nld Jfdsfd khfre`emfu
khfre `emfu slu mfdtlb
mfdtlbpfrîdlf
pfrîdlf
]coalsplorl mfbf sldif ‘díf il ubo åpfmo, bos il tfifs fs tlbpfs‒.>0
Å ie`âmeh iesmfrior: f Norif dudmo `fe tíf pfpuhor mfbf cfjl lb ieo. Lb
>7?0, o ^fyoh ]coalsplorl
]coalsplorl Mfbpody `lz ubo turdê
t urdê budieoh rlprlsldtodif
r lprlsldtodif
hlt  lb
 Cobhlt 
 Cob   lb ?50 poâsls. Os plëos il ]coalsplorl lstíf sldif rlveveios l
rlmfdtoios f tlbpf tfif. Wlssfos edstruâios if budif edtlerf síf mopozls
il metor trlmcfs ilhos. ]coalsplorl å ubo clrodëo qul possobfs mfb
frkuhcf poro dfssfs `ehcfs.
Bos vobfs mfb mohbo, Nld. L sl lb quedcldtfs odfs puilrbfs `ozlr 
ebphodtls dluroes qul dfs illb omlssf ierltf ofs sldtebldtfs il futro
 plssfo6 Wfil slr
mfbportehcoifs dfs qul lsso prozlr
iê todtf remo lqul
prf`udio
ossester olxplreêdmeo
lxplre
ubo êdmeo iltrês
plëo il mårlnrfs
mårlnr fs
cfros
sldif ldmldoio dub pohmf (lb qul oiuhtfs usob rfupos il åpfmo l
`edklb slr futros plssfos l `ohor lspfdtodlobldtl) sl tfrdl ubo qulstíf
il edtlrlssl cestýremf. L sl fs mfd`hetfs veveifs plhfs plrsfdoklds il
]coalsplorl mfblëorlb o porlmlr iotoifs l, lb vlz ilhls, os plssfos
 prl`lrerlb
 prl`lr erlb ldrlifs sfnrl ldkldcoreo
ldkldcore o kldåtemo
kld åtemo,, mhfdoklb,
mh fdoklb, juvldtuil
juvldt uil ltlrdo
l tlrdo
l edtlhekêdmeo orte`emeoh6
orte `emeoh6 L sl cfuvlr tobodcf lxmlssf il ed`frboëíf qul o
cubodeioil jï díf mfdseko fhcor boes il ubo fu iuos klroëüls poro trïs,
fu blsbf ub fu ifes odfs6
Å ie`âmeh
okldio ebokedor
muhturoh, bos åub `uturfqul
f prlëf lb tohvlz
qul ]coalsplorl
tldcobfs illstljo
pokorousldtl io
pfr dfsso
ebokedoëíf slb hebetls. Os dlmlsseioils il moio åpfmo buiob, o
mfbudeioil slkul lb `rldtl. Lstobfs slbprl onodifdodif f odtekf,
onredif lspoëf poro f dfvf. Blsbf fnros mreotevos mfdsokroios plho
muhturo solb il mldo. Orestýtlhls `fe f outfr boes lstuioif do Eioil
Båieo lurfpleo. Å rlvlrldmeoif otå dfssfs ieos, pfråb boes mfbf ub
mhïssemf if qul mfbf vfz oedio vevo. Df qul sl rl`lrl o fnros mreotevos, f
‘ltlrdf‒ vlb mfb ioto il voheioil.
Bos ]coalsplorl dudmo ilsoporlmlrï tftohbldtl: blsbf qul suos

 plëos
IDO ilsl tfrdlb opldos
suo muhturo. Dfossudtf
ossudt
qul slf il lsplmeohes
lsplme
rl`lrl ohestos,
tos, f Norif
ç ebfrtoheioil, sfnrlvevlrï
sfnrlve
tohvlz essfvlrï
sljodf
f
  nostodtl.
 nostodt l. Ieodtl io slil cubodo pfr dfveioils,
dfveioils , ubo fnro mreotevo
mreo tevo qul

tldco sfnrlveveif iurodtl medmf fu sles såmuhfs mfdslkueu ohkf rorf.

Cfdrobfs dfssfs odmlstroes of vevlr mreotevobldtl df prlsldtl, blsbf
qul essf sekde`equl opokor f possoif. ]coalsplorl pfil tlr prltldieif slr 
f boefr iroboturkf il suo åpfmo ’ bos díf f úhtebf iroboturkf il

tfifs fs \b
edsperfu. tlbpfs.
ieo, f]uo vfz oedio
iroboturkf qulsllsmrlvlu
fuvl lb bleffsçcfblds
‘tfifs ioqulhls qul lhl
l buhclrls
Q...R têb suos soâios l ldtroios‒ tohvlz rlmul poro fs nosteifrls io cestýreo.
O ebplrbodêdmeo l o fnsfhlsmêdmeo síf f prlëf qul pokobfs pfr vevlr lb
muhturos qul sl rlbfilhob mfdteduobldtl.

***

Lstobfs tíf conetuoifs of budif qul dfs rfileo qul o mreoteveioil do

 nosl ilhl tldil o slr edvesâvlh.
edves âvlh. Bos tuif ’ lie`âmefs,
lie`â mefs, rlbåiefs,
rlbå iefs, morrfs,
morrfs ,
rlils il mfbudemoëíf, moileros, `omos, meioils, oporlhcfs ifbåstemfs,
mobedcüls, ýmuhfs, klhoileros ltm. ’ å rlsuhtoif il fs slrls cubodfs
onsfrvlrlb f qul lstï o slu ohmodml, prfmlssorlb l prfiuzerlb ohkf dfvf
o porter iessf. Lb quohqulr fmoseíf, sfbfs clrilerfs il nehcüls il
odmlstroes rfiodif slus sf`tworls mfkdetevfs. Dldcubo futro lspåmel sl
lbpldco todtf lb lxphfror tlrretýrefs ebokedïrefs. Dldcubo futro
lspåmel lstï tíf iltlrbedoio o trods`frbor f `oz il mfdto lb rloheioil.
Oplsor iessf, dlb slbprl sfbfs tíf mreotevfs mfbf kfstorâobfs. F
qul pfilbfs `ozlr poro ohovodmor boes dfsso mreoteveioil6 Pobfs possor 
o essf okfro.
 

MOWÂY\HF ;
 

 DÍF
 DÍF MFHL
MFHL O]
O] WLËO]

F `ehbl \bo ovldturo HLKF  (>7?9) trodspfrto fs lsplmtoifrls poro ub

budif `letf edtlerobldtl il nhfmfs mfhfreifs: díf sý fs lie`âmefs, bos os
 plssfos,, f måu, os duvlds, f bor l otå f vldtf. F clrýe, ub nfdlquedcf
 plssfos
mcoboif Lbblt, tldto ebplier f bohvoif Wrlseildtl Dlkýmefs il
mfdklhor f budif mfb f Arokhl, ubo sunstîdmeo bestlrefso l pftldtl. O
údemo bodlero il iltlr f Wrlseildtl Dlkýmefs å ldmfdtror o Wlëo il
^lsestêdmeo, ub nhfmf bâtemf qul dlutrohezo f Arokhl. Lb tfif f budif
HLKF, futrfs nfdlquedcfs modtob f cedf ‘Yuif å edmrâvlh‒ ldquodtf
Lbblt huto poro mfdvldmê-hfs if plrekf ebedldtl.
ebe dldtl.
Hï plhf blef if `ehbl, dubo rlverovfhto edlsplroio, lhl posso o slr ub
hevl-omtefd: f udevlrsf HLKF do vlrioil lxestl do ebokedoëíf il ub
bldedf mcoboif @edd. Do veio rloh, f Wrlseildtl Dlkýmefs å f poe il
@edd, mfdclmeif mfbf f Moro il Mebo. Lhl mfdstrueu ubo meioil
mfbphlxo il HLKF df pfríf il moso, mfb orrodco-måus, ovldeios l ub
trlb lhlvoif. Erretoif mfb os ohtlroëüls if `ehcf do meioil, f Moro il
Mebo prltldil mfhor tfios os plëos usodif o mfho Arozy Khul. O Wlëo il
^lsestêdmeo å, o`edoh, o tobpo io lbnohoklb il Arozy Khul. O meioil il
HLKF if Moro il Mebo å f rlsuhtoif il edúblros cfros il tronohcf. Å
hedio, otå plr`leto. Bos o photleo doturohbldtl `emo if hoif il @edd, qul
qulr mfdteduor mfdstruedif l rlmfdstruedif o meioil lb vlz il mfdklhor f
 prfkrls
 prfkrlssf
sf ioqulhl
Kroëos ioqulh l budif.edmodsïvlh if mårlnrf cubodf, dýs díf dfs
ç oteveioil
hebetobfs o oprebfror f qul å ebplr`letf ’ tobnåb ohtlrobfs mfesos qul
 porlmlb plr`letos.
plr`le tos. Fs slrls cubodfs díf qulnrob sý f qul å rueb1
rueb 1
tobnåb qulnrob f qul å nfb. Mreoifrls ie`lrldtls pfilb oiberor fu
ldtíf mretemor f possoif, bos tfifs têb ubo moromtlrâstemo lb mfbub: díf
qulrlb mfhor os plëos. Mfbf iessl f rfbodmesto [. ]fblrslt Boukcob:
‘O troieëíf å ub kueo, díf ub mormlrlerf.‒ F possoif pfil slr 
rlvlrldmeoif, bos díf å edtfmïvlh. Mfbf vebfs, o mreoteveioil díf surkl
if doio: ilpldilbfs io muhturo poro dfs `frdlmlr ub lstfqul il botåreo-
 prebo.
 preb o. L io blsbo
blsb o `frbo
`frb o qul ub mcl` mfbpro
mfbpr o fs blhcfrls
blh cfrls edkrlieldtls
edkrlie ldtls
 

 poro prlporor
prlpor or ubo dfvo rlmleto,
rlmle to, dýs lstobfs
lstob fs slbprl
slbpr l prfmurodif
prfmurod if f blhcfr 
blhcf r 
ioquehf qul clriobfs poro `ozlr ohkf
oh kf dfvf.
Lb ?59?, fs dozestos hlvorob fs juilus pfhfdlsls poro f kultf il
Irfcfnymz, f qul slreo o úhtebo ltopo odtls il ldveï-hfs poro o bfrtl lb
mobpfs
mcoboifilNrudf
mfdmldtroëíf. Ldtrl
]mcuhz. Lhl `fefstlbpfroreobldtl
mfdildoifs lstovo
mfdildoifs ubiotohldtfsf
sohvf lsmret
lsmretfr 
ilpfrtoëíf fr 
pfr 
ub f`emeoh dozesto qul oiberovo suo fnro, bos omonfu sldif ohvljoif do
ruo pfr futrf f`emeoh. Buetf pfumf if qul ]mcuhz lsmrlvlu sfnrlvevlu ç
kulrro. Ldtrl slus údemfs hevrfs punhemoifs lstovo ubo mfhltîdlo il
mfdtfs,  Hfjos il modlho. F hevrf `fe kodcodif `obo of hfdkf ifs odfs, l,
ohkubos klroëüls ilpfes, f lsmretfr oblremodf Jfdotcod ]o`rod @flr 
 prlstfu-hcl
 prlst fu-hcl ubo cfbldoklb.
cfbldoklb . Bos lb vlz il prlslrvï-hf
prlslr vï-hf fu ebetï-h
ebe tï-hf,
f, lhl
usfu bïquedos il mfrtl poro supreber portls if tlxtf il ]mcuhz,
trods`frbodif-f dubo lspåmel il lsmuhturo lb prfso. @flr díf
ilsplioëfu ohkf il qul díf kfstovo ’ plhf mfdtrïref, lsmfhclu ohkf qul
obovo. Ilbfdstrfu suo oiberoëíf plho fnro il ]mcuhz of rl`ozê-ho mfbf
ubo mfeso dfvo. Mfbf @edd, lhl qulnrfu f qul lstovo nfb.

\bo pïkedo il Yrll f` Mfils , il Jfdotcod ]o`rod @flr 

Klroëíf opýs klroëíf, rlbfdtobfs fs nhfmfs io cestýreo. Åifuori

Bodlt qulnrfu mfesos nfos of mreor suo pedturo  Hl Iåjludlr sur h―clrnl ,
il ?30=. Yfbodif mfbf pfdtf il porteio o krovuro slesmldtesto F
 juhkobldtf il Wïres, il ^oebfdie, Bodlt trods`frbfu os três `ekuros
 

betfhýkemos if modtf ed`lrefr ierletf lb ifes movohclerfs nurkulsls l ubo

 prfstetuto
 prfste tuto ilsmodsodif
il smodsodif dub
du b porqul il Wores.

io Boes toril,
pedturo, Wemossf
ç quoh ilu fqulnroreo o fnro il Bodlt of mreor o prýpreo vlrsíf
blsbf dfbl.

Ilpfes iessf, ^fnlrt Mfhlsmftt rl`frbuhfu o emùdemo pedturo il Wemossf

 Hls Ilbfeslhhls i―O vekdfd, trods`frbodif-o lb  Hls Ilbfeslhhls
i―Ovekdfd
i―Ohonobo.
 

Il vlz lb quodif, sfmelioils tldtob mfdklhor mfdvldëüls. Df såmuhf

SES, o Omoilbeo @rodmlso il Ortl il`edeu poirüls poro os ortls vesuoes.
Mfblëfu o prlsmrlvlr
mfbpror. ]lu hlqul lro fobphf
kfstffpúnhemf
nostodtll poro
f qulonrekor
mfdseilrovo
krodilsomfdslhcïvlh
pedtfrls il
lstehfs mfdtrostodtls, ifs mhossemestos ofs hâilrls if rfbodtesbf. Bos, mfb
f tlbpf, io blsbo `frbo qul f Moro il Mebo, o Omoilbeo mfblëfu o
mfhor os mfesos df hukor fdil lstovob.
O moio ifes odfs, lho frkodezovo ub sohíf il ortl, f boefr `ýrub if
 poâs poro os fnros rlmldtls.
rlmldt ls. ]l ohkuåb queslssl
quesls sl ilexor suo bormo df
budif io ortl `rodmlso, lssl lro
lr o f hukor ofdil er.
er. F sohíf slbprl `fe buetf
slhltevf, bos lb ?30= f kfstf ifs juroifs tedco sl tfrdoif hebetoif
ilboes: lhls rlmusorob behcorls il tlhos, edmhusevl buetos il pedtfrls
mfdsokroifs.
F júre `emfu  Hl Iåjludlr sur
lsmodiohezoif mfbh―clr nl, il Bodlt,
h―clrnl
o kretodtl lstovo ldtrl
sldsuoheioil os rljletoios.
io fnro l mfb os
 pedmlhoios
 pedmlh oios oporldtlb
opor ldtlbldtl
ldtl ohlotýr
oh lotýreos.
eos.
Otå ldtíf, fs pedtfrls mfb fnros rlmusoios doio pfieob `ozlr ohåb il
omletor o ilmesíf. Bos, ilsso vlz, buetfs ortestos tedcob qulnroif f qul o
Omoilbeo mfdseilrovo ‘nfb‒. Cfuvl todtos rljleëüls qul fs ortestos sl
hlvodtorob lb prftlstf. F ohvfrfëf `fe tobodcf qul f ebplroifr 
 Dopfhlíf EEE vesetfu
vese tfu f sokuíf io bfstro
bfst ro poro vlr os fnros rljletoios.
rljle toios.
Frildfu qul sl onressl ub ]ohfd ils ^å`usås (ub sohíf il rlmusoifs) of
hoif io bfstro predmepoh poro qul f púnhemf juhkossl pfr se blsbf. Boes
il quotrfmldtfs pedtfrls sl edsmrlvlrob.
e dsmrlvlrob. O Omoilbeo
Omoilbeo díf sl ls`frëfu
ls` frëfu poro
tfrdor f ]ohfd ils ^å`usås oprlsldtïvlh: os tlhos `frob iespfstos il
 quohqulr jletf, bedebobldtl eildte`emoios l slb ub motïhfkf. Mfbporoif

of sohíf predmepoh, porlmeo ubo vldio il koroklb. Oplsor il tuif, o

lxpfseëíf ios pedturos rljletoios `fe ub bormf do cestýreo io ortl
fmeildtoh. Lho iltlrbedfu ub iestodmeobldtf ifs tlbos betfhýkemfs l
cestýremfs lb `ovfr il tlbos boes mfdtlbpfrîdlfs. Os pedmlhoios
?
bedumefsosdos
opedcorob ilrob hukoroplrtoios,
kohlreos o tåmdemosmfb
lxplrebldtoes.  Behcorls
fs fhcfs nlb onlrtfs il
poroplssfos sl
os fnros
qul o Omoilbeo kfstoreo qul lhos dudmo vesslb. O dlmlsseioil il onohor o
troieëíf treud`fu sfnrl os tldtotevos il rlprlssíf.
F mårlnrf cubodf lstï slbprl rlbfilhodif os plëos qul tlb ieodtl il
se, l lssl ebpuhsf bfvl o meêdmeo osseb mfbf o ortl. Fs klýhfkfs if
mfblëf if såmuhf SS, pfr lxlbphf, omrlietovob qul fs mfdtedldtls
slbprl lstevlrob df blsbf hukor. Woro lhls, ub othos io Ylrro slreo ekuoh
lb quohqulr bfbldtf il suo cestýreo. O lstoneheioil io Ylrro díf lstovo
lb qulstíf.> Mfb fs ioifs qul tedcob do åpfmo, lssl lro ub orkubldtf
sýheif
Bos,nosloif lb Oh`rli
lb ?5??, fnslrvoëüls il mobpf.
[lkldlr hlu ub lstuif qul ilsmrlveo odeboes l
 phodtoss eiêdtem
 phodto e iêdtemfs
fs ldmfdtroif
ldm fdtroifss dfs ifes hoifs if Othîdtemf
Othî dtemf.. Fs meldtes
me ldtestos
tos io
åpfmo lxphemovob f `ldùbldf prfpfdif o lxestêdmeo il pfdtls il tlrro
qul lstoreob sunblrsos, bos qul df possoif tlreob mfdlmtoif os iuos
mfstos othîdtemos. [lkldlr, pfråb, díf mfdslkueo poror il pldsor qul os
mfstos io Ï`remo l io Obåremo if ]uh sl ldmoexovob mfbf plëos il ub
qulnro-monlëo. Boes toril, lhl ldmfdtrfu ubo edlsplroio mfrrlspfdiêdmeo
ldtrl lstrotfs il rfmco io Ï`remo if ]uh l if Nroseh. @ozldif ubo
sebuhoëíf bldtoh, [lkldlr udeu fs sltl mfdtedldtls dubo údemo bosso il
tlrro, qul dfblfu Wodkleo. Lhl prfpùs qul lssl suplrmfdtedldtl tlreo sl
ieveieif lb mldtldos il behcüls il odfs odtls, l slus krodils plioëfs
kroiuohbldtl sl o`ostorob uds ifs futrfs. O blsmhoklb bldtoh il
[lkldlr plrbeteu qul lhl ‘vessl‒ o cestýreo il dfssf phodlto il ubo
bodlero qul dedkuåb coveo `letf: lhl coveo ilsmfnlrtf o ilrevo
mfdtedldtoh.
[lkldlr oprlsldtfu suo cepýtlsl dub ortekf lb ?5?>, l slu hevrf  Os
freklds ifs mfdtedldtls l fmlodfs  soeu três odfs ilpfes. Osseb mfbf
Iorwed prfpuslro o lvfhuëíf ios lspåmels, [lkldlr o`erbovo qul dfssf
 phodltoo buio mfb f tlbpf.
 phodlt tlbpf . O tlfreo
tlfre o il [lkldlr sfhtfu
sfht fu fs mfdtedldtls
mfdte dldtls il
suos oborros l plrbeteu qul `hutuosslb mfbf vetýreos-råkeos. F `otf il
slu bfilhf mfdtroreor os tlfreos ifbedodtls díf f prlfmupfu. Lhl
 

lsmrlvlu o slu sfkrf: ‘Wfr qul tetunlobfs lb hodëor vlhcos fpedeüls of

bor6 Q...R Díf omcf qul os vlhcos eileos sfnrlvevob boes ilz odfs.‒
Ed`lhezbldtl, f ftebesbf il [lkldlr díf sl mfd`erbfu. ]lu tronohcf
`fe rlmlneif mfb lsmïrdef l ilsiåb: poro slus porls, o cepýtlsl lro
‘clråtemo‒ l ‘onsurio‒.
sormosbf qul o cepýtlslFildoturohesto
[lkldlr Clrbodd vfdmfbf
eo ‘lstfuror Eclredk
uboiessl
nfhcomfb
il
soníf‒. F klýhfkf Box ]lbplr iessl qul o prfvo io ‘rloheioil io ilrevo
mfdtedldtoh `fe fnteio pfr blefs edoilquoifs l `ohco mfbphltobldtl‒.
]lbplr `fe ohåb: suklreu qul slreo omfdslhcïvlh qul [lkldlr ‘jï díf
cfdrossl o klfhfkeo mfb suo prlsldëo, bos nusmossl futros ïrlos qul
oedio díf tldcob lsmretf sfnrl suo pfrto –]íf @hfreodf, prftljo lsto
moso―‒.*
[lkldlr ld`rldtfu prfnhlbos ilsodeboifrls. Buetfs ifs meldtestos
qul lstuiovob o Ylrro tronohcovob lb mobpf, díf lrob tlýremfs. = Woro
lhls, sý tedcob vohfr fs ioifs qul lhls blsbfs mfhltovob l pfieob
slkuror lb bífs.
b ífs. [lkldlr
[lkldlr tedco pfumos lveiêdmeos mfdmrltos. Lhl sý pfieo
sl vohlr il ediemoëüls mermudstodmeoes il qul ub ieo fs mfdtedldtls
mfdte dldtls coveob
lstoif udeifs1 lro ebpfssâvlh vfhtor mldtldos il behcüls il odfs df tlbpf
 poro fntlr
f ntlr ubo prfvo ierlto
ie rlto.. Wefr oedio: lhl sý pfieo
pfie o lsplmuhor
lspl muhor sfnrl mfbf
os phomos klfhýkemos sl bfveob. _uoh slreo f bftfr klfhýkemf qul
 prfvfmovo fs bfvebl
b fvebldtfs
dtfs sâsbemfs6
sâsb emfs6 Woro slus porls, [lkldlr tedco pfstf
f morrf do `rldtl ifs nfes, ldudmeodif ubo tlfreo mfb `otfs edsu`emeldtls,
fu sljo, suo cepýtlsl lro ubo fnro io ebokedoëíf.
 Do tldtotevo
tldto tevo il mfdvldmlr slus mfdtlbpfrîdlfs
mfdtlb pfrîdlfs,, [lkldlr lbprl
lbprlldilu
ldilu
 plrekfs
 plrekfsos
os lxplieëüls
lxplieëül
mfdtedldtls. s of
Díf vfhtfu dfrtl ilssos
io úhtebo poro tldtor
tldto r blier
blie
ve oklds.
veoklds. r f bfvebldtf
Wlrieif bfveb
df `ref ldtf ifso
edtldsf
mobedcf il ubo lstoëíf, [lkldlr bfrrlu lb dfvlbnrf il ?5=7. F hukor 
b lsls ilpfes.9
lro tíf rlbftf qul slu mfrpf sý `fe ldmfdtroif buetfs blsls
Pïrefs odfs boes toril, ubo sårel il dfvfs edstrubldtfs il blieëíf
ilu freklb o ubo krodil quodteioil il ioifs sfnrl f ossfohcf fmlîdemf,
mobpfs bokdåtemfs l tåmdemos il iotoëíf. Fs rlsuhtoifs fnrekorob fs
klýhfkfs o rlmfdseilrorlb o tlfreo ilsmortoio il [lkldlr. Mfb ohkubo
clsetoëíf, f klýhfkf Mcorhls Hfdkwlhh lsmrlvlu: ‘O cepýtlsl il [lkldlr 
`fe buetf lstebuhodtl l tlb ebphemoëüls tíf lssldmeoes poro o klfhfkeo qul
blrlml f edtlrlssl
orkubldtfs rlspletfsf
ebpomtodtls o slu l`ovfr
sfheiïref il çtfifs
velrob huz, fs
l, klýhfkfs.
mfb l`letf,Ohkuds
slreo
 

ebpruildtl rljletor
rljlet or quohqulr mfdmletf qul prfpfrmefdl ubo pfssâvlh mcovl
 poro o sfhuëíf il krodils prfnhlbos cest ýreo io Ylrro.‒ <  Wfumos
prfnhl bos do cestýreo
iåmoios ilpfes, f klýhfkf Jfcd Yuzf [ehsfd ’ qul df possoif coveo
lsmordlmeif io tlfreo il [lkldlr ’ buifu il eileo: ‘Lsso plrsplmtevo
díf å f qul
O Ylrro, lb quohqulr ub lstïtuo
vlz il ubo il dýs lsplrovo il dfssfs
edlrtl, å ubo mfeso fhcorls hebetoifs
vevo l bývlh Q...R Q...R
Åo
meldtâ`e mo il dfssf tlbpf.‒0
boefr rlvfhuëíf meldtâ`emo
O ilrevo mfdtedldtoh `fe omleto pfr oqulhls qul tedcob zfbnoif ilho. F
ebpuhsf qul bfveo [lkldlr o ilso`eor f  stotu quf  ’ ilsmfhor fs
mfdtedldtls ’ lstovo voheioif.
Os plssfos mreotevos buetos vlzls qulnrob o troieëíf il suo muhturo l
otå blsbf o prýpreo troieëíf. Do iåmoio il ?5<7, f pedtfr Wcehep Kustfd
lro ub jfvlb ostrf if bfvebldtf lxprlssefdesto onstrotf il Dfvo Ufra,
mfb slus mobpfs mfhfreifs
mfhfre ifs qul lvfmovob duvlds.

Woroo N.[.Y
Wor N.[.Y.. (?5<7) l Wedturo (?5<9), il Wcehep Kustfd

Ilpfes il vïreos krodils rltrfsplmtevos il suo fnro df edâmef io iåmoio

il ?507, Kustfd ilu ub tlbpf do pedturo, onodifdfu o mldo ortâstemo il
 Dfvo Ufra
Ufra l sl buifu
b uifu poro
por o ubo
ub o moso
mos o esfhoio
e sfhoio lb [ffistfma, df lstoif il
 Dfvo Ufra.
Ufra. ^loporlmlu odfs boes toril. Lb ?5;7, ?5; 7, o Borhnfrfukc
Borh nfrfukc Kohhlry
il Dfvo Ufra lxeneu ubo bfstro il slus tronohcfs rlmldtls. ]lus
oiberoifrls `emorob surprlsfs: lhl tedco possoif poro o ortl `ekurotevo. O
 pohltoo il vlrblhcf,
 pohlt vlrb lhcf, rfso, medzo l prltf
pr ltf ’ qul lro suo bormo
borm o rlkest
r lkestroio
roio ’ 
 

oedio lstovo hï, bos okfro lhl pedtovo eboklds krftlsmos, buetos vlzls
il`frboios, il blbnrfs io Au Ahux Ahod, mekorrfs l sopotfs.

^eiedk Orfudi (?505) l @hothodis (?5;7), il Wcehep Kustfd

 DlwO Urloëíf `fe ,bojfretoreobldtl

fra Yebls f mrâtemf il ortlcfsteh.
CehtfdDubo rlsldco
Aroblr iesslporo
qulf ojfrdoh
fnro Ycl
lro
‘tfsmo‒ l qul Kustfd lstovo sl mfbpfrtodif mfbf ub ‘oifrïvlh
 nfnohcíf‒.. F mrâtemf
 nfnohcíf‒ mrât emf io rlvesto
rlves to Yebl, ^fnlrt Cukcls, `fe ekuohbldtl
ilprlmeotevf. ]fnrl f tlbo io Au Ahux Ahod, lsmrlvlu: ‘Mfbf ilmhoroëíf
 pfhâtemo,
 pfhât emo, Qos tlhos
tlho s il KustfdR síf tíf rosos quodtf f prlmfdmletf
prlmfdml etf qul
ildudmeob.‒ Mfb tfio o punhemeioil dlkotevo, o Borhnfrfukc
B orhnfrfukc Kohhlry díf
rldfvfu f mfdtrotf mfb f ortesto. Of qulnror suo fnro odtlrefr, Kustfd
ilsopfdtfu buetfs il slus oiberoifrls boes `lrvfrfsfs. Bos bodtlvl suo
ilmesíf l prfiuzeu ortl `ekurotevo otå o bfrtl,
b frtl, lb ?537.
Cehtfd
?53?, CukAroblr
Cukcls dudmoubo
cls punhemfu uborrlifu på il suo fpedeíf, bos futrfs, seb. Lb
o rlovoheoëíf:

Os pedturos qul Kustfd mfblëfu o `ozlr df `eb io iåmoio il

?507, lxeneios plho preblero vlz lb ?5;7, lrob tíf ie`lrldtls il
suo fnro mfdsokroio qul porlmeob ubo rlverovfhto mopremcfso l
otå blsbf krfsslero Q...R ]l ohkuåb iesslssl, doqulhl tlbpf, qul
fs Kustfds `ekurotevfs lxlrmlreob ubo krodil ed`huêdmeo sfnrl o
ortl oblremodo ilz odfs ilpfes, o eileo tlreo sfoif edomrlietïvlh.

Mfdtuif, tohvlz tldco seif lxotobldtl essf f qul omfdtlmlu. Do

iåmoio edtlrblieïreo, cfuvl ub mrlsmebldtf rlvfhtfsf io pedturo
 `ekurotevo ilhenlroiobldtl tfsmo l rlnlhil dfs Lstoifs \deifs:

quoirfs qul ekdfrob f ilmfrf fu o prlmesíf lb nldl`âmef il ubo

iemëíf ostumefsobldtl ruil, mfb nosls lxprlssefdestos. ]lb
iúveio, Kustfd å poiredcf ilssl bfif il pedtor, l pfr essf suo
fnro ilsplrto boes edtlrlssl
edtlrlss l ldtrl pedtfrls mfb bldfs
b ldfs il =< odfs
;
if qul ldtrl slus mfdtlbpfrîdlfs.
Buetf boes qul Wcehep Kustfd, fs Nlothls, df `eb io iåmoio il ?507,
ohmodëorob ldfrbl bolstreo df budif io búsemo. Bos blsbf mreodif
ub sumlssf otrïs if futrf, o nodio mfdteduovo lxplrebldtodif. ]uo
mreoteveioil mclkfu of oukl mfb f  Ïhnub Nrodmf, hodëoif lb ?503. Lhl
dosmlu il ubo lstoio io nodio dub oscrob edieodf l if rfbodml il Jfcd
J fcd
Hlddfd mfb o ortesto il vodkuorio Ufaf Fdf. O úhtebo `oexo, ‘^lvfhutefd
5‒, å ubo mfhoklb il vfhtos sl rlpltedif, moio ubo kerodif o suo prýpreo
vlhfmeioil, mfb `rokbldtfs il búsemo mhïssemo tfmodif of mfdtrïref,
trlmcfs il tcl
‘Klf``, put búsemo ïronlfd‒
rli hekct l QKlf``,
o vfz if prfiutfr
omldio Klfrkl Borted
o huz vlrblhcoR. iezldif
Il fdil soeu
f tâtuhf6 Hlddfd krovfu ub ldkldclerf il sfb iezldif ‘Lstl å f tlstl
LBE dúblrf dfvl‒, ilpfes slporfu opldos os pohovros ‘dúblrf dfvl‒ l os
rlplteu buetos vlzls. Boes toril, lhl iereo ç rlvesto  ^fhhedk ]tfdl qul dfvl
lro ‘f ieo if blu odevlrsïref l blu dúblrf io sfrtl‒. O `oexo, qul lro o
boes hfdko if iesmf, ilexovo mhorf qul o nodio rlspfdsïvlh pfr qulnror os
troieëüls io búsemo pfp io iåmoio il ?5<7 lstovo prfdto poro qulnror suos
 prýpreos
 prýpre os troieëüls.
troie ëüls. Mfbf iessl ub mrâtemf
mrât emf il búsemo:
búse mo: ‘Iurodtl fetf
bedutfs il ub ïhnub f`emeohbldtl edtetuhoif Ycl Nlothls díf coveo
3
Nlothls.‒
O ilstrueëíf mreotevo ios prýpreos lstruturos díf omfdtlml sfbldtl do
ortl, bos tobnåb do meêdmeo. \b ifs boes ilstomoifs neýhfkfs
lvfhumefdestos if budif, L.F. [ehsfd tedco possoif iåmoios edvlstekodif
e dvlstekodif
ub ldekbo io doturlzo: f ohtruâsbf. ]l f fnjltevf lssldmeoh il ub odeboh
å possor fs prýprefs kldls poro o klroëíf slkuedtl, qul bftevf lhl tlreo
 poro orresm
or resmor
or o veio
vei o pfr futrf6
futr f6 O rlspfsto
rlspfst o il Iorwed `fe o slhl
slhlëíf
ëíf porldt
porldtoh:
oh:
fs odeboes sl mfbpfrtob slb lkfâsbf poro prftlklr slus porldtls
 nefhýkemfs.
 nefhýke mfs. Mfb [ehsfd[ehs fd do heilrodëo,
heilr odëo, fs meldtest
meldt estos
os io lvfhuëíf
mfdmfriorob qul quodtf boefr f dúblrf il kldls lb mfbub, boefr o
 prfnoneheioil
 prfnone heioil il slhlëíf
slhlë íf porldtoh.
porldt oh.
Bos [ehsfd díf lstovo iespfstf o mfhor os plëos. Ilpfes il medquldto
 odfs il`ldildif o slhlëíf porldtoh, lhl buifu il pfseëíf. Wossfu o

il`ldilr qul dfvfs ioifs ilsbldteob f bfilhf lstonlhlmeif. Ohkubos

mfhùdeos il edsltfs `frboios pfr porldtls prýxebfs díf lxeneob
ohtruâsbf, l futros mfhùdeos mfb ub `udif kldåtemf boes ievlrse`emoif
lrob buetf bldfs lkfâstos. [ehsfd prfpùs ubo dfvo eileo: cï obneldtls
fdil o sfnrlvevêdmeo
ç mffplroëíf lxekl
posso o slr tronohcf lb `ovfrlmeio.
kldltemobldtl lquepl, l dlssls mosfs o tldiêdmeo
Lb setuoëüls dos quoes
f tronohcf lb mfdjudtf díf troz vodtoklds, fs odeboes prftlklb o se
blsbfs, oedio qul ç musto il slus porldtls.5
O rloëíf of ortekf il [ehsfd `fe vefhldto. Buetfs neýhfkfs rldfboifs
iesslrob qul lhl tedco plrieif f rubf l qul slu lstuif dlb ilveo tlr seif
 punhemoif.
 punhem oif. Dubo rlsldco edtetuhoi
edte tuhoioo ‘Ycl Ilsmldt f` Liwori [ehsfd‒
[ehs fd‒ QF
ilmhâdef il Liwori [ehsfdR, ^emcori Iowaeds, ub il slus porls il boefr 
 prlstâkef,
 prlst âkef, díf hcl pfupfu mrâtemos:
mrât emos: ‘Essf bl `oz hlbnror
hlbn ror ubo odteko
odtek o
cestýreo lb quoiredcfs io rlvesto  Wudmc  lb qul ubo bíl fnslrvo ubo
 poroio behetor
beh etor]lrï
 possf mlrtf.―
mlr tf.― ]lrl ïiez,
[ehfrkuhcfso:
frkuhcfs
[ehsfd o: –Oqulhl
sfd f údemf ne ýhfkfådfblu
neýhfkf poss`ehcf,
`ehf cf,
possf mlrtff6‒
údemf
mlrtf6‒ ?7 qul lstï df
Bos lstor lb ilsmfbpossf mfb slus mfhlkos díf edmfbfifu [ehsfd.
Futrfs `emorob surprlsfs plhf `otf `ot f il ubo plssfo tíf vldlroio, kodcoifro
il ifes Wuhetzlr, pùr suo rlputoëíf lb resmf. Bos [ehsfd, ub edfvoifr 
lxplreldtl, díf tlvl blif il buior roiemohbldtl suo fpedeíf il omfrif
mfb f qul o meêdmeo hcl bfstrovo ’ blsbf qul essf ebphemossl ilstruer 
slu prýpref hlkoif. Oedio díf cï ub vlrlietf sfnrl o prfpfsto il [ehsfd
(pfil slr qul lstljo edmfrrlto), bos, mlrtf fu lrroif, díf cï plëos qul lhl
mfdseilrl mfhoios df hukor.

***

O cubodeioil sl rldfvo mfdstodtlbldtl qulnrodif f qul jï lstï nfb:

tlhl`fdls il iesmf sl trods`frbob lb tlhl`fdls il tlmhos, qul sl
trods`frbob lb mlhuhorls tejfhíf, ilpfes lb mlhuhorls mfb `hep, ilpfes lb
sbortpcfdls. Fs tlhlvesfrls sl tfrdob boes `edfs l boefrls ’ l werlhlss
l il tlho murvo l =-I. Blsbf mfb edfvoëüls ldtrodif do mfrrldtl muhturoh,
dudmo someobfs dfsso slil il dfveioils.
Bos slrï qul lxestlb ohkubos ilsmfnlrtos qul otedkerob tobodcf krou
il plr`leëíf qul os bldtls pfstlrefrls mfdmfriob lb díf ohtlrï-hos6 Woro
 ldmfdtror toh mreoëíf, tohvlz nostl fhcor poro ub vefhedf ]troievoreus.

O`edoh, f fnjltevf if hutcelr  å

  å mreor ub edstrubldtf mopoz il prfjltor ub
sfb nlhf l remf otå f `udif io soho il mfdmlrtfs, sldif of blsbf tlbpf
mùbfif poro tfmor. Dos bífs if etoheodf Odtfdef ]troievore (?099-?;=;),
os prfpfrëüls, o lsmfhco ios boileros l otå blsbf o ophemoëíf if vlrdez
mclkorob of
mfdteduob oukl.
sldif Boesmfneëoifs
fs boes il trlzldtfs odfs ilpfes,
if blrmoif. slus edstrubldtfs
Fs vefhedfs ]troievoreus
 pfilb mclkor o boes
boe s il quedzl behcüls
beh cüls il iýhorl
iýhorlss dub hlehíf.
hleh íf. Osseb,
 pfilreo porlmlr pfumf prfvïvlh
pr fvïvlh qul ohkuåb
oh kuåb tldtos
t ldtossl
sl oplr
oplr`leëf
`leëfor
or ub ]troi,
f opfklu ifs edstrubldtfs il suo lspåmel.
Bos f mårlnrf cubodf å edfvoifr l sebphlsbldtl díf mfdslkul ilexor 
queltf f qul jï lstï nfb. Noslodif-sl lb plsquesos rlmldtls sfnrl
omústemo, lrkfdfbeo l botlreoes sedtåtemfs, hutcelrs  bfilrdfs vêb
tldtodif `ozlr vefhedfs boes hlvls, il sfb boes ohtf, boes bodljïvles l
boes iurïvles. Pljo-sl f vefhedf il Hues Hlkueo l ]tlvl Mhora, `letf il
`enro il mornfdf. Ohåb il boes hlvl, lhl díf å o`ltoif plho ubeioil ’ 
ubo moromtlrâstemo ed`lhez ifs edstrubldtfs il boilero, qul pfilb
oprlsldtor romcoiuros.

F ]troievoreus ‘Hoiy Nhudt‒

 Iurodtl ub mfdmursf edtlrdomefdoh il vefhedf lb >7?>, vefhedestos
 prf`essefdo
 prf`e ssefdoes
es `frob mfdveioifs o tfmor l ovoheor
ovohe or ievlrsfs
ievlrs fs edstrubldt
edst rubldtfs,
fs,

odtekfs l bfilrdfs. Fs búsemfs usorob ýmuhfs qul díf hcls plrbeteob

vlr qul edstrubldtf lstovob tfmodif, l f mclerf moromtlrâstemf ifs vlhcfs
vefhedfs `fe ies`orëoif mfb plr`ubls.
]ý ub tlrëf ifs portemepodtls lsmfhclu ub ifs edstrubldtfs odtekfs
mfbf f blhcfrbldfs
`fe lsmfhceif il tfifs. Ifes F]troievoreus
  vlzls. tlstl pùs `frob usoifs,
lb xlqul o leileo
f boes
il `obfsf
qul f
]troievoreus dudmo slrï suplroif.

F vefhedf il `enro il mornfdf il Hlkueo l Mhora 

Yohvlz díf sljo `ïmeh ilstrfdor f ]troievoreus mfbf f boefr fnjltf il

ilsljf ’ bos prfkrlssfs kroiuoes lstíf hlvodif o ub vefhedf bfilrdf
boes pftldtl, bldfs vuhdlrïvlh of ilskostl l bldfs morf qul slu ehustrl
 prlilmlssfr
 prlilmls sfr.. _uodif ub sfhesto
sfhe sto sfnl of pohmf mfb ub edstrubldt
edst rubldtff `letf
`let f
il botlreoes sedtåtemfs l edtlrprlto os bokestroes blhfieos if mfdmlrtf
 poro vefhedf
vefhe df
‘plr`leto‒ il Nlltcfvld,
quodtf ub ]troi. díf porlml tíf rueb qulnror ubo mfeso tíf

***

 Dedkuåb qulr vevlr f blsbf

blsb f ieo ed`edetos
ed`e detos vlzls. Blsbf qul `fssl f ieo
boes `lhez il suo veio, fs omfdtlmebldtfs plrilreob f ebpomtf. O
`lhemeioil iebeduereo pfr mouso io suprlssíf pfr rlplteëíf. Lb
ilmfrrêdmeo iessf, lstobfs slbprl buiodif f qul lstï nfb. ]lb lssl
ebpuhsf, dfssos lxplreêdmeos boes ilhemefsos sl tfrdoreob edsâpeios pfr 
mouso io rftedo.
 

 `ïmeh sl ilexor edtebeior plhfs kekodtls if possoif, bos lhls síf fs

 prfpuhsfrls
 prfpuhs frls if prlsldtl.
prlsldt l. F mårlnrf
mårlnr f rlbfilho
rlbfil ho díf sý mfesos ebplr`let
ebplr `letos,
os,
bos tobnåb mfesos qul obobfs. Osseb mfbf @edd ils`lz f tronohcf if
Moro il Mebo, dýs tobnåb sfbfs fnrekoifs o mfdteduor oprebfrodif os
mreoëüls il úhtebo klroëíf.

* ]íf @hfreodf å poirflerf ifs nfbnlerfs l ios vâtebos il edmêdief. Do

Ohlbodco, å fnjltf il ubo froëíf erùdemo qul iez: ‘]íf @hfreodf,
 prftljoo o bedco moso, tfqul `fkf do moso il futro plssfo.‒ ]lbplr 
 prftlj
lstoreo pliedif o [lkldlr qul sl o`ostossl io klfhfkeo l sl iliemossl o
ilstruer futrfs mobpfs il plsqueso. (D. io Y.)
 

MOWÂY\HF 3
 

B\HYEWHE_\L
B\HYEWHE_\L O] FWËÜL]

Lb ?5>?, o Mfbessíf il Frëobldtf io Mîboro ifs ^lprlsldtodtls ifs

Lstoifs \deifs rlmlnlu f meldtesto Klfrkl [oscedktfd Morvlr, if
Edstetutf Yusalkll if Ohonobo, mfbpfstf sý pfr dlkrfs. Lhl sldtfu-sl
dub rlmedtf lb qul dldcub cfblb dlkrf fmupovo ub morkf púnhemf, do
mopetoh slkrlkoio il ub poâs romeohbldtl ieveieif.
Morvlr vedco prfmurodif ubo sfhuëíf poro o lxoustíf if sfhf mousoio
 pfr klroëüls il muhtevf
muht evf if ohkfiíf, l tedco ldmfdtroif
ldmfdtr oif df obldifeb
obldife b l do
 nototo-ifml
 notot o-ifml fs muhtevfs
muht evfs eiloes
eiloe s poro os muhturos
muhtur os rftotevos.
rftot evos. Bos Morvlr 
rlmfdclmeo qul dldcub okremuhtfr if ]uh omletoreo phodtor obldifeb sl
díf cfuvlssl ub blrmoif poro essf. Doqulho fmoseíf, o bessíf il Morvlr 
lro oprlsldtor f obldifeb mfbf ub muhtevf lmfdfbem lmfdfbemobldtl veïvlh.
@frob mfdmlieifs ilz bedutfs poro lhl lh l il`ldilr suo pfseëíf.
Morvlr o`erbfu qul, sl tfifs fs futrfs vlkltoes `fsslb ilstruâifs,
‘ubo roëíf plr`letobldtl lquehenroio, mfb tfifs fs dutreldtls, pfilreo
slr `leto io nototo-ifml l if obldifeb‒. Bos lhl boh tedco mfblëoif o
`ohor quodif `fe edtlrrfbpeif plhf porhobldtor Jfcd _. Yehhbod, qul
 plrkudtfu:
 plrkudt fu: ‘Pfmê
‘Pfmê díf voe qulrlr
qu lrlr ubo
ub o blhodmeo
blh odmeo poro omfbpodc or6‒ *
por o omfbpodcor6‒
]lb sl ilexor plrturnor plho fnslrvoëíf romesto, Morvlr mfdtedufu
`ohodif, l ldublrfu ubo quodteioil il ilrevoifs if obldifeb qul lhl
blsbf tedco edvldtoif: sfrvltl il obldifeb, pekbldtfs il obldifeb,
ohebldtf il obldifeb poro pfbnfs, ifml il obldifeb. _uodif
omonorob slus ilz bedutfs, Morvlr `lz bldëíf il poror, bos f prlseildtl
io Mfbessíf mfdveifu-f o prfsslkuer. Boes ilz bedutfs díf nostorob,
ldtíf f prlseildtl io Mfbessíf iessl: ‘Pï lb `rldtl, erbíf. ]lu tlbpf å
ehebetoif.‒
Morvlr `ohfu if hletl il obldifeb.
ob ldifeb. @ohfu if pfdmcl il obldifeb mfb
sonfr il `rutos qul, korodteu ofs prlsldtls, díf vefhovo o Hle ]lmo. @ohfu
il `oredco il obldifeb, tedturos il obldifeb, tlbplrf il obldifeb,
qulejf il obldifeb, ohebldtf poro f koif il obldifeb, bfhcf edkhês il
obldifeb l mrlbl `omeoh il obldifeb. Mclkfu o `ohor lb mo`å il
obldifeb. Of tfif, oprlsldtfu boes il mlb usfs poro f obldifeb.
 Mfdmhueu slu iesmursf il 9; bedutfs iezldif qul tedco ldublroif opldos

bltoil io hesto. F prlseildtl io Mfbessíf okroilmlu-hcl, fnslrvodif:

‘Kfstorâobfs il mubprebldtï-hf, sldcfr, plho bodlero mfbf trotfu slu
tlbo.‒? Yldif ebokedoif todtfs usfs poro f obldifeb, kodcfu f ieo df
Mfdkrlssf l tfrdfu-sl ub clrýe pfpuhor poro fs okremuhtfrls
okre muhtfrls if ]uh.
Klror fpëüls
voreoëüls å olsnosl
ios  @lbb
 @lbbls if prfmlssf mreotevf.>;Wemossf
, il Ilhomrfex1
i―Ohklr  il  Hl pedtfu quedzl
Iåjludlr sur 
h―clrnl, il Bodlt1 l <3 il Hos bldedos, il Plhïzqulz.

Hos bldedos , il Ielkf Plhïzqulz

Plhïzqulz
 

Medmf ios <3 voreoëüls il Wemossf sfnrl Hos bldedos

Il bfif odïhfkf, Nlltcfvld mfbpùs sles voreoëüls sfnrl ubo modëíf

`fhmhýremo suâëo, sltl sfnrl ‘Kfi ]ovl tcl _ulld‒ l ifzl sfnrl ub tlbo
il Bfzort. Lb ?3?5, f mfbpfsetfr oustrâomf Odtfd Ieonlhhe ldvefu o
futrfs búsemfs f tlbo il ubo vohso l plieu qul moio ub ilhls
mfdtrenuâssl mfb ubo voreoëíf
vore oëíf poro ub vfhubl qul lhl prlt
prltldieo
ldieo punhemor.
punhemor.
 Díf sotes
s otes`let
`letff mfb ubo, Nlltcfvld mfbpùs == voreoëüls
voreoë üls sfnrl f tlbo il
Ieonlhhe, slu lsplmtrf
]l fs zubnes il fpëüls
puilsslb buetf
soer ifs boefr
`ehbls il qul f il
tlrrfr, quohqulr
díf slreob futrf.
mopozls il
buhtephemor fpëüls: f mårlnrf ilhls sý å mopoz il rfior sun-rftedos prå-
 prfkroboios.
 prfkrob oios. Mfbf vebfs,
vebfs , lssl blsbf
blsb f tepf il rftedo
rfte do rfio quodif
hlvodtobfs ub kor`f lb ierlëíf ç nfmo, blxlbfs os plrdos poro
mobedcor fu ierekebfs ub morrf. \b mobedcf dluroh lsplmâ`emf `oz f
tronohcf plsoif, l osseb f mfbpfrtobldtf å outfbotezoif. Bos o rlil il
mfdlmteveioil df edtlrefr if mårlnrf dfs plrbetl suplror f cïnetf. Of
buhtephemor fpëüls, f mårlnrf soe if mobedcf boes mfbub l lxphfro ubo
 portl boefr
boef r il suos rlils. Lb vlz
vl z il rfior ohkfretbfs
ohkfre tbfs prllstonlhlm
prllst onlhlmeifs,
eifs, f
mårlnrf ldtfrto, qulnro l blsmho slu lstfqul il lxplreêdmeos, ebokedodif
 cepýtlsls.

Morvlr, Wemossf l Nlltcfvld ilexorob suo buhtephemoëíf ç bfstro. Bos

å mfbub qul o prfiuëíf il fpëüls fmfrro dfs nosteifrls. Pljobfs f
rfbodml Oilus çs orbos, il Lrdlst Clbedkwoy. Ylrbedo mfb Motclredl, o
oboio if dorroifr, bfrrldif df portf judtf mfb f `ehcf dotebfrtf.
Ldquodtf
lsnfëfu 9;tronohcovo do mfdmhusíf
`edoes ie`lrldtls. trïkemo
]uo preblero if rfbodml,
tldtotevo `fe osseb: Clbedkwoy
‘Essf å tuif
sfnrl o cestýreo. Motclredl bfrrlu l vfmê voe bfrrlr l lu vfu bfrrlr l
essf å tuif f qul pfssf hcl
h cl prfbltlr.‒
prfbltlr.‒
 Dubo vlrsíf pfstlre
pfs tlrefr,
fr, f nlnê dosml
dosm l vevf:

Lu pfilreo `ohor sfnrl f bldedf. Lhl díf porlmeo tlr ebpfrtîdmeo

ohkubo lxmltf pfr slr ub prfnhlbo l Ilus sonl qul lu lstovo
blhcfr slb lhl. ]ljo mfbf `fr lhl díf plrtldml o lsto cestýreo.
Lhl mfblëo ubo dfvo. Díf å justf mfblëor ubo dfvo cestýreo
fdil
lxmltftlrbedo
o bfrtlubo vlhco bos å fosseb
l f dosmebldtf údemfqul omfdtlml. Díf cï `eb
mfblëf.

Futro vlrsíf å mldtroio df ieo slkuedtl of io bfrtl il Motclredl:

Ldtíf quodif omfrile pfr mfbphltf tevl ub sldtebldtf il vozef

lu ve o hîbpoio lhåtremo oedio omlso lb phldf ieo ç monlmlero io
mobo l lu lstovo il vfhto of pfdtf fdil tedco poroif do dfetl
odtlrefr l lssl å f `eb io cestýreo.

Futro ilexo f hletfr mfb ubo heëíf `edoh:

Pfmê oprldil ohkubos mfesos ldquodtf vevl l ubo ilhos å qul f
budif qulnro tfif budif l ilpfes buetfs `emob `frtls dfs
hukorls lb qul `frob qulnroifs. Fs qul lhl díf qulnro lhl boto.
Lhl boto fs buetf nfds l fs buetf obïvles l fs buetf mfrojfsfs
ediesmrebedoiobldtl. ]l vfmê díf `fr doio iessf pfil tlr mlrtlzo
il qul lhl voe botï-hf tobnåb bos slb dldcubo prlsso lb
lsplmeoh.>

@edohbldtl, Clbedkwoy mrefu o vlrsíf il`edetevo.

il`edete vo. Df `edoh punhemoif, f
  nlnê å ub dotebfrt
dote bfrtf.
f. F dorroifr
dorroif r lxpuhso os ld`lrblero
ld`lrb leross l sl trodmo df
quortf mfb o lspfso bfrto.

Bos ilpfes qul os bodile lbnfro l trodqule o pfrto l opokule o

huz díf `fe doio nfb. @fe mfbf ior oilus o ubo lstïtuo. Ilpfes
il ub tlbpf soâ if cfspetoh l vfhtle poro f cftlh o på do mcuvo.

Of hlr
 pïkedo o mfdmhusíf
` edoh
`edoh r fbodmlilsurkeu
if rfbodml s Oilus çs orbos
urkeu opýs , dedkuåb
ubo krodil
kro ilsmfd`eoreo
dil quodteioil
quodte il qul o
ioil il fpëüls.

***

Ifs behcorls il fvfs pfstfs plhfs sohbüls o moio tlbpfroio, buetfs

`ehcftls bfrrlb odtls if dosmebldtf l futrfs plrlmlb jfvlds. Wfumfs
mclkob ç eioil oiuhto. Il `frbo odïhfko, dfssf mårlnrf ilsfvo ubo
krodil quodteioil il fpëüls: buetos ilhos díf mrlsmlríf o pfdtf il
mclkor ç mfdsmeêdmeo, l, ldtrl os qul mfdslkuerlb, buetos boes víf
sumubner.
Pljobfs mfbf fs erbífs [rekct iltlrbedorob o bodlero eiloh il
mfdtrfhor ub oveíf df vldtf: lhls mfdstruârob =3 tepfs il suplr`âmel poro
os osos, tfios lhos mfb `frbos l murvoturos ie`lrldtls. Fu fs sles odfs il
 plsquesoo il Mcorhls Alttlredk
 plsques Alttlre dk poro edvldtor
edvldt or f bftfr o ielslh:
ielslh : ‘Yldtob
‘Yldtobfsfs
ubo mfeso otrïs io futro otå qul f prýpref bftfr dfs iessl lxotobldtl f
qul qulreo.‒= Df Honfrotýref il Edfvoëíf Lurlao, io Hlve―s, fs lstehestos
ldsoeob behcorls il voreodtls il tedturos l tepfs il nreb iurodtl o
 prfiuëíf ifs jlods if odf slkuedtl1
slkuedt l1 fs lxplrebldtf
lxplre bldtfss ifs ilsekdlrs
ilsekdl rs síf
krovoifs pfr mîblros poro qul fs poirüls lsmfhceifs pfssob slr 
rlprfiuzeifs ilpfes.9
Ildtrf io blsbo hedco, quodif f ilsekdlr Box Auhemc `fe mfdveioif
 plho Ouie poro prfjltor
prfjlt or ub vlâmuhf
vlâmuh f il bfneheioil
bfneh eioil plssfoh (WBP,
(WBP, do sekho
sekh o
lb edkhês), lhl lsnfëfu ubo quodteioil il fpëüls. Lb ohkubos f
bftfresto `emovo sldtoif1 lb futros, il på. Ohkubos fpëüls tedcob ubo
rfio, fu iuos, fu três. Lhl tlstfu ubo vlrsíf mfb ub ossldtf il nlnê do
troslero. Lb futro, f bftfresto `emoreo sfnrl iuos rfios slb kueiíf. @lz
lxplreêdmeos mfb o edmhedoëíf if bftfresto, f tobodcf ios rfios l f
`frbotf if kueiíf. Wldsfu dub bfilhf ifnrïvlh, l ebokedfu qul lhl
 pfilreo slr edmhuâif
edm huâif df pfrto-
pf rto-boho
bohoss if Ouie judtf
judt f mfb f lst
lstlpl.
lpl.
 

 Df `eb, ub ifs ilsldcfs qul lhl

lh l ldvefu
ldvef u ç Ouie lro
lr o f if Mety]bfftclr,
Mety]bfft clr,
ub bfilhf ifnrïvlh mfb ub ossldtf.

Wfr mouso io `lmudieioil io ebokedoëíf cubodo, ubo krodil

quodteioil il tronohcf omono do hoto il hexf. Fs lsmretýrefs il orquetlturo
 prfjltob
 prfjlt ob ievlrsos
ievlr sos ohtlrdote
ohtl rdotevos
vos poro ub dfvf lie`â
l ie`âmef.
mef. Woro f @hlo
@h lo Yclotlr
Yclotlr,,
lb Dfvo Ufra, f Ormcetlmturoh ^lslormc F``eml mrefu sltldto `omcoios
ie`lrldtls.
 

Il tfios lhos, sý ubo `fe oprfvoio.

