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MATRICES [1m + 3m +5m]

Unit 1
Introduction: The knowledge of matrices is necessary in various branches of
mathematics, this mathematical tool simplifies our work to greatest extent
when compared with other straight forward methods especially the method of
solving system of linear equations.
Matrix notation and operations are used in electronic spreadsheet
programs for personal computer, which in turn is used in different areas of
business and science like budgeting, sales projection, cost estimation, analyzing
the results of an experiment etc. Also many physical operations such as
magnification, rotation and reflection through the plane can be represented
mathematically by matrices.
Matrices are also used in cryptography. Matrices is not only used in
science, but also in genetics, economics, sociology, modern psychology and
industrial management.

Definition : A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers,

symbols or functions (expressions), enclosed within square brackets or
parenthesis.

Example: Let us consider in a small class there are only three students wrote a test for
four subjects
Phy Chem Mat Bio
 7 9 0 6
ANDsoza 7 9 0 6
 A  10 8 2 5
MSDhoni 10 8 2 5
 7 5 3 9 34
ShraddhaKa pur 7 5 3 9

A system of mn numbers(real or complex) arranged in a rectangular

array of m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order mn. It is just an
arrangement of numbers and has no numerical value. It also is denoted by
A = [aij]mn , Usually aij represent the element in ith row and jth column.
Three different notations of enclosing the numbers constituting a matrix are
[ ], ( ) , ║║.
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In general, an mn matrix has the following rectangular array:
 a11 a12 a13 .... a1 j ... a1n 
a a 22 a 23 ... a 2 j ... a 2n 
 21 
 a 31 a32 a 33 ... a3 j ... a 3n 
 . . . . . 
 
A . . . . . 
  or A = [aij]mn, 1  i  m, 1  j  n i, j  N
 . . . . . 
 a i1 ai 2 ai 3 ... aij ... a in 
 . . . . . . . 
 
 . . . . . . . 
a m1 a m2 a m3 ... a mj ... a mn 

EXAMPLES
2 5 19  7 
 5 
1. In the matrix A   35 2 12  , write :
 2 
 3 1  5 17 

(i) the order of the matrix (ii) The number of elements

(iii) Write the elements a13, a21, a33, a24, a23 .
Sol: (i) The order of the matrix is 3 × 4
(ii) The number of elements are 12
(iii) a13 = 19; a21 = 35; a33 = - 5; a24 = 12; a23 = 5/2
2. If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has 13
elements?

Sol: The possible orders are

1 × 24, 2 × 12, 3 ×8, 4 × 6, 6 × 4, 8 × 3, 12 × 2, 24 × 1

If matrix has 13 elements the possible orders are 1 × 13 and 13 × 1.

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 (i  j ) 2
4. (a) Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [aij], whose elements are given by; aij 
2

(i  j ) 2
Sol: aij 
2

(1  1) 2 4 (1  2) 2 9
a11 =  2 a12 = 
2 2 2 2

 9
(2  1) 2 9 (2  2) 2 16 2 2
a21 =  a22 =  8 A 
2 2 2 2 9
 8
2 

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(b) Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, A = [aij], whose elements are given by; aij  | 3i  j |
2

1
Sol: (i) aij  | 3i  j |
2

1 1 1 1 1 1
a11 = | 3(1)  1 | 1 , a12 = | 3(1)  2 | , a13 = | 3(1)  3 | 0 a14 = | 3(1)  3 |
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 5 1 1 3 1
a21 = | 3( 2)  1 | , a22 = | 3( 2)  2 | 2 , a23 = | 3( 2)  3 | , a24 = | 3( 2)  4 | 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 7 1 1 5
a31 = | 3(3)  1 | 4 , a32 = | 3(3)  2 | , a33 = | 3(3)  3 | 3 , a34= | 3(3)  4 |
2 2 2 2 2 2

 1 1
1 2
0
2
5 3 
 2 1
2 2 
4 7 5
3
 2 2 

Types of matrices

i) Column matrix: A matrix with single column is called column matrix.

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Example : = √3
3
7

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ii) Row matrix: A matrix is said to be row matrix if it has only one row. Example :
√2 3 5 −4

iii) Null or zero matrix: A matrix with all its entries equal to 0 is called null or zero matrix,
it is denoted by O. A null matrix is also called the identity