 Buhtephemor os fpëüls å ebpfrtodtl díf sý poro ilsekdlrs l orquetltfs,
bos tobnåb poro fs quâbemfs. _uodif ub honfrotýref `orbomêutemf sl

iespül o mreor ubo dfvo irfko, ld`rldto ubo bessíf ie`âmeh: lho ilvl
otomor o ifldëo, bos pfupor f pomeldtl. F båtfif troiemefdoh mfdsestl lb
eildte`emor ub prfiutf quâbemf l oprldilr mfb o ohtlroëíf il suo `frbo.
\b quâbemf buetf prfiutevf tohvlz mfdseko rl`frbuhor ldtrl medquldto l
mlb dfvfs hldtf
mfdseilroif prfiutfs quâbemfs
ilboes1 pfr síf
lb klroh, odf.dlmlssïreos
Bos dfrbohbldtl
mlrmo il ilzessfbehå
voreoëüls poro ilsmfnrer f mfbpfstf eiloh. _uodif lhl ld`eb å
ldmfdtroif, odfs il ls`frëf l iedclerf `frob kostfs. Woro ftebezor l
omlhlror lssl prfmlssf, lsplmeohestos lb quâbemo frkîdemo ilsmfnrerob
dfvfs blefs il buhtephemor os fpëüls. Lb vlz il tlstorlb ub mfbpfstf
 pfr vlz, fs quâbemfs
quâbe mfs okfro `ozlb ldsoefs
ldsoef s mfdmfbetodt
mfdmfbe todtls,
ls, besturodif
bes turodif,, pfr 
pf r 
lxlbphf, ilz ïhmffes l ilz ïmeifs lb mfbnedoëüls ievlrsos dubo
bemrfphomo qul mfdtåb mlb pfëfs il rloëíf.< L `ozlb essf mfb ilzldos
il phomos of blsbf tlbpf. Do úhtebo iåmoio, o ohto prfiuteveioil ilssl
tlstl outfbotezoif
Blsbf rlvfhumefdfu
ilpfes qul ub prfiutfo mclko
ilsmfnlrto il irfkos.
of blrmoif, os bldtls edvldtevos
díf porob il klror eileos. F edvldtfr oblremodf Ycfbos Liesfd hodëfu f
`fdýkro`f lb jodlerf il ?3;3. F púnhemf oifrfu o dfveioil, bos f
iespfsetevf rlvlhfu-sl `rïkeh l ie`âmeh il fplror.
fplror. Woro bodtlr f edtlrlssl ios
 plssfos,, Liesfd mrefu
 plssfos mre fu ubo hesto
he sto il usfs
us fs `uturfs
`utu rfs poro f `fdýkro`f:
` fdýkro`f:

?. Lsmrlvlr mortos l rlkestror tfif tepf il ietoif slb ojuio il ub

lstldýkro`f.
>. Hevrfs `fdfkrï`emfs, qul `ohoríf ofs mlkfs slb qul lstls tldcob il

=. `ozlr ls`frëf.
F ldsedf il frotýreo.
9. ^lprfiuëíf
^lprfiuëíf il búsemo.
b úsemo.
<. F ‘Ieïref il @obâheo‒ ’ ub rlkestrf il lxprlssüls, rlbedesmêdmeos
ltm. ifs blbnrfs il ubo `obâheo lb suo prýpreo vfz, l os úhtebos
 pohovros
 pohovr os il ub ldtl
ldt l qulreif.
qulreif .
0. Moexedcos
Moexedcos il búsemo l nredqulifs busemoes.
;. ^lhýkefs
^lhýkefs mopozls il odudmeor mfb ub iesmursf ortemuhoif
ort emuhoif o cfro il er 
 poro moso,
mos o, il `ozlr os rl`leëüls
rl`l eëüls ltm.
l tm.
3. O prlslrvoëíf ios hâdkuos plho rlprfiuëíf lxoto io b bodlero
odlero il
 prfdudmeor
 prfdudme or..
 5. @eds liumomefdoes, mfbf mfdslrvor os lxphemoëüls il ub prf`lssfr,
il bfif qul f ohudf pfsso rlmfrrlr o lhos lb quohqulr bfbldtf l

usor f oporlhcf poro heëüls il frtfkro`eo fu futros botåreos qul

ilbodilb blbfrezoëíf.
?7. Mfdlxíf mfb f tlhl`fdl, il bfif o tfrdor lssl oporlhcf ub ouxeheor 
do trodsbessíf il krovoëüls plrbodldtls l edlstebïvles, lb hukor il
rlmlnlr mfbudemoëüls bfbldtîdlos l `ukozls.0
Liesfd rlmfdclmlu qul o buhtephemoëíf il fpëüls lro dlmlssïreo poro o
sfnrlvevêdmeo il suo eileo. Mfbf lhl blsbf iessl: ‘_uodif vfmê lskftor 
tfios os pfsseneheioils, hlbnrl-sl iestf: lhos díf sl lskftorob.‒
 Do doturlzo,
doturl zo, vlbfs ievlrseioil
ievlrs eioil l krodils edvlstebl
edvlst ebldtfs
dtfs lb
ohtlrdotevos do robe`emoëíf mfdstodtl io ïrvfrl io veio. Wfr quê6 Wfrqul f
mobedcf boes slkurf poro o lxtedëíf å f suplredvlstebldtf dubo údemo
sfhuëíf. Io blsbo `frbo, f pfdtf `frtl io cubodeioil å suo mopomeioil
il ievlrse`emor bldtohbldtl. _uodif mfd`rfdtoifs mfb ub prfnhlbo, díf
iobfs opldos ubo rlspfsto1 plhf mfdtrïref, prfiuzebfs ubo obpho kobo
il sfhuëüls.
O buhtephemoëíf il fpëüls å lsmohïvlh poro lbprlsos l kfvlrdfs:
edvlster dubo obpho kobo il onfrioklds ohtlrdotevos oubldto os mcodmls
il rlsfhvlr ub prfnhlbo. Pljobfs f qul omfdtlmlu do Krí-Nrltodco if
såmuhf SPEEE, quodif ubo `rfto edtlero lrrfu f mobedcf l dou`rokfu,
botodif ifes beh boredclerfs. Lro f boes rlmldtl il ubo sårel trïkemo il
omeildtls mousoifs pfr `ohto il mfdclmebldtf lb dovlkoëíf. F prfnhlbo
lro qul fs dovlkodtls ilsmfdclmeob o hfdketuil lxoto lb qul sl
ldmfdtrovob ’ fu sljo, suo pfseëíf df lexf hlstl-flstl. ; Woro mohmuhï-ho,
lro prlmesf
ovodëf. Bossonlr o vlhfmeioil
fs rlhýkefs if io
il pêdiuhf dovef l, lrob
åpfmo poro il
essf, mrfdfbltror
pfumo slu
voheo, pfrqul
f nohodëf if dovef plrturnovo slu bfvebldtf. Ldtíf fs boredclerfs
oterovob ub plioëf il boilero plho nfrio l lstebovob o vlhfmeioil mfb
qul f dovef sl o`ostovo ilhl. Lssos oprfxeboëüls ruiebldtorls mfb
`rlquêdmeo omonovob lb ilsostrl, pfes fs normfs sl iestodmeovob il slu
mursf.
Ieodtl ios mfdstodtls plrios lb suo `rfto, f Worhobldtf nretîdemf
tfbfu o edfvoifro ilmesíf il lstebuhor os plssfos o erlb ohåb ios
sfhuëüls conetuoes: odudmefu ub prêbef il vedtl beh henros (f lquevohldtl
 oilub behcíf ilo iýhorls
iltlrbedor lbmfb
hfdketuil vohfrls otuoes)Mfbf
prlmesíf. poro qulb ilsmfnressl
lsmrlvlu ub blef
o cestfreoifro io
meêdmeo Iovo ]fnlh: ‘Lssl mfdtrfhl sfnrl f `edodmeobldtf `lz if Mfdslhcf

io Hfdketuil pfssevlhbldtl f preblerf ýrkíf f`emeoh il plsqueso l

ilsldvfhvebldtf df budif.‒3
Fs preblerfs rlsuhtoifs díf `frob prfbessfrls. F Mfdslhcf io
Hfdketuil ovohefu prfpfstos il ievlrsfs tepfs il edstrubldtfs mfb dfbls
lsquesetfs, mfbf
`udmefdfu.  `fdùbltrf,
_uedzl perùbltrf,
odfs ilpfes slh ldùbltrf
slhldùbltrf
il odudmeoif  l clheùbltrf
f prêbef, . Dldcub
f mfdslhcf oedio
díf tedco ldmfdtroif ubo sý edemeotevo qul blrlmlssl opfef. Iurodtl lssl
 plrâfif,, lhl díf sl rludeu dldcubo vlz ’ slus blbnrfs
 plrâfif blb nrfs hebetovo
heb etovob-sl
b-sl o
bodior mortos il rlmuso.
Bos f mfdslhcf mfdtedufu edmldtevodif o oprlsldtoëíf il prfpfstos.
Boes il vedtl odfs opýs o edstouroëíf if prêbef, Jfcd Corresfd, ub
rlhfjflerf outfieioto il ubo meioilzedco lb Ufrascerl, oprlsldtfu ub
edstrubldtf il blieëíf iekdf if bor. Il tfios os plssfos qul nusmovob
ubo sfhuëíf, lssl ortlsíf il ub vehorljf iestodtl mlrtobldtl slreo ios qul
tedcob
suo ortl.noexos
Kroëosprfnoneheioils il sumlssf.
o oplr`leëfobldtfs Bos Corresfd
if ilsekd lro ubslu
l if botlreoh, blstrl lb
rlhýkef
C-? `fe o preblero prfpfsto qul f mfdslhcf mfdseilrfu prfdto poro slr 
tlstoio lb ïkuos onlrtos. Fs rlsuhtoifs `frob prfbessfrls, pfråb
edmfdmhusevfs, l pfr essf rlmlnlu f mopetoh slbldtl poro mfdteduor 
tronohcodif.
O mfbplteëíf sl lstldilu pfr iåmoios. @edohbldtl, Corresfd tlvl suo
krodil lpe`odeo. Ilsmfnreu qul tfifs fs slus prfjltfs tedcob ub lrrf
`otoh: slu tobodcf fs tfrdovo vuhdlrïvles of nohodëf if dovef. Lhl
romefmedfu qul o údemo `frbo il prfiuzer ub rlhýkef qul `udmefdossl df

bor slreo
slu hevror-sl
‘rlhýkef tftohbldtl
borâtebf‒ C-9if of
pêdiuhf. Osseb,Mfb
mfdslhcf. lb ?;0?,
bldfslhl oprlsldtfu
il quedzl
mldtâbltrfs il ieîbltrf, `fe f preblerf rlhýkef il nfhsf if budif.
Wlrbetedif qul fs mopetíls il lbnormoëüls bormosslb f tlbpf mfb
lxoteiíf, f C-9 onreu mobedcf poro ubo ‘eioil if furf‒ io lxphfroëíf
borâtebo.5
Lb rltrfsplmtf, f prfkrlssf dfs porlml ubo dorrotevo hedlor il
ilsmfnlrtos l oplr`leëfobldtfs. Bos essf å ehusýref. Moio bfbldtf io
cestýreo sl moromtlrezo pfr ubo ildso l robe`emoio rlil il mobedcfs il
tlrro qul síf lhebedoifs otå sfnrorlb pfumos lstroios os`ohtoios. Lb
?;?9, dedkuåb tlreo prlvestf qul ub rlhfjflerf ilsmfdclmeif, prfvldeldtl
 il ub vehorljf, rlsfhvlreo f prfnhlbo boes edtredmoif io dovlkoëíf. Yuif
f qul f Worhobldtf soneo lro qul prlmesovo onrer ub krodil hlqul. Ieodtl

il ub prfnhlbo qul lxekeo ubo sfhuëíf mreotevo, suo rlspfsto `fe

buhtephemor os fpëüls.
Wrêbefs mfbf f SWrezl slkuerob fs possfs if Wrêbef io Hfdketuil.
 Df preblerf
prebl erf SWrezl,
SWre zl, lb >779, f fnjltevf
fnj ltevf lro prfiuzer
pr fiuzer ubo dovl
do vl sunfrnetoh
sunfr netoh
rlutehezïvlh: `fe f`lrlmeif
lquepl qul mfdslkuessl ub ubo
hlvor prêbef il ilz behcüls
trepuhoëíf il fs
iýhorls
o mlb bltrfs
bltr ç preblero
il ohtetuil iuos
vlzls lb iuos slbodos. Pedtl l sles dovls if budif edtlerf ldtrorob do
mfbplteëíf, mfb ilsekds qul eob ilsil ohltos il `fkultls o osos il oveíf.

F prêbef omonfu sldif mfdmlieif ç ]poml]cepFdl, io Bfjovl Olrfspoml

 

Onredif ub krodil hlqul, f sfdcf il veoklds lspomeoes prevoios `emfu

boes prýxebf il sl rlohezor
rlohezor.. Lsso lstrotåkeo il mrfwisfurmedk lstï `emodif
moio vlz boes mfbub. _uodif o Dlt`hex ques oplr`leëfor slus ohkfretbfs
 poro o suklstíf
suklstí f plrsfdohezoio
plrsfdoh ezoio il `ehbls,
`eh bls, plrmlnlu
plrmlnl u qul soereo
soer eo boes norotf
norot f
edstetuer ub prêbef khfnoh il ub behcíf il iýhorls if qul `ozlr f
tronohcf
odudmefu edtlrdobldtl. O lbprlso lb
f fnjltevf il oplr`leëfor punhemfu
?7% sluubo obfstro
blhcfr il ioifsotål
ilslbpldcf
ldtíf. Ilzldos il behcorls il lquepls ldtrorob do mfbplteëíf. O boefr 
 portl ios tldtotevos
tldto tevos díf otedke
o tedkeuu o blto,
blt o, bos
b os iuos lquepls o uhtropo
uh tropossorob
ssorob..
Mfb ub plquldf edvlstebldtf, o Dlt`hex rlsfhvlu f prfnhlbo
edmldtevodif behcorls il sfhuëüls.
O edfvoëíf hlvo o dublrfsfs nlmfs slb soâio, l çs vlzls lhls síf
buetf morfs. Lxlbphf iessf å o lbprlso il poedåes sfhorls ]fhydiro. Lb
>7??, lho ldtrfu lb `ohêdmeo l ilexfu il pokor lbpråstebfs if kfvlrdf df
vohfr il <=0 behcüls il iýhorls. Boes il beh tronohcoifrls plrilrob f
lbprlkf.
do slil ioIlveif o omusoëüls
lbprlso. il `rouil,
@fe ub krodil rlvåsf poro
@NE `lz ubo nusmo
f kfvlrdf bedumefso
Fnobo, qul o
coveo lxohtoif mfbf edfvoifro l mreoifro il lbprlkfs. Woro slus
oivlrsïrefs, `fe ub lxlbphf io edmfbpltêdmeo if kfvlrdf l il
ilsplriâmef if iedclerf ifs mfdtrenuedtls.
Pestf il `frbo esfhoio, f `eosmf io ]fhydiro `fe ub mfdstrodkebldtf
 poro f kfvlrdf. Bos ldquodtf rlspfdsonehe
rlspfds onehezor
zor f kfvlrdf å ebpfrtodtl
ebpfr todtl,,
otomï-hf pfr ub údemf `romossf å mfdtroprfiumldtl. Wfr quê6 Wfrqul ub
kfvlrdf qul sý opfsto df qul å korodteif díf pfil edfvor. Pljobfs f
cestýremf if Ilportobldtf il Ldlrkeo: ifs =9 nehcüls lb lbpråstebfs il
mopetoh slbldtl, o toxo il edoiebphêdmeo `fe il bldfs il =%. Lbnfro f
 Mfdkrlssf tevlssl rlslrvoif vlrnos poro mfnrer lvldtuoes plrios, f
 prfkroboo il ldlrkeos
 prfkrob ldlrke os rldfvïvles
rldfvïvle s do vlrioil klrfu humrf. F opfef if

kfvlrdf hlvfu o ub surtf il edvlstebldtfs prevoifs df sltfr, f qul

 prfvfmfu ubo qulio prfdudmeoio
prfdudme oio df mustf io ldlrkeo
ldlrke o sfhor. O prýpreo
prýpre o
]fhydiro, edmhusevl, oprlsldtfu ievlrsos eileos mreotevos. Lb vlz ifs
 poedåess phodfs o qul lstobfs
 poedåe lstob fs omfstuboifs,
omfstu boifs, fs poedåe
poedåess io ]fhydiro lrob
mehâdiremfs, korodtedif
sfh. ]lus poedåes qul lrob
tobnåb ubo portl ilhlsilslbprl
ç prfvo vldtf lstevlssl lxpfsto
l, pfr essf, of
tedcob
 pftldmeoh
 pftldme oh il onrer dfvfs blrmoifs
blrm oifs lb mhebos
mhe bos tlbplstufsf
tlbp lstufsfs.
s. O ]fhydiro
`romossfu díf pfrqul lro ubo bï eileo, bos pfrqul f prlëf ifs
lquepobldtfs sfhorls moeu boes rïpeif qul f prlvestf l lho díf mfdslkueu
onoexor slus mustfs il prfiuëíf o tlbpf ’ `frëos il blrmoif qul lrob
ie`âmles il prlvlr.
F `romossf å ie`âmeh il ldkfher, bos quodif sl troto il edvlster lb
edfvoëíf díf sl pfil opfstor sý df movohf vldmlifr. Opýs o `ohêdmeo io
]fhydiro, f slmrltïref oblremodf il Ldlrkeo, Lrdlst Bfdez, ilmhorfu ç
rlil DW^:
DW^f: ‘Ylbfs
`orâobfs ‘Ylbfs ilovodëor.‒
blrmoif
b lrmoif tlr mueioif
ovodëor .‒?7 poro díf lvetor f resmf, pfrqul osseb díf
Woro dfs hevrorbfs if lrrf, mfdtobfs mfb fs mfbpfrtobldtfs
outfbotezoifs. Lb setuoëüls lb qul fs rlsuhtoifs prlmesob slr 
mfd`eïvles, mfbf hlvor f kor`f ç nfmo, o pfio dluroh lhebedo os fpëüls
supår`huos. _ulrlbfs ieketor slb lrrfs, mfrrlr slb moer, tfmor ubo lsmoho
 plr`leto
 plr`le to of vefhedf.
vefhe df. Bos quodif sl troto
trot o il buhtephe
buht ephemor
mor fpëüls, å prlmesf
prlme sf
tlr futro otetuil lb rlhoëíf of lrrf. F lrrf ilvl slr omletf, díf lvetoif.
 Df mfbpfrtobl
mfbpfr tobldtfdtf outfbotez
outfb otezoif,
oif, f lrrf å ubo `ohco1
`ohco 1 df pldsobldtf
pldsob ldtf
mreotevf, å ubo dlmlsseioil.??

io \b
Bíltrehcíf il lspåmels
Doturlzo sl rlsublie`lrldtls fmupoblho
dub predmâpef: f phodlto, l ffpëüls.
buhtephemo krodil sumlssf
Lho díf
tlb mfbf sonlr il odtlbíf f qul voe ior mlrtf dub lmfssestlbo dfvf
(korros6 Osos6 @fssltos hfrloes6 Whomos ýsslos6), pfr essf tlsto ub krodil
dúblrf il butoëüls poro vlr df qul iï. F dúblrf il lspåmels lxestldtls
cfjl rlprlsldto bldfs il ?% if tftoh qul jï tldtfu o sfrtl. L ohkubos
 prlvesüls
 prlves üls iezlb qul otå <7% ios phodtos
phodt os l ifs odeboes
odeb oes lxestldtls
lxest ldtls lstoríf
lstor íf
lxtedtfs lb >?77.?>  Ifs ifiùs ofs phlsefssourfs l bobutls, buetos eileose ileos
 nfos díf `frob
`fr ob oieodtl.
oie odtl.
L f blsbf omfdtlml df budif ios ortls, ios meêdmeos l ifs dlkýmefs. O
 boefr portlpfr
bfbldtf, iosessf
eileos díf voe mfdslkuer
o ievlrse`emoëíf mreorå oroâzls
mfdstodtl údemodf tlrrldf mfd`eïvlh
lstrotåkeo sfmeoh if
 poro tlr sumlssf.
sumlss f. Os bldtls
bldt ls ldkldcfsos sl lbpldcob poro mreor ub `huxf

 plrbo dldtl il ohtlrdote

 plrbodldtl ohtl rdotevos.
vos. Lbprlkodif
Lbprlko dif mfb vekfr slu sf`tworl mreotevf,
mreo tevf,
lhos lstíf slbprl sl plrkudtodif: ‘F qul boes6‒

*  O blhodmeo, frekedïreo io Ï`remo, lro teio plhfs romestos oblremodfs

mfbf ohebldtf il dlkrfs. (D. io Y.)
 

MOWÂY\HF 5
 

LSWHF^L IE@L^LDYL] IE]YÎDMEO]

O moio odf, o pfpuhoëíf il ubo mfhbleo sl ieveil lb iuos. Bltoil `emo

fdil lstï, l o futro soe lb nusmo il mobpfs `hfreifs fdil pfsso `ozlr ubo
moso dfvo. Å f lquehânref mhïssemf ldtrl o lxphfroëíf l f oprfvletobldtf:
odtls qul fs mobpfs prýxebfs sl lskftlb, portl ios onlhcos soe lb nusmo
il obneldtls boes remfs. Mfbf díf sonlb fdil `emob fs mobpfs boes
remfs, bodiob do vodkuorio ubo lquepl il notlifrls, qul sl iestrenulb
lb tfios os ierlëüls l plrmfrrlb ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos.
Osseb mfbf os onlhcos, fs slrls cubodfs têb o mopomeioil il mreor 
fpëüls o ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos ifs poirüls vekldtls. Wfr lxlbphf:
mfdclmlbfs Ohnlrt Ledstled mfbf f meldtesto mujfs sohtfs ebokedotevfs
trods`frborob dfssf ldtldiebldtf sfnrl f lspoëf l f tlbpf. Bos lhl
tobnåb sl fmupfu il qulstüls boes prïtemos, tldif mreoif prfjltfs
edfvoifrls il klhoilero, nússfho kerfsmýpemo, bemrf`fdl, plëos il oveíf,
mopo il mcuvo l ub dfvf tepf il mîblro. F cfblb qul lstuifu f qul
omfdtlml quodif sl oprfxebo io vlhfmeioil io huz tobnåb potldtlfu lstl
mfhltl:

Mfhltl potldtloif pfr Ohnlrt Ledstled

 O bldtl
hfdkl mreotevo Ldtrl
io mfhbleo. il Ycfbos Liesfd tobnåb
suos prebleros vffu
potldtls poroohkubos
coveo plrtf l nlb
poro

bfilstos, nosloios lb mreoëüls jï lxestldtls, mfbf ub oplr`leëfobldtf

if tlhl`fdl il Krocob Nlhh. Bos coveo tobnåb f prfjltf edfvoifr if
`fdýkro`f. Ldtrl slus lsnfëfs coveo eileos poro ub bftfr il oveíf ’ 
tredto odfs odtls if preblerf vff ifs erbífs [rekct. Ldtrl futros
edemeotevos iestodtlssunoquïtemf.
sestlbo tlhlkrï`emf io mfhbleo, Liesfd
lhl tldtfu, slb sumlssf,
lro mfdclmeif prfjltor
pfr slr prïtemfubl
sldsotf, bos, quodif hcl ldmfbldiorob ub hevrf il blbýreos, lhl
 prfiuzeuu ub rfbodml
 prfiuze rfbo dml `uturest
`utur estoo (qul dudmo `fe punhemoif).
punhem oif). Ebokedfu
Eboke dfu ub
budif utýpemf lb qul o cubodeioil tedco lvfhuâif o pfdtf il vevlr 
ilnoexf i―ïkuo, lb ‘bfroieos mfb porlils `letos il boirlpårfho‒ l mfb
‘bftfrls sfhorls poro oprfvletor o ldlrkeo if sfh, `ftfkro`eo sunoquïtemo
usodif roieoëíf tårbemo QlR ub poplh-bflio sedtåtemf l ç prfvo i―ïkuo
ude`emoif poro usf edtlrdomefdoh‒.? Il plquldfs ojustls o edfvoëüls l otå
eileos beronfhodtls, Liesfd possfu o veio lxphfrodif ievlrsos iestîdmeos.

\bo vorelioil il iestîdmeos porlmeio mfstubo moromtlrezor f ilsekd.

]oroc Nurtfd, io bormo il ohto-mfsturo Ohlxodilr Bm_ulld, ilsldcfu
f vlsteif il dfevo il Aotl Beiihltfd. Bos tobnåb ilsldcfu futrfs
vlsteifs il dfevo qul ie`emehbldtl slreob usoifs dub mosobldtf rloh.
 

Io blsbo `frbo, df mfblëf io iåmoio il ?5=7, f ilsldcesto ediustreoh

 Dfrbod Nlh Kliils edvldtfu
edvldt fu vïrefs prfiutfs
prfiutf s mfblrmeoes
mfblr meoes:: mfqultlhleros
mfqultlh leros l
mosteëoes lstehfsfs, f preblerf se`íf il sfio edtlerobldtl bltïhemf, o
 preblero
 preb lero nfbno il kosfhedo
kosfhe do mfb mohenroifr
mohe nroifr outfbïtem
outfb ïtemff il prlëf l ub
`frdf hlvl, `letf il bltoh hobedoif, qul lhl ilsmrlvlu mfbf ‘ubo
bïquedo il mfzedcor puro l sebphls, slb huxfs, slb ld`letls, slb
ilmfroëüls poro lbnlhlzor‒.> Bos Nlh Kliils díf porfu pfr oâ. Ebokedfu
tobnåb morrfs l ùdenus il oporêdmeo `uturesto mfb todquls il
mfbnustâvlh df ronf il plexl l ub morrf vfoifr mcoboif Oveíf
^fifveïref. Ldtrl futrfs prfjltfs roiemoes, lhl oprlsldtfu f ^lstourodtl
Oårlf, lb qul fs mfbldsoes `emoreob suspldsfs o ubo ohturo il boes il
vedtl odiorls, kerodif pfr blef il ub blmodesbf rftotýref.=  Mfdmlnlu
tobnåb ubo moso mfb porlils bývles qul pfieob suner otå f tltf, mfbf
 pfrtos il koroklb.
koroklb .
 

Ùdenus dúblrf >, ^lstourodtl

^lstourodt l Oårlf, Moso ]lb Worlils l Oveíf
 ^fifveïref, il Dfrbod Nlh Kliils

Nlh Kliils possfu tfio o suo morrlero klrodif eileos boes prýxebos l
boes iestodtls if mfdtlxtf io åpfmo. Ldtrl slus sumlssfs mfblrmeoes
lstovob ub osperoifr il pý io Lhlmtrfhux, o bïquedo il lsmrlvlr lhåtremo
io ENB l f rïief bfilhf Lblrsfd Wotreft. Bos suo ebokedoëíf díf lro
rlstredkeio plhos mfdieëüls if blrmoif: df ortekf ‘Yfioy ed ?50=‒ QCfjl
lb ?50=R, lsmretf lb ?5<>, Nlh Kliils mfdmlnlu o ebokedïreo `obâheo
Cfhild, qul vevlreo dub budif lb qul outfbývles vfoifrls, rfupos
ilsmortïvles, tlhlvesüls lb =-I l ldlrkeo sfhor slreob mfesos mfbuds.9
Lssl tepf il pldsobldtf `hlxâvlh plrbetl ldmfdtror f blef-tlrbf eiloh
ldtrl f mfdclmeif l f dfvf.
Hlfdorif io Pedme tobnåb `fe ub blstrl io lxphfroëíf boes prýxebo
l boes iestodtl. Mfbf lsplmeohesto lb ldkldcoreo, onfrifu prfnhlbos if
budif rloh ’ ohkuds il ebpfrtîdmeo eblieoto, futrfs mfdseilroifs `emëíf
meldtâ`emo lb suo åpfmo. Df lxtrlbf boes prïtemf il suo fnro, lhl soneo
qul os mfbpfrtos ifs modoes il Behíf lrob il ie`âmeh fplroëíf l
 prfpldsos o mousor edudioëüls.
edudioëül s. Ldtíf, iliemfu-sl
iliemfu- sl of prfnhlbo
prfnhl bo l mclkfu o
ubo sfhuëíf edfvoifro: sunstetueu f pfrtíf il `lmcobldtf vlrtemoh pfr 
ubo pfrto iupho mfb ifnroieëo qul sl onreo do cfrezfdtoh l vliovo blhcfr 
o ïkuo.<  @fe ubo plquldo buiodëo qul sl bfstrfu il krodil vohfr. ]lu
 prfjltff oedio å usoif.
 prfjlt us oif.
 

F lsnfëf il Io Pedme
Pedme poro os mfbpfrtos il ub modoh l mfbpfrtos lb
 Behíf
 Beh íf mfdstruâios slkudif slu prfjlt
prfjltff

 Df lxtrlbf
lxt rlbf boes roiemoh
roiemo h il suo fnro, lhl sl iliemfu of sfdcf il vfor.
vfor.
^lkestrfu suos eileos lb moilrdfs mfb behcorls il pïkedos mcleos il
lsnfëfs, odftoëüls l ilsldcfs. Dubo ilssos pïkedos coveo f bfilhf il
ub poroqulios. Hlfdorif díf `fe f preblerf o ilsldcor ub poroqulios
(ub ldkldclerf etoheodf ilsmfdclmeif tedco `letf ubo tldtotevo odtlrefr),0
bos `fe f preblerf o edvldtor ub bfilhf `udmefdoh. Mohmuhfu
mueioifsobldtl f tobodcf qul f poroqulios ilvlreo tlr poro obfrtlmlr o
qulio il ubo plssfo, l `lz ub ilsldcf l ubo ilsmreëíf iltohcoifs:

]l ub cfblb tevlr ubo tldio il hedcf mfb tfios os nfrios

slhoios, mfb ifzl nroëos Qmlrmo il fetf bltrfsR pfr `oml l ifzl
il ohturo, lhl pfilrï sl hodëor il quohqulr ohturo slb sl
bomcumor.

F vff cubodf oedio lstovo df `uturf iestodtl: sý mfb o edvldëíf if

 nohíf il or quldtl, df såmuhf SPEEE,
SPEEE, f poroqulios `fe ‘rled
‘rledvldtoif‒
vldtoif‒ plhf
`rodmês Hfues-]ånosteld Hldfrbodi. @edohbldtl, lb >770, blef behêdef
ilpfes qul Hlfdorif lsnfëfu f poroqulios, slu bfilhf `fe tlstoif.
Oireod Demcfhos mfdstrueu ubo råphemo usodif botlreoes lxestldtls lb
Behíf df såmuhf SP, mfbf tlho l boilero. F poroqulios plsovo mlrmo il
 mlb quehfs, bos Demcfhos lstovo iespfstf o tlstï-hf. ]uneu o ubo ohturo il
três quehùbltrfs dub nohíf il or, vlsteu f poroqulios l sohtfu. F

edstrubldtf `udmefdfu. Boes toril, Demcfhos iereo qul f sohtf df

 poroqulioss rldosmldtes
 poroqulio rldosm ldtesto
to ‘`fe boes suovl if qul dfs poroqulios
poroqulio s
bfilrdfs‒.;  Hlfdorif edfvfu poro buetf ohåb il suo mfhbleo.
_uedcldtfs odfs ilpfes, slu edvldtf pfusfu dfs mobpfs iestodtls if
`uturf.
Çs vlzls os onlhcos notlifros sl ovldturob otå mobpfs qul o mfhbleo
dudmo ohmodëorï. Io blsbo `frbo, buetos eileos díf mfdvldmefdoes dudmo
vlríf o huz if ieo. F Oveíf ^fifveïref il Nlh Kliils l suo moso il
 porlils bývles
bývle s dudmo `frob mfdstruâifs.
mfdstr uâifs. Io blsbo
blsb o `frbo,
`frb o, fs moilrdfs
il Io Pedme lstíf mclefs il eileos qul dedkuåb hlvfu oieodtl, mfbf suo
‘meioil eiloh‒, joboes lrkueio. Osseb, quodif ohkubo mfeso roiemoh kodco
oilptfs, ilvlbfs prlstor otldëíf.

 Iltohcl if poroqulios lsnfëoif pfr

pfr Io P
Pedme
edme l f soh
sohtf
tf il Oireod
 Demcfhos, quedcldtfs odfs ilpfes
Hlbnrlbfs f ilstedf io Krfssl @ukl il Nlltcfvld: lhl vffu poro nlb
hfdkl io mfhbleo quodif o mfbpùs, bos, of plrmlnlr qul tedco sl
iestodmeoif ilboes, vfhtfu poro boes plrtf l mfbpùs ub `edoh bldfs
obnemefsf. Otå f `eb io veio, edsesteu qul o  @ukl rljletoio lro ubo il suos
blhcfrls fnros. Bos lstovo tíf ç `rldtl qul, oplsor io `obo if
mfbpfsetfr, `fe ekdfroio pfr vïreos klroëüls. Blsbf mlb odfs opýs o
bfrtl il Nlltcfvld, fs mrâtemfs oedio sl rl`lreob ç plëo mfbf ‘oustlro,
krfsslero, edmfdslquldtl, tronohcfso, lxtrovokodtl, mlrlnroh, fnsmuro,
 ebprotemïvlh, tfho, hfumo, ehýkemo, obfr`o l slb sldteif‒. 3 Bos Nlltcfvld
omonfu sldif hlketeboif. O oiberoëíf pfr suos futros mfbpfseëüls hlvfu

o ubo rlovoheoëíf if `edoh dlkhekldmeoif: fs mrâtemfs rlmfdclmlrob qul,

osseb mfbf Wemossf mfb  Hls Ilbfeslhhls , Nlltcfvld tedco ioif ub sohtf
orresmoif ub såmuhf odtls. O rltýremo io búsemo mhïssemo lstovo buiodif
df mfblëf if såmuhf SS: os edfvoëüls qul tedcob mcfmoif f púnhemf il
Nlltcfvld mfblëovob
mfdseilroio o sl tfrdor
ubo ios boefrls prlifbedodtls.
rlohezoëüls if mfbpfsetfr
mfbpfsetfr.Cfjl, o Krfssl
. Lbnfro díf@ukl  å
`fssl
mlrtf qul o mfbudeioil ohkub ieo f slkuereo, o surprlso `fe qul, buetf
ilpfes il suo bfrtl, essf
e ssf omonfu omfdtlmldif.
Mfbf vebfs, lxestl ubo ie`emuhioil plrbodldtl lb klror mreoëüls
útles: dudmo sl sonl il qul f budif prlmeso l mfbf voe rlmlnê-hos. O
 plssfo qul sý
s ý oiopto
o iopto o ortl
o rtl mfdsokroio
mfdsokroi o pfil
pfi l slr
s lr `romo quodtf o dfveioils
d fveioils,,
bos qulb veojo f tlbpf tfif lb bïquedos if tlbpf fu blrkuhco lb
lstïiefs sunboredfs pfil dudmo ilsldvfhvlr o mfbpltêdmeo poro lxlmutor 
ubo eileo. Lb vlz il plrbodlmlr o ubo iestîdmeo `exo, ` exo, o blhcfr lstrotåkeo
åfutros
klrormfb
ubovffs
krodil
boes quodteioil
obnemefsfs.il eileos, ohkubos boes plrtf il moso,
 

MOWÂY\HF ?7
 

YFHL^L
YFHL^L ^
^E]MF]
E]MF]

 Df `eb
` eb if såmuhf SES, meioils
me ioils mfbf Dfvo Ufra l Mcemokf mfblëorob
mfblëo rob o
sl lxpodier díf sý poro fs hoifs, bos tobnåb poro mebo: pråiefs ohtfs sl
lrkueob lb tfio o poesoklb urnodo. Mfb lhls velrob fs lhlvoifrls. Fs
 preblerfs
 preb lerfs bfilhfs,
bfilh fs, qul `udmefdovob
`udmefdo vob o vopfr fu mfb ldlrkeo
ldlrke o ceirïuhemo
ceirï uhemo,,
lrob hldtfs, pfumf mfd`eïvles, morfs l il ie`âmeh bodutldëíf. Bos quodif
o f`lrto il ldlrkeo lhåtremo oubldtfu, f edvldtfr oblremodf @roda J.
]prokul veu ubo fpfrtudeioil. Lhl díf `fe f preblerf o mfdstruer ub
lhlvoifr lhåtremf ’ ubo lbprlso ohlbí tedco oprlsldtoif ub bfilhf
 prebete
 preb etevf
vf ilz odfs odtls. ]prokul, pfråb, lstovo iltlrbedo
iltlr bedoifif o tfrdor 
lsso dfvo eileo mfblrmeohbldtl veïvlh. Lb pfumfs odfs, lhl l ub mfhlko
 potldtlorob
 potldt lorob f dlmlssïref
dlmlssï ref poro mfdstruer
mfdstr uer ub lhlvoifr lhåtremf
lhåt remf mopoz il
trodspfrtor possoklerfs poro mebo l poro noexf dub lie`âmef
bltrfpfhetodf.
Bos lro ie`âmeh pldltror df blrmoif io mfdstruëíf il lhlvoifrls: o Ftes
Lhlvotfr Mfbpody, qul mfdstruâo f bfilhf odtekf il sestlbo ceirïuhemf,
 protemobldt
 prote mobldtll iltedco
ilted co bfdfpýhef
bfdfpýh ef lb tfios os dfvos mfdstruëüls.
mfdstr uëüls. ]prokul
ohorilfu qul slus lhlvoifrls lhåtremfs tedcob ubo plr`frbodml blhcfr 
qul quohqulr sestlbo ceirïuhemf, bos os mfdstrutfros rlhutovob lb oiftor 
ubo tlmdfhfkeo qul oedio díf tedco seif pfsto ç prfvo. ]prokul plrmlnlu
qul, sl queslssl ilso`eor o Ftes Mfbpody, tlreo il ossuber o boefr portl
if resmf.
Lhl prlmesovo ldmfdtror ub lie`âmef qul hcl plrbetessl edstohor slu
sestlbo, l ldmfdtrfu pormlerfs iespfstfs o essf: fs mfdstrutfrls if Wfstoh
Ylhlkropc Nuehiedk, ub pråief il motfrzl odiorls lb Dfvo Ufra.
 Dlkfmeorob ub mfdtrotf
mfdtro tf poro o edstohoëíf
edst ohoëíf il sles lhlvoifr
lhlvoifrls.
ls. Fs tlrbfs
tlrb fs
`ovfrlmeob fs mfdstrutfrls: ]prokul díf rlmlnlreo dldcub oieodtobldtf.
Woro slhor f omfrif, lhl mfdmfrifu lb ormor mfb o edstohoëíf il ub
sestlbo ceirïuhemf mosf f sestlbo lhåtremf díf otldilssl çs lxplmtotevos.
]prokul tronohcfu ieo l dfetl poro prfjltor, prfiuzer l tlstor fs
mfbpfdldtls. Dlssl blef-tlbpf, lstovo tldif ie`emuhioil poro pokor os
 mfdtos. Nlb quodif mfdslkueu ub krodil edvlsteifr, cfuvl ub pîdemf

`edodmlerf, qul oplrtfu f mråietf l `frëfu f edvlsteifr o ilsester. ]prokul

 pùs iedclerf
iedcle rf if prýpref
prýpr ef nfhsf
nfhs f do lbprlso
lbpr lso poro bodtê-h
b odtê-hoo sfhvld
sfhvldtl.
tl.
_uodif
_uod if f preblerf lhlvoifr `edohbldtl
`e dohbldtl `fe edstohoif,
e dstohoif, ]prokul odudmefu
qul hlvoreo suo lquepl poro o veoklb edoukuroh. Fs possoklerfs ldtrorob
 plhf pfríf.
omefdoif: O pfrto
preble
preblerf, sl `lmcfu
rf, slkudif, l f odior...
tlrmlerf lhlvoifr
odior... bosmfblëfu o suner
quodif lstovo of slr 
mclkodif
of úhtebf odior, ]prokul plrmlnlu qul ohkubo mfeso lstovo lrroio. F
lhlvoifr díf lstovo ilsomlhlrodif. F morrf possfu plhf úhtebf odior l
mfdtedufu sunedif. Df bfbldtf il suo mfdsokroëíf mfbf pefdlerfs if
lhlvoifr if `uturf, ]prokul l slus mfhlkos lstovob prlstls o er il
ldmfdtrf of tlhcoif.

***

F mårlnrf sl tfrdo mreotevf of bïxebf quodif trfmo o slkurodëo plho

surprlso, o rftedo plhf ilsmfdclmeif. Bos lssls sohtfs bldtoes têb ub
 prlëf: síf orres
o rresmoifs.
moifs. Å ebpfssâvl
eb pfssâvlhh tldtor
t ldtor ohkubo
ohkub o mfeso
mfe so slb
s lb prlmlildtls
prlmlild tls l
tlr mlrtlzo if rlsuhtoif.
O veoklb il lhlvoifr il ]prokul díf `fe suo preblero krodil opfsto.
Wfumfs odfs odtls, lhl lstovo of på il ubo mfhedo lb ^emcbfdi, Perkâdeo, Perkâdeo,
df lsmurf, prlporodif uboubo veoklb il tlstl il slus nfdils lhåtrelhåtremfs.
mfs.
Fs bfilhfs odtekfs lrob lhltre`emoifs o porter ifs trehcfs. Yedcob
ldfrbls bftfrls lhåtremfs edstohoifs df mfbportebldtf il possoklerfs, f
qul tfrdovo o veoklb quldtl l oplrtoio. ]prokul tlvl o eileo il hlvor fs
bftfrls poro ilnoexf if morrf, oubldtodif f lspoëf dfs mfbportebldtfs,
l ldlrkezor fs trlds pfr blef il hedcos lhåtremos oårlos suspldsos omebo
ifs trehcfs.
Fs preblerfs rlsuhtoifs `frob voreoifs: dubo ios tldtotevos, f bftfr 
mfblëfu o sfhtor `okuhcos, l ub ifs `edodmeoifrls il ]prokul sohtfu if
 nfdil poro sl sohvor. Dedkuåb sl bomcumfu,
bomcum fu, bos futrfs edvlsteifrl
edvlst eifrlss sl
ossustorob l ilsesterob if prfjltf. Wlrmlnldif o fpfrtudeioil il
dlkfmeor ub prlëf noexf, ohkuds lbprlsïrefs hcl ilrob dfvldto ieos poro
ldtrlkor vedtl quehùbltrfs il trehcfs l quorldto nfdils lhåtremfs. Lhl sý
slreo pokf sl l quodif f sestlbo lstevlssl lb fplroëíf.
 ]prokul soneo qul lstovo sldif plrekfsobldtl obnemefsf: tedco
mfdmfrioif lb mfdstruer ‘quosl todtfs bftfrls quodtf fs qul lstovob lb

usf lb tfifs fs nfdils lb tfif f rlstf if budif‒.? Mfbf lhl lsmrlvlreo

boes toril: ‘Yâdcobfs opldos f ieokrobo il ubo bïquedo, ohkub
oporlhcobldtf lxplrebldtoh l beh iltohcls lssldmeoes lstovob
ediltlrbedoifs.‒
F prfjltf tlvl ub bou mfblëf. _uodif fs trehcfs lstovob sldif
ossldtoifs, ]prokul mfdtroeu `lnrl te`feil. Ilpfes qul sl rlmuplrfu,
ilsmfnreu qul o hedco `årrlo tedco seif boh edstohoio, mfb judëüls `rfuxos
l murvos `lmcoios plrekfsos. Wefr oedio: ilsmfnreu qul os mfhedos lrob
boes âdkrlbls if qul lsplrovo, f qul oubldtfu o ie`emuhioil il mreor ub
sestlbo fplrodtl. ]lb sonlr sl slus nfdils mfdslkuereob vldmlr os
suneios boes ie`âmles, ]prokul ilmeieu tlstor f sestlbo ç dfetl poro díf
mcobor otldëíf. F vlâmuhf trodspùs ievlrsos mfhedos, bos of mclkor of
tfpf fs bftfrls quleborob. Okedif mfbf sl doio lstevlssl lrroif,
]prokul lsplrfu qul ohkuds fnslrvoifrls
fnslrvoifrls sl o`ostosslb poro ior edâmef ofs
rlporfs.
Ldquodtf essf, f tlbpf possovo l f iedclerf lstovo omonodif. F prozf
frekedoh lstfurfu, l ]prokul `fe fnrekoif o rldlkfmeor. Lbnfro fs
lbprlsïrefs f`lrlmlsslb ub vohfr buetf noexf, ]prokul díf tedco
lsmfhco, l omletfu os mfdieëüls ebpfstos ’ lro oquehf fu `lmcor os pfrtos.
]prokul edstrueu slu ierltfr `edodmlerf o ‘mfrtor tfif l quohqulr cfblb
il qul puilssl sl hevror Q...R Moio iýhor qul puilr slr pfupoif ilvl slr 
 pfupoif, l f pokobld
pokobldtftf il tfio mfdto qul díf prlmesl
prlme sl slr quetoio il
eblieotf ilvl slr pfstlrkoif‒. Woro rl`frëor, lhl rlplteu mfb tfios os
hltros qul díf sl pokosslb mfdtos qul díf `fsslb onsfhutobldtl
dlmlssïreos.
_uodif mclkfu f prozf `edoh, fs nfdils lhåtremfs il ]prokul
mfblëorob o mermuhor.
mermuhor. Ieodtl il prfnoneheioils ilsodeboifros, lh
lhll fntlvl
sumlssf pfr ub trez. Bos mfb slu sohtf df lsmurf, ]prokul edvldtfu f
 preblerf
 preb lerf sestlbo
sest lbo il nfdils lhåtremfs
lhåt remfs l onreu ub dfvf dlkýmef. ]uo
lbprlso possfu o trodspfrtor quorldto beh possoklerfs pfr slbodo. ]uo
edfvoëíf bfstrfu-sl ubo mfdquesto iuroifuro. Moromtlrâstemos
ebpfrtodtls if bfilhf il ]prokul, mfbf f bftfr edstohoif ilnoexf io
morrfmlreo l o `eoëíf oårlo, plrbodlmlb lb usf otå fs ieos il cfjl.
Pobfs ovodëor ohkuds odfs otå o dfvo krodil opfsto il ]prokul: f
lhlvoifr lhåtremf, rozíf plho quoh lhl lstovo df morrf lxprlssf if Wfstoh
 Ylhlkropc Nuehiedk prlstls o slr hodëoif plhfs orls. Boes toril lhl mfdtfu
qul mclkfu o tlblr f pefr: ‘Wossfu plho bedco monlëo qul slrâobfs

oteroifs mfdtro os rfhiodos suplrefrls, o ?>7 bltrfs pfr bedutf, covlreo f

lstohf ifs monfs sl rfbpldif l ldtíf quotrf slkudifs il qulio hevrl if
iåmebf quortf odior... \b lborodcoif il slrls cubodfs l bltoh slreo
lxobedoif plhf båiemf-hlkesto.‒

Of@lhezbldtl,
plrmlnlr qulubf lhlvoifr
blbnrf coveo
io lquepl il ]prokul
iesporoif l lstovotedco
`fro`emoif poro trïs.
il mfdtrfhl, lhl
ilshekfu f iesjudtfr predmepoh l f iltlvl. Odtls qul ohkuåb `fssl
outfrezoif o usï-hf il dfvf, ]prokul edstohfu blmodesbfs
blmodesb fs il slkurodëo.
]lb sl ilexor edtebeior plhf sustf, lhl slkueu lb `rldtl. Bos os
 prlssülss `edodmleros
 prlssül `edodm leros f onoteob.
onote ob. Wlkfu iedclerf
iedcler f lbprlstoif
lbprl stoif poro mfbpr
mfbpror 
or 
boes plëos, qul slreob pokos mfb f qul lsplrovo rlmlnlr. Wfr `eb,
]prokul otedkeu o hedco il mclkoio: slu lhlvoifr `udmefdfu mfbf
 prfblteif.
 prfblt eif. Wfumf ilpfes, lhl lsmrlvlu
lsmrlvl u o ub `edodmest
`edod mesto:
o: ‘Yronohcle
‘Yronoh cle iurf, l
omrlietf qul mfb mfd`eodëo, bos ld`rldtle fnstïmuhfs ie`emâhebfs. Pldme
df osplmtf tåmdemf, l, sl plrsester ub pfumf boes, vldmlrle lb tfifs fs
osplmtfs.‒
Kroëos díf opldos o suo ldkldcfseioil, bos tobnåb o suo tfhlrîdmeo
of resmf, fs lhlvoifrls lb qul ldtrobfs cfjl ilsmldilb il slu prfjltf.
 

MF^OKLB IEODYL IF] L^^F]

\bo edvldëíf mreotevo klrohbldtl rlqulr buetfs `romossfs. Wfr mouso

iessf, of hfdkf io cestýreo, dfvos eileos prfsplrorob lb obneldtls lb
qul f lrrf å tfhlroif.
Pljobfs f ilso`ef ld`rldtoif pfr Ycfbos Liesfd. \b ifs prfnhlbos
qul `rustrorob os prebleros tldtotevos il edvldtor o hîbpoio
edmodilsmldtl `fe f if `ehobldtf, qul sl mfdsubeo buetf ilprlsso fu il
bfif ilsekuoh. \b ieo, lb ?3;5, Liesfd ldrfhfu ub pekbldtf il mornfdf
 purf poro `ozlr ub `ef `edf l f tfrmlu lb `frbo`frb o il `lrr
`lrroiuro:
oiuro: fntlvl,
osseb, ub nrehcf `frtl l cfbfkêdlf. F `ehobldtf odudmeovo sumlssf, bos
Liesfd soneo qul díf mfdslkuereo prfiuzer ubo hîbpoio mfblrmeohbldtl
veïvlh mfb lhl. Mfblëfu o nusmor ubo ohtlrdotevo. ‘Posmuhcodif f
ilpýsetf io doturlzo‒, lhl tlstfu phodtos, pfhpos, mlhuhfsl, posto il
`oredco, poplh il slio l mlhuhfsl sedtåtemo.>  Liesfd tldtfu blrkuhcor fs
`ehobldtfs lb qulrfsldl l mornfdotï-hfs mfb ceirfmornfdltfs kosfsfs.
@edohbldtl mfdmhueu qul f nobnu lro o blhcfr fpëíf. Ylbpfs ilpfes, lhl
iereo: ‘Díf lxoklrf of iezlr qul mfdstruâ três beh tlfreos ie`lrldtls
rlhomefdoios ç hîbpoio lhåtremo, tfios lhos rozfïvles l mfb krodil
 prfnoneheioil
 prfnone heioil il lstorlb
lstor lb mfrrltos.
mfrrlt os. Bos sý lb ifes mosfs blus
lxplrebldtfs mfbprfvorob o vlrioil il bedco tlfreo.‒
Liesfd díf edvldtfu o eileo io hîbpoio lhåtremo ’ Cubpcry Iovy
coveo `letf essf ;5 odfs odtls ’, bos suo mopomeioil il klror fpëüls l
suo mfroklb ieodtl ifs lrrfs plrbeteu qul lhl edvldtossl o preblero
vlrsíf prfiuzeio lb bosso. Mfbf lhl blsbf iessl: ‘Dfsso boefr 
`roqulzo lstï lb ilsester. F mobedcf boes slkurf poro f sumlssf å tldtor 
boes ubo vlz.‒=
Klroëüls ilpfes, f `âsemf l edvldtfr oblremodf [ehheob ]cfmahly
`frbuhfu ubo tlfreo sfnrl o obphe`emoëíf il sedoes lhåtremfs pfr blef il
ub bedúsmuhf slbemfdiutfr. Bos coveo ub lrrf lb slus mïhmuhfs, l
iurodtl quosl ub odf o tlfreo l fs tlstls díf notlrob. ]uo lquepl `lz
lxplrebldtf opýs lxplrebldtf slb sumlssf1 lhls lstovob dub honeredtf
 slb soâio. @fe ub plrâfif ilsodeboifr, bos díf ilsesterob. @edohbldtl,
ilsmfnrerob ub jletf il botlreohezor f l`letf prlvestf pfr ]cfmahly ’ l

soârob if honeredtf rubf of budif bfilrdf if trodsestfr. Boes toril,

]cfmahly `ohoreo ilssl plrâfif rlphltf il tldtotevos l lrrfs mfbf ‘f
 prfmlssff doturohbldt
 prfmlss doturo hbldtll otropohcoif
otrop ohcoif il ldmfdtror
ldm fdtror f mobedcf
mobe dcf mlrtf‒.
mlrt f‒.
@fe pfr blef ilssl prfmlssf il rlplteifs lrrfs qul Jobls Iysfd
edvldtfu
 prftýt epfsf lpreblerf
 prftýtepfs osperoifr
quedzl odfs il pýf slb
poro fntlr somf.
bfilhf
bfilh @frob
f qul dlmlssïrefs
`edohbldt
`edoh bldtl mclkore<.?>;
l mclkoreoo of
blrmoif. Lhfkeodif f lrrf, lhl ilsmrlvl osseb f slu båtfif:

Cï vïrefs bfbldtfs lb qul ub edvldtfr pfil ilsester il ubo

eileo. _uodif mfdstruâ f iåmebf quedtf prftýtepf, blu tlrmlerf
`ehcf tedco dosmeif. _uodif mclkule of prftýtepf dúblrf >.0>;,
bedco buhclr l lu lstïvobfs hetlrohbldtl mfdtodif os bflios.
 Df dúblrf =.;>;, bedco buhclr
buhcl r lstovo iodif ouhos il ortl poro
kodcor ohkub iedclerf lxtro. @frob tlbpfs ie`âmles, bos o moio
`romossf lu mclkovo boes plrtf il rlsfhvlr f prfnhlbo.9
 

F WÚNHEMF WFIL IEZL^ DÍF

Ldquodtf o Opfhhf ?= lstovo vfodif plhf lspoëf mfb f suprebldtf il

fxekêdef mclkodif of `eb, Kldl Arodz iessl ofs ldkldclerfs io DO]O
qul ‘f `romossf díf å ubo fpëíf‒. O bessíf il rlskotl ilu mlrtf, bos f
`edoh `lhez díf ilvl dfs `ozlr lsqulmlr qul lhls mfrrlrob resmfs rloes. F
`romossf å slbprl ubo fpëíf. Dlb blsbf krodils eileos têb sumlssf
korodteif.
Pljobfs Bemclhodklhf. Pedtl odfs ilpfes il pedtor f tltf io Moplho
]estedo, lhl `fe mfdtrotoif poro pedtor ub o`rlsmf qul rlprlsldtossl f Juâzf
@edoh sfnrl f ohtor io moplho. Ekdfrodif o frtfifxeo io Ekrljo,
Bemclhodklhf blsmhfu ohlkfreos nânhemos ç betfhfkeo krlko. Lb suo
rlprlsldtoëíf if ed`lrdf mrestíf, lhl pedtfu Morfdtl, f norqulerf krlkf if
Coils, trodspfrtodif fs bfrtfs, l f rle Bedfs juhkodif fs mfdildoifs.
O`ostodif-sl oedio boes io troieëíf io Ekrljo, lhl pedtfu buetos ios
`ekuros mfb o kldetïheo lxpfsto.
F o`rlsmf ebldsf hfkf susmetfu mfdtrfvårseos. Wfumf ilpfes il o fnro
tlr seif ilsvlhoio, ub ldveoif il Bîdtuo
B îdtuo lsmrlvlu o slu moriloh:

Blsbf sldif o fnro io boefr nlhlzo qul Pfsso Ehustrâssebo

Lxmlhêdmeo pfsso ebokedor, díf `ohtob, oplsor iessf, oqulhls qul
o mfdildob. Fs rlvlrldifs tlotedfs síf fs preblerfs o iezlr qul
díf å< mfrrltf qul fs dus ‘lxpfdcob suos portls‒ dub hukor mfbf
lssl.

\b blstrl il mlrebùdeos if Potemodf iessl mfb osplrlzo of popo

Wouhf EEE qul ‘oquehf díf å fnro poro ubo moplho if popo, bos poro soudos
l tonlrdos‒.0  Fs moriloes prlssefdorob plho moeoëíf io pedturo. F popo
`emfu if hoif il Bemclhodklhf, bos pfstlrefrbldtl f Mfdmâhef il Yrldtf
ilmrltfu o prfeneëíf il lxeneëüls ebprýpreos. Opýs o bfrtl il
Bemclhodklhf, tfios os kldetïheos if o`rlsmf `frob rlmfnlrtos, mfb
tlmeifs l `fhcos il `ekulero sldif pedtoifs pfr mebo ilhos. Boes `fhcos
 `frob omrlsmldtoios lb såmuhfs pfstlrefrls.

 Df `eb if såmuhf

såm uhf SS, quodif F Juâzf @edoh  `fe
 `fe rlstouroif, ohkubos ios
`fhcos il `ekulero `frob rlteroios. Mfb os kldetïheos lxpfstos,
ilsmfnrerob qul ub ifs mfdildoifs lro ubo buhclr. Bos fs
rlstouroifrls ilmeierob bodtlr f mfdjudtf frekedoh il `fhcos,
mfdseilrodif
do qul flb
blsbo blieio ldmfnrebldtf tedco sohvoif
qul f ils`ekuroro. f o`rlsmf
Bemclhodklhf sl il B emclhodklhf
Bemclhodklhf
orresmfu plrodtl
os outfreioils rlhekefsos, l pfr essf vïreos klroëüls il `rlquldtoifrls io
Moplho ]estedo dudmo verob slu o`rlsmf
o`r lsmf df lsphldifr il suo duilz.
F mfbpfsetfr Kyðrky Heklte ld`rldtfu ub prfnhlbo porlmeif mfb o
rlmlpëíf if púnhemf. Lb ?50>, lhl `fe ldmorrlkoif plho meioil cfhodilso
il Cehvlrsub il mfbpfr ubo fnro poro f odevlrsïref il quotr
quotrfmldtfs
fmldtfs odfs
io meioil. Heklte tlvl ubo eileo doio mfdvldmefdoh: ubo plëo poro mlb
bltrùdfbfs. Yfifs slreob rlkuhoifs poro ‘tfmor‒ f blsbf dúblrf il
vlzls, bos o ie`lrldtls vlhfmeioils1 lhls mfblëoreob judtfs dubo duvlb
il Do
sfblstrleo,
l pororeob
lstr ub o ub,meves
leo, outfreioils
outfre ioils if boes rïpeif
l iekdetïre
iekde fsofslboes
tïrefs hldtf.
rluderob
rluder ob poro f mfdmlrtf
mfdmlrt f
mfblbfrotevf. Yfmfu-sl búsemo `lstevo. Ldtíf, df bfbldtf bormoif,
Heklte l ilz ossestldtls, vlstedif sbfaedks, ldtrorob df pohmf. O ub sedoh
if mfbpfsetfr, slus ossestldtls puslrob fs bltrùdfbfs poro `udmefdor l
ilexorob-dfs tfmodif otå poror. Heklte mfdto f qul omfdtlmlu quodif o
 plëo tlrbedfu:
tlrb edfu: ‘F úhtebf
úhte bf tequl if úhtebf
úhte bf bltrùdfbf
bltr ùdfbf `fe slkueif il ub
sehêdmef fprlssevf. Ilpfes velrob kretfs obloëoifrls il prftlstf.‒;
Wossoifs ohkuds ieos, Heklte l ub obekf sl prlpororob poro ossester ç
trodsbessíf if mfdmlrtf plho tlhlvesíf. ‘]ldtobfs ieodtl io YP ç lsplro
io trodsbessíf
bfstrorob ub if
jfkfmfdmlrtf mfbf
il `utlnfh Q...Rlstovo prfkroboif.
f prfkrobo tedco Bos
seif df hukor ilhl
prfeneif pfr 
edstîdmeo if sldoif il Cehvlrsub.‒3
Io blsbo `frbo qul f o`rlsmf il Bemclhodklhf, o plëo il Heklte
sfnrlvevlu ’ l tfbfu iebldsüls hldiïreos dfs odfs slkuedtls.
Bos f ils`lmcf dlb slbprl å sfnrlvevêdmeo l omletoëíf. Lb ?53?,
^emcori ]lrro jï lro ub ortesto rlmfdclmeif quodif `fe edmubneif il mreor 
ubo edstohoëíf poro f pråief il ubo rlporteëíf `lilroh lb Bodcottod.
Oprlsldtfu f Yehtli Orm: ubo plëo murvo il oëf mfb =0 bltrfs il
mfbprebldtf l =,< bltrfs il ohturo, prfjltoio poro edtlr`lrer df trojltf
 ifs mobedcf
df plilstrlsporo
df pïtef io `rldtl.lBos
f lsmretýref, b ueto
bueto
osseb ub kldtl díf mfdtro
prftlstf qulreo ub fnstïmuhf
o ‘porlil il
bltoh ld`lrrujoif‒ `fe frkodezoif. Mlrmo il iuzldtos plssfos sl

 prfdudme orob dos ouieêdmeos

 prfdudmeorob ouieêdm eos púnhemos.
púnhem os. Fs oivlrsïr
o ivlrsïrefs
efs io fnro iezeo
iezeobb qul
lro ‘obloëoifro‒ l ubo ‘rotflero‒. Futrfs ortestos ilpuslrob lb `ovfr il
]lrro, qul tobnåb il`ldilu suo fnro. Oedio osseb, f júre vftfu plhf
ilsbfdtl io lsmuhturo mfb quotrf vftfs o `ovfr l ub mfdtro. F Yehtli Orm
`fe mfrtoif
o cfro lb plioëfs
l f hukor e ssfl rlbfveif.
poro essf ]lrro qulreo
díf lro ldquodtf edtlrrfbplr omfrreob
fs dfvo-efrquedfs rftedo, poro
bos
f tronohcf. F Yehtli Orm dudmo boes `fe vestf.
O muhturo cubodo lstï rlphlto il eileos rljletoios plhf púnhemf l
rlhlkoios of lsqulmebldtf. F edmodsïvlh edvldtfr Ycfbos Liesfd
 plrkudtfu
 plrkudt fu o se blsbf
blsb f pfr qul fs tronohcoifrl
trono hcoifrlss oblremodfs
oblr emodfs ilvlreob
ilvlre ob
edvlster dub peodf ]tledwoy quodif futros ohtlrdotevos pfilreob slr 
buetf boes omlssâvles. Ilsljodif hlvor o búsemo poro ildtrf il tfios os
mosos il mhossl båieo,
b åieo, lhl edvldtfu ub peodf il mfdmrltf. Wfumos udeioils
`frob mfdstruâios plho Houtlr Weodf Mfbpody do iåmoio il ?5=7.
Ed`lhezbldtl,
 plsovo o quoheioil
ubo tfdlhoio.
tfdlh if sfbqulreo
oio. Dedkuåb lro ed`lrefr,
edstl rubldtf
f peodf
ub edstrubldt hetlrohbldtl
f il mfdmrltf
mfdmrlt f
ilmfrodif o soho il lstor.
 

F Yehtli Orm , il ^emcori ]lrro

Å ebpfssâvlh mfdtrfhor o rlmlpëíf il ubo eileo: pfr boes lxmlhldtl qul

 porlëo o slu mreoifr,
mreoifr , lho pfil ldmfdtror
ldmfdtr or rlses
rlsestêdme
têdmeo.
o. Lb ?5<3, o @fri
Bftfr Mfbpody prfiuzeu ub morrf lxplrebldtoh, oplheioif ‘L-mor‒, poro
mfdmfrrlr mfb os hedcos io Fhisbfnehl l io Nuema. F morrf io @fri tedco
vïreos moromtlrâstemos vesefdïreos, mfbf medtfs il slkurodëo mfbf etlb
 nïsemf, huzls il oivlrtêdmeo
oivlrt êdmeo poro ediemor
ediemo r f dâvlh if ýhlf l f
suplroqulmebldtf if bftfr l ub sestlbo il trodsbessíf edfvoifr, mfb o
moexo il bormcos omefdoio pfr ub nftíf. O @fri osslkurfu slus
edvlsteifrls il qul tedco ub sumlssf dos bífs. Mfdtuif, o bfdtoklb if
morrf sl `lz lb toh sekehf qul o lbprlso díf ophemfu tlstls il blrmoif.
Oprlsldtoif df ‘Ieo L‒, f @fri Lislh `fe ub ifs boefrls `eosmfs io
cestýreo outfbftevo: f lstehf if morrf, predmepohbldtl o kroil ieodtlero
 ‘porlmeio mfb ub vosf sodetïref‒, `fe obphobldtl reiemuhorezoif. Lstebo-

sl qul o lbprlso tldco plrieif =<7 behcüls il iýhorls lb três odfs ’ fu

mlrmo il >,5 nehcüls il iýhorls lb vohfrls otuoes.
Wfumos iåmoios ilpfes, o Mfmo-Mfho, qul lstovo plrildif blrmoif poro
o revoh Wlpse, rl`frbuhfu suo predmepoh nlneio: o Dfvo Mfmo `fe
oprlsldtoio
Ed`lhezbldtl,lb ?53=, iesmfrifu.
f púnhemf mfb f shfkod ‘O blhcfr
O rljleëíf `emfu Hekoëüls
`fe ldfrbl. oedio blhcfr‒.
cfstes
sfnrlmorrlkorob o hedco tlhl`ùdemo io lbprlso. Mclkfu ubo morto ierekeio
of ‘Eiefto-bfr, o Mfmo-Mfho Mfbpody‒. \b cfblb il ]lotthl ldtrfu
mfb ubo oëíf mfhltevo mfdtro o lbprlso. Otå f ietoifr munodf @eilh
Mostrf rlmhobfu. Ilpfes il ;; ieos ie`âmles, o `ýrbuho frekedoh vfhtfu,
mfb f dfbl il Mfmo Mhïssemo. L o Dfvo Mfmo slkueu f mobedcf if Lislh l
if peodf il mfdmrltf.
 Dlb tfio eileo å omfhceio.
omfhce io. Bemclhodklhf,
Bemclh odklhf, Heklte,
Heklte , ]lrro, Liesfd, o @fri
l o Mfmo-Mfho plrmlnlrob qul f sumlssf dudmo å korodteif quodif sl tldto
ubo mfeso dfvo. Yfifs lhls tevlrob buetos vetýreos, bos dudmo ilexorob
il orresmor.
 

O^^E]MO^ DF HFDKF W^OZF

Lb ?00<, lb slu hletf il bfrtl, f botlbïtemf `rodmês Welrrl il @lrbot

 prfpùs ub lhlkodtl
lh lkodtl tlfrlbo
tlfrl bo do borklb
borkl b il ub hevrf,
h evrf, l ldtíf
ldt íf plrmlnlu
plrm lnlu qul
díf tedco lspoëf su`emeldtl poro o ilbfdstroëíf. Bfrrlu slb rlkestrï-ho.
Klroëüls il botlbïtemfs tldtorob s
tldtorob  slb
lb sumlssf ilsmfnrer o ilbfdstroëíf
bestlrefso1 buetfs possorob o veio tfio tronohcodif df tlfrlbo l
bfrrlrob slb sfhumefdï-hf. Dedkuåb tedco mlrtlzo sl @lrbot lstovo mlrtf
fu sl of bldfs ubo ilbfdstroëíf lro pfssâvlh.
Ofs ilz odfs, Odirlw [ehls tfbfu mfdclmebldtf if Úhtebf Ylfrlbo
il @lrbot of plkor ub hevrf, of omosf, dubo nenheftlmo púnhemo. ‘Worlmeo
tíf sebphls, bos dldcub ifs krodils botlbïtemfs io cestýreo tedco
mfdslkueif rlsfhvê-hf. Ohe lstovo ub prfnhlbo qul lu, ub bldedf il ilz
odfs, mfdslkueo ldtldilr, l doqulhl bfbldtf lu sfunl qul dudmo f
onodifdoreo.‒5
Yldtor rlsfhvlr f Úhtebf Ylfrlbo il @lrbot lro ubo blto obnemefso.
Jï oiuhtf, [ehls tronohcfu df prfnhlbo lb slkrlif iurodtl sltl odfs.
Lstovo tíf edslkurf sfnrl suo mcodml il sumlssf qul sý rlvlhfu lssl
 prfjltff o suo dobfroio
 prfjlt dob froio ilpfes
ilpfe s qul sl mosorob.
mos orob.
 Do tldtotevo
tldto tevo il rlsfhvlr
rlsfh vlr f prfnhlbo,
prfnhlb o, [ehls
[ehl s blsmhfu
blsmh fu tåmdemos
tåmde mos
botlbïtemos qul dudmo tedcob seif usoios lb mfdjudtf. Il `frbo
mreotevo, utehezfu båtfifs buetf boes ovodëoifs if qul oqulhls ofs quoes
@lrbot tevlro omlssf. @edohbldtl, lb judcf il ?55=, lhl okuorifu fs
bfbldtfs `edoes il ubo pohlstro qul lstovo iodif lb Mobnreikl, do
Edkhotlrro, poro odudmeor qul tedco mfdslkueif ’ lhl tedco sfhumefdoif f
Úhtebf Ylfrlbo il @lrbot. O photleo `emfu lhltrezoio. Lb qulstíf il
cfros, o dfveioil verfu bodmcltl df budif edtlerf. @fe ubo fmoseíf
cestýremo: ub beståref botlbïtemf qul rlsestero boes il três såmuhfs
`edohbldtl coveo seif ilsvldioif.?7   Ldquodtf slus porls okuoriovob o
 punhemoëíf
 punhem oëíf io ilsmfnlrto,
ilsmfnlr to, [ehls
[ehl s oporlmeo
oporlme o do bâie
bâieoo budieoh.
budieo h. Ilpfes il
odfs il tronohcf ïriuf dub ifs prfnhlbos edtlhlmtuoes boes plrsestldtls
io cubodeioil, lhl kodcfu mlhlnreioil edtlrdomefdoh.
 Bos [ehls tedco mfblteif ub lrrf. Fs ovoheoifrls if slu ortekf
ldmfdtrorob ubo homudo lb suo hýkemo. ]les blsls ilpfes if odúdmef

mfd`eodtl, suo ilbfdstroëíf `fe edvoheioio.

Lb sltlbnrf ioqulhl odf, o buhclr il [ehls hcl iessl qul tuif f qul
qulreo il odevlrsïref lro o ilbfdstroëíf mfrrlto if tlfrlbo. F
odevlrsïref possfu, osseb mfbf f futfdf l f edvlrdf. [ehls tldtfu tfifs
fs båtfifs pfssâvles poro prlldmclr os homudos, bos doio `udmefdovo.
Otå qul, lb = il onreh il ?559, lhl rlmlnlu ub l-boeh odudmeodif qul
futrf botlbïtemf
botlbïte mf tedco ilsmfnlrtf ub dúblrf buetf krodil qul vefhovo f
Úhtebf Ylfrlbo
Ylfrlbo il @lrbot. Lro f qul [ehls slbprl tlblro: f bftevf plhf
quoh suo ilbfdstroëíf lstovo lrroio lro qul f tlfrlbo lstovo lrroif. Il
tfifs fs resmfs ldvfhveifs lb iliemor suo veio o ub ilso`ef tíf krodil,
lssl lro edsuplrïvlh. Lhl tedco opfstoif suo morrlero lb ohkf qul díf lro
vlrioil.
Bos omfdtlml qul f l-boeh ldmobedcoif o [ehls lb = il onreh tedco
seif ldveoif frekedohbldtl lb ?f  il onreh, ieo io bldtero, mfbf ubo
 plkoiedco.
 plkoiedco
 Doqulhl b.lsbf
Mfb odf,
blsbf os lsplrodëos
lsplro
lhl mfrdëos
rekeuurldfvoios,
lh l mfrreke rldfvoios
ilbfds, troëíf.
[ehls
[ehlf.s ‘Lro
o ilbfdstroëí mfdtedufu
mfdteedilsmret
dufu tronohcodif.
edilsmtrono hcodif.
retevlhb
evlhbldtl
ldtl
 nlho, tíf sebphls,
seb phls, tíf mfdmeso.
mfdmeso . Lu díf mfdslkueo
mfdslkue o ldtldilr mfbf díf
mclkule o lho odtls, l `equle fhcodif-o, edmråiuhf, pfr uds nfds vedtl
bedutfs. Iurodtl f ieo, odile plhf ilportobldtf, bos vfhtovo otå bedco
blso tfio cfro poro vlr sl lho mfdteduovo hï. Lho mfdteduovo hï.‒
F prlsldtl il odevlrsïref mclkfu mfb ub odf il otrosf, bos [ehls ilu
o suo buhclr o ilbfdstroëíf mfrrlto. O opfsto il suo veio tedco voheif o
 pldo: slb ilsester
ilses ter ieodtl
ieodt l ifs prýprefs
prýpre fs lrrfs,
lrrfs , [ehls
[ehl s omonfu mruzodif o
hedco il mclkoio.

lbOtå fdil futrf

dldcub sonlbfs,
hukorub
iflbprlldiebldtf ilssl tepf
rledf odeboh: tunorüls, díf lslreo
korëos totuspfssâvlh
díf sl
iliemob o prfjltfs orresmoifs il hfdkf prozf. Edemeotevos mfbf o il [ehls
sý síf ldmfdtroios ldtrl fs slrls cubodfs. Lhos rlqulrlb f oieobldtf io
rlmfbpldso dubo lsmoho il iåmoios: ubo rlmfbpldso onstroto,
ebokedïreo, iltlrbedo f mfbpfrtobldtf l lstebuho f ovodëf.
 

MFIO: F LSL^MÂMEF IO BLDYOHEIOIL M^EOYEPO

F sf`tworl io mreoteveioil jï vlb edstohoif df iesmf râkeif cubodf,

 prfdtf poro ldtfrtor,
ldtfrt or, qulnror
qul nror l blsmhor
bl smhor f budif
bu dif of dfssf rlifr.
rlifr. F mårl
mårlnrf
nrf
klro ub hlqul il dfvos pfsseneheioils, o boefr portl ios quoes díf iï
mlrtf, bos ohkubos, seb. Dldcubo futro lspåmel sl iliemo o rlebokedor f
budif mfb todto vetoheioil l plrsestêdmeo.
Bos opldos rfior lssl sf`tworl díf nosto. Fs otfs boes mreotevfs
surklb quodif f possoif díf å trotoif mfbf somrfssodtf, bos mfbf
ohebldtf il dfvos mreoëüls ’ quodif rldfvobfs f ebplr`letf l
rlbfilhobfs f oprlmeoif. O edfvoëíf kodco osos díf quodif f mårlnrf
klro opldos ub lsqulbo, bos buetfs ilhls, mfb eileos o ie`lrldtls
iestîdmeos ioquehf qul jï å mfdclmeif l omletf. Ossuber resmfs l tlr 
mfroklb ieodtl ifs lrrfs ebpuhsefdob
ebpuhse fdob lssls vffs io ebokedoëíf.
_uoes síf os heëüls qul oprldilbfs o rlspletf io mreoteveioil l io
edfvoëíf6 \b\b nfb cïnetf å díf sl okorror ç preblero sfhuëíf.
sfh uëíf. F mårlnrf
mårlnrf å
ubo rlil edtlrmfdlmtoio, bos, pfr tlr seif `letf poro slr l`emeldtl, tldil o
er ierltf poro o rlspfsto boes mfbub. Ie`emehbldtl slrï motopuhtoif il
 preblero
 preb lero poro eileos
eileo s boes fusoios. Hlfdorif io Pedme slbprl
slbpr l ilsmfd`eovo
ilsmfd`e ovo
io preblero sfhuëíf poro ub prfnhlbo ’ omrlietodif qul pfieo slr f
rlsuhtoif il ubo rftedo orroekoio ’ l vosmuhcovo lb nusmo il futro
blhcfr.??   ]lbprl sl ls`frëfu poro díf slkuer o hle if bldfr ls`frëf l
 poro ilsmfnrer
ilsmfnre r f qul boes coveo lsmfdieif
lsmfdie if do requlzo
requlz o il suos rlils
dluroes.
Il Ledstled o Wemossf, os plssfos rlspfdsïvles plhfs boefrls ovodëfs
lrob prfhâ`emos ’ ub hlbnrltl il qul o  prfiuëíf  lstï df mlrdl io
bldtoheioil mreotevo.?>   Mfbf todtos futros oteveioils cubodos, o
mreoteveioil sl `frtohlml mfb o prïtemo.?=
\b lxobl ios bldtoheioils mreotevos tobnåb rlvlho o ebpfrtîdmeo il
onodifdor o prýpreo zfdo il mfd`frtf. Fs edfvoifrls díf possob buetf
tlbpf sl rlpltedif1 å pfr essf qul o veio il buetfs ortestos l edvldtfrls å
ieveieio lb ‘plrâfifs‒. Blsbf mfd`frbl ldvlhclmeob, Nlltcfvld l
 Wemossf mfdteduorob prfiuzedif fnros voreoios l lxplrebldtoes. Liesfd
mfblëfu suo morrlero mfb `fdýkro`fs l hîbpoios lhåtremos l tlrbedfu
tlrb edfu mfb

 nfrromc o sedtåtem
 nfrromco sedt åtemo.
o. Woro lssls mreoifrls,
mreoifr ls, díf sl ebe
ebetor
tor lro ubo lstrotåke
lstr otåkeo.
o.
O iroboturko ]uzod-Hfre Woras, kodcoifro if Wuhetzlr, slkueu o blsbo
lstrotåkeo quodif sl prfpùs o lsmrlvlr ubo ub o plëo pfr ieo iurodtl ub odf.?9
F mohldiïref mfbphltf ilssos fnros voe il mldos murtos rlohestos o plëos
mfdmletuoes l ebprfvesoëíf, slbprl rfbpldif mfb o qul vlef odtls.
Nfo portl if pldsobldtf mreotevf å sunmfdsmeldtl, bos pfilbfs
lstebuhï-hf dfs mfhfmodif lb setuoëüls qul rlqulerob ldkldcf l
 pldsobldtf
 pldsob ldtf `hlxâvlh.
`hlxâ vlh. Lb vlz il ilpldilr il mfesos prfdtos,
prfdtos , tfifs dýs
tlbfs fmoseíf il tldtor il tuif, ilsil dfvos rlmletos muhedïreos o mortüls
fu mfdvetls `letfs o bíf. L fs lspoëfs púnhemfs poro lxprlssíf mreotevo
lstíf sl buhtephemodif: lb vïreos meioils plhf phodlto, os Boalr @oerls
rlúdlb ldtuseostos il tlmdfhfkeo, ortlsífs, prfiutfrls il ohebldtfs
moslerfs, ldkldclerfs l ortestos. @onHons, Boalrspomls l Ylmc]cfps lstíf
 prfhe`lrod
 prfhe `lrodif,
if, mfb suos `lrrobldt
`lrr obldtos
os mfbudetïre
mfbude tïreos
os poro `ozlr fnros il ortl,
ortl ,
 jfeos
 jfeos,, ortlsodot
ort lsodotf
do edtlrdlt, f l oporlhcfs
oporlh
trozldif porocfsdfssfs
lhltr
l hltrùdemfs.
ùdemfs. Mfbudeioils
mfbputoifrls mreotevos
mreot
fs mo`ås ifsevos `hfrlsmlb
`hfrl smlb
ortestos l os
koroklds ifs comalrs.  Kroëos ç doturlzo pfpuhor ilssls prfjltfs, os
sovodos if tlrretýref mreotevf
mreot evf lstíf vlriljodif of dfssf ohmodml.
F mårlnrf å phïstemf: lb vlz il ldrejlmlr, lstï mfdstodtlbldtl
rlmfd`ekurodif slu prýpref mermuetf. Blsbf mfd`frbl ldvlhclmlbfs, os
dfveioils lstebuhob o phostemeioil, l moio surprlso krovo dfvos rftos. O
rl`frbuhoëíf if mermuetf å plrbodldtl1 possobfs o veio mfbf fnros
edomonoios. \bo veio mreotevo ojuio o bodtlr lsso `hlxeneheioil. Of
rlbfilhor f budif, tobnåb dfs rlbfilhobfs.

 poroOkfro, mfbf
opr ebfror
oprebfr pfilbfs
or tuif, usor oub
il lsmfhos
l smfhos ierltblhcfr
freos illdtldiebldtf
ierltfreos lbpr lsos6 io mreoteveioil
lbprlsos6
 

MOWÂY\HF ??
 

O LBW^L]O M^EOYEPO

F] IL]O@EF] IO] LBW^L]O] M^EOYEPO]

Lb >775, tronohcoifrls qul ilbfheob ubo pfdtl lb Nurnoda, Mohe`ýrdeo,

ldmfdtrorob ubo mïpsuho if tlbpf ldtlrroio plhf urnodesto Alddltc
 Dfrwffi lb ?5<5. Lhl prlveo qul df `uturf `utur f fs meioiífs il Nurnoda 
bfroreob lb pråiefs `letfs il phïstemf mujo lhltremeioil slreo `frdlmeio
 pfr ldlrkeo otùbemo
otùbe mo trodsbet
trods beteio
eio pfr fdios suntlrrîdlos.
suntlr rîdlos. Os veos púnhemos
púnhe mos
io meioil lstoreob trods`frboios: vokos dos ruos l dfs lstomefdobldtfs
slreob sunstetuâi
sunstetuâios pfr ub sestlbo mldtrohezoif l outfbotezoif. Woro
rliuzer f mfdklstefdobldtf if trîdsetf, os ldmfbldios slreob ldtrlkuls
 pfr ub emfs
 pdlubïtemfs
 pdlubït sestlbo
sestqul
lbo iestrenuâ
ilrenuâob
iest medturíf
medtur
ob íf suntlrrîdlf
suntlrpfdiêdmeo
rîdlf porlmeif
o mfrrlspfdiêdmeo
mfrrls porlme if bldtl.
mfbl.? fs
odtekobldt
odteko Lrotunfs
ubo
vesíf ortemuhoio l edvldtevo, bos doio iessf sl mfdmrltezfu.
 Dfrwffi díf `fe f údemf o mfdsuhtor
mfdsuht or ubo nfho il mrestoh
mres toh pfumf
mfd`eïvlh. Os `leros budieoes síf `ýruds edtlrdomefdoes il edfvoëíf, bos
síf edvoreovlhbldtl rueds lb prlvlr os prýxebos krodils ilsmfnlrtos. O
@lero Budieoh il Mcemokf lb ?35= otroeu behcüls il plssfos o ub
ldfrbl lspoëf poro vlr fs dfvfs tepfs il bfedcf il vldtf, dovefs o
vopfr, tlhåkro`fs, ehubedoëíf lhåtremo l f tlhl`fdl. Lro ubo vesíf fusoio
if obodcí. Df ldtodtf, díf coveo lb lxeneëíf dlb outfbývles dlb
rïiefs, edvldtfs
sfmelioil. qul lb`frbo,
>  Io blsbo bldfsdub il tlbpf
iuos iåmoios
lb qul trods`frboreob
fs mfbputoifrlso
fmupovob sohos edtleros, dldcub ifs lxpfsetfrls il mosos if `uturf do
@lero Budieoh il Dfvo Ufra il ?509 `fe mopoz il ldxlrkor qul pfumos
iåmoios ç `rldtl f mfbputoifr il blso sl tfrdoreo ub oporlhcf lssldmeoh
io veio bfilrdo. Df lsplhcf rltrfvesfr io cestýreo, lssls bormfs
tlmdfhýkemfs sl okekodtob do lstroio if prfkrlssf. Bos, poro fs qul lstíf
ierekedif rubf of obodcí, os phomos porlmlb ldvfhtos lb dåvfo. L mfbf
iez ub prfvårnef iedoborquês: ‘Wrlvlr å ie`âmeh ’ predmepohbldtl f
`uturf.‒ O moio bfbldtf, nehcüls il mårlnrfs lstíf ieklredif f budif l
 lxplhedif
rloëíf dfvos vlrsüls
il surprlsos ilhl Osseb,
lb moileo. ’ fu sljo, dfsso
f `uturf edvldteveioil
meh il prlvlr,klro
å ie`âmeh
ie`â l dífubo
cï
opfsto slkuro.

Wfr mouso iessf, buetos eileos nfos bfrrlb. Df edâmef io lro if

outfbývlh, buetos `ïnremos il morrfs qulnrorob, ldtrl lhos o ONM, o
Ombl, o Oiobs-@orwlhh, o Olrfmor, o Ohnody, o OHMF, o Oblremod
 Dopelr, o Oblremod
Oblremo d \dilrshudk, o Odilrsfd, o Odcut, o Orishly,
Orishly, o
Orkfddl l o Othos ’ poro bldmefdor sý os qul mfblëob mfb O. =  Df
mobpf ifs veilfkobls, o ]lors Ylhl-Kobls, o Yodiyvesefd, o Plmtrlx l o
Noehy Ostrfmoil `emorob plhf mobedcf ilveif ç mfdtroëíf if robf lb
?53=. _uodif lstfurfu o nfhco pfdtf.mfb, lb >777, lbprlsos mfbf o
Nff.mfb,
Nff. mfb, o @rlledtlrdlt.mfb,
@rlledtlr dlt.mfb, o Korild.mfb, o Fpld.mf
Fpld.mfb,
b, o @hffz.mfb l o
Wlts.mfb `oherob, mustodif mldtldos il behcüls il iýhorls ofs
edvlsteifrls. Lbprlsos il neftlmdfhfkeo têb ubo toxo il `ohêdmeo il 57%:
dfs úhtebfs odfs, o ]otfre, o Ildirlfd,
Ildirlfd, o AohfNefs l o DuFrtcf lstíf ldtrl
os lbprlsos qul qulnrorob. Buetfs ilssls dfbls `frob lsqulmeifs,
 pfrtodtff díf tlbfs rloh iebldsíf
 pfrtodt iebl dsíf il quodtfs moiïvlrls
moiïvlr ls sl ldmfdtrob
ldmfdtr ob dfs
mobpfs io edfvoëíf. ]ý lxestl ub Nlltcfvld poro moio mlb mfbpfsetfrls
il Peldo, l sý cï ub Mclvy poro moio mlb Mhorabfnehls.
Blsbf quodif sfnrlvevlb, os eileos pfilb tlr veio murto. Lb ?57?,
Frvehhl [rekct lstovo iodif ubo pohlstro sfnrl os plrsplmtevos if vff
cubodf quodif hodëfu ubo `fhco il poplh of or. Ldquodtf o photleo
fhcovo, onsfrto, [rekct iessl qul f poplh pedftlovo df or mfbf ub
‘movohf mcumrf‒. L ilmhorfu: ‘Lssl å f tepf il bfdtoreo qul f cfblb
 prlmesoo oprldilr o ifbor odtls qul f vff sl tfrdl ub lspfrtl
 prlmes lspfrt l
mfrrequlerf.‒9  Do åpfmo, lxesteob phodoifrls qul pfieob oprfvletor 
mfrrldtls il or, bos protemobldtl díf coveo blef il iereke-hfs: os
bïquedoso, fs
 prfnhlb
 prfnhlbo, `hutuodtls
erbífs `emovob
erb ífs [rekct
[rekc ç blrmê
t edvldtorob
edvldt if vldtf.
orob ubo `frbo Woro
`frb o il `hlxerlsfhvlr
`hlxefdor lssl
fdor os osos:
lhls mfdiuzeob o olrfdovl usodif monfs. _uodif f Aetty Cowa suneu ofs
orls lb ?57=, murvor o oso plrbeteu qul lhl sl verossl, edmhedossl l `ezlssl
f preblerf vff cubodf nlb-sumlieif.
Buetf lbnfro fs erbífs [rekct tldcob seif mlhlnroifs dfs Lstoifs
\deifs l do Lurfpo, o tåmdemo il murvor o oso ’ o nosl il suo mfdquesto
bfdubldtoh ’ lstovo sl tfrdodif fnsfhlto. F meldtesto nretîdemf
nretîde mf Bottclw
Welrs [ott Nfuhtfd jï coveo potldtloif f mfdmletf il oehlrfd  (poedåes
ortemuhoifs) lb ?303, l, pfumf ilpfes io prflzo ifs erbífs [rekct, ub
 oveoifr
usodif f`rodmês
edvldtfmcoboif ^fnlrt
il Nfuhtfd. Lsdouht-Wlhtlrel
<  Opýs ubo iåmoio,mfdstrueu
f sestlboubifsphodoifr 
erbífs
[rekct lro mfeso if possoif, jï qul fs oehlrfds (usoifs otå cfjl lb tfifs

fs oveüls bfilrdfs) bfstrorob-sl boes lstïvles l mfd`eïvles. O eileo

‘mlrto‒ ifs erbífs bfrrlu
bfrr lu pfumf ilpfes
ilpfes il slu `letf pefdlerf.
_uohqulr lbprlso qul qulero ossuber o heilrodëo do edfvoëíf prlmeso
hutor mfb ub prfnhlbo trephf: å ie`âmeh prlvlr f `uturf, o boefr portl ios
eileos bfrrl l blsbf krodils mfdmletfs pfilb díf plriuror. Ldtíf f qul
`ozlb os lbprlsos mreotevos6
 

PÏ OHÅB IF HEBEYL IF WF]]ÂPLH

 Do iåmoio
iå moio il ?597, o Krlycfudi Nus Hedls qulreo bfilrdezor
bfilr dezor os veoklds
il ùdenus. Bos slreo f bfbldtf mlrtf6 Fs Lstoifs \deifs omonovob il
lblrker io Krodil Ilprlssíf, l okfro lstovob ldvfhveifs dubo kulrro
budieoh. Wfr mfdto iessf, tfifs fs lxlmutevfs lstovob mfdiuzedif slus
dlkýmefs il bfif mfdslrvoifr. Blsbf osseb, o lbprlso qulreo pldsor ç
`rldtl, dub `uturf il prfsplreioil, l mfdveifu f ilsldcesto ediustreoh
^oybfdi Hflwy poro ilsldvfhvlr eileos edfvoifros o rlspletf il mfbf
slreob fs ùdenus if `uturf. Hflwy oprlsldtfu f ]mldeMrueslr ’ ub dfvf
tepf il trodspfrtl mfhltevf mopoz il mfdvldmlr boes plssfos o ilexorlb f
morrf do koroklb l veojorlb judtos plhf poâs il ùdenus. Woro omfbfior ub
krodil dúblrf il possoklerfs, f ]mldeMrueslr
]mldeMrueslr tlreo
tlre o o boefr iestîdmeo ldtrl
fs lexfs jï prfjltoio otå ldtíf. Wlho preblero vlz, ub ùdenus slreo
lquepoif mfb ub sestlbo il or mfdiemefdoif l nodclerf, l tobnåb mfb
ossldtfs il mfrls mfbnedoios, obphfs nokoklerfs suplrefrls l ub odior 
il mebo mfb tltfs sfhorls l ub hfudkl. Mfb lssl dfvf ilsekd, os `obâheos
 pfilreob
 pfilreo b `ozlr veoklds plhf poâs lb krodil lstehf, lste hf, oprfvletodif
oprfvle todif o
 poesoklb
 poesokl b if hoif il
i l `fro l f mfd`frtf
mfd `frtf iiff hoif il ildtrf.
ildt rf.

\b ifs preblerfs lsnfëfs if ]mldeMrueslr 

 

O prfpfsto lro ouiomefsobldtl uhtrobfilrdo. Hflwy prfjltfu slu

ùdenus lb ?59>, sonldif qul f edstrubldtoh l f prfmlssf il `onremoëíf
dlmlssïrefs oedio díf lxesteob l prfvovlhbldtl ilbfroreob odfs.0  Bos
lhl qulreo bormor f edâmef
edâ mef il ub dfvf mobedcf.
Woro ub poâs qul coveo buetf díf mfdclmeo o prfsplreioil, lro ub
mfdmletf roiemoh. Díf tedco mfbf f ùdenus `udmefdor ioqulhl jletf: o
ldfrbl iestîdmeo ldtrl fs lexfs `ozeo ilhl ub vlâmuhf hfdkf ilboes poro
os lstroios l pfdtfs il poroio. Bos fs lxlmutevfs io Krlycfudi
 plrmlnlrob
 plrmlnlr ob qul f prfjltf
prfjlt f il Hflwy lro prfbessfr,
prfbe ssfr, l pfumf ilpfes io
vetýreo ifs Oheoifs do ]lkudio Kulrro Budieoh o lbprlso mfblëfu o
mfdstruer prftýtepfs. Mfbf fs Lstoifs \deifs if pýs-kulrro sl iliemorob
o blhcfror os lstroios l o mfdstruer ub sestlbo il outfpestos
edtlrlstoiuoh, f pohmf `edohbldtl lstovo bfdtoif poro o lstrleo if
]mldeMrueslr.. Lb ?5<9, f preblerf bfilhf soeu io koroklb io Krlycfudi.
]mldeMrueslr Krlycfudi.
Yfrdfu-sl f ùdenus il turesbf boes pfpuhor il suo åpfmo.

Plrsíf oplr`
oplr`leëfoio
leëfoio if ]mldeMrues
]mldeMrueslr
lr io Krlycfudi 

Wldsodif ohåb ios dfrbos vekldtls, o Krlycfudi prlporfu-sl poro fs

tlbpfs il buiodëo. Mfbf iessl f ilsldcesto ediustreoh Ohnlrtf Ohlsse:
‘O zfdo if –pfssâvlh― å fdil mreobfs prfiutfs qul f mfdsubeifr voe obor 
l mfbpror.
mfbpror. O zfdo if –ebpfssâvlh―
–ebpfssâ vlh― å rlprlsldtoio
r lprlsldtoio plhfs dfvfs prfjltfs qul
 os plssfos oedio díf lstíf prlporoios poro ldtldilr fu omletor. Lbprlsos
mreotevos prfmurob `udmefdor df hebetl if pfssâvlh.

\htropossor o `rfdtlero å portl if prfmlssf. Fs prfjltestos il morrf díf

tronohcob opldos df bfilhf if odf otuoh fu if slkuedtl1 lhls vfob poro f
`uturf iestodtl, ilsldcodif morrfs mfdmletuoes mfb ossldtfs kerotýrefs,
ldtroio plhf poro-nreso l `frbotfs lxtrovokodtls.

F @MP Whus io Yfyfto, f Blrmlils @ 7?<, f e-Mor io Yfyfto l f Wluklft 

 Bffvel

]lrï qul lhls lsplrob mfdstruer lssls morrfs mfdmletuoes do prýxebo

iåmoio6 Wfil slr qul
Blrmlils-Nldz. Woroseb, pfilfsslriodfs
lvetor qul díf. Pljobfs rlprlsldtoifs
obneldtoes f bfilhf Nefbl, io
plhfs
`lrrfs-vlhcfs, fs ldkldclerfs io lbprlso eilohezorob ub morrf
 nefilkroiïvlh
 nefilkr oiïvlh qul sl vlreo,
vlreo , sl plrmlnlreo
plrmlnlr eo l sl ierekere
iere kereoo mfbf ub morrf
troiemefdoh, bos mrlsmlreo tftohbldtl o porter il slbldtls. F mfbnustâvlh
if morrf, il lbessíf zlrf, díf slreo orbozldoif dub todqul, bos `huereo
 plhos rfios l plhf mcosse.
mcosse . F tltf sfhor frkîdemf
frkîde mf ldlrkezoreo
ldlrke zoreo slus
mfbpfdldtls.
Wfr ldquodtf, f Nefbl sý lxestl df mfbputoifr: o Blrmlils díf tlb
 phodfs il prfiuze-hf.
prfiuze -hf. F fnjltevf mfdmlet uoh díf å  slr   f
fnjlte vf il ub morrf mfdmletuoh
  prýxeb
 prýxebff bfilhf.
bfilh
Essf plrbetl f. O eileo å `fmor
f oplr`leëfobldtf if dubo pfsseneheio
pfssene
prýxebf possfheioil
ofillxobedor
il hfdkff qul
ohmodml.
ohmodml
lstï.
df cfrezfdtl iestodtl ’ qulr o sfmelioil vï fu díf dlsso ierlëíf.

F Nefbl io Blrmlils-Nldz

Omfdtlml o blsbo mfeso do ohto-mfsturo, lb qul o bfio sl lstldil lb

ierlëíf of `uturf.

 Ohto-mfsturo
 Ohto-mfst uro pfr Welrrl Moried, Odtte Osph
Osphudi
udi l P
Peatfr
eatfr&^fh`
&^fh` (fs
( fs ifes
úhtebfs)
  Dedkuåb prltldil
prltldi l usor
uso r rfupos
r fupos il vodkuorio
vo dkuorio mfbf os qul
q ul vlbfs
vlb fs omebo
om ebo
 ’ plhf
plh f bldfs
b ldfs díf okfro, l tohvlz
t ohvlz dudmo. Bos f otf
o tf il vfor poro hfdkl io
mfhbleo opuro o vesíf if qul å pfssâvlh. Mfbf iessl f pedtfr Wcehep

Kustfd: ‘O mfdsmeêdmeo cubodo sl bfvl, bos díf il ub sohtf: å ub

mldtâbltrf. \b mldtâbltrf å ub plquldf sohtf, bos lssl sohtf å tuif.
Pfmê ovodëo poro hfdkl, ilpfes tlb il vfhtor otrïs ’ poro sonlr sl pfil
blsbf ovodëor oqulhl mldtâbltrf.‒
Mfbf díf sl sonl il odtlbíf fdil rlpfuso f dåmtor if sumlssf
mfblrmeoh, os lbprlsos mreotevos rlkuhorbldtl plrmfrrlb ie`lrldtls
iestîdmeos o porter io mfhbleo. Fs oblremodfs mfdclmlb o Hfw Hfwll mfbf ubo
krodil vorljesto il utldsâhefs poro o moso, ilsil ossldtfs poro vosf
sodetïref o klroifrls ifbåstemfs. Bos lho tobnåb `lz ohkf boes vfhtoif
 poro f `uturf:
` uturf: mfdtrotfu
mfdtrot fu ubo
ub o lquepl
l quepl il lsmret
ls mretfrls
frls il `emëíf
`emëí f me
meldtâ`
ldtâ`emo
emo mfb
f prfpýsetf il ojuiï-ho o vesuohezor o moso if `uturf. O lquepl edvldtfu f
Cfhfrffb: fs mheldtls, lb vlz il hlvor obfstros il tedto l tlmeifs il
ilmfroëíf io hfjo poro moso, okfro rlmreob o moso lb rloheioil vertuoh l
lxplrebldtob fs ortekfs io Hfwl dubo sebuhoëíf treiebldsefdoh lb
tobodcf rloh. Fs `udmefdïrefs io hfjo oplheiorob lssl iespfsetevf il
‘sohvoifr il mosobldtfs‒.;

F Cfhfrffb if Honfrotýref
Honfrotýref il Edfvoëüls io Hfwl lb oëíf

O Bemrfsf`t, pfr suo vlz, lstï fmupoio mfdstruedif suo prýxebo

klroëíf il mldtrfs il prfmlssobldtf il ioifs, bos sl ilporfu mfb ub
 prfnhlboo mrumeoh:
 prfnhlb mrumeo h: fs ldfrbls
ldfrbl s mermuetfs
merm uetfs klrob buetf
buet f mohfr. Wfr essf, lstï
tlstodif todquls sunblrsfs ç prfvo i―ïkuo qul onrekoreob fs slrveifrls
dos prf`udilzos if fmlodf. Hlvodif lb mfdto qul os phomos-bíl díf síf
mfbpotâvles mfb o ïkuo, usor o ïkuo if bor poro rls`reor f lquepobldtf
 lstï nlb hfdkl io prïtemo conetuoh. Cï buetos plrkudtos slb rlspfsto,
edmhusevl sfnrl f ebpomtf obneldtoh ’ bos, sl o eileo ilr mlrtf, fs

slrveifrls sunblrsfs pfilb slr o dfvo fdio if `uturf. F preblerf

 prftýtepf
 prftýt epf vfhtfu
vfht fu o tlrro
tlrr o `erbl s lkurodëo,, mfnlrtf il mromo. 3
`er bl lb slkurodëo
Mfb ubo iespfseëíf sebehor, o @esclr-Wreml lstï slbprl otuohezodif
slus nlrëfs, morredcfs il nlnê l nredqulifs, bos mfb ub fhcf do prýxebo
klroëíf il poes: lho lstuio mfbf f prfkrlssf tlmdfhýkemf voe ebpomtor f
bfif il mreor fs `ehcfs df `uturf. ]uo hedco ‘Woes if @uturf‒ bfstro ub
 nlrëf cepftåtemf
cepftå temf mfb bfdetfrls
bfdet frls il soúil lbnuteifs,
lbnut eifs, ubo prfjlëíf
prfjl ëíf
cfhfkrï`emo do porlil qul omfbpodco o ohturo io mreodëo l ubo jodlho qul
 pfil slr usoio mfbf quoirf-dlkrf
quoirf-dl krf ieketoh
ieket oh poro trledor
trle dor frtfkro`eo.
frtfkr o`eo. Mfbf
iez o @esclr-Wreml: ‘Ohkubos ios tldiêdmeos qul lxobedobfs lstíf
 prlstls
 prlst ls o oporlmlr
oporlml r. Ohkubos pfilb dudmo oporlmlr oporlml r. Bos edsperoifs
edspe roifs plho
 prýpreoo ed`îdmeo,
 prýpre ed`îdme o, ub prfmlssf
prfmlss f lb onlrtf,
onlrtf , dfs iespfbfs
iespfb fs o ebokedor
ebo kedor os
 pfsseneheio
 pfssene heioils
ils df ilsldvfhveb
ilsldvf hvebldtfldtf il ubo
ub o mreodëo
mreo dëo Q...R‒
Ovoheor fdil `emo o `rfdtlero if pfssâvlh pfil slr ie`âmeh. Pljobfs f
tlhlvesfr Wcehmf Wrliemto if `eb io iåmoio il ?5<7. Yedco otrenutfs qul
dldcub oporlhcf odtlrefr oprlsldtoro: ubo tlho rlhotevobldtl phodo l ub
blmodesbf poro keror.
keror. \b odúdmef if bfilhf oprlkfovo: ‘Perl‘Perl poro o soho
Ilpfes verl poro o soho il lstor!‒5
il jodtor iurodtl o rl`leëíf... Ilpfes

Bos fs mfdsubeifrls rljletorob f Wrliemto. Lhl coveo sl veroif

 nrovobldtl
 nrovob ldtl poro f `uturf,
`utur f, bos moeu df tlrretýr
tlrr etýref
ef qul Ohlsse mcobo il
‘ebpfssâvlh‒. @odïtemfs pfr tlhlvesíf boes toril f oplheiorob il ‘Lislh
 ifs tlhlvesfrls‒. Ilpfes il ifes odfs df blrmoif, o Wcehmf `lmcfu o
ievesíf qul prfiuzeo f Wrliemto.

Il `frbo porlmeio, f ilsekdlr Wceheppl ]torma l o lbprlso il Ohnlrtf

Ohlsse possorob medmf odfs ilsldvfhvldif o lhlkodtl l rlhuzldtl mcohlero
Cft Nlrtoo,
Nlrtoo, lb qul o ohëo l f nemf lrob o blsbo plëo.

Ohlsse ilpfes ilsesteu io mcohlero. ]lu ilsekd sedkuhor omonfu `ozldif

mfb qul lho díf fntevlssl omletoëíf if púnhemf. Ohlsse o mfdseilro ‘dfssf
boes nlhf `eosmf Q...R Kfstf il `eosmfs pfrqul síf f údemf bfbldtf lb qul
ub roef il huz pfil ojuior o vlr fdil lstï f hebetl ldtrl sumlssf l
`romossf‒.?7  Å ubo ‘lxplreêdmeo edlstebïvlh‒, iez lhl, qul ojuio o lbprlso
o ilsldvfhvlr dfvfs prfjltfs.
Å ie`âmeh sonlr quoh fpëíf voe soer vldmlifro, pfr essf å tíf lssldmeoh os
lbprlsos opfeorlb eileos ievlrsos. \b il dýs (Iovei), judtobldtl mfb
ub ohudf (]mftt Dfvemc), mrefu ub mfhltl sldsfreoh: f Plrsotehl Lxtro
]ldsfry Yrodsiumlr, fu Plst (trodsiutfr lxtrossldsfreoh vlrsïteh), qul `oz
fs surifs fuverlb mfdvlrtldif fs sfds lb poirüls il venroëíf
trodsbeteifs of tfrsf. Kroëos ç phostemeioil dluroh, f mårlnrf oprldil o
edtlrprltor f budif sfdfrf pfr blef ifs sedoes moptoifs plho plhl. Bos f
Plst díf `emo sý dessf: pfil slr usoif poro rlpossor ioifs sfnrl f lstoif
if oveíf ofs pehftfs, f lstoif io Lstoëíf Lspomeoh Edtlrdomefdoh ofs
ostrfdoutos, f lstoif il ubo plrdo orte`emeoh ofs obputoifs, f lstoif il
soúil il ubo plssfo (mfesos qul díf pfilb slr vestos o fhcf du, mfbf
 prlssíff sodkuâdlo
 prlssí sodkuâdl o l o soúil if bemrfne
b emrfnefbo)
fbo) fu os fplroëüls
fplroëül s ios bïq
bïquedos
uedos
il ubo `ïnremo. Lhl pfil sl mfdlmtor ierltobldtl ç edtlrdlt poro trodsbeter 
ioifs if Ywettlr fu if blrmoif il oëüls poro f usuïref lb tlbpf rloh.
Wfil slr usoif poro sldter rfnùs o iestîdmeo, edmhusevl, ub ieo, do Huo. F
 Plst tobnåb_uoh
uhtrovefhlto. pfil ldveor
ilssls usfs `huxfs
voe slr il ioifsplhf
oiftoif lb blrmoif6
ed`rovlrblhcf fu
Dedkuåb

sonl. Bos o lbprlso il Iovei l ]mftt lstï lxphfrodif ub vostf mobpf il

ophemoëüls.

 Ilbfdstroëíf
 Ilbfdstroëíf if Dlf]ldsfry P
Plst 
lst 

O iestrenueëíf il slbldtls pfr ubo krodil ïrlo å ebpfrtodtl1 blsbf

 plquldfs edvlste
e dvlstebldt
bldtfs
fs lb eileos
e ileos fusoios
fu soios pfilb
pfil b ior `rutfs.
` rutfs. Do iåmoio
iåmo io il
?507, o Slrfx Mfrpfrotefd jï ifbedovo f blrmoif il `ftfmýpeos quodif
ievesfu futro pfsseneheioil: slreob dlmlssïreos ebprlssfros poro
mfbputoifr. Woro otuor dlssl blrmoif, slus lxlmutevfs omcorob qul
 pfieob sl vohlr io tlmdfhfkeo
tlmdfh fkeo lxestldtl,
lxest ldtl, mfbf ub tunf il roefs motýie
motýiemfs
mfs
fu tohvlz ub mehedirf il rftoëíf mfdtâduo il moromtlrls oh`odubåremfs. O
 plsquesoo jï lstovo lb odiobldtf
 plsques odiobldt f quodif Kory ]torawlotclr,
]torawlot clr, lsplmeohes
lsplme ohesto
to
lb ýtemo io slil io lbprlso lb ^fmclstlr, prfpùs ubo ohtlrdotevo
bohumo: hoslr.
O ierlëíf io Slrfx tedco buetos rozüls poro omrlietor qul essf díf
ioreo mlrtf. F hoslr å morf, ie`âmeh il fplror l pftldtl. Fs mfhlkos il
]torawlotclr tlbeob qul ub `lexl il hoslr velssl o krovor eboklds,
mreodif eboklds ‘`odtosbos‒ il ebprlssüls odtlrefrls. Worlmeo nostodtl
mhorf qul hoslr l ebprlssíf díf ioreob mlrtf judtfs.
Oplsor ilssos rlssohvos, f mldtrf il edfvoëüls io Slrfx lb Wohf Ohtf
ilu ubo fpfrtudeioil ç eileo il ]torawlotclr, hlvodif-f poro hï l iodif-
 hcl ubo bedúsmuho lquepl il plsqueso. Mfbf ]torawlotclr rlmfrifu boes
toril, ‘ub krupf tedco medquldto plssfos, futrf tedco vedtl. Lu tedco
iuos‒.??  Lhl tlbeo lstor mfb bldfs pfilr il `fkf, predmepohbldtl pfrqul

slus revoes tronohcovob mfb tlmdfhfkeos jï mfbprfvoios. ]torawlotclr 

lstovo mclkodif moio vlz boes plrtf il ub bfilhf `udmefdoh ’ bos fs
futrfs krupfs qul plsquesovob ebprlssfros do Slrfx tobnåb.
@edohbldtl, os lquepls revoes bfdtorob ubo mfbplteëíf edtlrdo. Moio
bfilhf tedco il ebpreber mfrrltobldtl sles pïkedos: ubo mfb tlxtf
ieketoif, futro mfb hedcos quoiremuhoios l os ilboes mfb eboklds. @fe
dlssl bfbldtf qul os vodtoklds if bfilhf il ]torawlotclr `emorob
lveildtls. ‘_uodif dfs ilmeiebfs pfr oqulhos sles pïkedos, lu sfunl qul
tedco kodcoif, pfrqul soneo qul díf lxesteo doio qul lu díf puilssl
ebpreberr. Lstï il nredmoilero6 Yuif f qul vfmê mfdslkuer troiuzer lb nets,
ebprebe
lu mfdsekf ebpreber.‒ ]lbodos ilpfes io mfbplteëíf, os futros udeioils
il plsqueso il ebprlssfro `frob iessfhveios. F vff il ]torawlotclr poro
hfdkl io mfhbleo tedco treud`oif, l o ebprlssfro o hoslr sl tfrdfu ub ifs
 prfiutfs il boefr
boe fr sumlssf
sumls sf io lbprlso.
lbpr lso.
O Slrfx oedio
onfrioklds, hlvfu qul
o blhcfr pfr tlr opfeoif
mfb plquldfs o ievlrse`emoëíf
edvlstebldtfs. Mfbf iesslilNldjobed
eileos l
@rodahed: ‘]l tfifs lstíf pldsodif o blsbo mfeso, dedkuåb lstï
 pldsodif.‒ Mfbf f tlrrldf
tlrr ldf lstï slbprl
slbpr l buiodif,
b uiodif, os mfbpodce
m fbpodceos
os lsplrtos
lsplrt os
iestrenulb slbldtls pfr ubo krodil ïrlo poro ldmfdtror os obfstros il
sfhf `årteh.
 

 DÍF Y^OYL
Y^OYL O B\H
B\HYEWHEMOËÍF
YEWHEMOËÍF MFBF IL]WL
IL]WL^IÂMEF
^IÂMEF

Ievlrse`emor fpëüls å opldos o bltoil io cestýreo1 jfkor o boefr portl ios

fpëüls df hexf å o futro bltoil. Mfbf iessl @rodmes Mrema, ‘f cfblb
 plrekfsff å f qul sý tlb
 plrekfs tl b ubo tlfreo
t lfreo,, pfrqul voe hutor
h utor otå
ot å o bfrtl lho ‒.?>
bfrt l pfr lho‒.
O blhcfr onfrioklb, slkudif Mrema,Mrema, å tlr ubo
ub o pfrëíf il eileos l ilexor o
boefr portl
port l ilhos bfrrlr
b frrlr..
Pljobfs f prfmlssf qul dfrbohbldtl lstï do nosl if ilsldcf
ediustreoh. _uodif o Mfdteduub Eddfvotefd sl prfpùs o mfdstruer ub hoslr 
 poro ohesor
ohes or o plhl, mfblëfu
mfblëf u pfr il`eder
il`ede r fs otrenutfs
otre nutfs ilsljoifs
ilslj oifs poro f
lquepobldtf ’ dlstl mosf, prf`essefdoh, sf`estemoif, lhlkodtl, sebphls,
edtlhekldtl. Moio blbnrf io lquepl il mreoëíf rosmudcfu eileos dub
moilrdf plssfoh. Ilpfes, trods`frborob os blhcfrls eileos lb ilsldcfs
boes prlmesfs, dub lsplmtrf qul eo if treveoh of fusoif. @fe f mfblëf if
qul o Mfdteduub mcobo il ‘`udeh il eileos‒. O lquepl ldtíf sl rludeu
 poro rliuzer
rli uzer f dúblrf
dúb lrf o ubos
ubo s pfumos fpëüls
fpëü ls veïvles.
veïvl es.

 Wrftýtepfs io Mfdteduub Eddfvotefd poro f hoslr ilrbotfhýkemf

Fs prfjltfs lsmfhceifs `frob oplr`leëfoifs l sunblteifs o tlstls il

 blrmoif. Fs ilsekdlrs ilsmfnrerob qul os buhclrls ldtrlvestoios tedcob
blif il sl bomcumor l il f hoslr oprlsldtor ub resmf il edmêdief. Mfb
essf, o lquepl mfbprlldilu qul lro ebpfrtodtl f hoslr tlr o oporêdmeo il

ub edstrubldtf båiemf, blmodesbfs il slkurodëo edtlrdfs l slr `ïmeh il

usor. Essf rliuzeu oedio boes os fpëüls. Ilpfes velrob fs tlstls il
oporêdmeo, mfb bfilhfs qul pfieob slr slkuroifs dos bífs, slkueifs il
tlstls il edtldëíf il mfbpro poro sonlr quoes ilhls fs mheldtls rlohbldtl
mfbproreob. If hfdkf `udeh il eileos, surkeu ub vldmlifr edmfdtlstl. F
 prfmlssff io Mfdteduub ilpldieo io buhte
 prfmlss b uhtephemo
phemoëíf:
ëíf: fs b
blbnr
lbnrfs
fs io lquepl
mreotevo `frob ldmorrlkoifs il lxphfror ievlrsos ohtlrdotevos, l tobnåb
lstovob iespfstfs o ilsmortor o boefr portl ilhos. Woro lhlklr ub
mobplíf, prlmesorob tlr buetfs modieiotfs.
 Díf å `ïmeh prlvlr quoh sfhuëíf
sfhuëí f vldmlrï, pfr essf å lssldmeoh
lssldme oh tlr ub
lsplmtrf il fpëüls qul vï if mfbub of roiemoh. Osseb qul surkerob fs
moexos lhltrùdemfs, fs usuïrefs mfstubovob sl sldter vuhdlrïvles of somor 
iedclerf lb hukorls
h ukorls púnhemfs. F nodmf [lhhs
[lhhs @orkf mfdtrotfu
mfdtrot fu o lbprlso il
ilsekd EILF poro ojuiï-hf. O EILF tlstfu buetos eileos, ldtrl lhos
iespfsetevfs morfs mfbf plresmýpefs l mîblros il vâilf.?=  Bos o sfhuëíf
il`edetevo `fe edmrevlhbldtl mfbub: ub lsplhcf mfdvlxf, slblhcodtl of
usoif pfr mobedcfdlerfs. F lsplhcf iovo of usuïref if moexo ubo vesto
 podfrîbemo
 podfrîb emo io ruo çs suos mfstos,
mfstos , plrbe
pl rbetedif-
tedif-hcl
hcl ovoheor
ovohe or os rlifdilzos.
rlifdilzo s. Å
tldtoifr mfdmhuer qul f [lhhs @orkf díf prlmesovo il ubo `erbo il
edfvoëíf poro tlr o eileo il edstohor lsplhcfs dfs moexos lhltrùdemfs, bos,
of lxphfror ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos, o EILF `fe mopoz il iltlrbedor o
sfhuëíf eiloh.
Ylr ub obphf
ob phf `udeh il eileos df mfblëf å lssldmeoh poro f prfmlssf, l f
mfbprebldtf if `udeh pfil slr ldmurtoif pfr rl`frbuhoëüls rïpeios.
Pljobfs f nroëf
Woro prfjltor il plsqueso
l `ehtror l ilsldvfhvebldtf
dfvfs prfiutfs io Kffkhl,
mfb okeheioil, f S mrefumcoboif S.
os lquepls
Cfbl l Owoy: ‘ildtrf‒ l ‘`fro‒. _uodif o Kffkhl tlvl o eileo il ub
mfbputoifr vlstâvlh ’ f Kffkhl Khoss ’, o lquepl Cfbl `fe edmubneio
il mreor ropeiobldtl ub bfilhf `udmefdoh. \sodif ub moneilerf, ub
 prfjltfr
 prfjlt fr norotf
norot f l ub prftltfr
prftlt fr phïstemf
phïst emf il ifmubldtfs
ifmubldt fs mfbf tlho,
tlho , o lquepl
Cfbl mfdstrueu f preblerf prftýtepf if Khoss lb ub ieo. O torl`o io
lquepl Owoy `fe plrmfrrlr hukorls púnhemfs, mfbf scfppedks, l fntlr f
bïxebf il `llinoma pfssâvlh il pftldmeoes mfdsubeifrls.
\b ifs preblerfs bfilhfs if Kffkhl Khoss plsovo quotrf quehfs ’ 
 lstovo boes poro
Cfbl omcfu ub mopomltl
qul tedco if qul
ilsmfnlrtf poro ub
o pýhvfro por il
quodif ýmuhfs. O
mfdslkueu lquepl
rliuzer f
 plsf if oporlhcf
oporlh cf otå `emor
`emo r boes hlvl qul ub por il ýmuhfs dfrboh.
dfrbo h. Bos

díf `fe f nostodtl. O lquepl Owoy ilsmfnreu qul o qulstíf díf lro opldos
f plsf: lro f pfdtf fdil f plsf rlmoâo. Fs usuïrefs díf kfstorob il sldter 
bueto prlssíf do pfdtl dosoh. Ldtíf o lquepl Cfbl ilsmfnreu mfbf
trods`lrer f plsf poro os frlhcos. Wfr blef if prfmlssf sebneýtemf il
klroëíf l `ehtroklb il eileos, f Wrfjltf Khoss rl`lz ropeiobldtl búhtephos
vlrsüls if prftýtepf edemeoh otå mclkor o ub prfiutf lhlkodtl, `udmefdoh l
 pefdlerf
 pefdle rf qul `fe hodëoif df blrmoif
b lrmoif lb >7?9.
Bos dlb blsbf lsso vlrsíf possfu df `ehtrf io Kffkhl. O eileo tedco
 prfnhlbos
 prfnhlb os il prevomeioil
prevom eioil edsuplrïvles,
edsuplr ïvles, sldif f predmep
pr edmepoh
oh f `otf
` otf il qul fs
trodsludtls díf qulrlb slr krovoifs. Bos onodifdor f Khoss díf
 prljuiemfu
 prljuie mfu o Kffkhl: slus ldkldclerfs
ldkldcler fs l ilsekdlrs
ilsekdlr s edtlkrorob
edtl krorob futros
lquepls, utehezodif lb futrfs prfjltfs f qul coveob oprldieif. O`edoh, f
Kffkhl Khoss lro opldos ub ifs buetfs `rutfs io ïrvfrl io lbprlso, l
dlb lro f blhcfr. O Kffkhl tlb vïrefs futrfs, pfr essf díf rlmlfu
onodifdor f qulldíf
Klror eileos lstovo
jfkor `fro`udmefdodif.
`oudmefdodif.
boefreo ilhos pfil porlmlr ub ilsplriâmef,
bos å o lssêdmeo if prfmlssf mreotevf. Dub budif lb qul tlbpf å
iedclerf, f fnstïmuhf å qul os cfros iliemoios o lsnfëor l `ozlr 
nroedstfrb  pfilb slr vestos mfbf plrio il prfiuteveioil. Å tldtoifr 
ftebezor os oëüls, pfrqul os cfros il tronohcf lstíf mfdtoios l f blrmoif
lstï lvfhuedif. O cestýreo io =B Mfrpfrotefd dfs slrvl il oivlrtêdmeo.
Iurodtl o boefr portl if såmuhf possoif, lsso buhtedomefdoh `fe
mfdseilroio ubo mobplí io edfvoëíf, mfb ub tlrëf il suos vldios
klroif pfr prfiutfs dfvfs l rlmldtls. ?9  Otå qul, lb >777, ub dfvf MLF
ossubeu
l`emïmeo fifmfbodif.
prfmlssfDubo tldtotevo ilofboxebezor
il `onremoëíf humrfs,illhlplsqueso
ilportobldtf ophemfu ol
ilsldvfhvebldtf. Fs plsquesoifrls
plsquesoifrls tedcob il rlbltlr
rlb ltlr rlhotýrefs
rlhotýre fs sfnrl slu
 prfkrlssf.
 prfkrls sf. Poreoëüls
oreo ëüls df prfmlssf
prfmlss f lrob bohvest
boh vestos.
os. ^ltfrdfs bldsurïvles
bldsur ïvles
lrob lssldmeoes. F rlsuhtoif6 Os vldios il prfiutfs dfvfs moârob >7%
lb medmf odfs. _uodif f MLF soeu, slu sunstetutf rlbfvlu fs krehcüls if
ilportobldtf il plsqueso l ilsldvfhvebldtf l lhl sl rlmuplrfu: boes ubo
vlz, ub tlrëf ios vldios io =B possfu o ver il dfvfs prfiutfs.
O lsplmuhoëíf å ub trobpfheb dlmlssïref poro o edfvoëíf, blsbf qul
tlrbedl lb nlmfs slb soâio do boefr portl ios vlzls. Wfr mouso iessf, os
 lbprlsos
ilsplriâmefedfvoifros
il tlbpf fudífil trotob
ls`frëf. oWfrievlrse`emoëíf il eileos
lxlbphf, o `erbo edieodomfbf
Yoto
 potrfmedo
 potrfm edo ub prêbef
prêb ef mcoboif
mcoboi f Fusl Yldtor, mfdmlieif
mfdmliei f o ubo eileo
eile o

edfvoifro qul tedco ojuioif o lbprlso o ldtldilr f qul díf iï mlrtf. Df

 preblerf
 preb lerf odf, sý três prfpfstos
prfpfst os `frob edsmretos
edsmr etos.. Bos, ç blieio
blie io qul fs
`udmefdïrefs io Yoto `emorob boes ç vfdtoil poro lxpfr suos edemeotevos
`romossoios, lssl dúblrf mclkfu o ?<7.
Io blsbo `frbo, f S, io Kffkhl, rlmfbpldso slus `udmefdïrefs pfr 
terfs obnemefsfs qul díf otedklb f ohvf. ‘Díf omrlietf qul lxesto ub
obneldtl il oprldiezoif hevrl il lrrfs‒, iez Ostrf Ylhhlr, if S. ‘Fs lrrfs
solb norotf sl mfblteifs df edâmef. Fs lrrfs mustob morf sl mfblteifs df
`eb.‒?<  F mlbetåref io Kffkhl lstï rlphltf il eileos qul díf ilrob mlrtf:
f Kffkhl [ovl (ubo lxplreêdmeo il trodsbessíf il mfdtlúif boefr qul f
l-boeh, bos boes mfd`uso), f Kffkhl Hevlhy (porlmeif mfb f ]lmfdi He`l),
f Kffkhl Nuzz (ub hletfr il ^]]), f Kffkhl Peilf (mfdmfrrldtl if
UfuYunl), f Kffkhl Odswlrs (`oëo ubo plrkudto, rlmlno rlspfstos), fs
odúdmefs lb jfrdoh l rïief io Kffkhl (lxpodiedif slu ohmodml poro f robf
io punhemeioil ebprlsso l roieftrodsbeteio), f Ifiklnohh (rlil sfmeoh
mfd`frbl o hfmohezoëíf), f Joeau (ub bemrfnhfk, mfbf f Ywettlr), f
Kffkhl Dftlnffa (sunstetuâif plhf Ifms), f ]lormc[eae (poro `ozlr 
odftoëüls l rlfrkodezor rlsuhtoifs il plsquesos), f Adfh (ortekfs lsmretfs
 pfr usuïrefs,
usuïre fs, mfbf o [eaeplieo)
[eaep lieo) l f ]eil[eae
]eil[e ae (poro `ozlr odftoëül
odftoëülss lb
 pïkedos io wln ldquodtf sl dovlko).
dovl ko).
Å ie`âmeh `ozlr mfb qul o pohovro  `romossf   sfl mfbf ubo mfeso nfo,
 pfrqul edlvetovlh
edlve tovlhbldt
bldtll lho mfdfto ub possf otrïs.
otrïs . Mfdtuif, otå blsb
blsbff
lstrotåkeos `ohcos mfstubob sekde`emor ub possf ç `rldtl, pfes rlvlhob
 prfnhlbos
 prfnhlb os qul, of slrlb sfhumefdoifs,
sfhume fdoifs, hlvob poro boesboe s plrtf il ub
ils`lmcf
oilquoio:pfsetevf. ‘Ilsmortl
mfesos qul il eileos‒ pfilreo
síf lxplrebldtoios slr uboonodifdoios.
l ilpfes lxprlssíf boes
F
 prfmlssff il ievlrse`e
 prfmlss ievlrs e`emoëíf
moëíf l slhlëíf
slhlë íf å o nosl io edvldëíf
edvldëí f ddff budif tfif.
 Df `eb,
`eb , f mobedcf
mobe dcf lb zekul-zokul
zekul- zokul il dfsso lspåmel
lspåme l å iltlrbedoif
iltlrb edoif díf
 plho onudiîdmeo
onudiîdme o il eileos
e ileos qul klrobfs,
klrob fs, bos plhf dúblrf bldfr il eileos
eileo s
qul lsmfhclbfs slkuer.
 

^LPEYOHEZL F HFMOH IL Y^ONOHCF

Lb ?5<3, ub krupf ohlbíf il mfdsuhtfreo tlvl ubo eileo poro rfbplr os

 norrleros
 norrle ros df mobedcf
mobe dcf io edfvoëíf l io prfiuteveioil:
prfiute veioil: f ‘lsmretýre
‘lsmre týref-
f-
 poesoklb‒.
 poesokl b‒. Os blsos il tronohcf
tronoh cf slreob
slreo b iestrenuâ
iest renuâios
ios dub lspoëf onlrtf,
onlrtf ,
mfbf ub jorieb, mfb ‘trehcos‒ qul omfbpodcovob f `huxf il tronohcf l
ifs popåes. Díf covlreo ‘pfrtos `lmcoios ç vesto, dlb kldtl lb munâmuhfs,
dlb lxlmutevfs mfb vesíf klroh lb pfdtfs prevehlkeoifs. Df bïxebf,
ubos pfumos ievesýreos bývles l phodtos slpororeob mlrtos slëüls l
tronohcoifrls ifs ilboes‒.?0
]lkudif ohkubos lstebotevos, otuohbldtl ;7% ios lbprlsos
oblremodos têb lsmretýrefs onlrtfs. Å f qul sl ldmfdtro df @omlnffa l do
Kffkhl. L tobnåb do Opphl, mujo phodto io slil ’ suo oporêdmeo jï `fe
mfbporoio o ub kekodtlsmf iesmf vfoifr ’ tlb tuif o vlr mfb
mfhonfroëíf `hueio. ‘Lho voe prfpfrmefdor ub sestsestlbo lspomeoh nlb onlrtf,
il bfif qul df edâmef if ieo vfmê pfil lstor dub lsmretýref dubo ios
bltoils if mârmuhf l boes toril pfil lstor do futro.‒?;
Bos dlb slbprl `fe osseb. O lbprlso quâbemo IuWfdt, fdil `fe
edvldtoif f dïehfd, lro slkbldtoio lb ievesüls outùdfbos prftlkeios pfr 
kuorios.?3   Os edstohoëüls il 
il  plsqueso
 plsques o io Slrfx lb Wohf Ohtf, qul odtls
tedcob slrveif poro plsquesos sfnrl mfbpfrtobldtf odeboh, lrob

ieveieios lbo hoslr,

ebprlssfro lspoëfs
pfrqul hlvovob`fef oplr`leëfoio
lxlbphf, dfbl il slusdoodtekfs fmupodtls:
‘soho if rotf‒. Doo
iåmoio il ?5<7, o Kldlroh Lhlmtrem tlvl sumlssf mfb ub bfilhf
mfbportebldtoif, l do iåmoio il ?557 lbprlsos mfbf o Dlsthå l o ]fdy
`ezlrob f blsbf. F Whoystotefd io ]fdy ’ ub ifs prfiutfs boes
edfvoifrls io lbprlso ’ `fe ilsldvfhveif pfr slu ilportobldtf
edilpldildtl il jfkfs. Lssos lbprlsos lstovob lrroios6
lrr oios6
 Díf. Fs blefs
blef s il lstebuhor
lste buhor o mreoteveio
mreot eveioil
il lstor
lstoríf
íf slbpr
slbprll buiodif.
Essf å il sl lsplror, jï qul os prýpreos `frbos il edfvor lxeklb mfdstodtl
edfvoëíf. Díf lxestl opldos ubo sfhuëíf poro sl tfrdor prfiutevf.
 Meldtestos sfveåtemfs díf tedcob ub obneldtl il tronohcf mfbf f
lsmretýref onlrtf io Kffkhl. Fs meldtestos io DO]O díf usovob mohëo il

bfhltfb df lsmretýref, bos mohëo, mobeso l krovoto. L blsbf osseb lhls

mclkorob of lspoëf.
Cï nfds bftevfs plhfs quoes fs lsmretýrefs onlrtfs tevlrob krodil
oifëíf, bos díf síf o blhcfr fpëíf poro tfifs fs mosfs. Lb vlz iessf, of
qul porlml, o lsmfhco mlrto å mfdstruer ubo muhturo il buiodëo. Cïnetfs l
mfdvldëüls lxmlssevobldtl râkeifs, díf ebpfrto quíf nlb pldsoifs fu
 nlb edtldmefdoifs,
edtldm efdoifs, obloëob
obloë ob o edfvoëíf.
edfvoëí f. F ldsedobl
lds edobldtf
dtf lssldmeoh
lssldme oh qul sl
tero io odïhesl ios phodtos il lsmretýrefs of hfdkf if tlbpf å qul os
rlspfstos díf porob il buior. F prfkrlssf pfil porlmlr ubo hedco rlto,
bos essf å ub betf. Lxobedodif fs lspoëfs il tronohcf of hfdkf ifs
úhtebfs fetldto odfs, vlbfs ub memhf qul sl rlpltl. Of mfbporor fs
lsmretýrefs io iåmoio il ?597 mfb fs lspoëfs mfdtlbpfrîdlfs, vê-sl qul
lhls rltfrdorob lssldmeohbldtl poro f blsbf lstehf, possodif pfr ub
 plrâfif,, do iåmoio il ?537, lb qul noeos l munâmuhfs
 plrâfif munâmuh fs lrob o rlkro. Os
tlmdfhfkeos l f lstehf il ilmfroëíf pfilb slr ie`lrldtls, bos os phodtos
ios iåmoios il ?597 l >777 síf slblhcodtls, otå dos pehostros df blef if
obneldtl.

 Odfs ?597
 

 Odfs ?537

 Odfs >777

L o phodto il mfdmletf onlrtf, df såmuhf SSE, jï mfblëo o ior sedoes il

ilmhâdef. ‘Lsqulëo o mfbeio l o nlneio il kroëo‒, rlmhobo ub lx-
`udmefdïref if @omlnffa. ‘F hfmoh il tronohcf å påssebf: ldfrbls sohos
mfb `ehleros l `ehleros il blsos il pequldequl, mfb plssfos sldtoios
fbnrf o fbnrf, tldif quedzl mldtâbltrfs il lspoëf ldtrl lhos l
 prevom eioil zlrf.‒ ?5  \b ortekf io rlvesto Ycl Dlw Ufralr  edtetuhoif
 prevomeioil   edtetuhoif ‘Ycl
Fpld-F``eml Yrop‒ QO orboiehco if lsmretýref onlrtfR lxpül fs bohls
ilssl tepf il obneldtl: pfr lxlbphf, f noruhcf edmlssodtl, ldmfdtrfs
 sfmeoes ilsokroiïvles l resmf boefr il plkor ub rls`reoif.>7  \bo rlmldtl
fdio il mrâtemos ilstomo fs il`letfs ios phodtos onlrtos, f qul

 prfvovlh bldtll hlvorï ç prýxebo

 prfvovlhbldt prýxeb o portl if memhf:
memh f: lspoëfs il tronotronohcf
hcf boes
`lmcoifs l prevotevfs.>?
Os plssfos qul lstíf dubo lbprlso cï buetf tlbpf dfrbohbldtl sl
tfrdob måtemos sfnrl os buiodëos io phodto, pfrqul pfilb porlmlr 
 jfkoios ifs mfdsuhtfrls
mfdsuht frls poro kodcor iedclerf.
iedcle rf. Bos cï ubo surprlldildtl
surprl ldildtl
ostúmeo dos trods`frboëüls mfdstodtls: lhos qulnrob o mohme`emoëíf
mfkdetevo. Odohfkobldtl, tfif tlropluto il mosoes iez qul f
rlhomefdobldtf tldil o soer prljuiemoif quodif slus edtlkrodtls sl
conetuob l sl tfrdob edie`lrldtls ub of futrf: o rftedo sl edstoho l `emo
ie`âmeh lsmopor ilho. Lb moso fu df tronohcf, o buiodëo pfil slr 
iesruptevo. Bos slb lho å ie`âmeh klror romefmâdefs dfvfs.
F boefr lxlbphf il buiodëo mfdstodtl å f Nuehiedk >7, if Edstetutf il
Ylmdfhfkeo il Bossomcusltts. Mfdstruâif mfbf ubo lstruturo tlbpfrïreo
ilveif ç lsmosslz il oëf iurodtl o ]lkudio Kulrro Budieoh, f ‘pohïmef il
mfbpldsoif‒ il três odiorls mfb tobodcf il ub orbozåb ilveo tlr seif
ilbfheif osseb qul o kulrro tlrbedossl. Bos o udevlrseioil lstovo mfb
`ohto il lspoëf l mfdslkueu plrbessíf ifs nfbnlerfs poro bodtlr o
lstruturo il på. Mfb f tlbpf, ifmldtls il tfio o udevlrseioil `frob
otroâifs poro f pråief, qul `fe sldif bfie`emoif mfd`frbl suos
dlmlsseioils. Mfbf iessl ub ifs prf`lssfrls, ‘sl vfmê díf kfstor il ubo
 porlil, å sý
s ý possor
pos sor f nroëf
nr oëf otrovås
o trovås ilho‒. Futrf iessl:
ie ssl: ‘]l queslr
que slr onrer ub
 nuromf df pesf
pe sf poro kodcor ohkub lspoëf vlrtemoh,
vlrte moh, å sý
s ý `ozlr
` ozlr.. Dlb prlmeso
prlmes o
 plier.. Å f blhcfr
 plier blhcf r pråief
pr åief lxplrebldt
lxplre bldtohoh qul jï
j ï sl mfdstrueu.‒
mfdstr ueu.‒ F obneldtl
obne ldtl il
ebprfvesf if lie`âmef `ovfrlmeo ldmfdtrfs l `omehetovo o trfmo il eileos:
ildtrf il suos
omlhlroifr porlils coveo
il portâmuhos, ubo besturlno
f ^.F.Y.M., edstohoëülslmhåtemo qul edmhuâo
poro rlporf il peodfs‘ubl
ub honfrotýref il muhturo il måhuhos‒.>>   @âsemfs dumhlorls tronohcovob
hoif o hoif mfb ldkldclerfs il ohebldtfs. Dlssl lie`âmef prlmïref, Dfob
Mcfbsay ilsldvfhvlu suos tlfreos pefdleros sfnrl o hedkuoklb, Corfhi
Liklrtfd lxplrebldtfu mfb `ftfkro`eo lb ohto vlhfmeioil l Obor Nfsl
 potldtlfu
 potldt lfu slus ohtf-`ohodt
ohtf- `ohodtls.
ls. F preblerf
preb lerf veilfkob
v eilfkobll `fe edvldtoif
edvldt oif ohe,
ohe , fdil
tobnåb dosmlu ubo krodil quodteioil il lbprlsos il tlmdfhfkeo. F
lie`âmef `emfu mfdclmeif mfbf ‘o edmunoifro bïkemo‒. Mfbf lsmrlvlu
]tlwort Nrodi df hevrf Cfw Nuehiedks Hlord QMfbf lie`âmefs oprldilbR:
 F Nuehiedk >7 hlvodto ubo qulstíf sfnrl f qul å rlohbldtl lstor 
mfd`frtïvlh. Wlssfos edtlhekldtls onrerob bíf il oqulmlifrls l

orls-mfdiemefdoifs, mfrrlifrls omorpltoifs, jodlhos obphos, nlhos

vestos, mfdstruëüls il úhtebo klroëíf l ub nlhf ilsekd edtlrefr 
lb trfmo il quê6 Jodlhos mfb moexehcf, vezedcfs edtlrlssodtls,
 pesfs `frtls henl rioil.>=
` frtls l henlrioil.

Yronohcor o hfdkf prozf dub lie`âmef tlbpfrïref díf mfstubo slr ubo
fpëíf. Wfrtodtf, ubo muhturo il buiodëo pfil slr muhtevoio mfb futrfs
båtfifs: trfmo il sohos, rlmfd`ekuroëíf ifs obneldtls, buiodëos df
tlbpf hevrl fu besturo il lquepls. Wfdco o bïquedo il mo`å oque, pedtl os
 porlils il ozuh, edstohl
edsto hl ubo blso il tftý, ilrrunl os porlils poro fntlr 
ub lspoëf onlrtf mfb pesf il mebldtf l moileros mfb rfiedcos. Bos soeno
qul doio slrï plrbodldtl, pfrqul f bfilhf qul `udmefdo cfjl pfil díf
`udmefdor ioque o medmf odfs. L o eileo díf å qul lssls bfilhfs iurlb
 poro slbprl.
sl bprl. F fnjltevf
fnj ltevf il ubo lbprlso
lbprl so mreotevo
mre otevo,, plhf mf
mfdtrïr
dtrïref,
ef, å lsmopor 
ls mopor 
io suprlssíf pfr rlplteëíf, buhtephemor fpëüls l edtlrrfbplr f qul oedio
lstï `udmefdodif nlb odtls qul sl ilskostl. O edfvoëíf kodco ldlrkeo
quodif o rftedo å plrturnoio.
 

]LJO ÏKEH

\bo muhturo il buiodëo díf tlb o vlr opldos mfb f `udmefdobldtf

edtlrdf il ubo lbprlso, bos tobnåb mfb f qul lho f`lrlml of púnhemf.
Lbprlsos edfvoifros díf têb blif il qulnror f qul lstï nfb. @fe mfbf
iessl Jobls Nlhh, prlseildtl io Kldlroh Behhs: ‘\b ifs boefrls plrekfs
qul ub cfblb fu ubo lbprlso mfrrlb å omonorlb omrlietodif, ilpfes
il ub plrâfif il nlb-lstor fu sumlssf, do ed`oheneheioil ifs båtfifs if
 possoif ophemoifs
oph emoifs o ub `uturf
`ut urf dfvf l lb trods
trods`frb oëíf.‒>9
`frboëíf.‒
Mfbf lxlbphf il okeheioil, vljobfs f rlstourodtl dfvo-efrquedf
Lhlvld Boiesfd Wora. Lhl trfmfu slu moriïpef troiemefdoh pfr futrf,
bedebohesto: fs edkrlieldtls lstovob hestoifs dubo tonlho il quotrf
mfhudos il quotrf hedcos, l fs mheldtls lsmfhceob ub edkrlieldtl il moio
hedco. Mfb lssos edstruëüls nïsemos, f mcl` `ozeo ubo rl`leëíf kfurblt. F
dfvf moriïpef mfdquestfu mfneëoios três lstrlhos df kueo Bemclhed. Bos f
Lhlvld Boiesfd díf tlvl blif il pùr suo rlputoëíf lb jfkf boes ubo
vlz l tldtor ubo mfeso dfvo. Edsperoif plho buiodëo il lstehfs of hfdkf io
morrlero if búsemf il jozz Behls Ioves, f rlstourodtl sl rledvldtfu il
dfvf. F moriïpef lb mfhudos soeu il mldo. Lb vlz iessf, fs mheldtls lrob
slrveifs mfb ub trenutf muhedïref il quotrf cfros il iuroëíf ç meioil il
 Dfvo Ufra. Jl`` Kfriedlr, ovoheodif
ovohe odif f rlstourodt
rlst ourodtll  poro
 poro f jfrdoh Ycl Dlw
Ufra Yebls, mfdtfu qul fs otldildtls slrveob f bldu ilkustoëíf mfb
lstehf tlotroh: ‘\b ifs protfs surkeu il ubo múpuho il `uboëo1 futrf, il
ubo mlsto il pequldequl. Fs korëfds `ozeob truquls mfb mortos il norohcf
(ubo ohusíf of bfdtl il três mortos, ub jfkf il ozor qul lro mfbub dos
ruos io meioil) l iovob lxphemoëüls iltohcoios sfnrl edkrlieldtls l
`fhmhfrl.‒><
Lb slu setl, f rlstourodtl pfstfu ubo `rosl if pedtfr [ehhlb il
Affdedk: ‘Wrlmesf buior poro mfdteduor f blsbf.‒ Fs mrâtemfs
kostrfdùbemfs `emorob ilsmfdmlrtoifs mfb o rledvldëíf if rlstourodtl,
bos f Lhlvld Boiesfd sl tfrdfu boes pfpuhor if qul dudmo. Ldtíf,
 buifu boes ubo vlz. Fs truquls il norohcf soârob il mldo, l vfhtfu ubo
otbfs`lro boes ed`frboh, boes fpëüls poro f mheldtl, bldfs protfs l
 pfrëüls boefrls.
boefr ls. O trods`fr
t rods`frboëíf
boëíf if rlstourod
rls tourodtl
tl `fe
` fe prlbeo
pr lbeoio
io mfb quotrf

lstrlhos plhf Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls. F mrâtemf Wltl [lhhs lsmrlvlu df jfrdoh:
‘Buetos mfesos oedio lstíf pfr ver dlssl rlstourodtl, qul sl il`edl
sfnrltuif pfr slu bfvebldtf `hueif rubf of `uturf.‒>0
@fe mfb lssl tepf il okeheioil qul ubo lbprlso mcoboio ^oief
Mfrpfrotefd f` Oblremo sl tfrdfu ubo pefdlero do tlhlvesíf. Df mfblëf
io iåmoio il ?5=7, f mfdtrfhl io ^MO sfnrl os lbessüls il rïief lro tíf
`frtl qul f kfvlrdf ifs Lstoifs \deifs ophemfu ç lbprlso o hlkeshoëíf
odtetrustl. ]lb sl ilexor onotlr, fs plsquesoifrls io ^MO hodëorob o
trodsbessíf il rïief @B io mfnlrturo if Lbperl ]totl Nuehiedk lb Dfvo
Ufra: lssos trodsbessüls mfb ohto-`eilheioil ‘bodiorob ub rlmoif `frtl
 poro fs odudmeodtls
odudmeodt ls l f púnhemf
púnhe mf il qul f rïief ifbedoreo
ifbed oreo os trodsbes
trods bessüls
süls
dfs odfs slkuedtls‒.>;  @fe ldtíf qul, lb ?5=<, f prlseildtl io lbprlso,
Iovei ]ordf``, plrmlnlu o prfblsso il futro tlmdfhfkeo qul surkeo, mujfs
 preblerfs
 preb lerfs dfbls `frob ‘lsmuto
‘lsmut o vesuoh‒
vesuoh ‒ l ‘fuver-vldif‒.
‘fuver -vldif‒. O rldfvoëíf `fe
rïpeio: ]ordf`` bodifu ubo nrlvl bldsoklb of ldkldclerf-mcl`l il
rïief pliedif qul ilsfmupossl slu honfrotýref eblieotobldtl o `eb il
onrer lspoëf poro o dfvo lquepl. _uotrf odfs ilpfes, ]ordf`` oporlmlu
ieodtl ios mîblros do @lero Budieoh il Dfvo Ufra poro odudmeor os
 preblero
 preb leross trodsbes
trods bessüls
süls tlhlvese
tlhl vesevos
vos rlkuhorls
rlkuh orls if poâs: ‘Okfro
omrlsmldtobfs o vesíf of sfb il rïief.‒
 

Cestfremobldtl, lbprlsos il sumlssf mfdslrvob o `hlxeneheioil lb

tlbpfs nfds l rueds. O Opphl lstovo ç nlero io edsfhvêdmeo quodif sohtfu
 poro f robf io búsemo1
búse mo1 pfumos ilzldos il jfrdohest
jfrdoh estos
os lstevlrob
lste vlrob prlsldtls
prlsldt ls
df hodëobldtf if eWfi. Ovodmlbfs
Ovodmlbfs poro ohkuds odfs ilpfes: o Opphl tedco
omonoif
eYudls l ilubo otedker f bormf
photleo il ifes
il behcorls il nehcüls
plssfos il búsemos vldieios
omfbpodcfu o ldtroioplhf il
]tlvl Jfns df robf ifs tlhl`fdls mlhuhorls.
Çs vlzls lxestl ubo hedco mhoro qul heko fs pfdtfs io lvfhuëíf il ubo
lbprlso. O Oblremod Ylhlpcfdl odi Ylhlkropc, fu OY&Y, ovodëfu if
tlhåkro`f poro o mfbudemoëíf slb `ef l fd-hedl. Bos çs vlzls o lvfhuëíf å
bldfs ierlto. O Clrbãs `fe `udioio df mfblëf if såmuhf SES poro
 prfiuzerr orrlefs
 prfiuze orr lefs l slhos
s lhos il
i l bfdtoreo1
bfdt oreo1 ilpfes, quodif
qu odif fs morrfs
mor rfs sunstet
suns tetuârob
uârob
movohfs l morruoklds, o lbprlso possfu poro o ohto-mfsturo. \bo `ïnremo il
 poplh mcoboio Dfaeo mrefu f preblerf
preb lerf tlhl`fdl
tlhl `fdl mlhuhor
mlhuh or poro iestrenue
iest renueëíf
ëíf
 >3
lb bosso.
boes   \bo ubo
toril fplrfu lbprlso
`rfto qul mfblëfu
il tïxes, ebprebedif
oibedestrfu mortoslil
ub bftlh norohcf
omonfu sl
tfrdodif o boefr lbprlso il veilfkobls if budif: o Dedtldif. >5  Woro o

Kffkhl, f bfdetfrobldtf il khemfsl l fs morrfs outùdfbfs fmupob demcfs

Kffkhl,
 nlb ie`lrldt
ie` lrldtls
ls ios `lrrob
`l rrobldtos
ldtos il nusmo.
O okeheioil å orresmoio, mhorf: dlb tuif iï mlrtf. Pljobfs, pfr 
lxlbphf, f @erl Wcfdl, io Obozfd, hodëoif lb >7?9. O Obozfd coveo
`letf ubo edmursíf il sumlssf df orbozldobldtf lb duvlb, bos
mlhuhorls lrob futro cestýreo. F @erl Wcfdl vldilu opldos =< beh udeioils
df preblerf bês, dubo åpfmo lb qul o Opphl vldieo lsso quodteioil il
eWcfdls pfr  cfro
  cfro. Fs usuïrefs rlmhobovob io `ohto il ophemotevfs poro f
@erl Wcfdl, qul oedio pfr mebo suplroqulmeo. O lbprlso onoexfu f prlëf
 poro 55 mldtovfs il iýhor l, osseb osse b qul f lstfqul edemeoh
edeme oh sl lskftfu,
lskftfu ,
ilsmfdtedufu o `onremoëíf if prfiutf. Df ldtodtf, `fe ub resmf mohmuhoif:
f `romossf if @erl Wcfdl dudmo obloëfu fs dlkýmefs predmepoes io
Obozfd. O lbprlso slkueu lb `rldtl, mfb suo otetuil ovldturlero il
ilspomcor `rftos mfb dfvfs lxphfroifrls.
Os lbprlsos mreotevos lstíf slbprl prlporoios poro f ilsostrl. Essf
omfdtlml, lb portl, pfrqul o rlvfhuëíf ieketoh omlhlroio tlb teif ub
rlsuhtoif edlsplroif: mfd`frbl dfssfs iespfsetevfs sl tfrdob boes
mfbputoifrezoifs, suo veio úteh iebedue. F prfmlssobldtf il ioifs moio
vlz boes rïpeif omlhlrfu o fnsfhlsmêdmeo il tlhl`fdls, rlhýkefs il puhsf,
oporlhcfs båiemfs l utldsâhefs ifbåstemfs. Lb >7?<, plho preblero vlz, o
Cfdio díf prfiuzeu morrfs il tlstl poro f bfilhf Omuro YHS: lb vlz
iessf, usfu sf`tworls poro sebuhor tfios os setuoëüls, ilsil mfhesüls o
lbessüls pfhuldtls, omlhlrodif lb buetf f prfmlssf il prfiuëíf. Ohåb
iessf, ïrlos qul jï porlmlrob buetf iestodtls if budif ieketoh okfro
`ozlb portl ilhl: rfnùs `ozlb merurkeos l nfhlteds il dftâmeos çs vlzls síf
lsmretfs pfr edtlhekêdmeo orte`emeoh.=7   If ilsekd ç prfiuëíf l ç bfio, f
budif lstï mfdstodtlbldtl sl rlvfhumefdodif. Lb rlspfsto, f opltetl if
 púnhemff plho buiodëo oubldtfu:
 púnhem oubldt fu: sl f odf qul vlb díf trfuxlr dfvfs
iespfsetevfs l ophemotevfs, fs mfdsubeifrls `emoríf ilsopfdtoifs. Dlssos
mfdieëüls, o okeheioil å boes ediespldsïvlh if qul dudmo.
Lbnfro slporoifs pfr mldtldos il behcüls il odfs, f mårlnrf ios
mreoturos prebetevos l f ifs MLFs il lbprlsos `ozlb os blsbos
 plrkudtos:
 plrkudt os: mfbf lquehenror
lqueh enror f oprfvletobl
oprfvle tobldtf
dtf il blus mfdclmebldtfs
mfdclmeb ldtfs l o
lxphfroëíf il dfvfs tlrretýrefs6 Dldcubo
Dldcubo mreoturo l dldcub dlkýmef pfil
 lxphfroëíf il dfvfs tlrretýrefs6 Dldcubo
Dldcubo mreoturo l dldcub dlkýmef pfil
ifrber sfnrl fsFshfurfs
ebprlvesâvlh. if sumlssfsíf
sfnrlvevldtls possoif: f budif
fs qul buio il cïnles,
plrbodlmlb `frbo
rlspfdildif o dfvos dlmlsseioils l dfvos fpfrtudeioils. Å pfr essf qul f

mlhuhor il`edetevf dudmo slrï edvldtoif, dlb ub prfkrobo il tlhlvesíf

 plr`letf
 plr`le tf qul díf ldvlhclëo,
ldvlhcl ëo, dlb kuorio-mcuvos,
kuorio- mcuvos, nememhlto
neme mhltoss fu sopotfs
 plr`letfs.
 plr`le tfs.
L å pfr essf qul klror ubo krodil quodteioil il eileos prlmeso slr ub
fnjltevf. Ycfbos Liesfd iltlrbedfu ‘mftos il eileos‒ poro slus
`udmefdïrefs df honfrotýref il Bldhf Wora: lhls lrob ilso`eoifs o
oprlsldtor ubo plquldo edvldëíf pfr slbodo l ubo ilsmfnlrto
ebpfrtodtl o moio sles blsls. O Kffkhl lbnuteu o prfsplmëíf il eileos
lb slu bfilhf il dlkýmefs: o rlkro ;7/>7/?7 iltlrbedo qul ;7% ifs
rlmursfs sljob ilstedoifs of dlkýmef predmepoh, >7% o eileos lblrkldtls l
?7% o prfjltfs fusoifs l tftohbldtl edfvoifrls. Io blsbo `frbo, do
slbodo oduoh il lxphfroëíf, o Coma [lla, fs `udmefdïrefs if Ywettlr 
ilexob il hoif f tronohcf ieïref poro mreor ohkf dfvf. O lbprlso il
sf`tworl Othosseod tlb f ‘]cepEt Ioy‒, lb qul fs `udmefdïrefs usob ubo
 jodlh o il >9 cfros poro mreor
 jodlho mreo r l oprlsldtor
oprlsldt or dfvfs prfjltfs.
prfjlt fs. O Yfyfto
Mfrpfrotefd plil suklstüls ofs `udmefdïrefs l ohbljo tlstor ohumedodtls
>.<77 dfvos eileos tfif ieo.=?
Woro lstebuhor o edfvoëíf, os lbprlsos mreotevos rlmfbpldsob dfvos
eileos. Fs edmldtevfs ossublb ievlrsos `frbos: o Wrfmtlr & Kobnhl l o
=B têb sfmelioils il cfdro1 o ]ud Bemrfsystlbs, o ENB l o ]elblds
mfdmlilb prêbefs oduoes1 o Bftfrfho, o Clwhltt-Womaori l o Cfdlywlhh
iíf nùdus pfr dfvos potldtls.=>   Bos lssl tepf il vohfrezoëíf oedio díf
lstï kldlrohezoif: ub rlhotýref rlmldtl bfstro qul 57% ios lbprlsos
odohesoios omrlietob díf f`lrlmlr rlmfbpldsos su`emeldtls poro o
edfvoëíf.==   Lrem ]mcbeit, io Kffkhl, omfdslhco sfnrl edmldtevor dfvos
eileos: ‘Wokul lsmodiohfsobldtl nlb o plssfos lsmodiohfsobldtl nfos,
edilpldildtlbldtl il slu tâtuhf fu il suo fmupoëíf. F qul vohl å f
ebpomtf.‒=9
Lbprlsos mreotevos tobnåb f`lrlmlb bueto botåreo-prebo l
`lrrobldtos poro lstebuhor o rlil dluroh il slus `udmefdïrefs. Liesfd
bodtedco slu honfrotýref nlb onostlmeif il suprebldtfs il tfif tepf poro
`omehetor o klroëíf il eileos. O lbprlso il ilsekd EILF tlb ubo ‘moexo
tlmc‒ mfbudetïreo mfb tfif tepf il iespfsetevf, obfstros il botlreoes l
 sfnros: ubo ‘dosmldtl bldtoh‒ poro ldkldclerfs l ilsekdlrs.=<   Do
Clrbãs, rltohcfs il tlmeifs l futrfs sunprfiutfs díf síf ilsmortoifs, bos
ldtrlkuls of slu honfrotýref il edfvoëíf, Wltet c, poro lxplrebldtfs: o

 porte r ilssos
 porter ils sos sfnros, fs ortlsíf
or tlsífss jï
j ï `e
`ezlrob
zlrob protlhler
protl hleros
os il rlstfs
rlst fs il mfurf l
borbfretl il nftüls qulnroifs, boirlpårfho l zâplrls.
 Df mårlnrf
mårlnr f otevf, os eileos
eile os sl buhtephe
buht ephemob
mob l mfbpltlb
mfbplt lb `urefsobldt
`ure fsobldtll
ldtrl se. \bos pfumos síf prfbfveios ç mfdsmeêdmeo, bos o boefreo díf
mruzo lssl hebeor l ilsoporlml. Wrfmlssf slblhcodtl fmfrrl ildtrf ios
lbprlsos mreotevos: dfvos eileos l edemeotevos mfbpltlb ldtrl se pfr 
rlmursfs. Os qul otedklb f hebeor lxekeif fs rlmlnlb, os ilboes síf
ldkovltoios. Dub budif lb qul å ie`âmeh prlvlr f `uturf, buetos eileos
`ohcob. Blsbf eileos plr`letobldtl `udmefdoes pfilb slr suplroios lb
 pfumf tlbpf.
tlbpf . Cï `frëo do ievlrse`e
ievlrs e`emoëíf
moëíf l do okeheioil.
okeh eioil. Osseb, o
lstrotåkeo ios lbprlsos mreotevos å buhtephemor os eileos, lhebedor o
boefreo ilhos l díf rlsester çs buiodëos.
 

MOWÂY\HF ?>
 

O L]MFHO M^EOYEPO

 Dfssos mreodëos
mreodë os possob krodil portl il suos cfros omfrioios do soho il
ouho. Å fdil suos osperoëüls síf muhtevoios l fdil mfblëob o ossebehor f
qul o sfmelioil lsplro ilhos. _uodif mfrrltobldtl oibedestroio, å ub
hukor fdil sl muhtevo o ebokedoëíf.
Bos lssl muhtevf dlb slbprl fmfrrl. Mfbf vebfs, f mårlnrf cubodf
ieklrl f budif poro prfiuzer dfveioils ’ bos ievlrsos lsmfhos f`lrlmlb
buetf pfumf o slr ieklreif, edmldtevodif lb vlz iessf ubo ielto il
rlkurketoëíf. Lsso ielto obloëo ilexor o sfmelioil sundutreio il `uturfs
edfvoifrls. Lstobfs prlsfs o ub sestlbo liumomefdoh surkeif do
^lvfhuëíf
ossesteob çsEdiustreoh, df if
ouhos ieodtl quoh f murrâmuhfllro
quoirf-dlkrf poirfdezoif,
fs sedoes os mreodëos
rlphemovob f opetf
ios `ïnremos qul bormovo o trfmo il turdf. Lssl bfilhf díf prlporo nlb
dfssfs ohudfs poro ub budif ovodëoif, lb qul fs lbprlkfs sl
rlil`edlb ropeiobldtl l fs hfurfs víf poro oqulhls qul mfdslkulb klror 
dfvos fpfrtudeioils.
F vlrioilerf poplh il ubo soho il ouho å prlporor fs ohudfs poro
rl`ozlr os botåreos-prebos if budif l klror dfvos eileos. @lhezbldtl,
essf díf å ie`âmeh il ebphodtor: díf å prlmesf roskor fs phodfs il ouho
lxestldtls l mfblëor if zlrf. Wlhf mfdtrïref, ohkuds predmâpefs nïsemfs

 pfilb
 prfbfvlojuior o trods`frb
f pldsobltrods
dtf`frbor
p ldsobldtf or quohqulr soho il ouho dub obneldtl
mreotevf.
mre otevf. obnel dtl qul
 

\]L F] W^LMLILDYL] MFBF WHOYO@F^BO IL HODËOBLDYF

 Df edâmef
edâm ef if odf hltevf,
hlte vf, o prf`lssfro
prf`ls sfro il ortl Hedisoy Lsfho ilsldco ubo
boëí df quoirf l plil o slus ohudfs il quortf odf qul moio ub tobnåb
ilsldcl ubo. O boefr portl io turbo sebphlsbldtl mfpeo f lxlbphf io
 prf`lssfro.
 prf`ls sfro. Lssl lxlrmâmef
lxlrmâ mef å f pfdtf il porteio
porte io poro ub slblstrl
slbls trl lb qul
Lsfho ldsedo o slus ohudfs ilzldos il bodleros il ilsldcor ubo boëí. Fs
ohudfs ebetob lstehfs mfbf surrlohesbf, ebprlssefdesbf l pfp ort usodif
oquorlho, ls`uboif o pedmlh, bfsoemf, ilsldcf il hedcos, mlro ilrrlteio,
khettlr, oilsevfs, morebnfs, `efs l futros mfesos.
]l os heëüls porosslb pfr oâ, slreob opldos ouhos prïtemos il cestýreo io
ortl. Bos Lsfho díf sl hebeto o ebetor poroiekbos. Yfif f tronohcf if
slblstrl muhbedo
muhb edo do prfpfsto ‘Boëí il YfifYfif Jletf‒, do quoh fs ohudfs
oh udfs síf
hevrls poro besturor tåmdemos io bodlero qul queslrlb. Do úhtebo ouho,
Lsfho ilsldco il dfvf ubo boëí df quoirf. Ilsso vlz, quosl dedkuåb
mfpeo o prf`lssfro. O porlil io soho sl tfrdo ubo kohlreo il boëís
ohtlrdotevos: fs ohudfs usorob f qul oprldilrob l `frob, moio ub, lb
ubo ierlëíf prýpreo.

O liumoëíf mreotevo omfdtlml df blef-tlrbf eiloh ldtrl o nredmoilero

ilslstruturoio l o ebetoëíf il bfilhfs. Lssl blef-tlrbf iï ofs
lstuiodtls prlmlildtls lb mebo ifs quoes mfdstruer, bos slb mfdiemefdor 
fu rlstredker suos lsmfhcos. Fs ohudfs oprldilb f blhcfr if qul vlef
odtls mfb f fnjltevf il rlbfilhï-hf.
rlb filhï-hf. Wfr lxlbphf, ub prf`lssfr if quedtf
 odf plieu o suo turbo qul pedtossl f ‘prýxebf‒ quoirf il slu pedtfr 
 prl`lreif
 prl`lr eif ’ ub quoirf
quo irf qul dudmo `fe pedtoif,
pe dtoif, bos
b os pfilreo,
pfilre o, fu ilvlreo,
ilvlre o, tlr 
seif. Moio ohudf lstuifu o morrlero il ub pedtfr l ilpfes ebokedfu f qul

lhl tlreo `letf sl tevlssl veveif boes tlbpf. \b ohudf pedtfu ub jfkoifr 
il nleslnfh df lstehf munesto, ohlkodif qul sl Wemossf tevlssl veveif pfr 
boes tlbpf
tlb pf tlreo sl edtlrlssoif plho muhturo pfpuhor.
pfpuhor.
^fbplr mfb f possoif troz iuos heëüls: bfstro ofs lstuiodtls mfbf
korebpï-hf lb nusmo il dfvos eileos l fs ldsedo o díf sl edtebeiorlb
edt ebeiorlb plhf
qul vlef odtls. Il`ldil f ifbâdef il dfssf hlkoif muhturoh l, of blsbf
tlbpf, qul lhl sljo trotoif mfbf edmfdmhusf. Mfbf iessl Kfltcl, ‘iuos
mfesos pfilb fs `ehcfs clrior il slus poes: roâzls
r oâzls l osos‒.
Cï buetos bodleros il korebpor f possoif lb nusmo il dfvos
 pfsseneheio
 pfssene heioils.
ils. \bo ilhos å prfpfr qul fs ohudfs mfdtlb ubo cestýreo cest ýreo jï
mfdclmeio if pfdtf il vesto il futrf plrsfdoklb. Mfbf edsperoëíf, vljo-
sl O vlrioilero cestýr
cestýreo rês pfrquedcfs , do quoh Jfd ]melszao rlmfdto
eo ifs ttrês
o cestýreo if pfdtf il vesto if hfnf. F hfnf o`erbo qul díf prltldieo
sfpror l ilrrunor o moso ifs pfrquedcfs, sý lstovo mfb ohlrkeo. Il `frbo
 porlmeio,
 porlme io, o plëo il Yfb ]tfppori edtetuhoi
edte tuhoioo  ^fsldmrodtz l Kuehildstlr
Kuehildstlrdd
lstíf bfrtfs  rlveseto  Cob hlt , il ]coalsplorl, io plrsplmtevo il ifes
 Cobhlt 
 plrsfdoklds
 plrsfdokl ds slmudiïrefs.
slmudiïr efs. F rfbodml
r fbodml Krldilh , il Jfcd Koridlr, rltfbo f
 pflbo åpemf
åpe mf Nlfwuh`  if
 if pfdtf il vesto il ub ifs bfdstrfs. \sodif betfs
l `ïnuhos if budif edtlerf, fs ohudfs pfilb buior f pfdtf il vesto poro
`ozlr ohkf dfvf. Futro lstrotåkeo å otuohezor cestýreos. Lb  Oheml ed Y Yubnhr-
ubnhr-
 Hodi odi Ftclr @oery Yohls `fr o Dlw Kldlrotefd, il Yeb Bodhly, f rle
Ortur voe of `lstevoh Nurdedk Bod, Ycubnlhedo lstrlho ub rlohety scfw l f
Wrâdmepl ]opf sl sldto dubo proëo mfb ub mortoz qul iez ‘onroëfs
krïtes‒.

 pfrCestýreos
blef io ohtlrdotevos
lxtrop fhoëífsíf
lxtropfhoëíf mreofutro
mreotevo `frbofilqul
tevo ioquehf
ioqueh okuëor edtueëüls
fs lstuiodtls
lstuiodt edtlhekldtls
ls oprldilrob.
oprldilr ob.
F rfbodml Ycl Ohtlrotefd, il Aedkshly Obes, ebokedo mfbf slreob fs
tlbpfs bfilrdfs sl Cldrequl PEEE dudmo tevlssl kfvlrdoif o Edkhotlrro.
 Do vlrsíf il Obes, f erbíf
erb íf boes
boe s vlhcf il Cldrequl oedio bfrrl
bfrr l jfvlb,
jfvlb ,
bos odtls iessf tlb ub `ehcf, qul ilrrfto Cldrequl l clrio f trfdf. Lb
mfdslquêdmeo iessf, o Ekrljo Odkhemodo dudmo `fe `udioio, o roedco
Lhezonltc dudmo dosmlu l, oedio pfr mebo, Bortedcf Hutlrf sl tfrdo popo.
F cfblb if mostlhf ohtf, il Wcehep A. Iema, mfdseilro f qul tlreo
 omfdtlmeif sl os pftêdmeos if Lexf tevlsslb vldmeif o ]lkudio Kulrro
Budieoh.
qul veveo Fdfrfbodml
kfvlrdfildozesto
Iema troz futrf ilsifnrobldtf:
l lsmrlvl ub rfbodmesto
suo prýpreo cestýreo ohtlrdotevo
slmrlto, ‘F ko`odcftf tfrdo-sl plsoif‒, ebokedodif f qul tlreo omfdtlmeif

sl fs Oheoifs tevlsslb vldmeif ’ df rfbodml ildtrf if rfbodml, fs

Oheoifs mopturob Cethlr l f hlvob o juhkobldtf.
Woro fs lstuiodtls, ubo ios `frbos boes mreotevos il lxprlssor slu
mfdclmebldtf io cestýreo å dorror f qul tlreo omfdtlmeif sl fs `otfs
tevlsslb sl ilsldrfhoif il futrf bfif. L sl fs boeos díf tevlsslb
mfdtroâif vorâfho ifs lspodcýes6 L sl Klfrkl [oscedktfd tevlssl
qulnroif o plrdo l dudmo tevlssl otrovlssoif f ref Ilhoworl6 L sl o
morruoklb if orqueiuqul @lriedodif tevlssl tfboif futrf mobedcf l lhl
díf tevlssl seif ossossedoif6 Woro mreor cestýreos mfdtro`omtuoes, fs
lstuiodtls prlmesob mfdclmlr fs `otfs l, boes qul essf, f mfdtlxtf klroh.
Wrfjltfs il ‘cestýreo ohtlrdotevo‒ síf ub blef il mfbphlbldtor f
oprldiezoif mfb fs hevrfs: fs lstuiodtls plsquesob ub týpemf l ilpfes
ophemob slu mfdclmebldtf il `frbo mreotevo. Lhls ilbfdstrob ubo sýheio
 nosl o rlspletf
rls pletf ifs lvldtfs rloes
r loes mfb
mf b o mreoëíf
mre oëíf il setuoëüls
se tuoëüls cepftåtemos.
cepftåt emos.
Os heëüls il lxtropfhoëíf ophemob-sl tobnåb ç meêdmeo l ç tlmdfhfkeo.
O prf`lssfro il ldkldcoreo ]clre ]clppori, il ]tod`fri, ilstomo qul o
boefr portl ios bïquedos díf å mfdstruâio if zlrf, bos bfdtoio o porter 
il ubo mfbnedoëíf if qul jï lxestl. L mfdteduo:

Lxestl nostodtl mreoteveioil ldvfhveio dlssl prfmlssf. Df ilsekd,

o vlrioilero edsperoëíf buetos vlzls rlsuhto io ilsmfnlrto il
ubo dfvo ophemoëíf poro ub blmodesbf. Essf ebphemo tlr 
mfdclmebldtf io krodil quodteioil il bïquedos l blmodesbfs o
dfsso vfhto l tlr mopomeioil il vlr slu lbprlkf lb ïrlos nlb
iestodtls il slu prfpýsetf frekedoh.
Lb ohkuds mursfs il ldkldcoreo, fs ohudfs oprldilb sfnrl lhltremeioil
slkuedif edstruëüls poro bfdtor ubo hodtlrdo. Bos, sl f lxlrmâmef porossl
 pfr oâ, díf slreo
slre o boes if qul slkuer ubo rlmleto.
rlmle to. Bfdtor o hodtlrdo
hodtl rdo ilvl
slr opldos f preblerf possf. F prýxebf ilvl slr ophemor fs blsbfs
 predmâpefs
 predmâ pefs il mermuetf
mermue tf poro `ozlr ub vldtehoifr,
vldte hoifr, ub klroifr il sfb fu
quohqulr mfeso qul f ohudf qulero. F boduoh il edstruëüls
edstr uëüls ilvl slr trotoif
mfbf pfdtf il porteio, l díf mfbf `edoheioil.
 \bo `frbo il edmfrpfror boes mreoteveioil ç liumoëíf meldtâ`emo å o
mreoëíf
qul oedioildíf
prftýtepfs
lxestlb.il `emëíf
? Lb mlrtfmeldtâ`emo
mursf, fs ’ fu sljo,
ohudfs ilsldcor
ebokedorob uboprfiutfs
modlto
 prfjltfro
 prfjlt fro poro vlr `ehbls
`eh bls l bopos,
bopos , ubo ebprlssfro
ebpr lssfro =-I qul `ozeo nfhfs

 plrsfdoh ezoifs l ubo bïquedo

 plrsfdohezoifs bïque do il hovor pfrtïteh
pfrtï teh if tobodcf
tob odcf il ubo
vohesl.>  Fs ohudfs síf edmldtevoifs o odohesor fs prfnhlbos qul toh
tlmdfhfkeo rlsfhvlreo l o ebokedor qul dfvfs prfnhlbos lho mreoreo. Lsso å
futro bodlero il muhtevor sebuhtodlobldtl o coneheioil l o ebokedoëíf.
Mfbnedodif f oprldiezoif sfnrl os fnros lxestldtls mfb o hemldëo
mreotevo io nredmoilero ilslstruturoio, f possoif sl tfrdo ub prfpuhsfr io
ilsmfnlrto. Do mfrreio il rlvlzobldtf io mreoteveioil cubodo, fs
lstuiodtls têb o fpfrtudeioil il tfbor f nostíf l mfrrlr mfb lhl rubf of
`uturf.
 

B\HYEWHEMO^ FWËÜL]

Mfb bueto `rlquêdmeo, quodif pliebfs o dfssfs ohudfs ubo sfhuëíf

mreotevo, `emobfs sotes`letfs mfb ubo údemo rlspfsto. Bos, mfb ubo údemo
rlspfsto ’ pfr blhcfr qul sljo ’, ubo bldtl edvldtevo lstï opldos
mfblëodif o sl oqulmlr. O blhcfr prïtemo do soho il ouho å plier qul fs
lstuiodtls trokob díf ubo sfhuëíf mreotevo poro ub prfnhlbo, bos vïreos.
Klror búhtephos sfhuëüls lxekl trledf. ]ljo do hetlroturo, do meêdmeo fu
do prfkroboëíf, fs lstuiodtls dfrbohbldtl sl `lmcob mlif ilboes dubo
sý rlspfsto1 å prlmesf edmldtevf l prfvfmoëíf poro qul lhls sl hodmlb o
lxphfroëüls boes obphos. L lssl trledf prlmeso mfblëor mlif. F hevrf  Díf
å ubo moexo, il Odtfedlttl Wfrtes, ehustro f mfdmletf il buhtephemoëíf il
fpëüls poro jfvlds hletfrls. Ohkuåb plrkudto of prftokfdesto, ub mflhcf:
‘Wfr qul vfmê lstï sldtoif dubo moexo6‒ F mflhcf rlspfdil qul díf å
ubo moexo, å ub morrf il mfrreio. Bos lhl díf poro pfr oâ: o moexo å
tobnåb ubo bfdtodco, ub rfnù, ub rlnfmoifr, ub `fkultl, f mlstf io
kïvlo il ub dovef peroto, o mlsto il ub nohíf il or. Yfbodif o ilexo if
mflhcf, fs jfvlds ohudfs pfilb mreor suos vlrsüls prýpreos ilssl
 poroiekbo
 poroie kbo (‘díf
(‘d íf å ubo nfho‒,
nfh o‒, ‘díf å ubo
ub o `et
`eto‒
o‒ ltm.).
ltm.) .
Lssl sebphls lxlrmâmef ed`odteh `udmefdo nlb mfb lstuiodtls boes
vlhcfs. Wfr lxlbphf, df mobpf io ortl, os voreoëüls síf ub blef il
mfdteduor klrodif pfsseneheioils o porter il ubo blsbo `fdtl: lhos
mfdstetulb f trledf dlmlssïref poro ldtfrtor, qulnror l blsmhor. Fs
búsemfs il jozz lxenlb o buhtephemeioil il fpëüls moio vlz qul
ebprfvesob sfnrl ub tlbo. Dos ortls vesuoes, prlstor otldëíf
rlplteiobldtl of blsbf bftevf pfil prfpfrmefdor ubo robe`emoëíf ifs
rlsuhtoifs ’ if lxlrmâmef io boëí ç sårel il nodileros il Josplr Jfcds.
 

Yrês nodileros (?5<3)1 Nodilero (?50;, ebprlsso lb ?5;7)1 Nodilero

 nrodmo  (?507)1 Nodilero (Bfrotýreo) (?505)1 l Nodilero  (?5;>/?559), il
 Josplr Jfcds

Buhtephemor os fpëüls tobnåb ilsplrto fs lstuiodtls poro o ievlrseioil

doturoh qul lxestl df budif o suo vfhto. Yfblbfs mfbf lxlbphf f
lxplrebldtf ‘slbldtls veojodtls‒, prfpfstf plho ]fmelioil Oblremodo il
Nftîdemo.= Fs ohudfs lstuiob fs ievlrsfs blefs usoifs plho doturlzo poro
iesplrsor slbldtls: slbldtls il mfmf `hutuob ref onoexf1 slbldtls il
 noriodo kruiob df plhf
plh f il odeboes
odeb oes l ilpfes
il pfes molb1 slbldtls
slbldt ls il ildtl-il
il dtl-il--
 hlíf `hutuob lb poroqulios 1 slbldtls il nfrif l il `rlexf phodob plhf
or mfb bedúsmuhos
mfbpltlb osos.
lhonfrodif Df prfjltf
blefs dfvfs lioblhcfrls
]fmelioil
poroilslbldtls
Nftîdemo,bedúsmuhos
fs ohudfs
veojorlb ’ l ilpfes tlstob os eileos poro vlr quoes sl prfpokob blhcfr.
blhcfr.

Lssl lxlrmâmef å ub lxmlhldtl blef il ldtldilr f mfdmletf il slhlëíf

doturoh l slus ilso`efs. Lb vlz il vlr f budif mfbf ub mfdjudtf il
`otfs prllxestldtls o slrlb blbfrezoifs, fs lstuiodtls mreob dfvos
fpëüls if qul  pfilreo lxester. Lsso mopomeioil lstï df mlrdl if `uturf
edfvoifr: fhcor lb vfhto l prfiuzer dfvos sfhuëüls. Ilpfes il portemepor 
if lxlrmâmef ios slbldtls veojodtls, os mreodëos víf oprlmeor fs prfjltfs
io doturlzo iurodtl o veio tfio, pfrqul lhos blsbos tldtorob dfvos
mreoëüls.
Blsbf quodif o rlspfsto lstï iltlrbedoio, f ldsedf mreotevf edmldtevo
fs ohudfs o ldmfdtrorlb ie`lrldtls blefs il mclkor o lho. Lb ?50<, f
rldfboif `âsemf ^emcori @lydbod `fe edmubneif plho Mfbessíf il
Murrâmuhf if Lstoif io Mohe`ýrdeo il rlvesor hevrfs ieiïtemfs il
botlbïtemo (‘medmf bltrfs il lspoëf do lstodtl, >=7 quehfs il hevrfs!‒,
qulexfu-sl lhl lb slu rlhotýref). Mfdmhueu qul f båtfif bfilrdf il
ldsedor botlbïtemo, lb qul fs prf`lssfrls trledob fs lstuiodtls dub
údemf jletf il sfhumefdor moio prfnhlbo, lro edoilquoif. @lydbod
orkubldtfu qul fs lstuiodtls ilveob slr lstebuhoifs o prfmuror tfifs fs
blefs pfssâvles il mclkor ç sfhuëíf mfrrlto:

F qul qulrlbfs il dfssfs hevrfs il oretbåtemo díf å ldsedor ubo

bodlero lsplmâ`emo il trotor moio prfnhlbo, bos bfstror lb qul
mfdsestl f prfnhlbo frekedoh l ior buetf boes henlrioil do nusmo
io rlspfsto Q...R Ilvlbfs lhebedor f pldsobldtf râkeif Q...R
Ilvlbfs ilexor o bldtl lb henlrioil poro vokor do tldtotevo il
rlsfhvlr prfnhlbos Q...R F usuïref nlb-sumlieif io botlbïtemo å
 prote mobldtll ub edvldtfr
 protemobldt edvldt fr il dfvos bodleros
bodle ros il fntlr rlspfstos
rlspfst os
 poro setuoëüls
se tuoëüls iltlrbedoi os.9
iltlr bedoios.

\bo lstrotåkeo l`emoz poro edmldtevor o nusmo il ohtlrdotevos å suklrer 

qul fs lstuiodtls lxphfrlb ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos io mfhbleo. Mfbf ubo
lbprlso qul nusmo mfnrer tfif f lsplmtrf qul voe ios otuohezoëüls
 prfkrlssevos
 prfkrls sevos ç boes
boe s lxtrovokodtl
lxtro vokodtl plsqueso,
plsques o, fs ohudfs ilvlreob
ilvlre ob slr 
lstebuhoifs todtf o `emor plrtf io `fdtl quodtf o iestodmeor-sl ilho f
 bïxebf qul puilrlb. Essf ilsldvfhvl os coneheioils il qul lhls
 prlmes oríf poro rloker mfb `hlxeneh
 prlmesoríf `h lxeneheioil
eioil o torl`os
t orl`os mreotevos
mreo tevos df `utur
`uturf.
f.
F predmâpef if o`ostobldtf prfkrlssevf io `fdtl å ehustroif plhos sårels
il tfurfs il Wemossf l Hemctldstled. Fs ifes pedtfrls portlb il eboklds

rlohestos, bos moio ub voe dubo ierlëíf: Wemossf rliuz f mfrpf o suos
hedcos lssldmeoes1 Hemctldstled f onstroe, iodif-hcl `frbos klfbåtremos
mfhfreios. Of fhcor o eboklb `edoh il moio sårel, å ebprlssefdodtl
 plrmlnlr mfbf síf
sí f ie`lrldtls
ie`lr ldtls ldtrl
l dtrl se.
se .

]årels il tfurfs il Wemossf (?590) l Hemctldstled (?5;=)

O uteheioil il plrmfrrlr iestîdmeos ievlrsos pfil slr ehustroio pfr ub

 prfjltff il soho il ouho io \devlrseioil
 prfjlt \devlrse ioil ^eml. Fs ohudfs `frob
ldmorrlkoifs il nusmor o sfhuëíf poro ubo mresl il soúil púnhemo df
budif lb ilsldvfhvebldtf: tfif odf, mldtldos il behcorls il mreodëos
bfrrlb
frëobldtfiliespülb
ilseirotoëíf mousoio
if botlreoh pfr ieorrleo.
dlmlssïref poro o Os mhâdemos edtrovldfso,
rleirotoëíf mfb noexf
bos díf têb f lquepobldtf morf qul blil mfrrltobldtl os ifsls. Dfs
cfspetoes lb qul `ohtob rlmursfs poro bfdetfror il plrtf tfifs fs
 pomeldtls,
 pomeldt ls, fs nlnês mfrrlb f resmf
resm f il ubo suplr-ceirot
suplr- ceirotoëíf
oëíf `otoh
`otoh.. Woro
rlsfhvlr f prfnhlbo, ubo lquepl il lstuiodtls il kroiuoëíf io ^eml sl
 prfpùs o mfdstru
m fdstruer
er ubo nfhso il sfrf mujf kftljobldt
kftlj obldtff pfieo
pf ieo slr rlkuho
rlkuhoifif
il `frbo noroto blsbf lb hukorls mfb qulio il lhltremeioil.
Mfblëorob mfb eileos mfbuds, bos lb pfumf tlbpf sl o`ostorob io
 mfhbleo l omonorob mclkodif o ubo sfhuëíf edlsplroio: ubo rotflero. Df
iespfsetevf edvldtoif
ohovodmo, mfb pfrsfrf
o nfhso il lhls, f supfrtl
pldiuroio if hoif
il ub sfrf låubiftoif il ubo
mfdtroplsf if
futrf. F mhâdemf lstonlhlml o ifsoklb mfrrlto ojustodif f mfdtroplsf.

Osseb qul o ifsl mfrrlto å pedkoio, o ohovodmo ilsml l omefdo o rotflero,

qul sl `lmco l slho f tunf.
Woro tlstor f iespfsetevf, blbnrfs io lquepl veojorob of Hlsftf l of
Bohouâ, poâsls mfb ie`emuhioils poro f`lrlmlr otldiebldtf båiemf
oilquoif. Ilsmfnrerob qul fs prf`essefdoes il soúil lstovob odeboifs
mfb f iespfsetevf, bos tlbeob bomcumor fs ilifs do rotflero. Fs
lstuiodtls prfmurorob ldtíf ubo bodlero boes slkuro il slhor f tunf.
\sodif ubo ebprlssfro =-I, bfilhorob ubo tobpo il phïstemf l `ezlrob
lxplreêdmeos mfb botlreoh sfnrlssohldtl qul coveo df honfrotýref. Bos
doio `udmefdfu tíf nlb quodtf o rotflero. Ldtíf lhls pldsorob dub
sunstetutf bldfs plrekfsf: ubo bfho mfbprlssfro il oëf.
 Df Bohouâ,
Bohou â, fs ohudfs io ^eml ilsmfnrerob
ilsmfnr erob futro `ohco df ilsekd: poro
`udmefdor ierletf, o nfhso il sfrf tedco il lstor ?,< bltrf omebo io monlëo
if pomeldtl. F mfdtroplsf lstovo ç blsbo ohturo, l fs ld`lrblerfs tedcob
ie`emuhioil poro ohmodëï-hf. Iurodtl ubo slssíf il nroedstfrb, ub ifs
lstuiodtls prfpùs ieveier o ohovodmo lb ifes nroëfs slporoifs, mfb o
 nfhso il sfrf
sfr f df ohtf,
o htf, f mfdtroplsf
mfdt roplsf boes
boe s noexf
noe xf l ubo vorlto mfdlmtodif
mfdlmto dif fs
ifes nroëfs. Osseb `emfu `ïmeh rlkuhor fs plsfs.
Il vfhto of Bohouâ, fs lstuiodtls mfdiuzerob ubo plsqueso il mobpf:
mfdmhuârob qul, lb båieo, lrob dlmlssïrefs bldfs il vedtl bedutfs poro
oprldilr o usor f lquepobldtf l bldfs il ifes bedutfs poro suo
edstohoëíf, l qul lhl `udmefdovo mfb prlmesíf blsbf ilpfes il usoif
mldtldos il vlzls.< F lquepobldtf il kftljobldtf il sfrf lhltremobldtl
mfdtrfhoif musto behcorls il iýhorls moio1 f ifs lstuiodtls mustfu fetldto
iýhorls. Lxphfrodif ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos o porter io mfhbleo, lhls
rlsfhvlrob ub prfnhlbo oporldtlbldtl edsfhúvlh.
 

L]YEB\HO^ F ^E]MF M^EOYEPF

 Dub lxplrebldt
lxplre bldtff `obfsf,
`obf sf, o psemýhfko
psemýh fko Morfh Iwlma, il ]tod`fri,
]tod`fr i, ophemfu
ophem fu
ub tlstl il botlbïtemo o ub krupf il mreodëos. Of `eb if tlstl, bltoil
ios mreodëos `fe lhfkeoio plhf slu ilslbpldcf, ldquodtf o futro bltoil
`fe lhfkeoio plhf ls`frëf  qul iliemfu ç torl`o. Lb slkueio, Iwlma 
 plrkudtfu
 plrkudt fu o lhos sl qulreob
qulreo b `ozlr ub tlstl
tlst l ub pfumf boes
boe s ie`âmeh.
ie`â meh. Os qul
tedcob seif lhfkeoios plhf ls`frëf omletorob
omletor ob f ilso`ef, bos os qul tedcob
seif lhfkeoios plho dfto rlmusorob, pfes díf qulreob pùr suo rlputoëíf
lb jfkf. Iwlma mfdmhueu qul, of vohfrezor f rlsuhtoif, fs bldtfrls
edoivlrteiobldtl hebetob o tfboio il resmf ifs ohudfs. O heëíf: lhfkeor f
0
ls`frëf,
Woro díf f rlsuhtoif.
ilexor il `fmor lxmhusevobldtl df rlsuhtoif, fs lstuiodtls
 prlmesob
 prlmes ob tlr o fpfrtudeioil
fpfrtude ioil il soer ifs mobedcfs
mobe dcfs jï trehcoifs.
tre hcoifs. Df budif
ifs veilfkobls, ‘sodinfx‒ Qmoexo il orleoR å f tlrbf usoif poro
moromtlrezor jfkfs lb qul vfmê tlsto fpëüls l lxphfro rlmursfs, mfb
bldfs hebetoëüls l mfb pfsseneheioils boes obphos ’ toh `frbotf
mfdslkul slr ophemoif tobnåb o jfkfs boes hedlorls, il prfkrlssíf, lb
setuoëüls lb qul f jfkoifr  ldtro lb ub dâvlh dfvf l lxplrebldto tåmdemos
l lstrotåkeos odtls il mfblëor o jfkor poro vohlr. \bo onfrioklb ilstl
tepf pfil slr ophemoio o torl`os mreotevos: fs ohudfs síf mfdvfmoifs o
ebokedor vïreos fpëüls poro ohkubo mfeso mreotevo, bos díf rlmlnlb
dftos, sý mfbldtïrefs. Ilpfes, f lstuiodtl lsmfhcl suo fpëíf `ovfreto poro
ilsldvfhvlr o `udif. Essf díf sý edmldtevo fs lstuiodtls o buhtephemor 
fpëüls, mfbf tobnåb hcls iï fpfrtudeioil il ossuber resmfs slb
 pudeëíf.
Buetos vlzls, mfrrlr resmfs ebphemo odior do mfrio nobno il ub
 prfnhlboo slb o rlil il slkurodëo
 prfnhlb slkurodë o il ubo rlspfsto
rlspfst o mlrto.
mlrto . _uohqulr 
 prfnhlboo il sfhuëíf
 prfnhlb sfhuëí f onlrto
onlrt o edmldtevo
edmldt evo qul mfrrob resmfs:
resm fs: monl ofs
lstuiodtls ldmfdtror suo prýpreo sfhuëíf. Pljobfs f lxplrebldtf mhïssemf
io qulio if fvf. Os edstruëüls síf sebphls: prfjltor ub poroqulios poro
 ub fvf. Å ub prfnhlbo slb ubo hedco rlto lb ierlëíf of sumlssf. Fs
lstuiodtls prlmesob mfdseilror o hle io kroveioil l o rlsestêdmeo if or,
ohåb il ophemor predmâpefs il ldkldcoreo. Df ieo io ilbfdstroëíf, lhls
víf poro ub hukor ohtf l sfhtob suos mreoëüls. Dlb tfifs fs prfjltfs

 pfusob lb slkurodëo
slkurodë o do preblero
preb lero tldtotevo
tldto tevo,, l essf å ldmoroif mfbf portl
if lxlrmâmef. ]l ub fvf sl qulnro, f lstuiodtl rlspfdsïvlh pfr lhl ilvl
odohesor f qul omfdtlmlu: moeu rïpeif ilboes, díf lstovo ilveiobldtl
omfhmcfoif ltm. Ldtíf lhl oplr`leëfo f ilsekd l tldto il dfvf. F dúblrf
il tldtotevos ebpfrto
ebpfrt o bldfs if qul sl rlmuplror io ilmlpëíf l oplr`leëfor 
f prfjltf otå tlr sumlssf.
 Dlb tfif prfnhlbo
prfnhl bo ilvl slr trotoif
trot oif mfbf sl tevlssl
tevls sl ubo údemo
rlspfsto, l lsso heëíf pfil slr ehustroio `ozldif mfb qul fs lstuiodtls
mrelb, pfr lxlbphf, ubo ‘suplr`fdtl‒. Dos `obâheos tepfhýkemos mfbuds,
ohkubos hltros l dublroes síf tíf porlmeifs qul å ie`âmeh iestedkue-hfs,
 predmepohb
 predme pohbldtl
ldtl dub sbortpcfdl
sbor tpcfdl l do tlho if mfbputoifr
mfbput oifr.. Wfr lxlbphf,
lxlbph f, å
`ïmeh mfd`udier < l ], N l 3, k l q. F fnjltevf ios suplr`fdtls slreo
bfie`emor o `frbo ios hltros il bfif o boxebezor o ie`lrldëo vesuoh ldtrl
lhos. Lssl å ub prfjltf mreotevf slb sfhuëíf prfdto l qul pfil slr 
lxlmutoif otå pfr lstuiodtls il pfumo eioil.
Futro `frbo il edmldtevor f opltetl plhf resmf å trotor prfnhlbos rloes,
 poro fs quoes
quoe s oedio
oe dio díf `fe ldmfdtroio
ldmfdtr oio ubo
ub o rlspfsto
rl spfsto il`edetevo.
il`ede tevo. Df prfjltf
prfjl tf
‘Ebokedl Bors‒, io DO]O,
DO]O, fs lstuiodtls prlmesob mreor ub boduoh poro o
veio cubodo lb futrfs phodltos. Essf fs hlvo o iesslmor tfios os mfesos
qul plrbetlb o sfnrlvevêdmeo il ubo mfbudeioil oque do Ylrro:
bfroieos, mfbeio l ïkuo, fxekêdef, trodspfrtl, trotobldtf il hexf,
lbprlkfs, l osseb pfr ieodtl. Ilpfes, fs lstuiodtls ilvlb iltlrbedor f
qul slreo dlmlssïref poro trodsphodtor tuif essf poro o cfsteh poesoklb
bormeodo. Mfbf vobfs rlsperor6 F qul vobfs `ozlr mfb f hexf6 Fdil
vobfs dfs lxlrmetor6 \sodif botlreoes mfbf mfpfs, nfhedcos il ohkfiíf,
 plëos il Hlkf l hebpoifrls
heb poifrls il momcebnf,
momceb nf, fs lstuiodtls
lstuio dtls prfjltob
prfjlt ob suo
 prýpreoo mfbudeioil.
 prýpre mfbude ioil. Lxlrmâmefs
Lxlrmâm efs mfbf lssl `ozlb fs lstuiodtls
lstuio dtls pldsorlb
pldsorl b
o rlspletf io meêdmeo boes ovodëoio (o DO]O prltldil mclkor o Bortl lb
 pfumos iåmoios)
iåmo ios) l plrbet
plr betlb
lb qul lhls
lh ls lxplrebldt
lxplre bldtlb
lb fs resmfs
re smfs edlrldt
e dlrldtls
ls ofs
 prfnhlbos
 prfnhlb os díf rlsfhveifs
rls fhveifs..
Woro prfiuzer ubo sfmelioil prýsplro il oiuhtfs mreotevfs, å lssldmeoh
lstebuhor lstuiodtls qul tfhlrob resmfs l díf têb blif il ior o rlspfsto
lrroio. Lb vlz il `ozlr dfssos mreodëos edvlsterlb tfif f slu mopetoh
 edtlhlmtuoh dos oëüls il lbprlsos mfdsfheioios, ubo posto bldtoh il
sumlssf ilvl ievlrse`emor l edmhuer edvlstebldtfs boes lsplmuhotevfs.

MFBW^FBLYL^ L ED]WE^O^ 

\bo bftevoëíf `frtl tohvlz sljo f osplmtf boes sunlsteboif io liumoëíf:

lho pfil slr o ie`lrldëo ldtrl rlsuhtoifs edsekde`emodtls l rlsuhtoifs
lxtrofriedïrefs. Bftevor fs ohudfs o iorlb f blhcfr il se å ub ifs
ilso`efs ieïrefs if liumoifr. O sfhuëíf: ohovodmor fs bftevoifrls
`udiobldtoes.
 

 @OZL^
 @OZL^ Y
Y^ONOH
^ONOHCF]
CF] ]]EKDE@EMOYEPF] 
EKDE@EMOYEPF] 

Ior ofs lstuiodtls o mcodml il rlsfhvlr prfnhlbos rloes å ub blef

edsperoifr il edmldtevor o mreoteveioil. Lb krodil portl if budif lb
ilsldvfhvebldtf, prfnhlbos rlsperotýrefs síf mouso mfbub il
bfrtoheioil ed`odteh. Lxestlb oporlhcfs il vldtehoëíf, bos å ie`âmeh bodtlr 
fs tunfs hekoifs of nlnê mfb `erblzo quodif lhl sl bfvebldto. Lssl
 prfnhlboo `fe oprlsldtoif
 prfnhlb oprlsldt oif mfbf ilso`ef
ilso`e f o >? lquepls il lstuiodtls
lstuiod tls il
ldsedf båief il Cfustfd. Fs lstuiodtls tronohcorob pfr ltopos: preblerf,
 plsquesorob
 plsques orob f ossudtf
o ssudtf ’ dlstl
dls tl mosf,
mos f, os mousos l f ohmodml io
i o edsu`emeêd
edsu` emeêdmeo
meo
rlsperotýreo ed`odteh. Ilpfes, lxphfrorob os sfhuëüls lxestldtls. Ovoheodif

`otfrls mfbflhls
bodutldëíf, mustf, slkurodëo,
`ezlrob iuroneheioil,
ub nroedstfrb `omeheioil
  poro mclkor o suos il prýpreos
usf l
sfhuëüls. Moio lquepl lhonfrfu il três o medmf fpëüls. Wfr `eb, lhls
mfdstruârob l tlstorob prftýtepfs `letfs o porter il botlreoes moslerfs.
F ilsekd vldmlifr lro ldkldcfsobldtl sebphls: fs tunfs rlsperotýrefs
 possovob pfr nuromfs
nurom fs do tfumo if
i f nlnê. Woro essf,
e ssf, sý lro pprlmes
rlmesff `ozlr ifes
i fes
mfrtls df tlmeif. _uodif o lquepl `lz tlstls mfbporotevfs,
mfb porotevfs, ilsmfnreu qul o
‘tfumo rlsperotýreo‒ tedco ub ilslbpldcf blhcfr qul fs båtfifs
lxestldtls ’ l díf mustovo protemobldtl doio. Yfif f dlmlssïref poro
sohvor veios lro ubo tfumo il nlnê mfbub l ubo tlsfuro. \b prfnhlbo
il kldtl krodil coveo seif rlsfhveif pfr oifhlsmldtls.
@ozlr ub tronohcf sekde`emotevf ojuio fs lstuiodtls o sl ojuiorlb. Cï
 pfumfs odfs, o orquetlto
orquet lto l ilsekdlr
ilsekdl r Lbehy
Lbeh y Wehhftfd
Wehh ftfd mfblëfu o tronohcor 
tronoh cor 
mfb ohudfs if fetovf odf dubo lsmfho outùdfbo il Nlralhly, Mohe`ýrdeo,
do quoh f edkhês å o slkudio hâdkuo poro o boefreo ifs ohudfs. Ilrob o
Wehhftfd ubo soho vozeo, l lho plrkudtfu ofs ohudfs f qul qulreob `ozlr 
ohe. F mfdsldsf: `ohtovo ubo nenheftlmo do lsmfho, l fs lstuiodtls qulreob
tlr ubo.
Wehhftfd hlvfu o turbo poro ubo veseto il mobpf ç nenheftlmo púnhemo
hfmoh, ilu ofs ohudfs ubo phodto noexo io soho l plrkudtfu mfbf qulreob
 qul `fssl suo nenheftlmo. ]lkuerob-sl iesmussüls omohfroios, qul hlvorob
o futro plrkudto: mfbf mclkor o ub phodf veïvlh o porter ios eileos
edieveiuoes il ub odf lsmfhor edtlerf6 Woro boxebezor o `hlxeneheioil, fs
lstuiodtls ilsldcorob ub demcf il lstodtl qul pfieo slr usoif il buetos

bodleros. Mfb mfbpldsoif l poplhíf, lhls tlstorob ilsifnrobldtfs

ilsso eileo iurodtl slbodos, l `edohbldtl mclkorob o ubo sfhuëíf
sebphls: ubo `frbo il mruz. Mfdstruârob ilzldos ilssos lstodtls il
mfbpldsoif.
_uodif bldfs sl lsplrovo, os lstodtls lstovob tfios opfeoios sfnrl
ub ifs hoifs, mreodif ubo pehco il Ss. Fs lstuiodtls mfblëorob o
ebokedor: f qul omfdtlmlreo sl os lstodtls `emosslb lb ub îdkuhf il 9<
krous6 Pfmê slreo `frëoif o edtlroker mfb hevrfs qul díf lstovo nusmodif.
]l f hevrf ilsljoif lstevlssl lbnoexf il ubo pehco, slreo prlmesf rlbfvlr 
tfifs fs futrfs, osseb mfbf slreo dlmlssïref edmhedor
e dmhedor o monlëo poro ub ifs
hoifs quodif `fssl hlr fs tâtuhfs. \b ifs lstuiodtls mfbldtfu qul lb
ïhklnro f S rlprlsldto o voreïvlh ilsmfdclmeio, l o nenheftlmo å f hukor 
fdil sl ilsmfnrl f qul díf sl mfdclml. O nenheftlmo ilhls pfilreo slr f
Lspoëf S.

 Ohudo mfdstrýe ubo lstodtl poro f Lspoëf S do Lsmfho

Lsmfho Outùdfbo ^L
^LOHB 
OHB 

Lstovo ilmeieif. Of hfdkf ios slbodos slkuedtls, fs lstuiodtls

mfnrerob o porlil predmepoh io nenheftlmo mfb lstodtls lb S. \sorob
 krupfs il Ss poro mfhlëüls lsplmâ`emos (mfbf il cestýreos lb quoiredcfs)
lsoho,
mclkorob
mfbf oub
`ozlr blsosomfb
mfdvetl o nosl
futros lb S. Ilexorob
rlbfilhoëüls ’ l Ss
pfrlspohcoifs plhof
mouso iessf

Lspoëf S dudmo lstï ekuoh. Fs lstuiodtls coveob mfdstruâif slu prýpref

lspoëf poro ilsmfnlrto l lxphfroëíf.
 

YL^ \BO WHOYLEO

Å dfetl il shob il pflseo dubo mo`ltlreo il Mosthl ^fma, df Mfhfroif.

Bos díf síf oiuhtfs qul sfnlb of pohmf: fs pfltos síf ohudfs if slxtf
odf il ubo lsmfho hfmoh.; Lhls `frob ldmorrlkoifs il lsmrlvlr ub pflbo
sfnrl ubo qulstíf sfmeoh l oprlsldtï-hf punhemobldtl. \b opýs f futrf,
fs lstuiodtls sl oprlsldtob, mfb pflbos qul mfnrlb tfif f lsplmtrf io
veio oifhlsmldtl. \bo ios mreodëos, il ifzl odfs, hê ub pflbo sfnrl suo
bíl:

Bedco jfrdoio df odf possoif `fe iuro.

Lho `emfu `fro iurodtl

Buetf tlbpf.

Nlneio, troeëíf, popåes if ievýrmef, iedclerf.

Q...R Omcle qul tedco plrieif o plssfo boes ebpfrtodtl io bedco

veio,

dedkuåb
tuif. poro bl kueor, dedkuåb poro mfdvlrsor mfbekf sfnrl

Bedco blhcfr obeko.

Oedio osseb sfrref.

O kroil murremuhor io lsmfho `fe bfdtoio slkudif f bfilhf ‘vfhtoif

 poro `fro‒, lb qul fs ohudfs oprldilb o trodsetor
trods etor plhf budif
 ovldturodif-sl poro ohåb io soho il ouho. Dub tronohcf rlmldtl, ohudfs il
quortf odf `ezlrob
rlslrvotýrefs ub ifmubldtïref
if lstoif edudiodif ub sfnrl o prfpfsto
pfpuhor il lxpodier
rl`úkef fs
il odeboes
slhvoklds. Fs lstuiodtls odohesorob fs ifes hoifs io qulstíf, edvlstekodif

f qul slreo boes ebpfrtodtl: f prfkrlssf cubodf fu o prftlëíf ifs slrls

qul jï veveob ohe6 F ifmubldtïref `fe lxeneif dub medlbo io meioil. Lb
futrf prfjltf, o lsmfho mfdveio eifsfs poro f `lstevoh
`lste voh oduoh Peio
Peio å Ortl, lb
qul plhf bldfs ubo fnro il ortl il moio ohudf å lxeneio.
Lstrotåkeos sebehorls síf pfstos lb prïtemo lb mrlmcls l lsmfhos
 prebïreo
 preb ïreoss prfkrlssest
prfkrls sestos,
os, mfbf o [ohifr` l o ^lkkef Lbeheo,
Lbeh eo, lb qul o
`ehfsf`eo liumotevo sl nosleo lb edmldtevor o mreodëo o lxphfror fs prýprefs
edtlrlssls pfr blef io oteveioil mreotevo. Å rlkro dlssos lsmfhos lxener fs
tronohcfs ifs ohudfs dos porlils. Mfbf blef il lxpodier f púnhemf ifs
lstuiodtls, ohkubos lsmfhos prebïreos `ozlb pormlreos l prfbfvlb
lvldtfs ’ pfr lxlbphf, frkodezodif hleturos il pflseo l `emëíf pfr 
veilfmfd`lrêdmeo fu bfdtodif lxpfseëüls mfdjudtos. Os edstetueëüls
muhturoes io sfmelioil meveh pfilb ilslbpldcor ub poplh ebpfrtodtl of
f`lrlmlr ub `ýrub boes obphf poro f tronohcf ifs ohudfs: buetfs buslus
l olrfpfrtfs lxenlb rlkuhorbldtl bfstros il ortl lstuiodteh, mfdtrenuedif
 poro edmldtevor
edmldt evor os bldtls
bldtl s jfvlds. O edtlrdlt
edtlr dlt mrefu ubo photo`frb
photo `frboo oedio
boes obpho. F setl lvlryortest.bl plrbetl qul fs lstuiodtls mfbportehclb
slus tronohcfs fd-hedl. ^lmldtlbldtl, iurodtl slu ieo domefdoh io ortl, f
setl notlu f rlmfril budieoh il fnros il ortl mreoios lb ub sý ieo: >=7
beh. Df mobpf io tlmdfhfkeo, f Blieo Hon if BEY tlb ub setl lb qul
behcüls il lstuiodtls bfstrob prfjltfs mreoifs mfb f sf`tworl liumotevf
]mrotmc.
 

KODCO^ \B W^ÊBEF

F budif ilsldvfhveif lstï vevldif ubo lpeilbeo il fnlseioil, l

 portl if prfnhlbo
prfnhlb o sl ilvl ç ie`emuhioil
ie`e muhioil il `ozlr os plssfos sl
lxlrmetorlb. Mfbf vfmê rlsfhvlreo lsso qulstíf6 Lssl `fe f ilso`ef
 prfpfstff o sltl ohudfs il ubo lsmfho prebïreo
 prfpfst preb ïreo nretîdemo,
nret îdemo, edmldtevoif
edmldt evoif pfr 
ubo mfbplteëíf oduoh io ^ospnlrry We @fudiotefd, qul prfbfvl f lstuif
il meêdmeo io mfbputoëíf dos lsmfhos. O lquepl lsmfhclu mfdstruer ub
momcfrrf-rfnù, f quoh mfdseilrorob qul slreo ubo mfbpodceo ievlrteio
 poro f lxlrmâmef.
lxlrmâ mef. @ozldif ub nroedstfrb, lhls pldsorob lb edstohor ub
rostrloifr poro blier o iestîdmeo plrmfrreio df trledf, ub aet il preblerfs
sfmfrrfsmoâif,
tldcob poro mosf il omeildtl,
ohtf-`ohodtls poro ubtfmor`orljoifr
búsemo poro ldmfdtror
l huzls fnjltfs
poro slrver qul
il kueo
df lsmurf. Wfr `eb, fs lstuiodtls ilmeierob `ozlr mfb qul f momcfrrf
hotessl pohovros il edmldtevf
edmldte vf of ifdf iurodtl
iurodtl f lxlrmâmef.
\sodif ub mfbputoifr ^ospnlrry We if tobodcf il ub mortíf il
mråietf, fs lstuiodtls mfdstruârob f momcfrrf-rfnù il poplh bomcê,
bfdtorob f mermuetf, `ezlrob o prfkroboëíf l krovorob o vfz if míf. Do
`edoh if mfdmursf, f @etIfk kodcfu f prêbef.
Mfbplteëüls slrvlb mfbf nfds bftevoifrls, f`lrlmldif
rlmfdclmebldtf l rlmfbpldso botlreoh. O mfbplteëíf ^ospnlrry We
odebfu ilzldos il krupfs o portemepor, rlsuhtodif lb prfjltfs mreotevfs
qul víf ilsil ub iespldslr outfbïtemf il bliemobldtf mfd`frbl o
 prlsmreëíf
 prlsmr eëíf otå ub sf`tworl qul plrbetl
plrbe tl qul plssfos il`em
il`emeldtl
eldtlss fplrlb f
mursfr il ub mfbputoifr mfb f fhcor. fhcor.
Futro mfbplteëíf buetf mfdclmeio å o Fiyssly f` tcl Bedi, ub
 prfkroboo lxtromurre
 prfkrob lxtro murremuhor
muhor edtlrdomef
edtl rdomefdoh
doh lb qul lquepls il lstuiodtls
lstuiodt ls
rlsfhvlb prfnhlbos mreotevfs. Lhls síf rlspfdsïvles pfr `ozlr tuif
sfzedcfs, ldquodtf fs poes freldtoifrls síf outfrezoifs opldos o
suplrvesefdor l o `frdlmlr botlreoh. Os rludeüls slbodoes il moio lquepl
 muhbedob dub tfrdlef hfmoh, l os lquepls vldmlifros víf poro os `edoes
domefdoes. F sumlssf iuroifurf il prfkrobos mfbf ^ospnlrry We l
Fiyssly f` tcl Bedi å prfvo if pfilrfsf lstâbuhf rlprlsldtoif plhos
mfbplteëüls: lhos edsperob o tronohcor dub prfnhlbo lb ohtf dâvlh, l o
 prfblsso
 prfbls so il ub prêbef
pr êbef bodtåb
b odtåb f ldtuseosbf
ldtuse osbf l f mfbprfb
m fbprfbessf.
essf.

***

_uodtf boes os mreodëos mreob do soho il ouho, boes sl vllb mfbf

mreoifros ilkodco
soho il ouho slu prýpref budif.fsLssl
veio quodif å f fnjltevf
prlmlildtls if ldsedf mreotevf.
síf oprlsldtoifs díf mfbfO
rlspfsto, bos mfbf ub trobpfheb. @oëo mfb qul slus ohudfs
buhtephequlb fpëüls lb vlz il mclkorlb o ubo sfhuëíf údemo. Lstebuhl-
fs o mfrrlr resmfs lb vlz il lsmfhclr f mobedcf slkurf. Bftevl l
edmldtevl slus ohudfs, sljo il ildtrf poro `fro (ilso`efs sekde`emotevfs),
sljo il `fro poro ildtrf (photleo
(ph otleo l rlmfbpldsos). \bo kroil murremuhor qul
lstebuhl f pldsobldtf mreotevf trods`frbo dfssfs jfvlds díf lb blrfs
turestos io ebokedoëíf, bos lb kueos.
 

O DLML]]EIOIL IL ^LKO^ O] ]LBL

]LBLDYL]
DYL]

Wlrtf if `eb io Kulrro Meveh oblremodo, ub krupf il cfblds orboifs

edvoieu ubo `ozldio df Bessfure, slqulstrfu ifes lsmrovfs ’ ubo
buhclr l slu `ehcf plquldf ’ l plieu rlskotl pfr lhls. Fs ifdfs io
`ozldio trfmorob ub movohf il mfrreio mobplíf plhf bldedf, bos fs
slqulstroifrls jï tedcob vldieif o bíl poro futro plssfo l dudmo boes sl
sfunl ilho. F bldedf slqulstroif `fe ilvfhveif o slus ifdfs krovlbldtl
ifldtl, mfb mfqulhumcl. Lhl sl murfu, bos, mfbf rlhotfu boes toril, suo
ed`îdmeo `fe ‘ubo kulrro plrbodldtl ldtrl o veio l o bfrtl poro vlr qulb
soereo vldmlifr‒. Mfbf lro mfstubl, f bldedf oiftfu f sfnrldfbl ifs
ifdfs io `ozldio,
[oscedktfd Morvlr ’ Bfsls
boesltoril
]usod Morvlr.
usoreo Lssl bldedf
o mreoteveioil poro ’ Klfrklf
il`ldilr
muhtevf if obldifeb ieodtl if Mfdkrlssf mfbf f mobedcf poro o
 prfsplreioil
 prfsplr eioil ifs okremuh
o kremuhtfrls
tfrls..
Il fdil vêb fs edfvoifrls6 Il tfifs fs hukorls pfssâvles. Osseb
mfbf å ebpfssâvlh prlvlr quoh slrï o prýxebo eileo, å ebpfssâvlh sonlr il
qul modtf if budif lho verï. Fs tohldtfs edotfs díf fmfrrlb lb boefr 
dúblrf lb mlrtos mfbudeioils. Medquldto odfs il tlstls sfnrl o
mreoteveioil díf ldmfdtrorob ie`lrldëo dfs rlsuhtoifs il mreodëos
lmfdfbemobldtl ils`ovfrlmeios fu plrtldmldtls o bedfreos: lhos
oprlsldtob f blsbf lsplmtrf il coneheioils mreotevos qul os mreodëos
boes remos.3
Bos ldmclbfs mlrtos mreodëos il otldëíf, mfb ouhos il búsemo l
vesetos of buslu il meêdmeos, ldquodtf futros síf ekdfroios. F omlssf o
ub ldsedf mreotevf
mreot evf díf ilvl ilpldilr if ldilrlëf il moio ub. Å lsslssldmeoh
ldmeoh
qul sl rlkulb os slbldtls il tfios os rlkeüls.
Pljobfs o meioil il Dïpfhls df såmuhf SPE. ]l vfmê `fssl ub bldedf
ýr`íf fu dlmlssetoif, pfilreo er poror dub ifs fr`odotfs bodteifs plho
Ekrljo. Fs lstonlhlmebldtfs rlhekefsfs il Dïpfhls ossubeob o
 rlspfdsoneheioil il ldsedor ub f`âmef rldtïvlh çs mreodëos sfn slus
mueioifs. Cfjl lb ieo, lssl f`âmef pfilreo slr prfkroboëíf il
mfbputoifrls. Doqulho åpfmo, lro o ebprfvesoëíf busemoh: coveo todto
ilbodio il búsemo qul ub edtårprltl cïneh pfilreo kodcor ub nfb
iedclerf dos mosos il ýplro l motliroes io meioil, ohåb il lxlmutor f

`udif busemoh poro fs lvldtfs sfmeoes io dfnrlzo. (O pohovro

‘mfdslrvotýref‒ qul usobfs cfjl poro ilsekdor ubo lsmfho il búsemo tlb
freklb df etoheodf mfdslrvotfre , ‘fr`odotf‒.) Fs ohudfs oprldieob o
ebprfvesor usodif boduoes il  portebldte , trlmcfs nrlvls qul iovob o
 nosl poro ubo oprlsldtoëíf
oprlsld toëíf lspfdtîdlo.
lspfdtîd lo. Mfbphlbldtodif
Mfbphlb ldtodif l rludedif
rlude dif
lssls trlmcfs lb mfbnedoëüls `hlxâvles, fs lstuiodtls if mfdslrvotýref
oprldieob, pfr blef io prïtemo suplrvesefdoio, o mfbpfr suos prýpreos
ebprfvesoëüls.
Fs mfdslrvotýrefs il Dïpfhls tevlrob todtf êxetf qul lb pfumf tlbpf
mfblëorob o omletor ohudfs pokodtls il tfio o Lurfpo. Blsbf osseb,
dudmo ilexorob il otldilr fs bldfs `ovfrlmeifs. Otå f `eb if såmuhf
SPEEE, buetfs ifs kroiuoifs boes tohldtfsfs tedcob freklb cubehil.
\bo ios mreodëos, pfr lxlbphf, vedco o slr f `ehcf il ub plirlerf qul
bfrrlu of moer il ubo ekrljo qul lstovo mfdstruedif. Lsso mreodëo,
Ifbldemf Meborfso, boes toril sl tfrdfu búsemf io mfrtl il Motoredo, o
^ússeo, l il Jfså EE, io Ïustreo.5
Krodil, io ^ússeo,
F liumoifr Nldjobed Nhffb o`erbfu: ‘Ilpfes il quorldto odfs il
edtldso plsqueso dfs Lstoifs \deifs l df lstrodklerf, bedco mfdmhusíf
 predmepoh
 predme poh å: oquehf qul ubo plssfo df budif mfdslkul oprldilr oprldilr,, quosl
tfios os plssfos pfilb oprldilr, ilsil qul  tldcob seif l mfdtedulb
sldif `frdlmeios os mfdieëüls oilquoios poro f oprldiezoif.‒?7
Bos, iurodtl o boefr portl io cestýreo cubodo, f lxlbphf il Dïpfhls
`fe lxmlëíf, díf o rlkro. F ilsplriâmef il mopetoh mreotevf plho
cubodeioil díf sl hebeto ç freklb sfmeoh il moio ub. O cestýreo io dfsso
mevehezoëíf tobnåb å bojfretoreobldtl bormoio plho qulstíf il kêdlrf,
qul ebplieu boes io bltoil
blt oil io pfpuhoëíf il rlmlnlr liumoëíf
liumoëíf l `frboëíf
 prf`essefdo
 prf`e ssefdohh ’ setuoëíf
set uoëíf qul plrsestl,
plrse stl, oedio cfjl, lb buetfs
buet fs hukorls
hukorl s if
budif. O bldedo-prfiâkef Déddlrh Bfzort `lz turdês plho Lurfpo mfb
slu erbíf boes
b oes dfvf, [fh`kodk,
[fh`kodk, l buetos vlzls lro o otroëíf
otr oëíf predmepoh. Df
ldtodtf, quodif otedkeu o eioil il sl mosor, slus poes edtlrrfbplrob suo
morrlero. O botlbïtemo Oio Hfvlhoml iessebuhfu slu kêdlrf usodif ub
 psluiùdebff quodif `frbuhfu
 psluiùdeb `frb uhfu fs predmâpefs
predmâ pefs io prfkroboëíf
prfkrob oëíf il
 mfbputoifrls. ]uos eileos botlbïtemos lstovob tíf ohåb il slu tlbpf
qul slus porls díf mfdslkueob ldtldiê-hos. Boes il ub såmuhf ilpfes,
slus bfilhfs il mfbputoifr `frob rledvldtoifs pfr slus mfhlkos if slxf
bosmuhedf.

]ltldto odfs ilpfes if surkebldtf il Cfhhywffi, ]cerhly [ohalr 

tfrdfu-sl o preblero buhclr o mfbpfr l rlklr o trehco busemoh il ub
krodil hodëobldtf. Lho mfdteduo sldif ubo lxmlëíf: ifs quedcldtfs
`ehbls il boefr nehcltlreo dfs Lstoifs \deifs lb tfifs fs tlbpfs, sý
ifzl tevlrob suos trehcos sfdfros lsmretos pfr buhclrls.??   Lb ?50=,
ohkuåb plrkudtfu ç odtrfpýhfko sfmeoh Borkorlt Bloi sfnrl os ie`lrldëos
ldtrl o mreoteveioil bosmuhedo l o `lbededo. ]uo rlspfsto mfdteduo
rlhlvodtl:

 Dfs poâsls if nhfmf freldtoh,

freldt oh, fdil sl lsplro qul os buhclrls
buhcl rls
ilslbpldclb popåes lquevohldtls ofs ifs cfblds dos meêdmeos,
ub krodil dúblrf il buhclrls ilbfdstrfu ubo mopomeioil
odtlrefrbldtl ilsmfdclmeio. Mfrrlbfs ub ldfrbl resmf il
ilsplrieëor bltoil ifs ifds cubodfs of `lmcor ornetroreobldtl
quohqulr mobpf o ub ifs slxfs fu of puder os buhclrls qul
tldtob usor mreotevobldtl slus ifds.?>

Borkedohezodif ubo krodil pormlho io cubodeioil, lstobfs

ilsplrieëodif ub ldfrbl mopetoh mreotevf. Å ebpfssâvlh sonlr quoes
ilsmfnlrtos plrilbfs, qul eileos dfs lsmoporob fu quoes prfnhlbos
mfdteduob slb sfhuëíf do blieio lb qul ilsvohfrezobfs o mreoteveioil
edoto il todto kldtl. Bos f mïhmuhf å sebphls: quodtf boes slbldtls
 phodtorbfs
 phodto rbfs l rlkorbfs,
rlkorb fs, boes
boe s kldlrfso
kldlrfs o slrï o mfhclet
mfh cletoo io ebokedoëíf.
ebo kedoëíf.
 

WF^ _\L O MEÊDMEO W^LME]O IO O^YL

O mreoteveioil å f mfbnustâvlh poro f prfkrlssf edmlssodtl il dfsso

lspåmel, lbnfro sý ubo plquldo pormlho io pfpuhoëíf tldco o
fpfrtudeioil il ilsldvfhvlr phldobldtl suos mopomeioils ebokedotevos.
Lb dldcubo ïrlo essf `emo boes dâteif qul dos ortls. Dos edstetueëüls il
ldsedf il lhetl fs ohudfs têb ouhos il búsemo,
b úsemo, iodëo, ortls vesuoes l tlotrf,
bos dfs noerrfs boes pfnrls o liumoëíf ortâstemo lb klroh å mfdseilroio
ub ilsplriâmef il rlmursfs. \bo plsqueso `leto lb >7?? plho Iftoëíf
Oblremodo poro os Ortls plrkudtfu o jfvlds rlmåb-`frboifs sl tedcob
rlmlneif ohkubo  liumoëíf lb ortls iurodtl o veio lsmfhor. Yrês quortfs
?=
ifsWoro
lstuiodtls plrtldmldtls
sl tfrdorlb o bedfreos
pldsoifros iesslrob
edvldtevos, qul díf.
os bldtls jfvlds prlmesob ios
ortls. Essf pfrqul os ortls, ilveif o suo veseneheioil, síf f blef boes
omlssâvlh poro ldsedor os `lrrobldtos nïsemos io edfvoëíf. O
bedeoturezoëíf vesto dubo lsmuhturo il Keomfbltte rlsuhto io blsbo
lstrotåkeo lbprlkoio pfr Liwed Hodi lb suo sfhuëíf poro f nrehcf
f`usmodtl df poro-nreso1 o qulnro io mfdtedueioil vesuoh do pedturo munesto
il Wemossf ldmfdtro porohlhf dos tfrrls il tlhl`fdls m
tlhl`fdls mlhuhorls1
lhuhorls1 o blsmho df
mlrvf `lreif il @reio Aochf (mfb o monlëo ilho hekoio o ub mfrpf il
odeboh) tobnåb sl vê dos monros-orodcos kldltemobldtl bfie`emoios.
Moio
ortls osplmtf
’ lhos io bldtoheioil
síf ub mreotevo pfil
mobpf il trledobldtf slr ldsedoif
lb ldtfrtor, pfr lblef
qulnror ios.
blsmhor.
blsmhor
Bos, quodif os vlrnos lstíf oplrtoios, fs ierltfrls il lsmfhos tldilb o
`ozlr ub `ref mïhmuhf lmfdùbemf: mfbf díf lstobfs vevldif lb Dïpfhls
df såmuhf SPE, f lstuif ios ortls díf voe hlvor o lbprlkfs nlb
rlbudlroifs.
Lxestlb, mfdtuif, nfos rozüls plhos quoes o liumoëíf ortâstemo `oz
sldteif df osplmtf lmfdùbemf, blsbf lb lsmfhos vfhtoios poro os
meêdmeos. _uodif fs morrfs `frob edvldtoifs, ilspldilu-sl bueto
 ldkldcfseioil poro `ozê-hfs `udmefdor ’ bos díf poro tfrdï-hfs
mfd`frtïvles. Df ldtodtf, mfd`frbl moio vlz boes kldtl mfbprovo ub, o
ldkldcoreo jï díf nostovo: ub morrf il sumlssf tobnåb prlmesovo il ub
ilsekd lhlkodtl. Cfjl lb ieo, f lstehf ifs poedåes, ossldtfs l `orýes síf

 pfdtfs il vldio tíf ebpfrtodtl

ebpfr todtlss quodtf f qul lstï pfr ildtrf io
morrfmlreo.
Fs tlhl`fdls mlhuhorls tevlrob ubo trojltýreo porlmeio. Il edâmef,
 pfumos plssfos fs tedcob.
tedco b. O edtlr`oml
edtlr `oml mfb f usuïref
usuïre f lro tfsmo, bos f
`frbotf il tejfhf lro tfhlrïvlh ieodtl io doturlzo rlvfhumefdïreo io
tlmdfhfkeo. Cfjl lb ieo, df ldtodtf, nehcüls il plssfos mclmob slus
mlhuhorls mldtldos il vlzls pfr ieo. Mfb lsso blkonosl il usuïrefs, ubo
edtlr`oml rueb mfdildo f prfiutf. Å pfr essf qul lbprlsos mfbf Opphl,
 Dfaeo, Kffkhl l futros kostob nehcüls
nehcül s il iýhorls lb nusmo il bfilhfs
bfilh fs
otroldtls, lhlkodtls, `ïmles l bfilrdfs.
F liumoifr Jfcd Bolio o`erbo qul, quodtf boes ubo bïquedo sl
edtlkro o dfsso veio ieïreo, boes prlmeso slr lstehfso, díf nosto slr 
`udmefdoh.?9   Wrlmesobfs qul dfssfs oporlhcfs sljob ortâstemfs ohåb il
útles, if mfdtrïref díf fs usobfs. \b dúblrf moio vlz boefr il
lbprlsos lstï rlmfdclmldif o dlmlsseioil il mreor edtlr`omls boes nlb-
omonoios. Df `eb il >7?<, f  Dlw Ufra Yebls  dftemefu qul o ENB lstovo
mfdtrotodif ?,< beh ilsldcestos ediustreoes, ub lxårmetf il ortestos, mfb f
údemf fnjltevf il prfjltor bïquedos boes otroldtls.?<
@frbo l `udëíf sl udlb plho hekoëíf ldtrl ortl l tlmdfhfkeo. Wfumfs
odfs otrïs, o prf`lssfro il ldkldcoreo ^fned Burpcy, io \devlrseioil
Ylxos O&B, ilsmfnreu qul fs slrls cubodfs tedcob ie`emuhioil il
edtlroker mfb fs rfnùs lb slu honfrotýref. ‘Fs rfnùs díf `ozlb mfdtotf
vesuoh. ]lu tfb dudmo buio. _uod
_uodifif sl oprfxebob ios plssfos, mfblëob
o vefhor slu lspoëf plssfoh.‒?0   Woro ohkuåb mfd`eor dub rfnù qul `fssl
sohvï-hf il ub morrf mopftoif fu il ub lie`âmef
lie` âmef lb mcobos, díf nosto qul
f rfnù sljo blmodemobldtl cïneh: lhl tobnåb prlmeso lxprlssor 
 prlfmupoëíf
 prlfmupoë íf l o`ltf. Ldtíf Burpcy ilmeieu
ilmeie u sl vfhtor
vfhto r poro f tlotrf
tlot rf mfbf
ub honfrotýref il sldtebldtfs cubodfs. Yronohcodif mfb o prf`lssfro il
ortls irobïtemos Oby Kulred, lhos edmfrpfrorob rfnùs vfoifrls o ubo
bfdtoklb il ]fdcf il ubo dfetl il vlríf, il ]coalsplorl. O plëo å
obneldtoio dubo `hfrlsto conetoio pfr `oios, l fs rfnùs edtlrprltorob fs
ouxeheorls sehldmefsfs ilssos `oios. Woro edtldse`emor oedio boes f
 lxplrebldtf, o lquepl il Burpcy usfu rfnùs qul díf porlmeob slrls
cubodfs ’ slb rfstf, slb nroëfs, slb plrdos. O lquepl mrefu ubo
‘hedkuoklb mfrpfroh‒ poro fs rfnùs. ]l f prfpýsetf lro trodsbeter ohlkreo,
lhls rfiovob df or fu puhovob poro mebo l poro noexf1 poro lxener roevo,
edmhedovob-sl poro noexf lb îdkuhf okuif l ovodëovob poro o `rldtl1

 poro ediemor
ediem or ubo trovlssuro,
trovls suro, kerovob
kerovo b buetf
buet f rïpeif l çs vlzls iovob
sohtfs. Fs rfnùs ilslbpldcorob slu poplh ç plr`leëíf, ebetodif os
lbfëüls l vfodif sfnrl o photleo. Yronohcor df tlotrf ojuifu fs
ldkldclerfs o tfrdor slus rfnùs boes sebpïtemfs, trods`frbodif mreoturos
blmîdemos lb `ehcfs ehlkâtebfs io tlmdfhfkeo mfb os ortls. ?;
Os ortls mreotevos síf tobnåb ub blef il prfbfvlr f opltetl plhf
resmf. F mfbpfsetfr oblremodf Bfrtfd @lhibod lsmrlvlu qul, ldquodtf
‘do veio `ozlbfs tfif f pfssâvlh poro lvetor o odselioil, do ortl ilvlbfs
er otrïs ilho‒.?3  Dos ouhos il meêdmeos, fs lstuiodtls oprldilb f båtfif
lxplrebldtoh, bos lb klroh slus lxplrebldtfs lstíf vfhtoifs poro o
fntldëíf il ub rlsuhtoif prliltlrbedoif: sl slkuer fs prfmliebldtfs
mfrrltfs, mclko-sl ofs rlsuhtoifs lsplroifs. Mfb os ortls, fs lstuiodtls
oprldilb f båtfif lxplrebldtoh, bos slb korodteo ohkubo. O ousêdmeo
il rlspfstos mlrtos `frjo ubo otetuil souiïvlh o rlspletf io lxphfroëíf il
tlrretýrefs ilsmfdclmeifs.
Blhcfrls coneheioils ortâstemos klrob ldkldclerfs blhcfrls. Bos
lxestl ubo rozíf oedio boes prf`udio poro o ebpfrtîdmeo io ortl: ohåb il
blhcfror os meêdmeos, lhos kueob o muhturo.
 

\B @H\SF MFDYÂD\F IL ‘MFBF ]L^EO ]L6‒

 Dfssos prlvesüls
prlves üls sfnrl f `uturf
` uturf síf rlvestos
rlves tos díf sfbldtl
sfbldt l pfr `otfs dfvfs,
bos tobnåb plhf `oz il mfdto. Fnros il ortl ed`huldmeob mfdteduobldtl o
ierlëíf if `uturf, pfrqul síf mfbf rlbexls iedîbemfs io veio rloh. Ilsso
`frbo, slrvlb mfbf nohüls il ldsoef, sldif ovoheoios pfr slus båretfs.
Of sebuhor `uturfs pfssâvles, dfs noslobfs lb boes if qul lb dfsso
lxplreêdmeo `omtuoh: pfilbfs ovoheor eileos slb f mustf l f plrekf il
tlstor moio ubo do veio rloh. Mfbf iessl Bormlh Wrfust, ‘kroëos ç ortl, lb
vlz il vlrbfs opldos ub budif, f dfssf, vlbfs lssl budif sl
buhtephemor‒. Fs ortestos `ozlb uphfoi il suos sebuhoëüls do duvlb
muhturoh, plrbetedif qul oo lspåmel
bfhio mfdstodtlbldtl poesoklbvljo, ios
ohåbpfsseneheioils,
if rloh, f pfssâvlh. O ortl
ehubedodif
mobedcfs odtls díf vestfs.
Lssls mobedcfs ohtlrdotevfs ed`huldmeorob f mursf io cestýreo.
 Dopfhlíf o`erbfu
o`er bfu qul o plëo  Os nfios il @âkorf, il Nloubormcoes, lb
qul ub slrveëoh suplro ub mfdil lb ostúmeo, ojuifu o ilsldmoilor o
^lvfhuëíf @rodmlso. Lho bfstrfu çs mhossls ed`lrefrls qul pfieob hlvor o
blhcfr sfnrl slus sldcfrls. L å pfr essf qul fs kfvlrdfs outfretïrefs
rlpreblb todtf os ortls: ilpfes qul f uphfoi il ubo pfsseneheioil `fe
`letf, lho pfil kodcor veio prýpreo.
Fs ‘mfbf slreo sl‒ têb f pfilr il dovlkor ossudtfs edtlrdomefdoes.
Iurodtl o ]lkudio Kulrro Budieoh, os @frëos Orboios oheoios nusmorob
dfvos eileos do `emëíf meldtâ`emo l rlmrutorob outfrls poro qul ldveosslb
suos pfsseneheioils boes lxmêdtremos. Oqulhos qul lsmfhceob díf usor 
lrob ‘vozoios‒ poro os pftêdmeos if Lexf mfbf sl `fsslb phodfs rloes.?5
\bo mfeso porlmeio omfdtlmlu dfs odfs slkuedtls ofs otoquls tlrrfrestos
il ?? il sltlbnrf il >77?: f Ilportobldtf il ]lkurodëo Edtlrdo ifs
Lstoifs \deifs mfdtrotfu ubo lquepl il lsmretfrls il `emëíf meldtâ`emo
 poro lhonfror
lhonfr or ub mreotevf
mreot evf pfrt`ýhef
pfrt` ýhef il mldïrefs
mldïre fs il otoqul, sfn f hlbo
hlb o
 ‘@emëíf Meldtâ`emo il Edtlrlssl Domefdoh‒. \b ifs outfrls portemepodtls,
Orhod Odirlws, mfbldtfu qul fs lsmretfrls il `emëíf meldtâ`emo ‘possob o
morrlero edtlero vevldif df `uturf. Fs rlspfdsïvles plho slkurodëo il
dfsso doëíf prlmesob il kldtl qul tldco eileos bohumos‒.>7

Wfr slrbfs ubo lspåmel mreotevo, dfs opfeobfs lb `otfs l lb `emëüls
 poro dovlkor plhf budif. Kroëos of lspoëf dluroh lxestldtl
lxest ldtl lb dfssf
mårlnrf ldtrl o sldsoëíf l o oëíf, sfbfs mopozls il dfs o`ostor io
rloheioil eblieoto l dfs onrer poro pfsseneheioils rlbftos. Dos pohovros
io pflteso Lbehy Iemaedsfd: ‘F mårlnrf å boefr qul f måu.‒>?  Of f`lrlmlr 
ub `huxf mfdtâduf il ‘mfbf slreo sl‒, os ortls mubprlb ubo `udëíf
ebpfrtodtl: buhtephemob dfssfs bfilhfs pfssâvles il budif, f qul dfs
 plrbetl
 plrbe tl potruhcor
pot ruhcor lssls cfrezfdt
cf rezfdtls
ls boes
boe s obphfs.
obph fs.
 

Y^OD]@F^BO^ L]MFHO] MFB O] O^YL]

Lb >773, o lsmfho prebïreo C.F. [cllhlr, il Nurhedktfd, lb Plrbfdt, lro

ub `romossf. Coveo korro`os il mlrvljo jfkoios pfr tfif f mobpus, l f
vodiohesbf sý `ozeo mrlsmlr. Opldos ?;% ifs ohudfs il tlrmlerf odf
otedkeob os bltos `exoios plhf lstoif. Dfvldto pfr mldtf ifs lstuiodtls
tedcob ierletf o blrldio krïtes fu o noexf mustf. Os `obâheos boes remos
lvetovob o lsmfho: o opldos ub quehùbltrf l blef il iestîdmeo, futro
lsmfho prebïreo lro o eboklb edvlrteio io [cllhlr, mfb opldos ?7%
tldif ierletf o blrldio krïtes fu o noexf mustf.
 Dub ls`frëf
ls`fr ëf poro sl sohvor,
sohvo r, o lsmfho omrlsmldtfu
omrlsm ldtfu ortls of ldsedf. Il
edâmef fs prf`lssfrls
tevlsslb rlhutorob,
rlmlneif boes bos olb
`frboëíf ierlëíf fnslrvfu qul,
oh`onltezoëíf qul lbnfro lhls
fs ilboes
 prf`lssfrls
 prf`ls sfrls if lstoif, slus ohudfs oedio lrob rlprfvoifs
rlprfvo ifs lb prfpfrëüls
prfpfrëül s
edomletïvles. Opýs tlr moâif poro fs úhtebfs hukorls do mhosse`emoëíf ios
lsmfhos if lstoif, voheo o pldo tldtor futrf båtfif.
O nosl io lstrotåkeo io lsmfho `fe plier ofs prf`lssfrls qul
tronohcosslb judtf mfb ortestos lb oteveioil. Lb pfumfs odfs, o lsmfho
tedco ebphodtoif ubo obpho kroil murremuhor lb qul fs lstuiodtls sl
ohtlrdovob ldtrl búsemo, tlotrf, iodëo l ortls vesuoes, mfb prfjltfs
mreotevfs vedmuhoifs o moio bfioheioil. Woro ub mursf il meêdmeos sfnrl o
mhosse`emoëíf ios `fhcos fs ohudfs il tlrmlerf odf ilsldcorob ie`lrldtls
tepfs il `fhco l ilpfes usorob slus `frbotfs l dlrvuros poro mreor ortl
onstroto. @ezlrob mldtldos il teklhos il mlrîbemo poro ubo dfetl il
‘Yeklhos Mcleos‒, lb qul slrverob sfpo l píf poro o mfbudeioil. Fs
ohudfs if quortf odf lsmrlvlrob ub busemoh judtfs, qul ldmldorob dub
tlotrf hfmoh. Fs ohudfs blierob fs îdkuhfs dos pedturos il Aodiedsay l
oprlsldtorob ubo iodëo sfnrl o tlmtùdemo il phomos. Yfios os slxtos-
`leros, coveo ubo mlhlnroëíf ortâstemo
ortâst emo il tfio o lsmfho.
Lb >7?<, ifes tlrëfs ifs ohudfs il tlrmlerf odf ohmodëorob os bltos
 `exoios poro f lstoif, mfb sldsâvlh blhcfro lb tfios os eioils. Cfuvl
ubo rlverovfhto do muhturo if mobpus: fs prf`lssfrls verob fs ohudfs
mclkodif ç lsmfho boes mfbprfblteifs l boes `lhezls, l o edmeiêdmeo il
 prfnhlbos
 prfnhlb os iesmephedo
iesme phedorls
rls l il `ohtos
`oht os moeu. Iurodtl os ouhos il ortls,
ortls , f
konedltl if ierltfr lro ub hukor ilslrtf, mfb opldos ?% ios oëüls

iesmephedorls fmfrrldif dlssls cfrïrefs. L cfuvl ubo boefr portemepoëíf

ifs poes: o `rlquêdmeo çs rludeüls il poes l prf`lssfrls suneu il 97% poro
boes il 57%.
F rlstodtl io meioil rlporfu df omfdtlmeif. \bo edstetueëíf qul odtls
lstevlro ç nlero if mfhopsf `fe lsmfhceio mfbf ubo ios boes nlb-
sumlieios if lstoif. F mobpus  rlvetohezoif buifu o plrmlpëíf io suo
vezedcodëo: ubo lsmfho qul jï `fro trotoio mfbf ‘ mobpus  if kultf‒ sl
tfrdfu ubo rl`lrêdmeo.>>
Woro behcüls il mreodëos lb eioil lsmfhor df budif edtlerf, f
 pldsobldtf
 pldsob ldtf mreotevf
mreo tevf `emo ohåb if cfrezfdtl
cfrezf dtl io kroil murre
murremuhor.
muhor. Bos
lsmfhos mfbf o [cllhlr bfstrob qul vohl o pldo buior lsso vesíf.
Ortestos fu meldtestos, tfifs
t fifs dýs blrlmlbfs o fpfrtudeioil il ilsldvfhvlr 
dfssos `omuhioils mreotevos. Mosf mfdtrïref, f qul o sfmelioil f`lrlml å
ubo liumoëíf edmfbphlto.
 

O EBOKEDOËÍF OYEPO MFBF POHF^ WO^O O PEIO

_uodif oprldilbfs o iereker ub morrf, mfblëobfs ofs pfumfs: mclmor fs

rltrfvesfrls, ior slto of buior il `oexo, prlstor otldëíf df trîdsetf,
fnslrvor f vlhfmâbltrf. Boes toril, mfdslkuebfs iereker mfb ub mo`å
quldtl dubo ios bífs, mfdvlrsodif mfb f mùdjukl l fs `ehcfs, f rïief
hekoif l f mlhuhor tfmodif, tuif o mlb quehùbltrfs pfr cfro. Io blsbo
`frbo, f fnjltevf if oprldiezoif mreotevf ilvlreo slr lxlrmetor 
mfdsmeldtlbldtl f ldtfrtor, qulnror l blsmhor eileos poro edtlrdohezor lsso
 prïtemo,
 prïte mo, qul rfio lb slkudif pho
phodf
df otå o eioil
e ioil oiuhto
oiuht o l ohåb.
ohåb .
O mreoteveioil díf å ub lspfrtl il fnslrvoëíf. Lxpfseëíf l ldmldoëíf
síf il buetfFsvohfr,
]coalsplorl. boslstuiodtls
prýprefs díf nosto fuver ldtror
prlmesob Nlltcfvld
df jfkf l if
rlprlsldtor 
ldtfrtor,
qulnror l blsmhor.
Buetos vlzls, o liumoëíf lstï `fmoio lb fhcor poro trïs, poro fs
mfdclmebldtfs rlmlneifs l fs rlsuhtoifs mfdsokroifs. Bos lho tobnåb
ilvlreo opfdtor poro o `rldtl, poro f budif qul dfssos mreodëos víf
ilsldcor, mfdstruer l conetor. Mfbf iessl f psemýhfkf ]tlpcld
 Domcbodfvetmc,
 Domcbodfvet mc, ‘o liumoëíf
liumoë íf ilvl sl vohlr
v ohlr io âdtebo
âdte bo rl
rlhoëíf
hoëíf ldtrl
ldt rl f jfkf l
o lxphfroëíf1 ilvl covlr plrbessíf poro lxphfror l sl lxprlssor. Ilvl
covlr vohfrezoëíf if lspâretf lxphfrotýref, qul pfr il`edeëíf dfs o`osto if
>=
qul Dfsso
jï `fe bessíf
t ldtoif
tldtoif
bes síf åfutrledor
tlstoif
trle l if cfbfkêdlf‒.
dor dfssfs ohudfs poro buhtephe
buht ephemorlb
morlb fpëüls, erlb
otå ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos io mfhbleo l tfhlrorlb o odselioil il díf
mfdclmlrlb f rlsuhtoif. @otfs l rlspfstos mfrrltos díf nostob ’ fs
lstuiodtls tobnåb prlmesob lbprlkor f qul sonlb mfbf ilkrous qul fs
hlvlb o suos prýpreos ilsmfnlrtos. Wfumos quoheioils têb tíf iuroifurf
vohfr quodtf ubo ebokedoëíf otevo: lho ebpomto tfifs fs osplmtfs il
dfsso lxplreêdmeo. Ildtrf il pfumos iåmoios, dfssos mosos, meioils, dfssfs
morrfs l oveüls slríf buetf ie`lrldtls ifs qul vlbfs cfjl1 covlrï dfvfs
 trotobldtfs båiemfs, dfvfs tepfs il sbortpcfdl, dfvos fnros il ortl. F
mobedcf poro f `uturf mfblëo dfs jorieds il ed`îdmeo il cfjl.

MOWÂY\HF ?=
 

IO_\E WO^O F @\Y\^F

Cï pfumf tlbpf, ubo lquepl edtlrdomefdoh il plsqueso lspomeoh mcoboio

Nrloatcrfukc ]torscft odudmefu f phodf il ldveor ubo lspoëfdovl otå
Oh`o Mldtourf, o lstrlho boes prýxebo
prýxeb o il dýs. Of pldsor lb ‘lspoëfdovl‒,
tldilbfs o ebokedor ub `fkultl porlmeif mfb o Opfhhf ?= opfeoif dubo
 photo`frb
 photo `frboo il hodëobldtf.
hodëob ldtf. Bos ubo dovl ioqulhl tobodcftobo dcf hlvoreo
hlvore o
ilzldos il behcorls il odfs poro `ozlr o veoklb, l ubo údemo `ohco il
`udmefdobldtf mfdildoreo tfio o bessíf. O lquepl lhonfrfu ub phodf
ohtlrdotevf: lb vlz il ubo údemo dovl lspomeoh kekodtlsmo, lhls hodëoreob
ubo `rfto il dodfdovls, moio ubo lquepoio mfb sfdios if tobodcf il
ub mcep l ubo bedúsmuho vlho. Kekodtlsmfs hoslrs do Ylrro hcls ioreob
ebpuhsf, omlhlrodif-os o ub quedtf io vlhfmeioil io huz. Mfbf fmfrrl
mfb ub moriubl, dlb tfios os dodfdovls sfnrlvevlreob ç veoklb, bos
mfb sfrtl ub dúblrf su`emeldtl mclkoreo o Oh`o Mldtourf poro dfs ldveor 
ioifs. Lssl tepf il edmursíf poro ohåb if mfdclmeif omfdtlml pfr tfio
 portl, ilsil
il sil dfssos mosos o dfssfs
dfs sfs hevrfs,
he vrfs, o dfssfs
dfss fs sestlbo
ses tlboss liumomefdoes,
liumome fdoes, ç
tlmdfhfkeo qul morrlkobfs df nfhsf.
O prlssíf plho dfveioil díf iebedue. Dfssf mårlnrf lstï slbprl dfs
edmldtevodif o mfbnotlr f bfdýtfdf l f prlvesâvlh, nusmodif ub
lquehânref ldtrl f mfdclmeif l o dfveioil. Essf å f qul hlvo dfsso lspåmel o
sl o`ostor
rftedo mfdstodtlbldtl
å o nosl if tåief l if  stotu quf. F ebpuhsf il qulnror o
io mreoteveioil.
mreoteve ioil.
F prfmlssf mreotevf å ouxeheoif plho doturlzo sfmeoh il dfssf mårlnrf.
Fs slrls cubodfs `frbob hoëfs uds mfb fs futrfs díf opldos plhf
mfdtotf `âsemf, bos tobnåb plho edvldteveioil. Lhls rlmlnlb otldëíf
quodif surprlldilb uds ofs futrfs. Lbnfro os edfvoëüls plrblelb tfif
f `huxf muhturoh, dfsso slil il dfveioil díf sl someo. Dudmo dfs
mfdtldtobfs.
Lxestlb ediâmefs iesplrsfs il edvldteveioil lb lspåmels slhvoklds,
 bos suos ‘mreoëüls‒ díf mclkob dlb plrtf ios búsemos l ifs mostlhfs il
orleo
mýrtlx`letfs
ldfrblpfr(portemuhorbldtl,
ubo mreodëo il ubquotrf odfs.
mýrtlx F mårlnrf
prå-`rfdtoh cubodff tlb
kekodtl), ub
qul dfs
iï `omeheioil lb mfbprlldilr l bodepuhor mfdmletfs sf`estemoifs. Díf

 pfilbfs mfrrlr
mfrrl r tíf rïpeif quodtf ub jokuor,jokuor , bos dfsso mopomeioil
mopomeio il il
rfior sebuhoëüls edtlrdos díf tlb lquevohldtl df rledf odeboh. F budif
mevehezoif å prfiutf ifs ‘mfbf slreo sl‒, omubuhoifs klroëíf opýs
klroëíf. \bo hlvl ohtlroëíf lb dfssfs ohkfretbfs dluroes dfs plrbeteu
bfhior f budif ç huz il dfsso ebokedoëíf, ebpuhsefdodif o lspåmel lb
suo trojltýreo errl`rlïvlh.
Mfbf vebfs lb mopâtuhfs odtlrefrls, dfvos eileos díf surklb if doio.
]íf mfdstruâios o porter io botåreo-prebo io lxplreêdmeo: o mreoteveioil
cubodo ldvfhvl dublrfsos ïrvfrls il mfdclmebldtf edtlrmfdlmtoios qul
sl mruzob mfdstodtlbldtl. F ilstedf ios mfesos å ilmeieif pfr ubo moexo
il `lrrobldtos mfkdetevos qul tfifs tlbfs. _uodif vfmê ebpfrto ubo
eboklb poro ub sf`tworl krï`emf, å edie`lrldtl sl o `ftf å il ub oveíf fu
il ub krupf il zlnros: poro f sf`tworl, ‘keror eboklb‒ å ub ohkfretbf
qul tronohco mfb ioifs. Io blsbo `frbo, dfssos rlils dluroes tronohcob
mfb ioifs bldtoes usodif os sun-rftedos lxestldtls: qulr lstljobfs
 pldsodif dubo
dub o potldtl,
potldt l, dub rl`ríf
r l`ríf busemoh
b usemoh,, dubo rlmleto
rl mleto fu df qul ieiezlr,
zlr,
trods`frbobfs o botåreo-prebo io lxplreêdmeo ldtfrtodif, qulnrodif l
blsmhodif. ]íf os ophemoëüls ed`edetos ilssl sf`tworl mfkdetevf o nosl il
slu pfilr mreoifr.
 Df ilmfrrlr
ilmfrrl r il ub ieo,
ie o, fnslrvl
fnslr vl tfio
t fio o mreoteveio
mreot eveioil
il qul lstï o suo vfhto.
vfhto .
Os `omcoios ifs pråiefs, os portls edtlrdos ios klhoileros, f ilsekd ifs
morredcfs il nlnê, `fdls il fuveif, opetfs, medtfs, sbortpcfdls, bfmcehos,
 jodlhos
 jodlh os l quefsquls
quefsqul s il mfbeio
mfbe io ’ síf tfifs `rutfs `rut fs io mfhfssoh
mfhfss oh `hfr
`hfrlsto
lsto io
edvldëíf qul nrfto lb tfrdf il dfsso lspåmel. Krodil portl io
ldkldcfseioil qul lxestl o dfsso vfhto lstï edvesâvlh: quodif otldilbfs
of mlhuhor, ierekebfs ub morrf fu bodiobfs l-boehs plhf hoptfp, lstobfs
usu`ruedif il såmuhfs il mreoteveioil il dfsso lspåmel. Lsso blsbo
edvldteveioil lstï phldobldtl lxpfsto quodif ldtrobfs lb mfdtotf mfb
os ortls: ubo plëo il ]coalsplorl mfdtåb dlfhfkesbfs, bltï`fros, jfkfs
il pohovros il krodil ildseioil1 ubo fnro busemoh oprlsldto qulnros,
ldtfrtobldtfs l blsmhoklds qul lblrklb ilpfes il blsls df lstúief. Os
ortls díf sl ldmfdtrob ievfrmeoios if rlstf il dfsso lxplreêdmeo: lhos síf
 o dfsso lxplreêdmeo boes ilstehoio.?
O edfvoëíf nrfto il ub prfmlssf mfdtâduf il robe`emoëíf l slhlëíf.
Ylstobfs ubo pfrëíf il eileos. Ohkubos sfnrlvevlb. Lstos víf mfdste
mfdstetuer 
tuer 
o nosl io prýxebo rfioio il edvldëíf l lxplrebldtoëíf. Ievlrse`emodif l
`ehtrodif mfdteduobldtl, dfssfs iftls ebokedotevfs mfhfmorob ub tltf

sfnrl dfsso monlëo, trephemorob dfssf tlbpf il veio, prfiuzerob dfssos

bïquedos fdeprlsldtls, dfs `frdlmlrob ed`edetfs blefs il ebprlssefdor 
uds ofs futrfs l dfs blrkuhcorob dubo dosmldtl edlskftïvlh il búsemos l
cestýreos.
 

O LSWHF]ÍF
LS WHF]ÍF M^EO
M^EOYEP
YEPO
O

Buetfs ortestos if ^ldosmebldtf lurfplu pedtovob hlüls, sâbnfhf il

 pfilr l bojlstoil
bojl stoil qul `fe tlbo il `ïnuhos l il possoklds nânhe
nânhemos.
mos. Bos å
edlkïvlh qul fs hlüls ilhls tedcob ubo oporêdmeo lstrodco.
lstr odco.

Wfr quê6 Wfrqul dldcub

dldcub ilssls ortestos
orte stos tedco vestf ub hlíf il vlrioil.
Lrob pedtfrls lurfplus, l fs hlüls lstovob do Ï`remo, if futrf hoif if
budif. Wfrtodtf, fs hlüls qul lhls pedtovob lrob fs hlüls il futros
 plssfos, qul eob `emodif moio vlz boes iestodtls ifs vlrioilerfs rles io
slhvo. Fs pedtfrls tedcob ed`frboëüls rlstretos dos quoes sl noslor: díf
  pfieob veojor
veoj or buetf,
buet f, slu omlssf ç hetlrot
het lroturo
uro lro rlst
rlstret
retff l o mfbudemoëíf
mfbude moëíf
ohåb io ls`lro hfmoh lro ie`âmeh. ]lu ilpýsetf il botåreos-prebos mfdtovo
mfb pfumos protlhleros.
Bos essf lstï buiodif ropeiobldtl.

Io blsbo `frbo qul o ^lvfhuëíf Ediustreoh `fe ub pfdtf il veroio do

cestýreo budieoh, tohvlz ub ieo cestfreoifrls `ohlb io ^lvfhuëíf Mreotevo
qul mfblëfu lb dfsso åpfmo. Kroëos ç mfdslrvoëíf l of orbozldobldtf
lb blefs ieketoes, mfdstruâbfs poro dýs blsbfs ub ebldsf ilpýsetf il
botåreos-prebos `omehbldtl omlssâvles. Cï buetf boes mfesos poro
ldtfrtor, qulnror l blsmhor. Cï boes cestýreo ç bíf poro onsfrvlr,
 prfmlssor
 prfmlss or l lbnlhlzor.
lb nlhlzor.
L díf sý essf. Os
Os dfrbos qul rlklb f mfbporteh
mfbportehcobldtf
cobldtf il eileos lstíf
buiodif. F Krodil Mfhesfr il Cïirfds å ub lxlbphf il plsqueso qul
trodsmldil muhturos hfmoes: lbnfro slus poâsls lstevlsslb lb mfd`hetf,
meldtestos io Âdieo l if Woquestíf, if Erí l il Esrolh, io Orbêdeo l if
Ozlrnoejíf lstíf judtfs sfn ubo nodilero mfbub lb `ovfr il ub
 prfpýsetf
 prfpýse tf boes lhlvoif:
lhlvoif : o nusmo io vlrioil meldtâ`e
meldt â`emo.
mo. Lb mfdjudtf
mfdjudt f mfb
lssos buiodëos muhturoes, fs mfbputoifrls lstebuhob l ilbfmrotezob o
mreoteveioil, `frdlmldif dfvos bodleros il bodepuhor f qul fmfrrlu odtls
il dýs, sljob `ftfs, sed`fdeos fu tlxtfs. L o hfmohezoëíf jï díf å ub
 prfnhlbo:
 prfnhlb o: okfro
o kfro qul
qu l o edtlrdlt
edtlr dlt rliuzeu o zlrf
zlr f os iestîdmeos
iest îdmeos ldtrl fs pfvfs
pfvfs,,
lstíf dosmldif dfvos muhturos qul jï díf sl il`edlb plhfs fmlodfs l plhos
moileos il bfdtodcos. Dfsso åpfmo tfrdfu boes `ïmeh qul dudmo
buhtephemor fpëüls, mfdstruer prftýtepfs l edsperor khfnohbldtl. Yuif essf
hodëo boes mfbnustâvlh ç `fkulero if prfkrlssf.
Lbnfro f ^ldosmebldtf tldco seif ub ebpfrtodtl
ebpfrt odtl pfdtf il veroio poro
f budif edtlhlmtuoh, okfro lstobfs dubo bormco buetf boes omlhlroio.
Ieklrebfs botåreos-prebos lb boefr quodteioil l mfb boes ropeilz. Fs
 pedtfrls
 pedtfr ls blielvoes
blie lvoes pfilb díf tlr teif mfdclmebldtf
mfdclmeb ldtf ierltf
ierlt f il hlüls, bos
cfjl lb ieo fs hlüls síf mfdclmeifs dfs bâdebfs iltohcls, otå f slu
kldfbo, kroëos ç mreoteveioil il ubo lspåmel vezedco qul ub ieo fmupfu
ub modtf io Ï`remo l cfjl lstï lspohcoio plhf phodlto.>
 

WF^ _\L F @\Y\^F POZO WO^O F W^L]LDYL6

Ossestldtls ieketoes lstíf sl tfrdodif portl il dfsso veio. @oëo quohqulr 

 plrkudtoo ç ]ere sfnrl ldilrlëfs
 plrkudt ld ilrlëfs fuf u vfmonuhïref,
vfmonuhï ref, l lho
lh o voe lsquoire
ls quoiredcor
dcor tfi
tfioo
o wln l ior ubo rlspfsto ebprlssefdodtl. Lho tlb ub omlssf sfnrl-
cubodf ofs `otfs.
Bos tlb tobnåb ubo hebetoëíf `udiobldtoh: lho díf `oz eileo il qul
fs slrls cubodfs horkob slus mlhuhorls l solb poro vevlr o veio1 lho doio
sonl sfnrl fs prozlrls if slxf fu f orifr il ubo pebldto. Dlb sl
ebpfrto mfb essf, pfrqul vevl ildtrf if oquïref qul å slu prýpref budif. b udif.
 Do ïrlo io edtlhekêdme
edtlh ekêdmeoo orte`eme
orte `emeoh,
oh, essf sl mcobo ‘supfseëíf
‘supfse ëíf il budif
`lmcoif‒: quodif
lho díf sonl ohkubo
doio ohåb mfeso å prfkroboio poro ubo torl`o lsplmâ`emo,
ioquehf.
O surprlso å qul fs slrls cubodfs buetos vlzls oklb mfb o blsbo
hebetoëíf if budif `lmcoif. ]fbfs prfpldsfs o supfr qul, sljo f qul `fr 
qul mfdclmlbfs, å oâ fdil os mfesos tlrbedob. Bldtohbldtl, lstobfs
oborroifs o dfssf budif mfdtlbpfrîdlf. Ebokedobfs qul f `uturf slrï
buetf porlmeif mfb f prlsldtl, lbnfro os hebetoëüls ilsso bldtoheioil
`equlb mhoros mfb ub rïpeif fhcor poro f possoif. _uodif dfssfs ovýs
lrob jfvlds, lhls díf ebokedovob qul suos nenheftlmos sl lvopfroreob
dubo duvlb il zlrfs l uds, qul ohkuds trotobldtfs båiemfs sl `oreob

mfb o edjlëíf
odioreob pfr oâilmorrlkodif
dfvfs kldlsdf lb suo plquldfs
nfhsf mfrrldtl sodkuâdlo
rltîdkuhfs fu qul lhls
mopozls il
rlmlnlr bldsoklds pfr blef il sotåhetls lspomeoes lb quohqulr hukor if
budif. Io blsbo `frbo, å ie`âmeh ebokedor qul ildtrf il ohkubos
iåmoios dfssfs `ehcfs tohvlz tldcob slus prýprefs morrfs outùdfbfs. \bo
mreodëo il sles odfs pfilrï er sfzedco poro o lsmfho: nostorï prldilr f
medtf il slkurodëo l ior tmcou. Ohåb iessf, lb mosf il lblrkêdmeo, slu
 prýpreff morrf outùdfbf
 prýpre outùdfb f pfilreo
pfilre o slr trods`frb
trods `frboif
oif dubo obnuhîdmeo:
obnuhî dmeo: sl
slus notebldtfs moriâomfs sl tfrdorlb errlkuhorls, f bfdetfr nefhýkemf if
 morrf voe iltlmtor essf l sl rlfreldtor poro f cfspetoh boes prýxebf. L díf
cï bftevf poro vfmê `emor sfzedcf df morrf. Pfmê pfil ldtror dub morrf
outùdfbf l rlmlnlr ubo bodemurl fu ub trotobldtf ildtïref ldquodtf sl
ierekl of prýxebf ilstedf: fs lsmretýrefs pfilb slr tftohbldtl bývles.
\bo vlz qul fs morrfs rlohbldtl sl mfdiuzob sfzedcfs, díf cï bftevf

 poro qul cojo ub vfhodtl

vfhodt l l ossldtfs
ossldt fs vfhtoifs
vfhto ifs poro o `rldtl:
`rldt l: lhl pfil
`omehbldtl tlr o mfd`ekuroëíf il ubo soho il lstor mfb sf`ïs, fu slr ubo
 jomuzze obnuhodtl.
obnuh odtl. Bos mfbf supfbfs qul f budif voe buior buetf buet f
 pfumf, dfrbohbl
dfrb ohbldtl
dtl å ie`âmeh
ie` âmeh prlvlr f qul vlb mclkodif.
mclko dif.
Ç preblero vesto, pfil porlmlr qul dfsso ie`emuhioil poro ebokedor f
`uturf tohvlz iltldco o tsudobe mreotevo il dfsso lspåmel. Bos o fdio
slkul mrlsmldif. Wfr quê6 Wfrqul os ortls l os meêdmeos dfs bodtêb
otomodif o `rfdtlero if budif qul oedio díf edvldtobfs. Of mfdtrïref io
]ere, díf tlbfs ub budif clrbltemobldtl `lmcoif1 dfssf budif tlb
`rfdtleros pfrfsos qul vozob poro f `uturf. ]fbfs mopozls il lquehenror f
ldtldiebldtf il dfsso rloheioil prlsldtl l ub `uturf ebokedïref.
Lstobfs slbprl fhcodif pfr mebo meb o ifs burfs if cfjl l vldif os poesoklds
if obodcí.
Os mfdieëüls lstíf ýtebos poro ub surtf il edfvoëüls, bos essf sý voe
omfdtlmlr sl cfuvlr edvlstebldtfs oilquoifs lb tfifs fs dâvles il dfsso
sfmelioil. ]l díf muhtevorbfs o mreoteveioil ios mreodëos, díf
oprfvletorlbfs tftohbldtl f qul cï il údemf lb dfsso lspåmel. Å prlmesf
edvlster lb ebokedoëíf.
Lssl edvlstebldtf mreoreo ub `uturf qul sý pfilbfs ebokedor. Ebokedl
sl vfmê vfhtossl df tlbpf fetf behcüls il odfs l tevlssl ubo mfdvlrso
mfb o Bíl Doturlzo. Lho iereo: ‘Lstfu pldsodif lb mreor ubo vlrsíf il
 preboto
 preb oto slb plhfs, boes `romf, qul lxpfdco fs kldetoes kldet oes l f noexf-vldtrl
noexf-v ldtrl
 pfrqul odio lrltf l ilpldil ifs poes iurodtl odfs odtls il mfdslkuer sl
veror sfzedcf. F qul vfmê omco6‒ Pfmê díf ebokedoreo qul lsso mreoturo
tfboreo mfdto if phodlto. Io blsbo `frbo qul o Bíl Doturlzo, díf
 pfilbfs sonlr mfbf voe slr f budif b udif df `uturf1
`utur f1 díf sonlbfs
s onlbfs quoes dfvos
eileos víf vedkor.
Å pfr essf qul prlmesobfs rlkor os slbldtls qul lstíf o dfsso vfhto,
lb tfios os rlkeüls. Wrlmesobfs edstetuer sohos il ouho lb qul os fpëüls sl
buhtephequlb, o tfhlrîdmeo of resmf sljo `ovfrlmeio, os rlspfstos lrroios
sljob lxphfroios mreotevobldtl l os mreodëos sljob lstebuhoios o hodëor 
 nohüls il ldsoef
ldsoe f lb ierlëíf
ierlë íf of `uturf.
`utur f. Wrlmesobfs
Wrlmes obfs bfhior
bfhio r plssfos l
 lbprlsos poro qul dfvos eileos `hfrlsëob dlhos, ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos
sljob lxphfroios, o pfio `oëo portl if prfmlssf l o buiodëo sljo o rlkro.
 Díf sonlbfs
sonlbf s otå fdil ub edvlstebl
edvlst ebldtf
dtf lb mreoteveio
mreot eveioil
il pfil dfs hlvor.
Bos, sl puiåsslbfs vlr f `uturf, slus `rutfs mlrtobldtl dfs lspodtoreob.
lspodtoreob .

Os nosls if obodcí lstíf sldif hodëoios cfjl. Os nfos eileos if `uturf

veríf il ldtfrtor, qulnror l blsmhor oquehf qul dfs mlrmo cfjl. Fs
edkrlieldtls lstíf o dfsso vfhto, lsplrodif poro slrlb rlbfilhoifs,
`roturoifs l mfbnedoifs. Mfb f edvlstebldtf dlmlssïref lb dfssos
lsmfhos l lbprlsos, dfssf ebpuhsf mreotevf voe kodcor oedio boes
vlhfmeioil. Judtfs, vobfs ilsmfnrer dfvos pfsseneheioils l lsmrlvlr o
cestýreo il dfssf `uturf.
Okfro,
Okf ro, `lmcl lstl hevrf
h evrf l rl`oëo f budif.
 

OK^OILMEBLDYF]

Kfstorâobfs il lxprlssor dfsso kroteiíf ofs blbnrfs if mfrpf ifmldtl

io \devlrseioil ^eml, mujf opfef l edmldtevf tfrdorob lstl hevrf pfssâvlh:
Morfhedl Hlvodilr, veml-prlseildtl poro edemeotevos lstrotåkemos l
liumoëíf ieketoh1 @orãs Lh-Iocioc l Blhesso Noehfr, if Mldtrf il
Wlsquesos il Cubodeioils1 l ^fnlrt Ulafvemc, ierltfr io Lsmfho il
Búsemo ]clpclri. _ulrlbfs ilexor oque dfssfs lhfkefs of tronohcf ifs
meldtestos mfkdetevfs Bora Yurdlr, io \devlrseioil Mosl [
[lstlrd,
lstlrd, l Kehhls
@oumfddelr, io \devlrseioil io Mohe`ýrdeo - ]od Ielkf, mujo tlfreo io
blsmho mfdmletuoh f`lrlmlu ub `udiobldtf ebpfrtodtl poro dfssf hevrf.

]fbfs ebldsobldtl krotfs plhos ldtrlvestos l mfrrlspfdiêdmeos mfb os

slkuedtls plssfos: f edvldtfr Aorhcledz Nrodildnurk1 Woblho Mfknurd l
Mclhslo Jfcdsfd, io ^ldoessodml Lxphfrotfry Hlordedk Futwori Nfudi
]mcffh, lb Mosthl ^fma, Mfhfroif1 Jfcd [lshly Ioys Jr., io LBM Orts1 o
 psemýhfko
 psemýh fko l liumoifro Hedisoy Lsfho1 f orquetltf
orquet ltf Iovei @esclr1
@esclr 1 Iovei
Coklrbod, MLF io Hflwy Ilsekd, HHM1 ]clrry Cuss, io Boalr Blieo1 o
 prf`lssfro
 prf`ls sfro Juiy Ahebo l f ierltfr
ierlt fr Nfnny ^ehly,
^ehly, io Omoilbeo il Ortls
Edtlkroios io C.F. [cllhlr, lb Nurhedktfd, Plrbfdt1 f edvldtfr Aodl
Aroblr1 Yromy Boycloi, prf`lssfr il tlmdfhfkeo do lsmfho prebïreo
[ehheob How Mcurmc f` Ldkhodi1 Wosmohl Bussori, ierltfr ortâstemf io
Clrbãs Wltet c1 Mchfl Dkuyld, Aoboh ]coc l Lremo ]alrrltt, io ^eml =071
Bemcolh Woveo, io Khfre Ldlrky1 o orquetlto l ilsekdlr Lbehy Wehhftfd, if
Wrfjlmt C1 Ohhesfd ^yilr l Alved Ufudk, io Mfdteduub Eddfvotefds1 fs
ilsekdlrs il rfnýtemo Bodulho Plhfsf, io Mordlkel Blhhfd, l Jfyillp
Neswos, io \devlrseioil il Bossomcusltts-Obclrst1 l f quâbemf Noyild
 [ffi, io \devlrseioil Bfdosc.

Kfstorâobfs il okroilmlr il bfif lsplmeoh çs slkuedtls plssfos pfr 

tlrlb kldtehbldtl mfbportehcoif slu tronohcf mfdfsmf: f ortesto Mfry
Ormodklh1 f plssfoh if Odsore S-Wrezl1 @roda Oveho-Kfhibod l ]clhhly

Hll, if lspýhef il ^fy Hemctldstled1 f ortesto Ycfbos Nornãy1 f meldtesto

il mfbputoëíf l ilsekdlr Nehh Nuxtfd1 ]tlpcld Mosslhh, Ltcod @lulr l
Jldde`lr [omctlh, if Ormcetlmturoh ^lslormc F``eml1 f lsmuhtfr Nrudf

Motohodf1
 jfrdoh
 jfrdohest Awodkcud
estoo ]tlvl Mcudk,
Memcfd1 ]orocifLilhbod,
BEY1d,f iotlmdýhfkf
Lilhbo Jfscuo
.O.1 fsIoves1
Ohlsse ].W.O.1
].W orte stosf
ortestos
Mcetro Kodlsc l ]ebfdl Hlekc1 ]ouh Kre``etc l Ieodo Betmclhh, if
Ftclrhon1 Ohod Aou`bod, io Dunrlhho, Edm.1 f edvldtfr ^oh` Aettbodd1 Mcl
Bfdk Joy Af, io \devlrseioil il Ehhedfes lb \rnodo-Mcobpoekd1 f
ilsekdlr Jl`` Arelkl1 Wlr Fhok Arestldssfd, io \devlrseioil il
Mobnreikl, l Odtte Fuhosverto, io \devlrseioil Oohtf1 f ilsekdlr Box
Auhemc1 f bfvlhlerf Jfres Hoorbod1 Mcuma Houlr, io ^fmaltphodl Khfnoh,
HHM1 f ortesto phïstemf Mcresteod Bormhoy1 Bualsc Boclscwore, io Lrmfd
Mfbpfsetls1 Oby BmWclrsfd, io Pfhutl1 Aerstel Behhor, io Pesuoh
Lietefds1 f ortesto
ort esto Uokf
Uokf Wortoh1 ]ohhy
]ohh y ^oiem, if lspýhef il Wcehep Kustfd1 f
`ftýkro`f Josfd ]lwlhh1 f `ftýkro`f Wltlr ]tektlr1 ]ayhor Yennets, if BEY1
JW Podkskoori, io Hequekheil1 f lsmuhtfr Zcod [odk1 f ortesto Mroek
[ohsc1 l Borjfhled Mcf Mceo Uuld, io KNF Eddfvotefd Boalrs.

Okroilmlbfs tobnåb o ossestêdmeo l f opfef qul rlmlnlbfs il ]fpcel

Odilrsfd, io Keodt Ortests1 Kosseo Orbldeod l Ifd Mfhl, io Nenheftlmo
@fwhlr, io \devlrseioil io Mohe`ýrdeo ’ Hfs Odklhls1 f meldtesto
mfkdetevf Becoehf Odtfvem1 Ohod Nokheo, io O^]1
O^]1 Wotremeo Nohie, if Buslu
if Ilsekd, lb Zurequl1 Esonlhhl Nozsf, io ]ebphy Bodoklbldt1 ]uzoddl
Nlrquest, io Ycfbos Nornly HHM1 os Kohhlrels Nlrtfux1 ^fnlrt Nehilr,
ierltfr if Mldtrf Ylddldnoub poro Nefhfkeo io Mreoteveioil io \MHO1
Aeb Nusc, if Buslu Kukkldcleb1 Iovei Mrfal l Mclhslo [lotclrs, io
\devlrseioil if Ylxos, lb Ousted1 Juheo Il@onf, io @relibod Nldio
Kohhlry1 ]efncod Ifddlhhy, io POKO1 Morfhyd @orn1 Yfii @rozelr, ierltfr 
if Mldtrf poro Ortls Wlr`frbïtemos do Bliemedo if Cfspetoh Bltfiesto1
^opcolh Kotlh, io Kohhlry HHM lb Dfvo Ufra1 fs irs. Iodelh Kefvoddede l
Bory Jomquehedl ^fblrf, io \devlrseioil il Khoskfw1 ]ul Krlmf, io
ENB1 Juhel Krlld, io Iovei Cfmadly ^lprfiumtefds1 Uosbed Krlld`elhi l
 Bott Hlls, io WO Mfdsuhtedk1 Morfhl Cwodk, io MBK [frhiweil1
Bemclhl Cehbls, io \devlrseioil il [esmfdsed-Boiesfd1 Mldo Jomasfd,
io Clrbãs1 Krltto Jfcdsfd, if Fhildnurk vod Nrukkld ]tuief1 Lhheft
Aou`bod, if Ormodklh ]tuief1 Jl`` Hll, io ^yod Hll Kohhlry1 ]tlpcodel
Hlkueo, io Hues odi Mhora Mornfd @enlr Edstrubldts1 Blkod Hlwes, io

Hfwl―s Mfbpodels, Edm.1 ir. Jfcd Heldcori, io \devlrseioil il Cfustfd1 f

lsmretfr Pemtfr BmLhcldy1 Hez Aurtuhea Blrmure, io Ort ^lsfurml1 f
mfbpfsetfr Nld Bfrres1 Odirlo Bfrresfd, io [retlrs Cfusl, HHM1 Beal

Bulhhlr, if Borty
^firekulz, lspýhef]tled
il Dfrbod
l Medie ^fmawlhh1
]trouss, ifUosu`ube
BuslubDoaobfre, ]clhny
f` @edl Orts lb
Cfustfd1 Mres Wequlho, io Murtes Wunhescedk1 Nrekei Welrml, io Bortco
Krocob Mfbpody1 ^lnlmmo ^ekdly, io Ortcur ^fklr Kohhlry1 ^fry
]tlwort, io Blrmlils-Nldz1 Cfhhy Yoyhfr, io Nreiklbod Ebokls1 Lvo
Ycoiilus, if Wrfjlmt Khoi1 l Liwori Zebblrbod, io ]fdy Wemturls
Ylhlvesefd.

 Díf pfilrâobfs
pfilrâo bfs ilexor il okroilmlr
okroilml r o dfssfs mfhlkos io \devlrseioil
\devlrse ioil
^eml pfr ieveier mfdfsmf slus mfdclmebldtfs lsplmeohezoifs: Bory
IuBfdt Nrfwlr, Ieodl Nuthlr l Perkedeo Borted (Nenheftlmo @fdirld)1
Aorld Mopf l Borkorlt Ebblh (Wrfjltf il Hltrobldtf l Muhturo Lsmfhor)1
^fnlrt Murh (quâbemo)1 Bemcolh Illb (nefldkldcoreo)1 Mcorhls Ifvl
(ortls vesuoes l irobïtemos)1 ]uzoddl Albblr (hedkuâstemo)1 Plrfdemo
Hloutoui (Edstetutf il ]oúil Khfnoh ^eml =07)1 Jfslpc Bodmo (cestýreo io
ortl)1 Hedio ]poiild BmDleh (Mldtrf il Liumoëíf io \devlrseioil ^eml)1
Myrus Bfiy (cestýreo)1 Morfhyd Demcfh (quâbemo)1 Boreo Fild l Bottclw
[lttlrkrlld (Fscbod Ldkedllredk Ilsekd Aetmcld)1 ^lnlmmo ^emcoris-
Afrtub (nefldkldcoreo)1 l ]oroc [cetedk (rletfro io Lsmfho il
Orquetlturo).

Ilsljobfs oedio lxprlssor dfsso kroteiíf o Odirlw [yhel, Arestedo

Bffrl, Jobls Wuhhld l Wlrmy ]tunns, io [yhel Okldmy, l o dfssfs
 punhesclrs   lb hâdkuo edkhlso, Lhezonltc Afmc l Jobel Nydk. ]fbfs
tobnåb krotfs plho mfhonfroëíf prlstoio pfr Arestedo Aldiohh l Jld
[lalhf, io Dlw Nohhffd, l pfr Jldde`lr Nlobesc l Justedl Alrscow, io
Nheda @ehbs. Okroilmlbfs oedio, sedmlrobldtl, o dfssfs ossestldtls il
 plsqueso,
 plsques o, ]oroc Kroml Krovls l Krlkfry Aobnoma. \bo pohovro
pohovr o il
kroteiíf oedio o Oddl Mcof, Motcy Bores l Ohesfd [lovlr plhfs
 mfbldtïrefs dubo ios prebleros vlrsüls if frekedoh ilstl hevrf. Wfr `eb,
lxprlssobfs dfsso prf`udio kroteiíf o dfssfs lietfrls pfr suo iliemoëíf
l opfef: Odiy Cudtlr, do Motopuht, l ]ebfd Ycfrfkffi, Jlddy Hfri l
Clhld Mfyhl, do Modfdkotl Nffas.

M^ÅIEYF] IO] EBOKLD]

EBOKLD]

Edtrfiuëíf
Edtrfiuëíf
Mfdtrfhl io Bessíf io DO]O iurodtl o `ohco do måhuho il fxekêdef io
Opfhhf ?= Mfrtlseo io DO]O
Wonhf Wemossf:
Wemossf: Hls Ilbfeslhhls i―Ovek i―Ovekdfd,
dfd, ?57;  Buslu il Ortl
Bfilrdo, Dfvo Ufra, L\O/Nreiklbod Ebokls. © >7?0 Lspýhef il Wonhf
Wemossf / Ortests
Ortest s ^ekcts ]fmelty (O^
( O^]),
]), Dfvo
Dfvo Ufra 

Mopâtuhf ?
^ltrotf if trfbpltesto Yclf Mrfalr @ftf pfr [ehheob Mrfalr 
Lhhy Jomasfd io Ho ^fux mfb ubub tfpltl @ftf pfr Wceh Aedk
Wlr`eh il ubo nlho buhclr o`remodo mfb momcfs lb lstehf bfemodf ©
Wouh Coaeboto | Irlobstebl.mfb
Buhclr mfb `hfrls df monlhf (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Oorfd ]tlwort, sorkldtf if Lxårmetf oblremodf, mfbpltl dubo
nememhlto rlmhedoio iurodtl fs Edvemtus Kobls il >7?0  @ftf jfrdohâstemo
if Ilportobldtf il Il`lso ifs L\O, pfr L.J. Clrsfb
]dfwnfori
]dfw nfori
IeMymhl nemymh
nemymhl
 Mfrtlseo iol Mfrtlseo il Bemcolh
KNF Eddfvotefd Aehheod
Boalrs, www.knf.lu
Mfd`lrldml nemymhl  @ftf il @roda M. Buhhlr QMM NU-]O 9.7
(cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny-so/9.7)R,
cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny-so/9.7 )R, veo [eaeblieo
Mfbbfds
Lstïief Domefdoh il Nrosâheo, Nroseh  (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Lstïief Beljsae, Wfzdod, Wfhùdeo Wfr Lcrlee (Fnro prýpreo), QMM NU =.7,
(cttps://mfbbfds.weaeblieo.frk/w/edilx.pcp6murei2?7379?<5)R
cttps://mfbbfds.weaeblieo.frk/w/edilx.pcp6murei2?7379?<5)R
 Lstïief if ]M Nlero-Bor lb Ovlerf, Wfrtukoh   MM NU-]O =.7,
cttps://mfbbfds.weaeblieo.frk/w/edilx.pcp6murei2?=5003
]oiihlifbl, Mohkory,il Ohnlrto,
Modoiï (]oiihlifbl pfstoif   pfr
Mohkory Modoiï Wfr S-[ledzor)
Oniohhocc il
QMMBfdtrloh,
NU >.7
(cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny/>.7)R,
cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny/>.7 )R, veo [eaeblieo Mfbbfds

Oteveioil mlrlnroh blieio pfr bokdltfldml`ohfkro`eo lxenedif o

iebedueëíf io rlspfsto o ub lstâbuhf rlplteif  Mfrtlseo il Morhls
Lsmlro, NroedHon, \devlrseioil il Normlhfdo
Lsqulubfr`f
Opphl [otmcil   ubo
Wfr lstodtl il hevrfs
Justed?9 (Fnroieketoh  Wfr Jfdfnomfd
prýpreo) QMM NU-]O 9.7
(cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny-so/9.7)R,
cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny-so/9.7 )R, veo [eaeblieo
Mfbbfds

Mopâtuhf >
Odúdmef if Mose
Moseff O
OY
Y-<<7-
-<<7-;; ©  Mosef Mfbputlr Mfbpody, Hti.
ENB ]ebfd (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Ioto ^fvlr @ftf pfr Nehh Nuxtfd
Wohb Px @ftf pfr Nehh Nuxtfd
Wrfpokodio
Ormcevls io ^oief ]coma   Mfrtlseo il ]tlvl Memcfd/Nu``ohf]tfrels
Lsqulbo il Aodl Aroblr poro f ESE Mfrtlseo il Aodl Aroblr 
Aroblr 
eWfi il preblero klroëíf, io Opphl @ftf pfr Jorfi
Jor fi M. Nldliemt
Nldliemt
Wouh Måzoddl: Bfdt ]oedtl-Pemtferl Wcehoilhpceo Buslub f` Ort
Lh Krlmf: F quedtf slhf if Opfmohepsl (vesíf il síf Jfíf) Bltrfpfhetod
Buslub f` Ort, ^fklrs @udi, ?5<0
Wouh Koukued: Dovl Dovl @lduo (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Monlëo il buhclr enåremo if EEE of EE såmuhf o.M. @ftf pfr Hues Kormeo
Iltohcl il Hls Ilbfeslhhls
Ilbfes lhhls i―O
i―Ovekdfd
vekdfd © >7?0 Lspýhef il Wonhf Wemossf /
Ortests ^ekcts ]fmelty (O^]), Dfvo Ufra 
Bïsmoro `odk if såmuhf SES Buslu if Hfuvrl, Wores
Arzywy Ifbla  @ftf
 @ftf pfr Yfpfry
Yfpfry
Uokf Wortoh: Il`rokbldtoifs Mfrtlseo if ortesto l il Allp Et ]ebphl
Ycfbos Nornly: Fc ]cllt! Mfrtlseo if ortesto
Mldtrf Wfbpeifu @ftf pfr: Cftnhoma 

Mopâtuhf =
 Motliroh il ^fuld @ftf pfr NyN
Mhouil Bfdlt: ^fuld Motcliroh ” Ldi f` tcl O`tlrdffd  Dotefdoh
Buslub f` Nlhkroil
Mhouil Bfdlt: ^fuld Motcliroh ” @oëoil (]udslt), corbfdy ed kfhi
odi nhul Busål Borbfttod Bfdlt, Wores, @rodëo

Mhouil Bfdlt: ^fuld Motcliroh ” @oëoil ?  Wfho Buslub f` Ort,

Coafdl, Jopíf
Bfdtl @uje (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
_uotrf ios ‘=0 vestos if bfdtl @uje‒ il Cfausoe  (Dldcubo otrenueëíf
å dlmlssïreo)
Lsmuhturo boeo, plrâfif mhïssemf torief  Oblremod Buslub f` Doturoh
Cestfry. @ftf pft Ioilrft, QMM7 fu MM7R, veo [eaeblieo Mfbbfds
Lsmuhturo Ifku jopfdlso Busål Kueblt, Wores, @rodëo. @ftf pfr Posseh
@ekuro il `lrteheioil: @lbededo (Oauo No). Kodo1 Oxodtl. ]åm. SES-
SS. Boilero, mfdtos, mfrio. ?7 ??/?0 x = =/?0 x ? 5/?0 pfh. (>;,> x 5,; x
=,5 mb).  Ycl Bemcolh M. ^fmal`lhhlr Blbfreoh Mfhhlmtefd, ifoëíf il
 Dlhsfd O. ^fmal`lhhlr,
^fmal`lhh lr, ?5;5. @ftfkro`eo
@ftfkro` eo pfr ]mclmtlr Hll. Ycl
Bltrfpfhetod Buslub f` Ort © Ycl Bltrfpfhetod Buslub f` Ort. @fdtl
io eboklb:
Movohf. Ort ^lsfurml,
Mcedo, DU
DU (>70->>7 o.M.). Nrfdzl. O = ?/?9 pfh. (3,=
iedosteo Cod
mb)1 H = ?/3 pfh. (;,5 mb). Wrlsldtl il Klfrkl I. Wrott. Ycl
Bltrfpfhetod Buslub f` Ort, Dfvo Ufra, DU L\O © Ycl Bltrfpfhetod
Buslub f` Ort. @fdtl io eboklb: Ort ^lsfurml, DUDU
@ekuro il movohf. Mermo 077-937 o.M. Meprefto, plrâfif meprf-ormoemf
EE. Ylrromfto1 `letf o bíf1 O 0 ?/> pfh. (?0,< mb). Ycl Mlsdfho
mfhhlmtefd, oiquereif otrovås il sunsmreëíf, ?3;9-;0. Ycl Bltrfpfhetod
Buslub f` Ort, Dfvo Ufra, DU, L\O © Ycl Bltrfpfhetod Buslub f` 
Ort. @fdtl io eboklb: Ort ^lsfurml, DU
Movohf il nrfdzl. Krlkf, plrâfif klfbåtremf, såmuhf PEEE o.M. Nrfdzl,
of tfif: 0 ?</?0 x < ?/9 pfhlkoios (?;,0 x ?=,= mb). Ycl ^fklrs @udi,
?5>?. Ycl Bltrfpfhetod Buslub f` Ort  © Ycl Bltrfpfhetod Buslub f` 
Ort. @fdtl io eboklb: Ort ^lsfurml, DU
Mhols Fhildnurk: Wltlmos  Dlhsfd-Otaeds Buslub f` Ort, Aodsos Mety,
Bessfure. @ftf pfr Oblremosrff` 
J^: Bfcobli Uudes Eires Mfrtlseo il J^-ort.dlt
Ohnlrtf Keomfbltte: Weozzo Kukkldcleb Buslub f` Ort, Dfvo Ufra ©
 >7?0 Lspýhef il Ohnlrtf Keomfbltte/Hemldmeoio pfr POKO l O^], Dfvo
Ufra, DU
Odostoseo Lheos: Werîbeil Mfrtlseo if ortesto
Pem Budez: ]odimosthl df. =  Ortl © Pea Budez/Hemldmeoio pfr POKO,
 Dfvo Ufra,
Ufra, DU

Pesíf pfr ub veirf díf pfhorezoif l plhf veirf pfhorezoif il Hodi

Mfrtlseo il Pemtfr BmLhcldy
Iuos `ftfkro`eos il Bortco Krocob ios `ftfkro`eos l popåes il
Nornoro l [ehhori
‘Hobldtoëíf‒ Bfrkod
  Nornoro (Mfhlëíf
odi [ehhori >>;3):pcftfkropcs
Bfrkod ‘Morto of odi
budif‒
poplrs,l
Henrory ]plmeoh Mfhhlmtefds, Mcorhls L. Ufudk ^lslormc Henrory, \MHO
@roda Klcry l Phoiu Behudem: Moso Iodëodtl, Wroko, Y Ymclmfshfvïqueo
mclmfshfvïqueo
@ftf pfr Mcrestedl Zldedf QMM NU >.7
(cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny/>.7)R,
cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny/>.7 )R, veo [eaeblieo Mfbbfds
@roda Klcry: Yfrrl Nllabod, Dfvo Ufra   (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å
dlmlssïreo)
@roda Klcry: Mldtrf Hfu ^uvf il ]oúil Mlrlnroh, Hos Plkos, Dlvoio
@ftf pfr Jfcd @fwhlr QMM NU >.7
(Yodqul
cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny/>.7
cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny/>.7)R,
oioptïvlh io Pfhutl  Mfrtlseo il)R, Pfhutl
veo [eaeblieo Mfbbfds
Edm., ubo lbprlso
Ftclrhon
Mhols Fhildnurk: Nfhso il klhf  ” Lsmoho N, ?0/><, ?5;?. Mfdstruëíf
medåtemo prfkroboio lb ohubâdef, oëf, dyhfd, `enro il veirf. Iebldsüls
voreïvles 93 x 93 x 97 pfh. (?>?,5 x ?>?,5 x ?7?,0 mb). Lieëíf il ><
Mfhlëíf portemuhor, Jobls Kffibod Kohhlry, Dfvo Ufra, L\O/Nreiklbod
Ebokls. © ?5;? Mhols Fhildnurk
Fhildnurk
Odt-^fomc Mfrtlseo il Ftclrhon
^fy Hemctldstled: Motliroh il ^fuld, Mfdjudtf < ?505 Ýhlf l tedto
Bokdo sfnrl
lspýhef il ^fy tlho 0= x 9> pfh. (?07 x ?70,; mb) (moio)   Mfrtlseo if
Hemctldstled
Bfdlt: Ded`leos l pfdtl jopfdlso  Buslu il Ortl io \devlrseioil
Wredmltfd. Io mfhlëíf il [ehheob Mcurmc Fsnfrd, turbo il ?33=, trustll
io \devlrseioil Wredmltfd (?5?9-?5<?), prlseildtl if Bltrfpfhetod
Buslub f` Ort (?59?-?59;)1 ifoio pfr suo `obâheo
Bfdlt: O pfdtl jopfdlso Buslu il Ortl Bfilrdo, Dfvo Ufra 
Moremoturo il Ifdohi Yrubp Wfr IfdalyCftly
 @rodmes Nomfd: Yrês lstuifs poro rltrotfs (edmhuedif outfrrltrotf)
Mfhlëíf portemuhor/Nreiklbod Ebokls.
E bokls. © Lspýhef il @rodmes Nomfd. Yfifs
Yfifs
fs ierletfs
Nures rlslrvoifs
l hîbedos / IOM], Hfdirls
ldmfdtroifs / O^],
pfr Ildes DU >7?0
Wlyrfdy do movlrdo Nlrde`oh,
Blyrohs, Ifrifdco, @rodëo. Bokiohldeodf suplrefr, oprfx. ?>777-

?7777 OW. Lb lxeneëíf df Buslu Wrå-Cestýremf Domefdoh lb Hls

Lyzels-il-Yoyom @ftf pfr ]lbcur 
@omos ios @ehepedos Mfhlëíf il Orbos l Orboiuros Wrebetevos ios Ehcos
@ehepedos
@ftfs pfrdf BusluArelklr 
Clrnlrt Domefdoh ifs Lstoifs \deifs, ]betcsfdeod Edstetutefd.
Kuorio-mcuvo ]ldz @ftf pfr Llhal Ilaalr 
\dnrlhho Mfrtlseo il Cerfsce Aojebftf
Dunrlhho Mfrtlseo il Ohod Aou`bod, Dunrlhho

Mopâtuhf 9
]fpcel Movl: Monlëos `hutuodtls ©  M]K MEM Khoskfw Buslubs odi
Henrorels Mfhhlmtefds
Oukustl ^fied: O ]fbnro ” Yfrsf Wedomftlmo if Lstoif il ]íf Wouhf.
@ftf pfr Ifrdemal
Bokiohldo Onoaodfwemz: Fs Errlmfdclmeifs  @ftf pfr ^oifbeh
Onoaodfwemz:
Nordltt Dlwbod: Fnlhesmf qulnroif @ftf pfr Li \tcbod
Klfrkls Nroqul: Doturlzo-bfrto mfb vefhedf l jorrf, ?5?7 (Ýhlf
sfnrl tlho) Audstbuslub, Noslh, ]uâëo/Nreiklbod Ebokls
Wonhf Wemossf: Kulrdemo (?5=;), ýhlf sfnrl tlho Buslf Domefdoh Mldtrf
il Ortl ^ledo ]f`âo, Boire, Lspodco/Nreiklbod Ebokls. © >7?0 Lspýhef
il Wonhf Wemossf / Ortests ^ekcts ]fmelty (O^]), Dfvo Ufra 
Yfrrl il ehube
ehubedoëíf
doëíf `rodkâvlh  Mfrtlseo il DH^ ” Dltclrhodis Olrfspoml
Mldtlr 
Iovei Cfmadly: Wohovros mruzoios, Bedlïpfhes, jod. ?53=. Mfhoklb
`ftfkrï`emo. Lieëíf il ?7. ==S90 ©  Iovei Cfmadly. @ftf pfr ^emcori
]mcbeit
Klfrkls ]lurot: \d iebodmcl oprãs-beie ç h―ähl il ho Krodil Jottl Ort
Edstetutl f` Mcemokf, Clhld
Clhld Nermc Northltt Blbfreoh
Blb freoh Mfhhlmtefd, ?5>0.>>9
Wexlhezoëíf ieketoh
Nrudf Motohodf: Fs veojodtls  @ftf pfr ^fnlrt Wfuhopfh. Mfrtlseo if
ortesto l ios Kohlrels Nlrtfux
 Orquetlturo iedîbemo Mfrtlseo il Iovei @esclr ” Iydobem Ormcetlmturl
Mfry Ormodklh: ]uplr Boref Mhfuis. >77>. ]uplr Boref Nrfs
comaloif. Mortumcf l mfdsfhl il veilfkobl Dedtldif DL] ©   Mfry
Ormodklh. Eboklb mfrtlseo il Mfry Ormodklh
Yrotfr o vopfr if såmuhf SES @ftf pfr Yebetreus

F cepfmobpf il ub rotf vestf plhf båtfif Mhorety  Mfrtlseo il

Awodkcud Mcudk, Wc.I.

Mopâtuhf
Bedftourf <  (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Ls`edkl @ftf pfr: Doiedl Iflrhl
Iflrhl
Ifdo @esc, pfvfs fvebnudifs, Odkfho. Oprfx. odfs ?5<7-?507.
Boilero, pekbldtf, bltoh, tåmdemo besto. O ;< mb. @fwhlr Buslub io
\MHO S>7?7.>7.?1 Wrlsldtl il Ohhld @. ^fnlrts l Bory Dfftlr
^fnlrts  Eboklb mfrtlseo il @fwhlr Buslub io \MHO. @ftfkro`eo pfr 
Ifd Mfhl, >77;
^uppyy il ieo l df lsmurf Mfrtlseo il MclByfdk Joy Af, WcI
^upp
Lsqulhltf cubodf @ftf pfr ]ahbsto QMM7R,
QMM7R, veo [eaeblieo Mfbbfds
Nfdl rfmalr, il
Jfres Hoorbod Hon.Jfres pfr ]tlvl  Eboklb
@ftfHoorbod Nldesty mfrtlseo il @relibod Nldio l
Borteb-plsmoifr  @ftf pfr Odirlos Yrlptl
Yrlb-noho sårel D;77 io ]cedaodsld  Wfr ]m`lbo, veo [eaeblieo
Mfbbfds
Kerh (]ebfdl Hlekc + Mcetro Kodlsc): Blus sfdcfs, bedcos fnros
tlríf il lsplror otå ilpfes if ed`lrdf, >7?>. Pâilf lb CI il modoh
údemf, 7;:?9 bed ^Y, Lieëíf il < Mfrtlseo ios ortestos
^ltrotf io `obâheo ]lwlhh  Mfrtlseo il Josfd ]lwlhh
@ftfkro`eo CI^ if Kfhistrlob Wrfvedmeoh Wora   @ftf pfr Nrodifd
Kfi`rly
Werîbeil if Hfuvrl (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
@reio Aochf: Ho Pldoieto Odtlrefrbldtl portl io mfhlëíf io ir. ir. Morfhyd
@orn, cm
Mroek [ohsc: ]pomlboalrs Mfrtlseo if ortesto. ]pomlboalrs >7?=. Woro o
Hubedfus Dekct, io \devlrsety f` [lstlrd Oustroheo, Wlrtc. Yåmdemo ” 
Wrfjlëíf ieketoh il três modoes, ïrvfrls1 rlplteëíf
r lplteëíf il =7 bedutfs. Mfbessíf
 ” \devlrsety
\devlrse ty f` [lstlrd
lstlr d Oustroheo.
Oustrohe o. ]ujletfs
]ujlet fs ” Hoiy Jlod Nrfiel-Cohh (lx-
  poesoke sto, \devlrsety
 poesokesto, \devlrse ty f` [lstlrd
lstlr d Oustroheo),
Oustroh eo), ^fsl Mcodly (lx-prlseil
(lx-pr lseildtl,
dtl,
@reldis f` tcl Krfudis), Nreod Mfhl (cfrtemuhturesto), Jobel Mffpls
(suplrvesfr il cfrtemuhturo), Juietc Liworis (prlseildtl, @reldis f` tcl
Krfudis), Kus @lrkussfd (orquetltf), Nehh Jobls (lx-poesokesto), Iovei
Jobelsfd (muroifr il tlrrldfs), Kehheod Hehhlybod (outfro, Hodismopl `fr 

Hlordedk), ir. Hedhly Betmclhh (krupf il prfpokoëíf, @reldis f` tcl

Krfudis), @roda ^fnlrts (lx-mfdsuhtfr il orquetlturo), ]usod ]betc
(cfrtemuhturesto), Klf`` [ordl (orquetltf) l ir. Clhld [cetnrloi
(poesokesto)
Nhur Nuehiedk, il Lhezonltc Iehhlr l ^emorif ]mf`eief  @ftf pfr Dfrnlrt
Olphe, ]uâëo
@utlvùhle @ftf pfr Ycfbos Dfoma 
Josplr Jfcds: 7-5, ?50?. Ýhlf sfnrl tlho, ?=;,> x ?79,3 mb. Yotl Kohhlry
Mråietf io `ftf: Yotl, Hfdirls / Ort ^lsfurml, DU. Ortl © Josplr 
Jfcds/Hemldmeoio pfr POKO, Dfvo Ufra, DU
Bemclhodklhf: Esoâos  Wfr Bessefdoh Pfhudtllr (Esoâos pfstoif pfr Kory
Ill) QMM NU-]O >.7 (cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny-so/>.7
(cttp://mrlotevlmfbbfds.frk/hemldsls/ny-so/>.7)R,
)R, veo
[eaeblieo Mfbbfds
Dfrbod ^fmawlhh
 Dfrbod ^fmawlhh:@obehy
^fsel
@obeh tcl ^evltlr
y Okldmy.
Okldmy   Ebprlsso
. © ?59> Dfrbodmfb plrbessíf
^fmawlhh @obehioy
@obehy
Ldtetels

Mopâtuhf 0
Jorieb if Wohïmef
Wohïme f il PPlrsohcls
lrsohcls  (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Jorieds Cehhelr
Ceh helr,, il Moponehety Nrfwd @ftf pfr Yfb Wlddedktfd
Yopltl plrso © Asldeo Wohebsae | Irlobstebl.mfb
Yltf il Ohcobnro @ftf pfr Jlnuhfd
@rodmes Nfumclr: F treud`f il Pêdus ( Dldcubo otrenueëí
otr enueëíff å dlmlssïreo)
dlmlssï reo)
^yfod-je
 prýpre
 prýpreo), (`edohNU-]O
o), QMM NUif
-]Osåmuhf SP) lb Ayftf, Jopíf  Wfr Mqulst (Fnro
>.<, (cttps://mfbbfds.weaeblieo.frk/w/edilx.pcp6
murei2>73<<79)R
murei2>73<<79 )R
Obfstro ifs lstâbuhfs usoifs dfs tlstls il mfbphlxeioil vesuoh il
Klrio ]blts
[ossehy Aodiedsay, ‘Mfbpfsetefd PEE‒ (?5?=)  (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å
dlmlssïreo)
Aozeber Bohlvemc, ‘[cetl fd [cetl‒ (?5?3)  (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å
 dlmlssïreo)
Ehusíf Bøhhlr-
Bøhhlr-HHylr

Mopâtuhf ;
Jfdotcod ]o`rod @flr: Yrll f` Mfils  Mfrtlseo il Pesuoh Lietefds

Bormodtfdef ^oebfdie: F juhkobldtf il Wïres (slkudif ^opcolh)

Bodlt: Hl Iåjludlr sur h―clrnl
Wonhf Wemossf: Hl Iåjludlr sur h―clrnl, oprãs Bodlt (?507)   Busål
Wemossf, Wores, @rodml^ekcts
Wonhf Wemossf/Ortests Wltlr ]fmelty
[ehhe/Nreiklbod Ebokls.
(O^]), Dfvo Ufra © >7?0 Lspýhef il
^fnlrt Mfhlsmftt: Hls Ilbfeslhhls i―Ohonobo iåduiåls (?53<) ©
^fnlrt Mfhlsmftt. @ftf pfr Wltlr Cfrrll/ Ohoby ]tfma Wcftf
Wcehep Kustfd: Woro N.[.Y., ?5<>. Ýhlf sfnrl tlho. 93 ?/> x <? ?/> pfh.
Mfhlëíf il Jodl Hodk Ioves. © Lspýhef il Wcehep Kustfd
Wcehep Kustfd: Wedturo, ?5<9. Ýhlf sfnrl tlho. 0= ?/9 x 07 ?/3 pfh.
Buslu il Ortl Bfilrdo, Dfvo Ufra. Wcehep Jfcdsfd @udi. © Lspýhef il
Wcehep Kustfd
Wcehep Kustfd: ^eiedk Orfudi, ?505. Ýhlf sfnrl tlho. <9 x ;5 pfh.
Mfhlëíf portemuhor,@hothodis,
Wcehep Kustfd: Dfvo Ufra?5;7.
© Lspýhef
Ýhlf il Wceheptlho.
sfnrl Kustfd
;7 x ??9 ?/> pfh.
Mfhlëíf il Nyrfd ^. Blylr1 Wrlsldtl `romefdïref of ]od @rodmesmf
Buslub f` Bfilrd Ort © Lspýhef il Wcehep
Wcehe p Kustfd
F ]troievoreus ‘Hoiy Nhudt‒ il ?;>? Yoresef Oumtefds. Pefhomcema03 do
[eaeplieo lb edkhês
Pefhedf il `enro il mornfdf Mfrtlseo il Hues odi Mhora Edstrubldts. @ftf
 pfr Alved ]prokul

Mopâtuhf 3
Plhïzqulz: Hos Bldedos
Wonhf Wemossf:  Buslf Domefdoh
medmf voreoëüls sfnrl Hosilh Bldedos,
Wroif, Lspodco
?5<;, ýhlf sfnrl
tlho  Buslf Wemossf, Normlhfdo, Lspodco/Nreiklbod Ebokls. © >7?0
Lspýhef il Wonhf Wemossf/Ortests ^ekcts ]fmelty (O^]), Dfvo Ufra 
Lsnfëfs il Box Auhemc poro f Ouie Mety]bfftclr   Mfrtlseo il Box
Auhemc
Lsnfëfs if Ormcetlmturoh ^lslormc F``eml poro f @hlo Yclotlr lb
Dfvo Ufra  Mfrtlseo
 Mfrtlseo il Ormcetlmturoh ^lslormc F``eml
 Oivldt, Ycudilrneri, ]tormcoslr, Osmldilr l Wrftlus   Mfrtlseo if
Odsore S-Wrezl
]poml]cepFdl, io ]mohli Mfbpfsetl Mfrtlseo if Odsore S-Wrezl
Mopâtuhf 5

Mfhltls il Ledstled cttps://www.kffkhl.mfb/potldts/\]I?7?;<0
]oroc Nurtfd: vlsteif il dfevo il Aotl Beiihltfd  @ftf pfr Aersty
[ekkhlswfrtc ” [WO Wffh/Kltty Ebokls
]oroc
>7??-?>Nurtfd: três vlsteifs
io Ohlxodilr io mfhlëíf
Bm_ulld rloiy-tf-wlor
  @ftf pfr futfdf/edvlrdf
@rodmfes Kuehhft, O@W, Kltty
Ebokls
Dfrbod Nlh Kliils: Ùdenus d. >, Oveíf ^fifveïref, ^lstourodtl
Oårlf l Moso ]lb Worlils  Mfrtlseo if Corry ^odsfb Mldtlr,
\devlrseioil if Ylxos lb Ousted © Lietc Hutylds odi Dfrbod Nlh
Kliils @fudiotefd, Edm.
Lstuif poro os mfbpfrtos if modoh Dovekhef pfr Hlfdorif io Pedme
Nenheftlmo Obnrfseodo, Behíf, Etïheo. Il Okfstede Wemturl Henrory/Bltes l
Beio Ed`frbotemo/P
E d`frbotemo/Pldlrodio
ldlrodio Nenheftlmo Obnrfseodo/Nreiklbod Ebokls
Lh
mfbYubnud il ]od
mfbpfrtos Borm (Eh
slkuedif Yfbnfdl
f ilsekd ie ]od Bormf).
il Hlfdorif Modoh
io Pedme lb Bourf
  @ftf: Behíf
^odzode. Mråietf io `ftf: ]moho/Ort ^lsfurml Dlw Ufra 
Woroqulios, ilsldcf pfr Hlfdorif io Pedme ©  Yohhodielr/Nreiklbod
Ebokls.
]ohtf il poroqulios il Oireod Demcfhos @ftf pfr Clotcmhe`` F―Bohhly

Mopâtuhf ?7
^emcori ]lrro: Yehtli Orm @ftf pfr Jldde`lr Ble

Mopâtuh f ????
Mopâtuhf
^oybfdi Hflwy: ilsldcf if Krlycfudi ]mldeMrueslr  Mfrtlseo if
lspýhef il ^oybfdi Hflwy
Krlycfudi ]mldeMrueslr \dilrwffi Ormcevls
Nuhl il mcï Cft Nlrtoo Mfrtlseo il Ohlsse ].W.O., Mrusedohhf, Etïheo
Yfyfto @MP phus (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Blrmlils @ 7?< (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Yfyfto e-^foi
e- ^foi @ftf pfr Mhlbldt Nummf-Hlmcot
Nummf-Hlmcot
 Wluklft Bffvel @ftf pfr Nreod Mhfdtor` 
Morrf Blrmlils Nefbl Mfrtlseo il Blrmlils-Nldz
Ohto-mfsturo il Peatfr & ^fh`, mfhlëüls futfdf/edvlrdf >7?0 l
prebovlro/vlríf >7?< Mfrtlseo il Wltlr ]tektlr 

Ohto-mfsturo il Welrrl Moried, ils`ehl ‘Welrrl Moried do slbodo il

bfio il Bfsmfu mfb obfr plho ^ússeo‒. Futfdf/edvlrdf >7?0/>7?; ©
Irlobstebl.mfb ”
]trojed | Irlobstebl.mfb  ” F ils`ehl Welrrl Moried do slbodo il bfio il
Bfsmfu mfb obfrohto-mfsturo
‘Cltlrf`fneo‒, plho ^ússeo futfdf-edvlrdf >7?0/>7?;
>7?0/>7?
il Odtee Osphudi, df; ils`ehl
`ftf Mcorety
[otlr df ]ohfd if Hedmfhd Mldtlr, >7?< ©  Odtfdfpored |
Irlobstebl.mfb 
Irlobstebl.mfb  ” \bo bfilhf ils`eho do possorlho iurodtl f ils`ehl
Mcorety [otlr 
Ylhlvesfr
lhlves fr Wrliemt
Wrliemtoo (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Cfhfrffb, il Hfw
Hfwll Mfrtlseo il Hfwl―s Eddfvotefd Hons
Iovei trojodif f Dlf]ldsfry Plst @ftf pfr Nrlt Cortbod
Wrftýtepfs if hoslr ilrbotfhýkemf Mfrtlseo il Mfdteduub Eddfvotefd
Lsmretýref, ?5=; (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
@ozldio il múnemuhfs
\b lsmretýref  Eod Mfhheds
lb Hfdirls  Wceh [cetlcfusl
Wrfpokodio io ^MO  ‘^oief & Ylhlvesefd‒ (rlvesto) vfh. S, d. >, jud.
?5=5. (edtlrefr io mopo) Dfvo Ufra: Wfpuhor Nffa Mfrpfrotefd ‘Ycl
Mffplr Mfhhlmtefds‒ (mfhlëíf portemuhor if usuïref) Ieketohezoif pfr 
Mldtpomrr 

Mopâtuhf ?>
Ilsldcfs il boëís ifs lstuiodtls  Mfrtlseo il Hedisoy Lsfho
Josplr Jfcds: Nodilero (?50;, ebprlsso lb ?5;7). Hetfkro`eo mfhfreio,
prfvo il tlstl >/>. >9 ?/9 x >5 </3 pfh. (0?,0 x ;<,> mb) Ycl Buslub f` 
@edl Orts, Cfustfd. Oqueseëíf if buslu `edodmeoio pfr Ycl Nrfwd
@fudiotefd, Edm., l Esonlh N. [ehsfd, 55.?;3. Ortl © Josplr 
Jfcds/Hemldmeoio pfr POKO, Dfvo Ufra, DU
Josplr Jfcds: Nodilero (?5;>/?559). Yedto (?559) sfnrl hetfkro`eo
(?5;>). ?0 </3 x >> </?0 pfh. (9>,> x <0,; mb) Ycl Buslub f` @edl Orts,
Cfustfd, Oqueseëíf if buslu `edodmeoio pfr Morfhedl [elss How,
>77?.;5?. Ortl © Josplr Jfcds/Hemldme
Jfcds/ Hemldmeoio
oio pfr POKO,
OKO, Dfvo Ufra,
Ufra, DU
 Josplr Jfcds: Yrês nodileros (?5<3). Ldmïustemo sfnrl tlho. ;3,9 x
??<,0 x ?>,; mb  [cetdly Buslub f` Oblremod Ort, Dfvo Ufra,
L\O/Nreiklbod Ebokls. Ortl © Josplr Jfcds/Hemldmeoio pfr POKO,
 Dfvo Ufra,
Ufra, DU

Josplr Jfcds: Nodilero nrodmo (?507). Ýhlf l mfhoklb il jfrdoh sfnrl

hetfkro`eo. <0,< x ;<,< mb  Mfhlëíf portemuhor. @ftf © Mcrestel―s
Ebokls/Nreiklbod Ebokls. Ortl © Josplr Jfcds/Hemldmeoio pfr POKO,
 Dfvo
JosplrUfra,
Ufra, DU Nodilero (Bfrotýreo) (?505). Hetfkro`eo mfhfreio. <> x
Jfcds:
;>,9 mb  Mfhlëíf portemuhor. @ftf © Mcrestel―s Ebokls/Nreiklbod Ebokls.
Ortl © Josplr Jfcds/Hemldmeo
Jfcds/He mldmeoio
io pfr POKO,
OKO, Dfvo Ufra,
Ufra, DU
Wemossf: Whomos il tfurfs ” ?f, =f, 9f, ;f, 5f  l ??f  lstïkefs (?59<-90).
Krovuros. =>,0 x 99,< mb  @ftfs: ^.K. Fjlio. Busål Wemossf. © ^BD-
Krodi Wohoes/Ort ^lsfurml, DU © >7?0 Lspýhef il Wonhf Wemossf / Ortests
^ekcts ]fmelty
]f melty (O^]), Dfvo Ufra 
Ufra 
Hemctldstled: Yfurfs E ” PE (?5;=). Mhemcê o troëf sfnrl poplh
Orjfbore. >; x =< pfh. (03,0 x 33,5 mb)   Mfrtlseo if lspýhef il ^fy
Hemctldstled
Ohudfs io Lsmfho Outùdfbo ^LOHB tronohcodif do Nenheftlmo-S
Mfrtlseo il Lbehy Wehhftfd, Wrfjlmt C

Mopâtuhf ?=
Keomfbf Joqulref: O `fdtl io veio, iltohcl il ub hlíf (?9?3-=7),
o`rlsmf Mostlhhf ilhho Bodto, ]ohuzzf, Etïheo © Nreiklbod Ebokls
Krovuro if såmuhf SPE il Ohlxodirl, f Krodil ossestedif o ubo huto
ldtrl ub hlíf, ub lhl`odtl l ub míf   Bltrfpfhetod Buslub f` Ort,
Corres Nresnodl Iema @udi, ?59<
Pettfrl Morpomme: F hlíf il síf Bormfs, Wohozzf Iumohl, Pldlzo
(Dldcubo
(Dldcu bo otrenueëíf
otre nueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
Ohnrlmct Iørlr: Hlíf (Dldcubo otrenueëíf å dlmlssïreo)
 

 DFYO]
 DFYO]
Edtrfiuëíff
Edtrfiuëí
? Kldl A rr  odz,
odz, >777.
> Jeb Hfv
Hfvlhh l Jl``rly
Jl` `rly Ahuklr, ?55<.
= Jfcd ^ emcorisfd
emcorisfd l Borehyd BmMuhhy, ?55?.
9 [ehheo
 [ehheobb ^uned lt oh., ?559.
< O.H. Mc
Mcoded, ?3 okf. ?5<;.
0 Jfcd ^ emcorisfd l Borehyd BmMuhhy, ?55?.
; ^fnlrt
 ^fnlrt  W. Jfdls lt oh., >7?0.

Mopâtuhf ?: Edfvor å cubodf

? Lrem Wr fttlr (frk.),
( frk.), >7??, p. >?5.
> B. ^lmoslds, ]. Hludk, ]. Krebb, ^. Dfwoa l M. Lsmlro, >7?<.
=  O lstruturo if cubfr å tíf nlb mfbprlldieio qul å pfssâvlh tfrdor 
mfbputoifrls ldkroëoifs. Omrlietl fu díf, lxestl tfif ub mobpf il
cubfr 
cubf r  il
 il mfbputoifr.
9 I.B. Lokhlbod, M. Wlrsfd l W.^. Bfdtokul, ?553.
< Eod Wor aa  lr,
lr, >= `lv.
`lv. >7?<.
0; ^odiy H. Numadlr>7?>.
 I.B. Lokhlbod, l @lddo B. Areldld, >7?=.
3 I.B. Lokhlbod, >7?>.
5 I.B. Lokhlbod, >7?;.
?7 Orted Kðdmø l ]uzoddl Kosaeds, >77;.
?? Kehhls @oumfddelr l Bora Yurdlr, >77>.
?> Jfdotcod Kfttsmcohh, >7?>.
?= Jfyml Morfh Fotls, ?5;=.
 ?9 [
 [futlr
futlr vod ilr Plld l Oxlh ^uklr, >7?7, p. ><5.
?< Liwori F. [ehsfd, >7?<.

Mopâtuhf >: F mårlnrf bfie`emo f qul mfdclml

? ‘Ycl Nuxtfd Mfhhlmtefd‒, Bemrfsf`t Mfrpfrotefd.

> Ohlxes M. Boirekoh, ?? boef >7??.

= ]tlvl Memcfd, ?0 jod. >7?9.
9  Lbnfro o iltlmëíf pfr roior oedio sljo usoio, `fe suplroio pfr 
ophemotevfs mfbfed`frbor
mfdiutfrls poro f [ozl,hebetls
qul uso o mfdtrenueëíf
il vlhfmeioil. il sbortpcfdl,
L slu behcüls il
oplsor il díf tlr ubo moexo il sfb il quorldto mldtâbltrfs, trodsbetl
o suo edtlrbedïvlh mfhlëíf il búsemos poro quohqulr sestlbo il sfb
qul vfmê queslr.
< Jfd Klrtdlr, >7?>.
0 Odirlw Corkoifd, >77=.
; Jfcd Hevedkstfd Hfwls, ?5>;.
3 Jfcd Hevedkstfd Hfwls, ?5>;.
5 Bemclh il Bfdtoekdl, ?5<3.

??7 ]tlvld Jfcdsfd,
? Bemcolh >7??. >7?;.
I. Hlbfdema, >7?;.
?> ^oy Aurzwleh,
Aurzwleh, >77;. \bo preblero
prebler o vlrsíf nruto if kldfbo cubodf `fe
odudmeoio lb >777, l ubo vlrsíf otuohezoio `fe punhemoio lb >77=.
Lsmfhclbfs f odf >777 mfbf f ilsso rlohezoëíf, lbnfro fnslrvodif
qul f ‘tårbedf‒ if prfjltf hlvfu boes ubo iåmoio l qul odïhesls
mfdteduob sldif `letos.
?= O tlsl slkudif o quoh tfio mreoteveioil å mfkdetevobldtl ude`emoio `fe
 prfpfstoo pfr Ortcur Aflsthlr l ilpfes ilsldvfhveio
 prfpfst ilsldvfh veio plhfs meldtesto
meldt estoss
mfkdetevfs Bora Yurdlr l Kehhls @oumfddelr. Lb slu hevrf slbedoh il
>77>,
cubodoYclsl[oy [l Yceda 
roiemo , Yurdlr l @oumfddelr
do mopomeioil poro oquehfiezlb
qul qul
lhlso mcobob
mreoteveioil
il
edtlkroëíf mfdmletuoh   fu
f u blsmhoklb il lsmfpf iuphf, il fdil ilrevo f
tlrbf blsmhoklb  usoif pfr dýs. Dubo tldiêdmeo sebehor, Ifukhos
Cf`stoitlr o`erbo qul dfsso `omuhioil il prfiuzer bltï`fros å o pliro
odkuhor if pldsobldtf cubodf.
?9  Fs meldtestos lstíf tronohcodif mfb o`edmf poro vesuohezor o nosl if
 pldsobldtf
 pldsobl dtf ebokedote
eboke dotevf.
vf. Kroëos of prfkrlssf
prfkrls sf ifs lxobls il
 dlurfeboklb, dfssf ldtldiebldtf io `udëíf mlrlnroh ovodëfu o possfs
horkfs. Bfdetfrodif f `huxf il sodkul fxekldoif å pfssâvlh o`erbor 
quoes rlkeüls síf bfnehezoios
lstíf mfdvlrsodif porosoho
do noruhcldto iltlrbedoios
il notl-popftorl`os l quoes rlkeüls
ifs dlurùdefs. Bos
cï hebetoëüls: o dlurfeboklb oedio å ubo tlmdfhfkeo rlmldtl l il
 noexo rlsfhuë
r lsfhuëíf,
íf, l quodif sl troto
tr oto il ilsmfnrer
ilsmfnre r f qul fs dlurùdefs
dlurùd efs lstíf
ls tíf

iezldif uds poro fs futrfs oedio lstobfs df mobpf io supfseëíf. Wlhf

bldfs pfr ldquodtf, os eboklds if mårlnrf dfs prfpfrmefdob opldos
ub quoirf dlnuhfsf.
?< ]obe
?0 ^fnlrtUldekud,
J. [lnlr?7l jod.
Iovei>7?=.
D. Wlraeds, ?55>.
?; ^fnlrto ]betc, >? jud. >7?>.

Mopâtuhf =: Ldtfrtor
? Pemtfr A. BmLhcldy, ?553, p. =<.
> Bemclhl Cehbls, ?557, p. ?><-0.
= [ehheob ]odkstlr, ?3;?.
9 ]usod Frhlod, ?? `lv. >773.
< Ldei Dlby, >? bor. >77<.
0 Ortcur Mfdod Ifyhl, >7?<.
;  Mfbf fnslrvo f hedkuesto Dfob Mcfbsay, f fnjltevf io krobïtemo å
 plrbeter
 plrbe ter qul ub mfdjudtf
mfdjudt f hebeto
heb etoif
if il pohovros
pohovr os sljo rlorr
rlorrodjoif
odjoif
ed`edetobldtl il bfif edtlhekâvlh. ‘F `otf mldtroh qul quohqulr tlfreo
hedkuâstemo såreo ilvl onfrior å: ub `ohodtl boiurf å mopoz il prfiuzer 
ubo dfvo froëíf lb suo hâdkuo do fmoseíf oilquoio l futrfs `ohodtls
síf mopozls il ldtldiê-ho eblieotobldtl, lbnfro sljo ekuohbldtl dfvo
 poro lhls.‒
lh ls.‒ Woro o metoëíf,
me toëíf, vlr Jodl ]edkhltfd,
]edkh ltfd, ?5;9.
3 Mcresteod Nomcbodd l Hum Noselr, ?539.
5 Lukldl Pfhfac, ?9 boef >7?<.

Mopâtuhf 9: _ulnror
?  Lstl mfdmletf `fe prfpfstf frekedohbldtl do Nlhh Hons lb ?59;, plhfs
edvldtfrls
edvldtf rls Ifukhos ^edk l [.
[. ^ol Ufudk.
Ufudk. Plr
Plr Kuy Ahlblds,
Ahl blds, >7?7.
> Mfpyrekct © ?5<7, ?5;3, ?55?
?55? plhfs trustlls
trust lls if l.l. mubbedks Yrust, lb
l.l. mubbedks Mfbphltl Wflbs: ?579-?50>, frk. Klfrkl J. @erbokl.
Mfb hemldëo io Hevlrekct Wunhescedk Mfrpfrotefd.
 = B. Betmclh [ohirfp, >77?.
9 ^ledcori ]mcrelnlr l Clrnlrt Korles, >77;.

<0 Bora
 Mfhed @frsytc, >7?>.
@roslr, ?5;>.
; Ohlm @flkl, >7?=.
3 ]tlpcld [ett,
[ett , >7?<, p. ??3.

5 Clhld ]cld, >7?=.

?7 ]ordf`` O. Blidema, ?50>.

Mopâtuhf <: Blsmhor

? O. Hozores lt oh., >77>.
> Coihly Hlkkltt, >= slt. >775.
= Oiob ^utclr`fri, ?9 jod. >7?>.
9  Bora Befifwdea, >7?<. _uodif hotldtl, o nomtåreo  N. postluree   pfil
sfnrlvevlr iurodtl iåmoios blsbf lb mfdieëüls lxtrlbos, mfbf do
mrotlro il ub vuhmíf1 quodif lb oteveioil, lho slmrlto mohmeto, ub ifs
 predmepoes
 predme poes mfbpfdldtls
mfb pfdldtls if mfdmrltf.
mfdmrlt f.
<  O cenreiezoëíf ldtrl slrls cubodfs l mfbputoifrls lstï buiodif
ropeiobldtl, ç blieio qul os lbprlsos possob o usor bïquedos il
rlmfdclmebldtf sfnrl-cubodf (mfbf ohkfretbfs il oprldiezoklb
 prf`udio).. Bos dftl-sl
 prf`udio) dftl- sl qul lssos dfvos onfrioklds síf tftohbldt
tfto hbldtll
freldtoios pfr eboklds prlveobldtl bormoios pfr slrls cubodfs.
0 Juheod @rodahyd, ?55?.
; ^lebprlssf pfr omfrif mfb fs clrilerfs il Borted Hutclr Aedk Jr., ofs
mueioifs il Ycl [retlrs Cfusl mfbf okldtl if prfpreltïref Dfvo Ufra 
© ?50= Ir. Borted Hutclr Aedk Jr. © rldfvoif ?55? Mfrltto ]mftt Aedk.
3 Morblh F―]coddlssy, >7?=.
5 Plr www.wcfsobphli.mfb/Ir.-Irl/Hlt-Bl-^eil/.
www.wcfsobphli.mfb/Ir.-Irl/Hlt-Bl-^eil/.
?7  Lhhld Ftzld, ‘]ex ]lmfdis Ycot ]copli ?,<77 ]fdks‒,  NNM [frhi 
]lrveml Bokozedl, >5 bor. >7?<. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.nnm.mfb/dlws/bokozedl-=>73;>3;
www.nnm.mfb/dlws/bokozedl-=>73;>3;.. Omlssf lb: >? dfv. >7?5.
?? Behj
 Behjodo
odo ^oievfjlveċ lt oh., >7?=.
?> Bora Yurdlr, >7?9, p. ?=.

Mopâtuhf 0: O veio do mfhbleo

? ‘Dfc odi Auteyottob ” Yrlosurls f` [frhi Muhturoh Clretokl‒, >0 ilz.
 >779.
> Uvls-Borel Ohhoed l Jodedl Mcresteody, >770.

=9 ^emcori
  Lb suo ^cfils,
rlsldco ?530.
if hevrf  Ledstle d―ss Jlwesc ]meldml, il ]tlvld Kebnlh,
 Ledstled―
 poro f jfrdoh Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls, Klfrkl Jfcdsfd iez: ‘Lsso díf lro
ubo fpedeíf borkedoh. Wcehepp Hldori, qul kodcfu ub Wrêbef Dfnlh

 pfr slu tronohcf

trono hcf sfnrl roefs motýiemfs,
motýie mfs, lsmrlvlu
lsmrlv lu ub trotoif
trot oif lb quotrf
vfhubls sfnrl o vlrioilero meêdmeo l edtetuhfu-f  @âsemo ohlbí. Df
 prl`ïmef,
 prl`ïme f, bldmefdo
bldme fdo o –`âsemo
–`âs emo jopfdlso―,
jopfdls o―, o –`âsemo
–`â semo ïronl― l o –`âsemo
–`âs emo
dlkro―,
qulrlb bos
mreor rlslrvfu slu ýief
mfdtroieëüls poro portl
lb tfio o `âsemo ifs juilus. rlhoëüls,
l edtlrrfbplr –Fs juilus
il
bfif qul fs pfnrls ohlbíls edkêdufs dífdíf vljob boes sldteif lb mfeso
mfes o
ohkubo.― Os tlfreos il Ledstled, iez lhl, –dudmo slqulr prltldilrob slr 
vlrioileros―. Hldori sebphlsbldtl díf os ldtldieo.‒ Il Klfrkl
Jfcdsfd, = okf. >7?>.
< B. ^efriod, >77<.
0 Docub Yotl, ?;?>.
; Okroilmlbfs of cestfreoifr Myrus Bfiy pfr lssos eileos.
3 ]tlvld ]coped, ]ebfd ]mco``lr l Ycfbos Cfnnls, ?53<.
5?7 Lrdlst
 JoblsClbedkwoy,
Clbedkwoy , >7?<. ?53<.
@ldebfrl Mffplr,
?? Boydori ]fhfbfd, ?53;.
?> Humy Behhlr, >7?<.
?= Mcorhls ^fsld, ?55;.
?9 Oreao Farldt, >775.
?< Klfrkl Ohod Mfddfr lt oh., ?500.
?0 Klfrkl Ohod Mfddfr lt oh., ?500, p. >7.
?; Klrto ]blts, ?5;=.
?3 Jfslpc Cldremc, ]tlvld J. Cledl l Oro Dfrldzoyod, >7?7.
?5 Borscohh C. ]lkoh, Ifdohi Y. Mobpnlhh l Blhvehhl J. Clrsafvets, ?500.
>7 Ifdohi O. Poukcd l Iovei B. Lokhlbod, >7?=.
>? Ovodteao Botcur lt oh., >7?<.
>> Zfcor Letod l ^ldll Yebblrs, >7?7.
>= Hourlh J. Yroedfr l Nlmay B. Cledbehhlr, ?553.
>9 Juiy Whodtedko l ]odiro L. Yrlcun, >7?9.
><  Mfbf iessl f rfbodmesto Behod Audilro: ‘Il qul vohfr lståtemf
fnjltevf pfilbfs `ohor sl moio doëíf, moio plrâfif cestýremf, moio
 krupf sfmeoh tlb slus prýprefs kfstfs6‒ Lb Be
Behod
hod Audilro, >770.
>770.
>0 ]tlpcld Krlldnhott, >7?>.

Mopâtuhf ;: Díf mfhl os plëos

? Ohnlrt Nfebl, ?505.

> Bort
 Borted
ed ]mcworznomc, ?530.
= Dofbe Frlsals, ?555.
9 ^fklr B. BmMfy
Bm Mfy,, >770.
<0 Mclstlr ^. Hfdkwlhh,
fd, ?503.?599.
 J. Yuaf [ehsfd,
[ehs
; ^fnlrt Cukcls, = okf. ?53?.
3 ^fnlrt Mcrestkou, ?553.
5 L.F. [ehsfd, >7?=.
?7 ^emcori Iowaeds, boef >7?>.

Mopâtuhf 3: Buhtephequl os fpëüls

? Kory ^. Arlblr, >7??, p. ?79.
> Lrdlst Clbedkwoy, Wotrema Clbedkwoy l ]lïd O. Clbedkwoy, >7?>.
= Ohlx Fsnfrd, ?550.
9 Bottclw ]mcdlelr, < dfv. >7?<.
<  Lsto tåmdemo mcobo-sl sâdtlsl porohlho. @fe mreoio pfr Jfcd Lhhbod l
Bemcolh Woveo, l sl nosleo df tronohcf ifs pefdlerfs io quâbemo
mfbnedotýreo.
0 Ycfbos O. Liesfd, ?3;3.
; Iovo ]fnlh, >773.
3 Iovo ]fnlh, >773.
5 Ed`lhezbldtl, Corresfd dudmo rlmlnlu f qul hcl lro ilveif. Woro prfvor 
qul f lhonfroif bfilhf il Corresfd pfieo slr bodu`oturoif pfr futros
 plssfos, f Mfdslhcf
Mfdslh cf io Hfdketuil
Hfdketui l ldmorrlkfu
ldmorr lkfu futrf
futr f rlhfjflerf
rlhfj flerf,, mcoboif
Hormub Aldiohh, il lxlmutor ubo mýpeo. Aldiohh hlvfu ifes odfs l
blef poro tlrbedor. ]lu bfilhf, mcoboif A-?, lro eiêdtemf of il
Corresfd, o díf slr pfr ubo tobpo pfstlrefr boes ld`letoio. F
Mfdslhcf io Hfdketuil lsmfhclu f A-?, lb vlz if C-9, poro
omfbpodcor f mfbodiodtl Mffa lb suo veoklb plhf Womâ`emf. Do
monlëo ilhls, essf ilsquohe`emovo Corresfd poro f Wrêbef io Hfdketuil.
 Wfnrl l ifldtl, Corresfd hlvfu slu mosf of Worhobldtf. Omonfu
rlmlnldif f iedclerf if prêbef, bos díf f prýpref prêbef.
?7 Jl`` Nroiy, ?= dfv. >7?9.
?? Wfr mouso il dfsso tfhlrîdmeo of lrrf, o bltï`fro if mårlnrf mfbf ub
mfbputoifr ieketoh mfbub å prf`udiobldtl lquevfmoio. Dubo rlil
dluroh orte`emeoh, sl vfmê edtrfiuzer ub poroiekbo il zlrfs l uds tlrï

mfbf rltfrdf slbprl o blsbo rlspfsto. lsso mlrtlzo f qul `oz if

mfbputoifr ubo `lrrobldto tíf vohefso. Wfil slr qul dfsso blbýreo
ebplr`leto sljo f `udiobldtf io mreoteveioil: edtrfiuzebfs ub blsbf
 poroiek
 poroiekbo
borldtl.
il zlrfs l uds, bos o moio vlz tlbfs
 pfumf ie`lrldtl.
ie`l tlb fs ubo rlspfsto
rlspfst o ub
?> L.F. [ehsfd, >77>.

Mopâtuhf 5: Lxphfrl ie`lrldtls iestîdmeos

? Dleh Nohiwed, ?55<.
> Dfrbod Nlh Kliils, ?507, p. =9;1 Ifdohi Ohnrlmct (frk.), >7?>, p. >>7.
= Mcoi ^odih, >773, p. 5?.
9 Dfrbod Nlh Kliils, ?5<>.
< Jfslpc J. Lrbldm, ?50?1 ^fnlrt Woydl, ?5<5.
0 H
 Hydd
ydd [cetl,
[ce tl, ?503.
; Iobeod Morredktfd, >; jud. >777.
3 ^fnlrt ]. Aocd, >7?7.

Mopâtuhf ?7: Yfhlrl

Yfhlrl rresmf
esmf
? @rlilrema Iohzlhh, >7?7.
> Wouh Esrolh, ?553.
= Ycfbos Liesfd, lb Odirlw Ilhophoedl, >7?<, p. =.
9 Jobls Iysfd, 3 onr. >7??.
<0 Bormeo
 Bormeo N.
N. Cohh,
Cohh, >77<.
>77<.
; ^emcori ]tledetz, >77=.
3 Y.J. Wedmc l Aored Nejstlrvlhi, >7?>.
5 DFPO, ? dfv. >777.
?7 ]ebfd ]edkc, >7?9.
?? Bemcolh J. Klhn, >777.
?> Ilod Aletc ]ebfdtfd, ?55;.
 ?= Uosuyuae Afwotore lt oh., >775.
?9 ]uzod-Hfre Woras, >770.

Mopâtuhf ??:
??: O lbprlso mreotevo
mreote vo
? ‘Nurnoda Yebl Mopsuhl ^lvesetli‒, ?; bor. >775.

> Jfcd C. Heldcori, >77=.

=  Plr 
cttps://ld.weaeplieo.frk/weae/HestVf`Vil`udmtVoutfbfnehlVbodu`omturl
rsVf`VtclV\detliV]totls.
rsVf`VtclV\detliV]totls
9 Wltlr H. Joaon l ^ema Ufudk . (frks.), >777.
< F oveoifr ^fnlrt Lsdouht-Wlhtlrel rlmfdclmlu f pftldmeoh if prfjltf il
Nfuhtfd. Of sonlr if sumlssf ifs erbífs [rekct, lhl mfdstrueu ub
 phodoifr sebehor,
sebe hor, bos
b os ilsso vlz
v lz mfb oehlrfds.
0  Il l-boehs trfmoifs mfb Iovei Coklrbod, muroifr if lspýhef il
^oybfdi Hflwy l MFF io Hflwy Ilsekd.
; Jehhe
 Jehheod
od Lukldefs, ?> jud. >7?9.
>7?9.
3 Jfcd Boraf``, =? jod. >7?0.
5 Koeh Ioveisfd, ?0 okf. >7?<.
 Eod [yhel, =7 slt. >77?.
??7
? Bohmfhb Khoiwlhh,
Khoiwlhh, ?0 boef >7??.
?> N. Nehklr,
Nehklr , >< onr. >7??.
?= Yfb Alhhly, >77?.
?9 Jl``rly ^ftc`lilr, >7?9.
?< Ohysso Dlwmfbn, ?; bor. >7?<.
?0 Deaeh ]ovoh, >7?<.
?;  Wotrema Boy, ‘Opphl―s dlw cloiquortlrs: Od lxmhusevl sdloa plla‒,
Ycl ]od Jfsl Blrmury Dlws, ?? fut. >7?=. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.blrmurydlws.mfb/>7?=/?7/??/>7?=-opphls-dlw-cloiquortlrs-od-
lxmhusevl-sdloa-plla/.. Omlssf lb: >? dfv. >7?5.
lxmhusevl-sdloa-plla/
?3 Wop Dieoyl, >77;.
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OBONEHL, Ylrlso. Mrlotevety ed Mfdtlxt: \piotl tf tcl ]fmeoh Wsymcfhfky f` 
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OBONEHL, Ylrlso. Krfwedk up Mrlotevl: Durturedk o He`ltebl f` Mrlotevety.
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NO\MCL^FD , Lhlo l ^F\YLS, Ieodl. Ycl Buslub f` ]modiohs: Ort Ycot 
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Mldtlr. Dfrbod Nlh Kliils Iotonosl, ?5<>.

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If [etc Ufur Wcfdl‒.  Cu``edktfd Wfst , ?0 jod >7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb:

www.cu``edktfdpfst.mfb/stlvl-memcfd/roief-scoma-oiVnV9
www .cu``edktfdpfst.mfb/stlvl-memcfd/roief-scoma-oiVnV90?>5;=.c
0?>5;=.ctbh
tbh..
Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
MEBFD], Borhldl. ‘Dlw ed ^lsmul ^fnfts: ]urvevfr Nuiiy‒. \] Dlws &

[frhi ^lpfrt , > jud. >7?7. Iespfdâvlh lb:

www.usdlw
www .usdlws.mfb/smeldml/ortemhls/
s.mfb/smeldml/ortemhls/>7?7/70/7>/dlw
>7?7/70/7>/dlw-ed-rlsmul-rfnfts-
-ed-rlsmul-rfnfts-
survevfr-nuiiy.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
survevfr-nuiiy
MFCD, [ehheob L.1 [EDAHL^ , Jf Oddo1 WO^DE], ]tlvld1 MF]YO], Keh K.1
NLOYCO^I , ]oroc1 MFDKL^ , Jl`` l @^OZEL^ , F.C. ‘Dedlty-Ioy ]urvevoh f` o
Moh` Ebphodtli wetc o Mfdtedufus-@hfw Yftoh Orte`emeoh Clort‒.  O]OEF
 Jfurdoh , v.
v. 07, d. ?, p. ?<-?3, >7?9.
> 7?9.
MFHL, Iovei Jfcd1 N^F[DEDK , Lvl l ]MC^FLIL^ , @rli L.C. Ldmymhfplieo f` 
Edvldte fds. [lstpfrt, MY: Krlldwffi Wrlss, >77>.
 Bfilrd Lvlryioy Edvldtefds
MFHL, ]ebfd
]tuiels O. ,‘[cemc
f` ]meldml v. >0, d. Mobl
v. @erst, tcl
9, p. ;==-;00, @fsseh
?550. fr tcl @ulh6‒. ]fmeoh 
MFDDF^ , Klfrkl Ohod1 MFDDF^ , Ifres Yoppod1 ]FHZNOMCL^ , [ehheob l
^LP. I^ . J.N. ]L-Y]ELD AOF.  Lsplrodtf, tcl [frhi Edtlrh
Edtlrhodkuokl
odkuokl. ]futc
Nrudswema: Y. Ufslhf``, ?500.
MFDDF^ , Jobls O. Ycl Host Juikbldt: Bemclhodklhf odi tcl Ilotc f` tcl
 ^ldoessodml. Dfvo Ufra: Wohkrovl Bombehhod, >775.
MFFA , Korltc. ‘Ycl ]edkuhor Bedi f` Ylrry Yof‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls, ><
 juh. >7?<. Iespfdâvlh lb: www.dytebls.mfb/>7?</7;/>0/bokozedl/tcl-
sedkuhor-bedi-f`-tlrry-tof.ctbh.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
sedkuhor-bedi-f`-tlrry-tof.ctbh
MFFWL^ , Jobls @ldebfrl. Ycl Wefdllrs. Nffdl, EO: Henrory f` Oblremo,
?53<.
MFFWL^ , Wotremeo B.1 MOWF, Aorld1 BOYCL], Nlrdel l K^OU, Hedmfhd. ‘Fdl
Outcldtem Lorhy Hetlromy Wromteml odi Ycrll ]todioriezli Ylsts: Mod o
]tfrytlhhedk Murremuhub Blosurl \p6‒.  Jfurdoh f` Lorhy Mcehicffi 
Ylomclr Liumotefd, v. >3, d. =, p. ><?->;<, >77;. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.todi`fdhedl.mfb/ife/ons/?7.?737/?757?7>7;7?<<<<09 . Omlssf lb: ;
 dfv. >7?5.
MF\]ED], Bora.  Cestýre
 Cestýreoo if medlbo: Ifs mhïsse
mhïssemfs
mfs buifs of medlbo
bfilrdf. Yroiuëíf: Mlmâheo Moborkf Nortohftte. ?. li. ]íf Wouhf: Borteds
@fdtls, >7?=.

M^OBFDI, Nfddel1 BOYYCL[]-BF^KOD, Juodeto1 NODIOHF], Ilnfroc l Z\F,

He. ‘O ^lpfrt fd tcl 97-Ulor @fhhfw-\p f` tcl Yfrrodml Ylsts f` Mrlotevl
Ycedaedk: Ohevl odi [lhh ed tcl Dlw Behhlddeub‒. Ke`tli Mcehi 
_uortlrhy , v.
v. 95, d. 9, p. >3=->5?, >77<.
M^LOYEPL WO^YDL^]CEW]. Mrlotev
 Mrlotevety
ety,, Muhturl odi Liumotefd (>775) Mcodkedk 
Ufudk Hevls >7?>.  Dlwmosthl: MML, >7?>. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.mrlotevetymuhturlliumotefd.frk/wp-mfdtldt/uphfois/Mcodkedk-Ufudk-
Hevls->7?>.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
Hevls->7?>
M^E]WEDF, Ldremo. Hlfdorif: Ortl l ]meldzo . @hfrldëo: Keudte, >777.
M]EA]ZLDYBECOHUE, Becohy. Mrlotevety: @hfw odi tcl Wsymcfhfky f` 
 Iesmfvlry odi Edvldtefd
Edvldte fd. Dfvo Ufra: CorplrMfhheds, ?550.
M\BBEDK], l.l. ‘ieb‒. Yroiuëíf: ^firekf Hfnf Iobosmldf.  ^lvesto

iLsLdrLif]  , odf EP
E P, d. ?=, Ylrlse
Ylrlsedo,
do, onr./boe
onr./boef/jud.
f/jud. >7?>.
M\^YED, Jfslpc. ‘Eddfvotefd ed Pefhedboaedk‒.  Jfslpc Murted ]tuiefs, juh.
Iespfdâvlh lb: cttp://jfslpcmurtedstuiefs.mfb/ortemhl/eddfvotefd-ed-
?553. Iespfdâvlh
vefhedboaedk/.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
vefhedboaedk/
M\^YE], Krlkfry. Ycl Movl Woedtlrs: Wrfnedk tcl Bystlrels f` tcl @erst 
 Ortestss. Dfvo Ufra:
 Ortest Ufra: Adfp`, >770.
IOHL, ^.M. ‘Y‘ Ywf Dlw YoteYotes.‒
s.‒ @ehb _uortlrhy , v.
v. >0, d. >, p. =7-==, ?5;>.
IOHZLHH, @rlilrema.  Ldkedllredk Edvldte
Edvldtefd:
fd: @roda J. ]prokul odi tcl \.].
 Lhlmtremoh
 Lhlmtre moh Ediustr
Ediustryy. Mobnreikl, BO: BEY Wrlss, >7?7.
IOPEI]FD,
IespfdâvlhKoeh. ‘Ycl
lb: @uturl f` Ylhlvesefd‒. Mffplr Clwett , ?0 okf. >7?<.
www.mffplrclwett.frk/>7?</73/?0/tcl-`uturl-f`-
tlhlvesefd/.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
tlhlvesefd/
IO[AED], ^emcori. ‘Ycl ilsmldt f` Liwori [eh sfd‒. Wrfsplmt , boef >7?>.
Liwori [ehsfd‒.
Iespfdâvlh lb: www.prfsplmtbokozedl.mf.ua/bokozedl/liwori-wehsfd-
sfmeoh-mfdqulst-lortc-lvfhutefdory-lrrfrs-freked-splmels.. Omlssf lb: ;
sfmeoh-mfdqulst-lortc-lvfhutefdory-lrrfrs-freked-splmels
dfv. >7?5.
 ILHOWHOEDL, Odirlw. Ycfbos Liesfd: Ces Lssldteoh _uftotefds. Dfvo
Ufra: Kroblrmy Wora, >7?<.
IL[, Demcfhos1 ]O^O]POYCU , ]oros1 l PLDAOYO^OBOD, ]odaorod. ‘Ycl
Lmfdfbem Ebphemotefds f` Lxoptotefd‒. ]]^D Lhlmtrfdem Jfurdoh , 9 jod.
>77=. Iespfdâvlh
Iespfdâvlh lb: cttp://ix.ife.frk/?7.>?=5/ssrd.=93707.
cttp://ix.ife.frk/?7.>?=5/ssrd.=93707. Omlssf lb: ;
dfv. >7?5.

IEOBFDI, Oilhl. ‘Ycl Lveildml Nosl `fr Ebprfvedk ]mcffh Futmfbls ny

Oiirlssedk tcl [cfhl Mcehi odi ny Oiirlssedk ]aehhs odi Ottetuils, Dft
Just Mfdtldt‒.  Lorhy Liumotefd & Ilvlhfpbldt , v. >?, d. <, p. ;37-;5=,
>7?7.
OmlssfIespfdâvlh
lb: ; dfv. lb:
>7?5.www.dmne.dhb.dec.kfv/pbm/ortemhls/WBM=7>0=99/ .
IEOBFDI, Oilhl. ‘[odt tf Fptebezl Lxlmutevl @udmtefds odi Omoilbem
Futmfbls6 ]ebphl, Just Dfuresc tcl Cubod ]peret‒.  Beddlsfto ]ybpfseo
fd Mcehi Wsymcfhfky Ilvlhfpedk Mfkdetevl Mfdtrfh Wrfmlssls:
 Blmcodesbs, Ebphemotefds,
Ebphemot efds, odi Edtlrvldt efds, v.
Edtlrvldtefds v. =;, p. >7=->=7,
>7= ->=7, >7?=.
IEMA , Wcehep A. F cfblb if mostlhf ohtf. Yroiuëíf: @ïnef @lrdodils. ]íf
Wouhf: Ohlpc, >7?5.
IEMALD], Mcorhls.  Iovei Mfpplr`elhi 
Mfpplr`e lhi . ]íf Wouhf: Wldkued Mfbpodceo ios
Hltros, >7?3.
IEMALD], Mcorhls l ^F[HODI, Wltlr.  By Lorhy Yebls. Hfdirls: Ourub
Wrlss, ?55;.
IEMAED]FD, Lbehy. Ycl Mfbphltl Wflbs f` Lbehy Iemaedsfd. Nfstfd: Hetthl,
Nrfwd, ?5>9. Dfvo Ufra: Northlny.mfb,
Northlny.mfb, >777.
IELY^EMC, Ordl.  Cfw Mrloteve ty Copplds ed tcl Nroed. Dfvo Ufra:
Mrlotevety
Wohkrovl Bombehhod, >7?<.
IF\KCL^YU, Iohl l MFD^OI, Oreodl.  @rll tf Boal: Cfw tcl Boalr 
 Bfvlbldt es Mcodkedk Fur ]mcffhs, Fur Jfns, odi Fur Bedis. Nlralhly:
 Dfrtc Othodtem
Othodt em Nffas, >7?0.
IFUHL, Ortcur Mfdod. ]clrhfma Cfhbls: Fnro mfbphlto. Yroiuëíf: Hfueso
Enoÿlz lt oh. ?. li. ^ef il Jodlerf: Dfvo @rfdtlero, >7?<.
I[LMA , Morfh ].  O dfvo psemfhfkeo if sumlssf . Yroiuëíf: ]årkef Iuortl.
^ef il Jodlerf: Fnjltevo, >7?;.
IU]FD, Jobls. ‘Df Eddfvotfr―s Iehlbbo Clrl: Ed Wroesl f` @oehurl‒.
[erli, 3 onr. >7??. Iespfdâvlh lb: www.werli.mfb/>7??/79/ed-proesl-f`-
 `oehurl/.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
`oehurl/
LOKHLBOD , Iovei. Mårlnrf: ubo nefkro`eo. Yroiuëíf: ^yto Pedokrl. ?. li.
^ef il Jodlerf: ^fmmf, >7?;.
LOKHLBOD , Iovei. Edmýkdetf: os veios sl mrltos if mårlnrf. Yroiuëíf: ^yto
slmrltos
Pedokrl. ?. li. ^ef il Jodlerf: ^fmmf, >7?>.

LOKHLBOD , Iovei. ‘Pesuoh Ehhusefds odi Dlurfnefhfky‒.  Doturl ^lvelws

 Dlurfsmeldml , v.
v. >, d. ?>, p. 5>7-5>0, >77?.
LOKHLBOD , Iovei1 WL^]FD, Mcrestfpcl l BFDYOK\L, W. ^loi. ‘O
Mfbputotefdoh ^fhl `fr Ifpobedl Ilhevlry ed Cubod Ilmesefd-Boaedk‒.
 Jfurdoh f` Mfkdetevl Dlurfsmeldml
Dlurfsme ldml, v.
v. ?7, d. <, p. 0>=-0=7, ?553.
LNL^Y, ^fklr. ‘Wsymcf‒.  ^fklrLnlrt.mfb, 0 ilz. ?553. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.rfklrlnlrt.mfb/rlvelws/psymcf-?553 . Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
www.rfklrlnlrt.mfb/rlvelws/psymcf-?553.
LIE]FD, Ycfbos O. ‘Ycl Wcfdfkropc odi Ets @uturl‒. ]meldte`em Ob lremod,
Oblremod
v. <, d. ?>9, p. <>;-<=0, ?3;3. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.jstfr.frk/stonhl/><??7>?7.
www.jstfr.frk/stonhl/><??7>?7.
LEYOD, Zfcor l YEBBL^], ^ldll. ‘Nlltcfvld―s host peodf sfdoto odi tcfsl
wcf `fhhfw mrfmfiehls: Mrfss-ifboed boppedks f` petmc ed o busemoh
mfdtlxt‒. Mfkdetefd, v.
v. ??9, p. 97<-9>>,
97<- 9>>, >7?7.
LA]L^IJEOD, Iovei. Nrfdzl. Hfdirls: ^fyoh Omoilby f` Orts, >7?>.
LHEFY, Y.]. ‘Yroietefd odi tcl Edieveiuoh Yohldt‒. Ed:   Ycl ]omrli [ffi :
Mreteme sb. Dfvo Ufra:
 Lssoys fd Wfltry odi Mretemesb. Ufra: Adfp`, ?5>?.
LHEFY, Y.]. ]lhlmtli Wflbs. Hfdirls: @onlr & @onlr, >7?<.
LHHEDK]LD , Lrem. ‘Ilsekdedk Nuehiedks, \sedk Nefhfky: Yfioy―s Ormcetlmts
Yurd tf Nefhfky Bfrl tcod Lvlr. Clrl―s [cy‒. Ycl ]meldtest Bokozedl, >;
 juh. >77;. Iespfdâvlh lb: www.tcl-smeldtest.mfb/6
ortemhls.velw/ortemhlDf/><>57/tethl/Ilsekdedk-nuehiedks-usedk-nefhfky/..
ortemhls.velw/ortemhlDf/><>57/tethl/Ilsekdedk-nuehiedks-usedk-nefhfky/

Omlssf
L^BLDM,lb: ; dfv.
Jfslpc J. >7?5.
‘Ycl Krlot Hodkulifm Modoh‒.  @rldmc ^lvelw, =9, d. <,
 p. 9<0, ?50?.
L\KLDEF], Jehheod ‘Hfwl―s Mcoddlhs ]meldml @emtefd ed Dlw Cfhfrffb‒.
MDD , ?> jud. >7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttp://bfdly
cttp://b fdly.mdd.mfb/>7?9
.mdd.mfb/>7?9/70/?>/tlmcdfhfky/eddfvotefd/hfwls-
/70/?>/tlmcdfhfky/eddfvotefd/hfwls-
cfhfrffb/.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
cfhfrffb/
 @O\MFDDEL^ , Kehhls l Y\^DL^ , Bora. Ycl [oy [l Yceda: Mfdmlptuoh 
 Nhldiedk odi tcl Bedi―
Bedi―ss Ceiild Mfbp
Mfbphlxe tels . Dfvo Ufra: Nosem Nffas,
hlxetels
>77>.
@OUO^I, Oddl-Hourl l [LLA], Jfcd. ‘[cf Bfvli By Munl6‒,  Corvori 
 Nusedlss ^lvelw, juh. >7??. Iespfdâvlh lb: cttps://cnr.frk/>7??/7;/wcf-
bfvli-by-munl.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
bfvli-by-munl

@LHIBOD, Bfrtfd. ‘Ycl Odxelty f` Ort‒. Ed: Kevl By ^lkoris tf Lekctc

]trllt: Mfhhlmtli [retedks f` Bfrtfd @lhibod. Mobnreikl, BO: Lxomt
Mcodkl, >777.
@LUDBOD, ^emcori W. ‘Dlw Ylxtnffas `fr tcl –Dlw― Botclbotems‒.
 Ldkedllredk odi ]meldml, v.
v. >3, d. 0, p. 5-?<, ?50<.
? 50<.
@E]CL^ , Iovei. Yunl: Ycl Edvldtefd f` Ylhlvesefd. Dfvo Ufra: Cormfurt
Nroml, ?550.
@HF^EIO, ^emcori. ‘Nfclbeo odi Lmfdfbem Klfkropcy‒.  Jfurdoh f` 
 Lmfdfbem
 Lmfdfb em Klfkropcy, v. >, p. <<-;?, >77>. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttps://ife.frk/?7.?75=/jlk/>.?.<<
cttps://ife.frk/?7.?75=/jlk/>.?.<<.. Omlssf lb: ?? dfv. >7?5.
@FLKL, Ohlm. Ycl Yedalrlrs: Ycl Obotlurs, IEUlrs, odi Edvldtfrs [cf
 Boal Oblremo Krlot . Dfvo Ufra:
Ufra: Nosem Nffas, >7?=.
‘–@F^KLY  tcl
lbphfylls `rll tcl
rlvloh `ffi–nlst
odiphoml
iredastf ’ tcledwfraphoml
wfra es ow`uh:―
tlmc― mod nl @omlnffa 
o sfuh-ilstrfyedk
kredi heal ody ftclr‒.  Ioehy Boeh , = slt. >7?=. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www
ww w.ioehyboeh.mf.ua/dlw
.ioehyboeh.mf.ua/dlws/ortemhl-
s/ortemhl->9?7>53
>9?7>53/@frklt-`rll-`ffi-iredas-
/@frklt-`rll-`ffi-iredas-
wfraphoml-ow`uh-@omlnffa-lbphfylls-rlvloh-nlst-phoml-wfra-tlmc-kredi-
heal-ftclr.ctbh.. Omlssf lb: ?? dfv. >7?5.
heal-ftclr.ctbh
@F^]YL^ , Jfcd. Ycl He`l f` Mcorhls Iemalds . Hfdirls l Yfrfdtf: J.B. Ildt
& ]fds, ?5>;.
@F^]UYC, Bora. Ycl Ltybfhfkemfd: O Mermuhor ]trfhh tcrfukc tcl Ceiild
Mfddlmtefds f` tcl Ldkhesc Hodkuokl . Dfvo Ufra:Ufra: Nlrahly Nffas, >7?>.
@F\DYOED , Cldry. ‘Ot tcl Wredtlr, Hevedk Yessul.‒ Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls. ?3
okf. >7?=. Iespfdâvlh lb: www.dytebls.mfb/>7?=/73/>7/smeldml/dlxt-
fut-f`-tcl-predtlr-hevedk-tessul.ctbh6poklwodtli2ohh&Vr27.. Omlssf lb:
fut-f`-tcl-predtlr-hevedk-tessul.ctbh6poklwodtli2ohh&Vr27
?? dfv. >7?5.
@^ODALH, Cldry ^. Ycl Mfdtedldtoh Ire`t Mfdtrfvlrsy. Mobnreikl:
Mobnreikl \devlrsety Wrlss, >7?>.
 @^O]L^ , Mfhed.  Corry @lrkusfd: Edvldtfr & Wefdllr . Epswemc: Fhi Wfdi
Wunhescedk, ?5;>.
@^OZEL^ , F.C.1 MFCD, [ehheob L.1 Y\Z\D, Lklbld1 [EDAHL^ , Jf Oddo1 l
K^LKF^EM, Ekfr I. ‘Mfdtedufus-@hfw Yftoh Orte`emeoh Clort ]uppfrts Hfdk-
Ylrb ]urvevoh f` o Moh`.‒ Ylxos Clort Edstetutl Jfurdoh , v. =0, d. 0, <03-
<;9, >775.

@^ODAHUD , Juheod.  O Iemtefdory f` ^cybedk ]hodk . > li. Hfdirls:

^futhlikl, ?55?.
@^LLBOD, Ohhyd l KFHILD, Nfn. [cy Ieid―t E Yceda f` Ycot6: Nezorrl
Frekeds f` Edkldefus Edvldtefds [l Mfuhid―t Hevl [etcfut. Dfvo Ufra:
Jfcd [ehly
[e hly,, ?55;.
@^EYZ, M.1 M\^YED, J.1 WFEYLPEDLO\, J.1 BF^^LH-]OB\LH] , W. l YOF, @.M.
‘Whoylr Wrl`lrldmls obfdk Dlw odi Fhi Pefheds‒.  Wrfmlliedks f` tcl
 Dotefdoh Omoilby f` ]meldmls, v.v. ?75, d. =,
= , p. ;07-;0=,
;07-;0= , >7?>.
@^FBAED, Iovei. Ycl [oy f` tcl [frhi: @rfb tcl Iowd f` Mevehezotefds tf
tcl Lvl f` tcl Ywldty-`erst Mldtury . Dfvo Ufra: Adfp`, ?555.
KOHH\ZZE, Wofhf. Ycl Bedi f` Hlfdorif: Ycl \devlrsoh Kldeus ot [fra .
@hfrldëo: KE\DYE, >770.
KO^IDL^ , Iovei W. lt oh.  O Dotefd ot ^es
^esa:
a: Wlfphl.
Ycl Ebplrote
Ebplrotevl
vl ``fr
frtfLiumotefdoh 
 ^l`frb. Od Fpld Hlttlr tf tcl Oblremod O ^lpfrt tcl Dotefd
odi tcl ]lmrltory f` Liumotefd. [oscedktfd: Dotefdoh Mfbbessefd f` 
Lxmlhhldml ed Liumotefd, ?53=.
KO^IDL^ , Cfwori.  Ort, Bedi, odi Nroed: O Mfkdetevl Opprfomc tf
Mrlotevety. Dfvo Ufra:
Ufra: Nosem Nffas, ?53>.
? 53>.
KO^IDL^ , Cfwori. Ycl \dsmcffhli Bedi: Cfw Mcehirld Yceda odi Cfw
]mcffhs ]cfuhi Ylomc. Dfvo Ufra:
Ufra: Nosem Nffas, ?55?.
?5 5?.
KO^IDL^ , Cfwori l WL^AED], Iovei D. Ort, Bedi, odi Liumotefd: ^lslormc

 `rfb Wrfjlmt
KO\K\ED Zlrf
, Wouh. . \rnodo:
Ycl edks\devlrsety
[retedks
[ret \f`
devlrsety f`. Ehhedfes
o ]ovokl Wrlss,Peaedk
Dfvo Ufra: ?535.Wrlss, ?5;3.
KOZZODEKO, Bemcolh ].  Cub
 Cubod:
od: Ycl ]meldml Nlcedi [cot Boals \s
\dequl. Dfvo Ufra:
Ufra: Lmmf, >773.
KLEB, O.A., l  DFPF]LHFP, A.]. ‘Ycl ^esl f` Kropcldl‒.  Doturl Botlre ohs,
Botlreohs
v. 0, d. =, p. ?3=-?5?, >77;.
KLHN, Bemcolh J.  Oprldio o pldsor mfb Hlfdorif io Pedme . ]íf Wouhf:
 Ïtemo, >777.
KL^YDL^ , Jfd. Ycl Eilo @omtfry: Nlhh Hons odi tcl Krlot Okl f` Oblremod

 Eddfvotefd . Dfvo Ufra: Wldkued Wrlss, >7?>.

KEFPODDEDE, Iodelh1 ^FBL^F, Jomquehedl1 WFYFĈLA , Pomhov1 @L^LDMZE ,
Klrklhy1 ]WLE^EY], @efdo1 NO^DLYY, ]tlpcld B.1 @OMMEF, Iodelhl1 l WOIKLYY,

Behls J. ‘Wcftfds tcot trovlh ed `rll spoml shfwlr tcod tcl splli f` hekct‒.
]meldml, v. =9;, d. 0>>9, p. 3<;-307, >7?<. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttps://orxev.frk/ons/?9??.=53;. Omlssf lb: ?? dfv. >7?5.
cttps://orxev.frk/ons/?9??.=53;.
KJL^IEDKLD, ^fnlrt. ‘Wortebldte [rettld tf Ebport o Adfwhlikl f` 
Mfudtlrpfedt odi Mfbpfsetefd.‒ Ed: BFLHODY], Iera l ]DUL^], Aotchlld
(frks.).  Wortebldtf odi Mfdteduf Whoyedk ed Yclfry odi ed Wromteml .
Hluvld: Hluvld \devlrsety Wrlss, >7?7.
KHOI[LHH, Bohmfhb. ‘Mrlotefd Bytc‒. Ycl Dlw Ufralr , ?0 boef >7??.
Iespfdâvlh lb: www.dlwyfralr.mfb/bokozedl/>7??/7</?0/mrlotefd-bytc .
Omlssf lb: ?? dfv. >7?5.
KHLEMA , Jobls. Kldeus: Ycl He`l odi ]meldml f` ^emcori @lydbod. Dfvo
Ufra: Wodtclfd Nffas, ?55>.
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K^OU, Wltlr. ‘Mcehirld―s @rllifb Cos Ilmhedli, ]f Cos Ycler Mrlotevety‒.
 Wsymcfhfky Yfioy, ?; slt. >7?>. Iespfdâvlh lb:
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Wrfkrob Es Boaedk o Mfblnoma‒. ]hotl, 3 okf. >7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb:
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?; bor. >775. Iespfdâvlh lb:

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>7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb: www.nrffaedks.liu/wp-
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Yroiuëíf: J.J. Pleko. ? li. ^ef il Jodlerf: Nlrtrodi Nroseh, >7?<. v. >.
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tf Orbs: Ycl Clbedkwoy Henrory Lietefd.  Dfvo Ufra: ]mrendlr, >7?>.

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Ufra: Nosem Nffas, >7?=.
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Furslhvls). Dfvo Ufra: @rll Wrlss, >7??.
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Omlssf lb: ?? dfv. >7?5.
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Iespfdâvlh lb:
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;3;-Irlobhedlr.ctb . Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
;3;-Irlobhedlr.ctb.
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^lhekefd ^lslormc Edstetutl, >7?0.
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 Nlltcfvld― Ie``emuh
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Yroiuëíf: Houro Dlvls. ? li. ^ef il Jodlerf: ^fmmf, >77?.
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Iespfdâvlh lb: www.jstfr.frk/stonhl/>;?333
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cttps://nenhef.ukldt.nl/punhemotefd/9977==3.. Omlssf lb: >? okf. >7?9.
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5.
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Iespfdâvlh lb: www.dlwyfralr.mfb/nusedlss/murrldmy/tcl-fpld-f``eml-
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cttps://www.tlmcrlpunhem.mfb/rlsfurml-henrory/wcetlpoplrs/tcl-dlxt-
cttps://www.tlmcrlpunhem.mfb/rlsfurml-henrory/wcetlpoplrs/tcl-dlxt-
kldlrotefd-ioto-mldtlr-o-sf`tworl-il`edli-ldverfdbldt-wclrl-slrveml-
fptebezotefd-prfveils-tcl-potc/.. Omlssf lb: ?; boef >7?0.
fptebezotefd-prfveils-tcl-potc/
 DEMCFHH, Mcorhls l IO PEDME, Hlfdorif.  Hlfdorif io Pedme: Ycl @hekcts f` 
tcl Bedi . Hfdirls: Ohhld Hodl, >779.
 DEMCFH]FD, Juietc O. ‘@MJ-7=7 @hosc! Bfns ed tcl Okl f` Bfnehl
Mfddlmtevety‒. Ycl @enrlmuhturl Jfurdoh , d. 0, >77<. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttp://sex.`enrlmuhturljfurdoh.frk/`mj-7=7-`hosc-bfns-ed-tcl-okl-f`-
bfnehl-mfddlmtevety/.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
bfnehl-mfddlmtevety/
 DELH]LD, Jorli O.1 ZELHED]AE , Nrodifd O.1 @L^K\]FD, Bemcolh O.1 HOEDCO^Y,
Jodlt L. l ODIL^]FD, Jl``rly ]. ‘Od Lvohuotefd f` tcl Hl`t-Nroed vs.
^ekct-Nroed Cypftclses wetc ^lstedk ]totl @udmtefdoh Mfddlmtevety
Bokdltem ^lsfdodml Ebokedk‒.  WHf] FDL , v. 3, d. 3, >7?=. Iespfdâvlh
lb: cttp://jfurdohs.phfs.frk/phfsfdl/ortemhl6
ei2?7.?=;?/jfurdoh.pfdl.77;?>;<.. Omlssf lb: ?= dfv. >7?5.
ei2?7.?=;?/jfurdoh.pfdl.77;?>;<
‘ DFC odi Auteyottob ” Yrlosurls f` [frhi Muhturoh Clretokl‒. Ycl Jopod-
 Edieo Yroiete fdoh Wlr`frbedk Orts Lxmcodkl Wrfjlmt >779, >0 ilz. >779.
roietefdoh
Iespfdâvlh lb: cttp://dfc.bodosve.mfb/dfc.ctbh.
cttp://dfc.bodosve.mfb/dfc.ctbh. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
 DF^BOD, Ifdohi O. F ilsekd if ieo o ieo . Yroiuëíf: Odo Ilerý. ? li. ^ef
il Jodlerf: Od`etlotrf, >770.
 DFPO
 DFP O. ‘Odirlw [ehls fd ]fhvedk @lrbot‒.  WN] , ? dfv. >777. Iespfdâvlh
lb: www.pns.frk/wknc/dfvo/pcysems/odirlw-wehls-`lrbot.ctbh . Omlssf
lb: ; dfv.
dfv. >7?5.
 FOYL], Jfyml Morfh. Ycl Bytc f` tcl Esfhotli Ortest .  Wsymcfhfky Yfioy,
v. 0, p. ;9-<, ?5;=.
?5 ;=.
F―NODDFD, ^emay. ‘Ny tcl Dubnlrs: @lbohl Mfbpfslrs‒.  Nohtebfrl

]ybpcfdy Frmclstro. >7?0. Iespfdâvlh

tcl-dubnlrs-`lbohl-mfbpfslrs.ospx
tcl-dubnlrs-`lbohl-mfbpfslrs.ospx. lb: www.nsfbusem.frk/stfrels/ny-
. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.

FILD, Boreo1 BE^ONOH, Uvlttl1 LW]YLED, Borm l ^EMCO^I]-AF^Y\B,

^lnlmmo. ‘Ldkokedk
‘Ldkokedk \dilrkroiuotls tf ]fhvl Khfnoh Clohtc Mcohhldkls: O
 Dlw Opprfomc Nosli fd Nefldkedllredk
Nefldkedllr edk Ilsekd‒.  Oddohs f` Nefbliemoh 
 Ldkedllredk , v.
v. =3, d. 5, p. =7=?-9?, >7?7.
FA^LDY, Oreao. Ed tcl Hodi f` Edvldtli Hodkuokls: Lsplrodtf ^fma ]t
]tors,
ors,
 Ahedkfd Wflts,
Wflts , Hfkhod Hfvlrs, odi tcl Boi Irloblrs [cf Yreli
Yreli tf Nuehi 
o Wlr`lmt Hodkuokl. Dfvo Ufra: ]pelklh & Krou, >775.
F^L]AL], Dofbe. Ycl ^ljlmtefd f` Mfdtedldtoh Ire`t: Yclfry odi Bltcfi 
ed Oblremod Lortc ]meldml. Dfvo Ufra: Fx`fri \devlrsety Wrlss, ?555.
F^HLOD, ]usod. ‘Ycedaedk ed tcl ^oed‒. Ycl Dlw Ufralr, ?? `lv. >773.
Iespfdâvlh lb: www.dlwyfralr.mfb/bokozedl/>773/7>/??/tcedaedk-ed-
tcl-roed.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
tcl-roed
F]NF^D, Ohlx. F pfilr mreoifr io bldtl: predmâpefs l prfmlssfs if
 pldsobldtf nroe dstfrbedk . Yroiuëíf: L. Jomy Bfdtlerf. 3 li.
mreoifr l if nroedstfrbedk 
]íf Wouhf: EN^O]O, ?550.
F]NF^D, Ohlx. Ufur Mrlotevl Wfwlr: Cfw tf \sl Ebokedotefd. Dfvo Ufra:
]mrendlrs odi ]fds, ?593.
F―]CODDL]]U, Morblh. ‘Ycl ^fhl f` Buhtephl ]furmls ed tcl @frbotefd f` 
od Eddfvotevl Ouxeheory Motlkfry ed Hekct [orhpere, o Dlw Oustroheod
Bexli Hodkuokl‒. Hodkuok
 Hodkuokll, v.
v. 35, d. >, p. =>3-<=, >7?=.
FPL^NUL, Ilddes. ‘^lomcedk `fr tcl ]tors, Omrfss 9.=; Hekct-Ulors‒. Ycl
 Dlw Ufra Yebls, ?> onr. >7?0. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.dytebls.mfb/>7?0/79/?=/smeldml/ohpco-mldtoure-nrloatcrfukc-
www
storscft-yure-behdlr-stlpcld-cowaedk.ctbh.. Omlssf lb: ?= dfv. >7?5.
storscft-yure-behdlr-stlpcld-cowaedk.ctbh
WO^AL^ , Eod. ‘Ycl ]copl f` Ycedks tf Mfbl‒. Ycl Dlw Ufralr , >= `lv.
>7?<. Iespfdâvlh lb: www.dlwyfralr.mfb/bokozedl/>7?</7>/>=/scopl-
tcedks-mfbl.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
tcedks-mfbl
WO^A], ]uzod-Hfre. =0< Ioys/=0< Whoys. Dfvo Ufra: Yclotlr 
 Mfbbudemotefds Krfup, Edm., >770.
WO^Y^EIKL, Hfrld [.1 MFHOH\MME, Keodhueke l BODMEDLHHE, @onrezef.
 Bemclhodklhf
 Bemclh odklhf ’ Ycl Host Juikbldt: O Khfrefus ^lstfrote fd. Dfvo Ufra:
^lstfrotefd
Corry D. Onrobs, ?55;.
WO\H, Oddel Burpcy. ‘Orl [l [redkedk tcl Mrlotevety Fut f` Aeis6‒.
 Bedi ]ce`t , 9 boef >7?>. Iespfdâvlh lb:

www.aqli.f
www .aqli.frk/bedisce`t/
rk/bedisce`t/>??<>/orl-wl
>??<>/orl-wl-wredkedk-tcl-mrlotevety-fut-f`-
-wredkedk-tcl-mrlotevety-fut-f`-
aeis.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
aeis
WOUDL, ^fnlrt. Ycl Modoh Nuehilrs: Ycl ]tfry f` Modoh Ldkedllrs tcrfukc
tcl Okls. Dfvo Ufra: Bombehhod, ?5<5.
WLO^ML, Jlrlby. ‘]tlpcodel H. Awfhla, Edvldtfr f` Alvhor, Es Iloi ot 57‒.
Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls, >7 jud. >7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb:
ww
www w.dytebls.mfb/>7?9/70/>?/nusedlss/stlpcodel-h-awfhla-edvldtfr-f`-
alvhor-es-iloi-ot-57.ctbh.. Omlssf lb: ?= dfv. >7?5.
alvhor-es-iloi-ot-57.ctbh
WLY^F]AE, Cldry. O lvfhuëíf ios mfe
mfesos
sos útles
útles:: mhepls
mhepls,, kor`
kor`fs,
fs, hhotos,
otos, zâplrls
l futrfs fnjltfs il dfssf mfteieodf. Yroiuëíf: Morhfs Eredlu [. io Mfsto.
? li. ^ef il Jodlerf: Zocor, >77;.
WLY^F]AE, Cldry. Edvldte
 Edvldtefd
fd ny Ilsekd: Cfw Ldkedllrs Klt ``rfb rfb Ycfuk
Ycfukctct tf
Ycedk . Mobnreikl, BO: Corvori \devlrsety Wrlss, ?550.
WLY^F]AE, Cldry. ]ummlss tcrfukc @oehurl: Ycl Woroifx f` Ilsekd.
Wredmltfd: Wredmltfd \devlrsety Wrlss, >770.
WLY^\HEFDE], ]odiro Cornlrt. Ycfrlou ed Ces Fwd Yebl: O Nefkropcemoh 
Mcrfdemhl f` Ces He`l, Irowd `rfb ^lmfhhlmtefds, Edtlrvelws, odi Blbfers
ny @obehy, @reldis, odi Ossfmeotls. Efwo Mety: \devlrsety f` Efwo Wrlss,
>7?>.
WCLHW], Libudi ]. ‘Hlss Eddfvotefd, Bfrl Edlquohety‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra 
Yebls, >9 `lv. >7?=. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttp://fpedefdotfr.nhfks.dytebls.mfb/>7?=/7>/>9/hlss-eddfvotefd-bfrl-
edlquohety/6cp&Vr2?.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
edlquohety/6cp&Vr2?
WEMO]]F, Wonhf.  Jl ]ues Hl Mocelr: Ycl ]altmcnffas f` Wonhf Wemossf .
KHEBMCL^ , Ordfhi N. l KHEBMCL^ , Borm (frks.). Nfstfd: Othodtem Bfdtchy
Wrlss, ?530.
WEMO]]F, Wonhf. Hls Ilbfeslhhls
Ilbfeslhh ls I―Ovekdfd:
I―Ovekdfd: O ]al
]altmcnffa 
tmcnffa . HLOH, Nrekettl l
NF]BOD, ]uzoddl (frks.). Hfdirls: Ycobls odi Cuisfd, ?533.
 WEMME\YF, Lhezonltc l MO^^\YCL^], Wltlr. ‘YclFrekeds f` Mrlotevety‒. Ed:
WO\H, Lhheft ]obulh l AO\@BOD, ]mftt Norry (frks.).Ycl Wcehfsfpcy f` 
Mrlotevety: Dlw Lssoys. Dfvo Ufra: Fx`fri \devlrsety Wrlss, >7?9.
WEDMC, Y.J. l NEJ]YL^PLHI , Aored. Ycl Fx`fri Codinffa f` ]fudi ]tuiels .
 Dfvo Ufra:
Ufra: Fx`fri
Fx`fr i \devlrsety
\devlrse ty Wrlss,
Wrlss , >7?>.

WEDA , Iodelh C.  O [cfhl Dlw Bedi: [cy ^ekct-Nroedlrs [ehh ^uhl tcl
 @uturl. Dfvo Ufra:
Ufra: ^evlrcloi Nffas, >770.
WEDAL^ , ]tlvld. ‘Ycl @ohsl Ohhurl f` Krfup ]lhlmtefd‒. Likl, ?3 jud. >7?>.
Iespfdâvlh lb: www.likl.frk/mfdvlrsotefd/stlvldVpedalr-tcl-`ohsl-
ohhurl-f`-krfup-slhlmtefd.. Omlssf lb: ?= dfv. >7?5.
ohhurl-f`-krfup-slhlmtefd
WHODYEDKO, Juiy l Y^LC\N, ]odiro L. ‘^lvesetedk
‘^lvesetedk tcl Eddotl Wrl`lrldml `fr 
Mfdsfdodml‒.  Jfurdoh f` Lxplrebldtoh Wsymcfhfky: Cubod Cubod Wlrmlpte
Wlrmlptefd
fd
odi Wlr`frbodml, v. 97, d. ?, p. 97-95, >7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.dmne.dhb.dec.kfv/punbli/>=3?<937
www.dmne.dhb.dec.kfv/punbli/>=3?<937.. Omlssf lb: ?= dfv. >7?5.
WFIFHDU, ]clhhly. ‘E` od Ohkfretcb [rftl Yces, Cfw [fuhi Ufu Lvld
Adfw6‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls, ; bor. >7?<. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www
ww w.dytebls.mfb/>7?</7=/73/fpedefd/sudioy/e`-od-ohkfretcb-wrftl-tces-

cfw-wfuhi-yfu-lvld-adfw.ctbh
cfw-wfuhi-yfu-lvld-adfw.ctbh.
WFWFPO, Boreo. ‘Borkorlt Bloi . Omlssf lb: ?= vs.
fd @lbohl dfv.Bohl
>7?5. Mrlotevety, tcl
–Nfssy― Wrfnhlb, Lquohety ed Worldtedk, odi [cy [fbld Boal Nlttlr 
]meldtests‒.  Nroed Wemaedks, 0 okf. >7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www
www.nroedpemaedks.frk/>7?9
.nroedpemaedks.frk/>7?9/73-70/borkorlt-bloi-`lb
/73-70/borkorlt-bloi-`lbohl-bohl/
ohl-bohl/.. Omlssf
lb: ; dfv.
dfv. >7?5.
W^OKL^ , Wcehhep. ‘Boaedk ]ldsl f` tcl Bfilrdest Busl: Mrlotevl
Mfkdetefd odi Whoy ot tcl Noucous‒.  Oblremod Jfurdoh f` Whoy, v. ;, d. ?,
 p. >;-95, >7?9.
W^FYYL^ , Lrem (frk.). Woedtlrs fd Woedtedk 
Woedte dk . Dfvo Ufra:
Ufra: Ifvlr, >7??.
_\EMA , Iorrld. ‘^lslormclrs Ilvlhfp –Mhustlr Nfbn― tf Yorklt Modmlr‒.
 Dlw Othos, >9 okf. >7?7. Iespfdâvlh lb: cttps://dlwothos.mfb/mhustlr-
 nfbn-`fr-mo
 nfbn-` fr-modmlr-t
dmlr-trlotb
rlotbldt/?0
ldt/?0?>?/
?>?/.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
^ONAED, Dema. ‘Cfustfd Orts Wortdlrs Hlmturl‒. Hlmturl, Cfustfd Orts
Wortdlrs >7?9 Mfd`lrldml. Cfustfd, YS. < slt. >7?9.
^ONAED, Dema l CLINL^K, L.M.  Orts Liumotefd ed Oblremo: [cot tcl
  Ilmhedls Blod `fr Orts Worteme potefd. [oscedktfd, I.M.: Dotefdoh
Wortemepotefd
Ldifwbldt
Ldifw bldt `fr tcl Orts, >7??.
^OIEPFJLPEĀ , Behjodo1 ^LC^LD, Ycehf1 A\ZBODFPEĀ-MPLYAFPEĀ, Juhao1
JFPODFPEĀ, Borejo l  DF^YCFPL^ , J. Wltlr. ‘Yoedtli Frls odi tcl ^esl f` 
Yed Nrfdzls ed Luroseo, M. 0,<77 Ulors Okf‒.  Odtequety , v. 3;, d. ==3, p.
?7=7-79<, >7?=.

^ODIH, Mcoi.  ^lvfhvedk Ormcetlmt url. Dfvo Ufra: Wredmltfd Ormcetlmturoh

Ormcetlmturl
Wrlss, >773.
^OWCLH, Oirelddl. ‘Mfbpltetefd `fr BmIfdohi―s, odi `fr ^fdohi‒. Ycl
 Dlw Ufralr , >= onr. >7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.dlwyfralr.mfb/nusedlss/murrldmy/mfbpltetefd-`fr-bmifdohis-odi-
`fr-rfdohi.. Omlssf lb: ?= dfv. >7?5.
`fr-rfdohi
^O]]LD@F]], ]tlpcld. ‘Edmrlosli Feh Wrfiumtefd wetc ]fbltcedk Fhi,
]fbltcedk Dlw‒.  Jfurdoh f` Wltrfhlub Ylmcdfhfky, v. 09, d. ?7, >7?>.
Iespfdâvlh lb: www.fdlpltrf.frk/jfurdoh-poplr/]WL-?7?>-77=0-JWY .
Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
^LMO]LD], B.1 HL\DK, ]ubel1 K^EBB, ]onedl1  DF[ OA , ^o`oh l L]ML^O,
 DF[OA 
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ouietfry blbfry-troml
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, d. ?73, p. ;<-30, >7?<.ed tcl cubod nroed: od BLK stuiy.‒
‘^LIL@EDEDK Modmlr Mfuhi ^liuml \ddlmlssory Yrlotbldt‒. MN] , >= slt.
>7?=. Iespfdâvlh lb: www.mnsdlws.mfb/dlws/rlil`ededk-modmlr-mfuhi-
rliuml-uddlmlssory-trlotbldt/.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
rliuml-uddlmlssory-trlotbldt/
^LLIL^ , ^fnlrto.  Oddo Oacbotfvo: Wflt odi Wrfpclt . Hfdirls: Ohhesfd &
Nusny, ?55<.
^LLIL^ , ^fnlrto. ‘Oddo Oacbotfvo: Ycl ]tohed Ulors‒.  Dlw Ldkhodi 
 ^lvelw, v.
v. ?3, d. ?, p. ?7<-?><, ?55;.
^L]DEMA , Betmclh. ‘Ohh E ^lohhy Dlli tf Adfw (Onfut
(Onfut Mrlotevl Ycedaedk) E
Hlordli (Ny ]tuiyedk Cfw Mcehirld Hlord) ed Aedilrkortld‒. Ed:
 Wrfmlliedks f` tcl 0tc OMB ]EKMC ]EKMCEE Mfd`lrldml fd Mrloteve
Mrlotevety
ty odi 
Mfkdetefd. Dfvo Ufra: OMB, >77;.
^CFIL], ^emcori. Ycl Boaedk f` tcl Otfbem Nfbn. Dfvo Ufra: ]ebfd &
]mcustlr, ?530.
^EMCO^I]FD , Jfcd l BMM\HHU, Borehyd.  O He`l f` Wemossf. Dfvo Ufra:
 ^odifb Cfusl, ?55?.
^EF^IOD , B. ‘Cfw Lurfpl Bessli tcl Yrodsestfr‒.  ELLL ]plmtrub
]plmtr ub, v. 9>,
d. ??, <>-;, >77<.
^FNED]FD, Ald. Fut f` Fur Bedis: Hlordedk tf Nl Mrlotevl . Fx`fri:
Mopstfdl, >7??.

^FLIEKL^ ,
Cldry H.1 BMIODELH, Bora O.1 BMIL^BFYY, Aotchlld N. l
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 WsymLSY^OO Iotoslt , ilz. >77;.
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Ufra: [.[.
.[. Dfrtfd,
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Mor Mfbpody. Dfvo Ufra:
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Borted―s Wrlss, ?53;.

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I―Ovekdfd. Dfvo Ufra: Buslub f` Bfilrd Ort, ?559.
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cttp://nftody.frk/nso/besm/bmedtfsc/iesplrsoh.ctbh. Omlssf lb: ; dfv.
cttp://nftody.frk/nso/besm/bmedtfsc/iesplrsoh.ctbh.
>7?5.
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Kfots―‒. Ycl Kuorieod, ?9 jod. >7?>. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www
ww w.tclkuorieod.mfb/smeldml/>7?>/jod/?9/sydtcltem-nefhfky-speilr-kfot-
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kldltems
^UILHH, ^fnlrt [.1 ]MCEOPF, Houro Nuri l NLDDLYY, ^fnlrt.  Ilsekdedk 
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]bortpcfdl‒.  Nhffbnlrk , >5 jud. >7?>. Iespfdâvlh lb:

www
ww w.nhffbnlrk.mfb/dlw
.nhffbnlrk.mfb/dlws/ortemhls/
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>7?>-70->5/nl`frl-epcfdl-odi-
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odirfei-mobl-sebfd-tcl-`erst-sbortpcfdl.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
odirfei-mobl-sebfd-tcl-`erst-sbortpcfdl

]ODKL^ , @rlilrema l IF[IEDK, Borkorlt. ]lhlmtli Woplrs f` @rlilrema 

]odklr: [etc Mfbbldtorels. Medkopuro: [frhi
[frhi ]meldte`em,
]meldte `em, ?550.
]ODK]YL^ , [ehheob. \bnrlhhos odi Ycler Cestfry. Hfdirls: Mosslhh, Wlttlr,
odi Kohped, ?3;?.
]OPOH, Deaeh. Munemuhoifs: \bo cestýreo slmrlto if hfmoh il tronohcf .
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>7?<.
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Mrlotevety:
ty: Ycl ]meldml f` Cub Cubodod
 Eddfvotefd. Fx`fri: Fx`fri \devlrsety Wrlss, >770.
]MCBEIC\NL^ , Jørkld. ‘@frboh Yclfry f` Mrlotevety & @ud Lxphoeds
]meldml, Ort, Busem, Cubfr‒. Iohhl Bfhhl Edstetutl `fr Orte`emeoh
Edtlhhekldml ^lslormc. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttp://plfphl.eiseo.mc/~julrkld/mrlotevety.ctbh. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
cttp://plfphl.eiseo.mc/~julrkld/mrlotevety.ctbh.
]MCBEIY, Lrem l ^F]LDNL^K, Jfdotcod. Mfbf f Kffkhl `udmefdo. Yroiuëíf:
Odirå Kfrierrf.
Kfrierrf. ? li. ^ef il Jodlerf: Edtrâdslmo,
Edtr âdslmo, >7?<.
]MCDONLH, Juheod1 MHLO^[OYL^ , Nfddel1 @\MC], ^uie l NO]LHEYZ, Klfrk.
 Juheod ]mcdonlh: Plrsefds f` Mcuma & Ftclr [fras. Ilrdlnurk,
Ohlbodco: Ilrdlnurk, >77;.
]MCDONLH, Juheod1 ^F]LDYCOH, Dfrbod l HEKDEYE, Lbehy.  Juheod ]mcdonlh:
 Wlrbodldthy Nlmfbedk odi tcl Ormcetlmturl f` ]lledk . Behíf: ]aero, >7??.
]MCDLEL^ , Bottclw. ‘Ycl Boi ]meldtests f` Hlve―s‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls , <

dfv. >7?<.
]MC^ELNL^ , ^ledcori l KO^LE], Clrnlrt. Klhotedl Codinffa: Yclfry odi 
 Ediustreoh
 Ediustre Wromtemll. [ledcleb: [ehly-PMC, >77;.
oh Wromtem
]MC\HZ, Nrud.  Hfjos il modlho.  Yroiuëíf: Cldrya ]elwelrsae. ^ef il
Jodlerf: Ebokf, ?550.
]MC[O^ZNOMC, Borted.  Oh`rli [lkldlr: Ycl @otclr f` Mfdtedldtoh Ire`t .
 Boiesfd, [E: ]meldml Ylmc Wunhesclrs, ?530.
]LKOHH, Borscohh C.1 MOBWNLHH, Ifdohi Y. l CL^]AFPEY], Blhvehhl J. Ycl
 Ed`huldml f` Muhturl fd Pesuoh Wlrmlptefd . Edieodopfhes: Nfnns-Blrrehh,
?500.
]LE@L, Mcorhls.  Zlrf: Ycl Nefkropcy f` o Iodklrfus Eilo. Dfvo Ufra:
Peaedk, >777.

‘]LDOYL ]tuiy f` Ldlrky `rfb ]poml‒. ]meldml Dlws, v. ?75, d. <, p. ;=,

?5;0.
]COC, Aoboh lt oh. ‘Boje: O Dlw Yffh tf Wrlvldt Fvlrcyirotefd f` 
Mcehirld ^lmlevedk Edtrovldfus @huei Yclropy ed Hfw-^lsfurml
Hfw-^lsfurml ]lttedks‒.
 Oblremod Jfurdoh f` Yrfpemoh
Yrfpemoh Bl
Bliemoh
iemoh Cykeldl, v. 5>, d. <, >7?<.
]COWED, ]tlvld1 ]MCO@@L^ , ]ebfd l CFNNL], Ycfbos.  Hlveotcod odi tcl
 Oer-Wubp: Cfnnls, Nfyhl, odi tcl Lxplrebldtoh He`l: Edmhuiedk o
Yrodshotefd f` Ycfbos Cfnnls, Ieohfkus Wcysemus Il Doturo Olres ny
]ebfd ]mco``lr . Wredmltfd, DJ: Wredmltfd \devlrsety Wrlss, ?53<.
]CLD, Clhld. ‘]ll-tcrfukc Nroeds Mhore`y Mfddlmtefds‒.  Doturl, v. 950, d.
;999, p. ?<?, >7?=. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.dmne.dhb.dec.kfv/punbli/>=<;50<3. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
www.dmne.dhb.dec.kfv/punbli/>=<;50<3.
]C\BOD, @. ‘Oblremod Edvldtfr \sls Lkypt―s ]ud `fr Wfwlr‒. Ycl Dlw
Ufra Yebls , > juh. ?5?0.
]EHPL^BOD, Ilnfro. Pod Kfkc odi Koukued: Ycl ]lormc `fr ]omrli Ort .
 Dfvo Ufra:
Ufra: @orror,
@or ror, ]trous
]tr ous odi Kerfux, >777.
]EBFDYFD, Ilod Aletc. ‘Mrlotevl Wrfiumtevety: O Wrliemtevl odi
Lxphodotfry Bfilh f` Morllr Yrojlmtfrels odi Hodiboras‒.  Wsymcfhfkemoh 
 ^lvelw, v. ?79, d. ?, p. 00-35, ?55;. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttps://pcehpoplrs.frk/rlm/]EBMWO->
cttps://pcehpoplrs.frk/rlm/]EBMWO->.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
]EDKC, ]ebfd. F úhtebf tlfrlbo il @lrbot: o cestýreo if ldekbo qul
mfd`udieu os boefrls bldtls if budif iurodtl =<3 odfs . Yroiuëíf: Jfrkl
Huez Mohe`l. ? li. ^ef il Jodlerf:
J odlerf: Lieëüls NlstNfhsf, >7?9.
]EDKHLYFD, Jodl. ‘Ycl Lxphodotfry Wfwlr f` Mcfbsay―s Yrods`frbotefdoh
Kldlrotevl Krobbor‒.  Bedi , v. 3=, d. ==?, p. 9>5-=?, ?5;9. Iespfdâvlh
www.jstfr.frk/stonhl/>><>;9<.. Omlssf lb: ?9 dfv. >7?5.
lb: www.jstfr.frk/stonhl/>><>;9<
]AF^EA , W.J. Krobboteao uaftsafkf Jozyao, > vfhs. Hldedkroif: Oaoilbeo
 Doua, ?50?.
 ]BLY], K.  Olstclte
 Olstcltemm Juikbldt odi Orfusoh . Hluvld: Hluvld \devlrsety
Wrlss, ?5;=.
]BEYC, ^fnlrto. ‘Ortwfra Ycot ^uds Heal Mhfmawfra‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra 
Yebls, >? jud. >7?>. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.dytebls.mfb/>7?>/70/>>/orts/ilsekd/tcl-mhfma-ny-mcresteod-bormhoy-
mfbls-tf-hedmfhd-mldtlr.ctbh.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
mfbls-tf-hedmfhd-mldtlr.ctbh

]BEYC, Yfdy. ‘@e`tlld Ulors Okf: Ycl @erst Boss-Wrfiumli K]B Wcfdl‒.
 ^lkestlr , 5 dfv. >77;. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www.tclrlkestlr.mf.ua/>77;/??/75/`tVdfaeoV?7??/ . Omlssf lb: ; dfv.
www.tclrlkestlr.mf.ua/>77;/??/75/`tVdfaeoV?7??/.
>7?5.
]DLH]FD, ^fnlrt. ‘S Wrezl Hfslrs: ]tehh ed tcl ^oml, Dft Ifedk Odytcedk,
fr Yff
Yff ]lSy `fr Ycl S Mup6‒, Ycl ]poml ^lvelw, >0 slt. >77<.
]FNLH, Iovo.  Hfdketuil: o vlrioilero cestýre
cestýreoo il ub kêdef sfhet
sfhetïref
ïref qul
rlsfhvlu f boefr prfnhlbo meldtâ`emf if såmuhf SPEEE . Yroiuëíf: Nozïd
Ylmdfhfkeo l Hedkuâstemo. ]íf Wouhf: Mfbpodceo il Nfhsf, >773.
]FNHL, Jfdotcod. ‘Aldje Lauod, 3<1 Kovl ]fy ]ouml Ets Kroml`uh Murvls‒.
Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls, ?7 `lv. >7?<.
]FHEDK, Mlved. ‘Mod Ody ]mcffh @fstlr Wurl Mrlotevety6‒.  Bedi ]ce`t , ?3

bor. >7?9. Iespfdâvlh lb: cttp://nhfks.aqli.frk/bedisce`t//>7?9/7=/mod-

mrlotevety-truhy-nl-`fstlrli-ed-mhossrffbs-f`-tfioy/ . Omlssf lb: ; dfv.
>7?5.
]FHFBFD, Boydori.  Nlltcfvld: veiov eio l fnro. Yroiuëíf: Ohvorf Monroh. ^ef
il Jodlerf: Zocor, ?53;.
]FHFBFD, Boydori.  Hotl Nlltcfvld: Busem, Ycfukct, Ebokedotefd.
Nlralhly: \devlrsety f` Mohe`frdeo Wrlss, >77=.
‘]FHUDI^O   ]modioh: @uhh Mfvlrokl f` @oehli ]fhor ]tortup‒. [oscedktfd
 Wfst . Iespfdâvlh lb:
ww
www w.wosc
.woscedktfdpfst.mfb/pfhetems/splmeohr
edktfdpfst.mfb/pfhetems/splmeohrlpfrts/sfhydiro-smodioh/
lpfrts/sfhydiro-smodioh/..
Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
]WO^YF], Morho. ‘Frilredk ot Lhlvld Boiesfd Wora Cos Nlmfbl tcl
Mfdtrfvlrseoh Yoha f` tcl Yfwd‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra Wfst , ?; fut. >7?7.
Iespfdâvlh lb: cttps://dypfst.mfb/>7?7/?7/?;/frilredk-ot-lhlvld-
boiesfd-pora-cos-nlmfbl-tcl-mfdtrfvlrseoh-toha-f`-tcl-tfwd/..
boiesfd-pora-cos-nlmfbl-tcl-mfdtrfvlrseoh-toha-f`-tcl-tfwd/ Omlssf
lb: ; dfv.
dfv. >7?5.
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Whostem ]yredkl Mhep tf Ebprfvl Ifsedk Ommuromy f` Hequei Bliemotefds‒.
 Oddohs f` Nefbliemoh Ldkedllr edk , v. 9?, d. 5, p. ?307-3, >7?=. Iespfdâvlh
Ldkedllredk 
lb: www.dmne.dhb.dec.kfv/punbli/>=9;?3?;.
www.dmne.dhb.dec.kfv/punbli/>=9;?3?;. Omlssf lb: ?9 dfv. >7?5.
]YOBW,Jebby. ‘@omt f` @emtefd6 Ycl Hlkldi f` tcl _[L^YU Alynfori‒.
]betcsfdeod, = boef >7?=. Iespfdâvlh lb:

www.sbetcsfdeodbok.mfb/orts-muhturl/`omt-f`-`emtefd-tcl-hlkldi-f`-
tclqwlrty-alynfori-9530=>95.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
tclqwlrty-alynfori-9530=>95
]YODHLU, Bottclw
Bott clw.. ‘Od Lxplietefd
Lxpliet efd tf
t f Cloh tcl
t cl [fudis
[fudis f` [or‒. Eses , v. 59,
d. ?, p. <;-35, >77=.
]YLEDEYZ, ^emcori. Kyðrky Heklte: Busem f` tcl Ebokedotefd. Nfstfd:
 Dfrtclostlrd
 Dfrtclost lrd \devlrsety
\devlrs ety Wrlss,
Wrl ss, >77=.
]YLPLD], Jl``rly ^.1 ^F]OYE, Ohlxodiro K.1 CLEHN^FDDL^ , ]oroc ^. l
B\CHCF@@, Dlhhy. ‘[oetedk `fr Kropls: Lxplmtodmy odi Ilhoyli
Krote`emotefd ed Nfdfnfs‒.  Edtlrdot
 Edtlrdotefdoh
efdoh Jfurdoh f` Mfb Mfbporotevl
porotevl
 Wsymcfhfky, v. >9, p. 55-???, >7??.
]Y^FB, ]tlpcodel. ‘YP Ieddlrs ed o Dlt`hex [frhi‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls, <
dfv. >7?<.
]Y^F]], ^odiohh L. Ycfbos Liesfd: f `letemlerf il Bldhf Wora . Yroiuëíf:
Medtceo Ohldmor. ? li. ]íf Wouhf: Dfvf ]åmuhf, >7?=.
‘]Y\IU: O ^emc Mhun ed tcl Cubod Nroed‒.  E\ Dlws ^ffb, =? fut. >7??.
Iespfdâvlh lb: cttp://dlwsed`f.eu.liu/dlws-ormcevl/>7?9<.ctbh
cttp://dlwsed`f.eu.liu/dlws-ormcevl/>7?9<.ctbh.. Omlssf
lb: ; dfv.
dfv. >7?5.
]PFNFIO, Lhezonltc. ‘Eddfvotfrs \dilr =<: Bemclhhl Acedl, =>‒.  BEY 
Ylmcdfhfky ^lvelw. Iespfdâvlh lb:
www>.tlmcdfhfkyrlvelw.mfb/tr=</prf`ehl.ospx6Y^EI2;09 . Omlssf lb: ;
www>.tlmcdfhfkyrlvelw.mfb/tr=</prf`ehl.ospx6Y^EI2;09.
dfv. >7?5.
YOYL, Docub. Ycl Cestfry f` Aedk Hlor . Hfdirls: ^emcori [lhhedktfd,
?;?>.
‘YLOMCEDK  Aeis tf Yedalr sf Ycly Mod Ilsekd Yfbfrrfw―s Bomcedls‒.
]tod`fri Dlws ]lrveml, =7 jud. ?55>. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttps://dlws.stod`fri.liu/pr/5>/5>70=7Orm>?9<.ctbh.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv.
cttps://dlws.stod`fri.liu/pr/5>/5>70=7Orm>?9<.ctbh
>7?5.
 YCO\Y, Bemcolh. Ycl Busemoh Nroed Od Ort`uh Nefhfkemoh Dlmlssety .
 Aorklr Kozlttl, v. ;7, p. >-9, >775.
‘Ycl Nuxtfd Mfhhlmtefd‒.  Bemrfs f`t Mfrpfrotefd. Iespfdâvlh lb:
 Bemrfsf`t
www.bemrfsf`t.mfb/nuxtfdmfhhlmtefd . Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
YC\^NL^ , Jobls. ‘Ycl ]lmrlt He`l f` [ohtlr Betty‒. Ycl Dlw Ufralr , ?3
bor. ?5=5.

YF^^ODML, L. Wouh.  Iesmfvlry odi Durturodml f` Ke`tlidlss ed tcl

hhy Ie``lrldt . ^lstfd, PO: Mfudmeh `fr Lxmlptefdoh Mcehirld, ?5;;.
Muhturohhy
Muhturo
YF^^ODML, L. Wouh.  ^lworiedk Mrlotevl Nlcovefr1 Lxplrebldts ed
Mhossrffb Mrlotevety. Ldkhlwffi Mhe``s,
Mhe``s, DJ: Wrldteml-Cohh, ?50<.
YF^^ODML, L. Wouh. ‘Orl tcl Yfrrodml Ylsts f` Mrlotevl Ycedaedk Neosli
Okoedst fr ed @ovfr f` –Iesoivodtokli― Krfups6‒. Ke`tli Mcehi _uortlrhy,
v. ?<, d. >, p. ;<-37, ?5;?.
Y^OEDF^ , Hourlh J. l CLEDBEHHL^ , Nlmay B. ‘Ycl ilvlhfpbldt f` 
lvohuotevl rlspfdsls tf busem: Ed`odts prl`lr tf hestld tf mfdsfdodml fvlr 
iessfdodml‒, Ed`odt Nlcovefr odi Ilvlhfpbldt , v. v. >?, d. ?, p. ;;-33, ?553.
? 553.
Y\^DL^ , Bora. Ycl Frekeds f` Eilos: Nhldiedk, Mrlotevety, odi tcl Cubod
]pora . Dfvo Ufra: Fx`fri \devlrsety Wrlss, >7?9.
\BNL^KL^ , Lbehy. ‘Plhozqulz odi Doturohesb EE: Edtlrprltedk  Hos
 Bldedos‒. Odtcrfpfhfky odi Olstcltems , v. v. >3, p. 59-
59-??;,
??;, ?55<.
\DIL^[FFI , Lbehy. ‘Yessul Ebokedk Bltcfi Boals Lvlrytcedk Mhlor‒.
]meldml, v.
v. =97, d. 0?>5,
0?> 5, p. ?=?->,
?=?-> , >7?=.
POD IL^ PLLD, [futlr l ^\KL^ , Oxlh. Pod Kfkc ed Ouvlrs. Dfvo Ufra:
Bfdomlhhe Wrlss, >7?7.
PODKLHFPO, Huno. ‘Cordlssedk Mcehirld―s Doturoh [oys f` Hlordedk‒.
 Bedi ]ce`t , >= fut. >7?=. Iespfdâvlh lb:
cttp://nhfks.aqli.frk/bedisce`t/>7?=/?7/cordlssedk-mcehirlds-doturoh-
woys-f`-hlordedk. Omlssf lb: ; dfv. >7?5.
woys-f`-hlordedk.
PO^YODEOD, Fsced1 N^E]YFH, Oiob ]. l AO\@BOD, Jobls M.
(frk.). Dlurfsmeldml Mrlot evetyy. Mobnreikl: BEY Wrlss, >7?=.
 Dlurfsmeldml f` Mrlotevet
PO\KCD, Ifdohi O. l LOKHLBOD, Iovei B. ‘]poteoh worpedk ny freldtli
hedl iltlmtfrs mod mfudtlromt dluroh ilhoys‒.  @rfdtelrs ed Wsymcfh
Wsymcfhfky
fky, v. 9,
 p. ;59, >7?=.
 PE]]MCL^ ,
W. Aera1 ]LLHLU, Ycfbos l WO]]ED, Alved. Krfup Ilmesefd
Boaedk ed Cfdly Nll ]worbs‒.  Oblremod ]meldte st , v. 59, d. =, p. >>7,
]meldtest 
>770.

boef , Lukldl.
PFHFAC>7?<. ‘Ycl Freked
Iespfdâvlh lb:f` www.woscedktfdpfst.mfb/dlws/vfhfac-
tcl [fri –Kuy―‒. [oscedktfd Wfst , ?9
mfdsperomy/wp/>7?</7</?9/tcl-freked-f`-tcl-wfri-kuy/.. Omlssf lb: ; dfv.
mfdsperomy/wp/>7?</7</?9/tcl-freked-f`-tcl-wfri-kuy/
>7?5.

[OHI^FW, B. Betmclh. Ycl Irlob Bomcedl: J.M.^. Hemaheilr odi tcl

 ^lvfhutefd Ycot Boil Mfbputedk Wlrsfdoh . Dfvo Ufra: Peaedk, >77?.
[OHAL^ , Bora1 K^FKL^ , Borted1 ]MCH\YL^ , Aerstld l BF]HL^ , Nlrdi. ‘O
Nrekct ]pora: Fpld Ylomcedk f` ]meldml \sedk @oroioy―s Hlmturls fd
Modihls‒. Jfurdoh f` Mclbemoh Liumotefd, v. 3<, d. ?, p. <5, >773.
[OYYL^]FD, Nehh. ‘Mohved odi Cfnnls‒. Yeredco. \devlrsoh Wrlss ]ydiemotl,
>7 ilz. ?535.
[LO^EDK, Juiy. Liesfd―
 Liesfd―ss Mfdmrltl Weodf: @hyedk Y
Yodas,
odas, ]ex-Depph
]ex-Depphli
li ]cllp,
[oha-fd-[otlr ]cfls, odi ?> Ftclr @hfps `rfb Krlot Edvldtfrs . Yfrfdtf:
LM[ Wrlss, >775.
[LNL^ , Nruml. ‘Yfdy Plrdo, [cf ]tortli Edstodt ^lphoy odi ^lboil
]pfrts Ylhlvesefd, Iels ot 3?‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls, >? jod. >7?<.
[LNL^ , ^fnlrt J. l WL^AED], Iovei D.  Edvldte
 Edvldtevl
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Mrlotevety
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Ylmcdfhfky. Dfvo Ufra: Fx`fri \devlrsety Wrlss, ?55>.
[LHH], Wltl. ‘^lstourodt ^lvelw: Lhlvld Boiesfd Wora ed Beitfwd
]futc‒. Ycl Dlw Ufra Yebls , ?; bor. >7?<. Iespfdâvlh lb:
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[CEYL, Hydd. ‘Ycl Edvldtefd f` tcl Woromcutl‒. Ylmcdfhfky odi Muhturl, v. v.
5, d. =, p. 90>, ?503. Iespfdâvlh lb: www.jstfr.frk/stonhl/=?7?0<<
www.jstfr.frk/stonhl/=?7?0<<.. Omlssf
lb: ?9 dfv.
dfv. >7?5.
[EH]FD, Liwori F. F `uturf io veio: \b lstuif io nefs`lro poro o
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lspåmels,
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vl o cubod
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Kohedif. ? li. ]íf Wouhf: Mfbpodceo ios Hltros, >7?<.
[EH]FD, Liwori F. F sldteif io lxestêdmeo cubodo. Yroiuëíf: Åremf
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[EH]FD, Liwori F. O mfdquesto sfmeoh
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Ylrro
? li. ]íf Wouhf: Mfbpodceo ios Hltros, >7?=.

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Mostrf Dlvls. ? li. ^ef il Jodlerf: Edtrâdslmo,
Edt râdslmo, >7?<.

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?550. Iespfdâvlh lb:
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cttp://ormcevl.werli.mfb/werli/ormcevl/9.7>/jfnsVpr.ctbh.
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Whodl Orroy @furelr Yrods`frb Ed`rorli Ebokedk ]plmtrfsmfpy‒.  Odohyst ,
v. ?=5, d. ?5,
?5 , p. 9;05, >7?9.
>7?9 .
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Iespfdâvlh lb:
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outemoh.ctbh
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Frvehhl [rekct . JOAON, Wltlr H. l UF\DK, ^ema (frks.). [oscedktfd, I.M.:
]betcsfdeod Nffas, >777.
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IOPEI LOKHLBOD å dlurfmeldtesto, prf`lssfr io \devlrseioil il

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ODYCFDU N^ODIY å ub mfbpfsetfr rldfboif l prf`lssfr il

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\devlrseioil ^eml, df Ylxos. ]uos prfiuëüls edmhulb ýplros il mîboro l
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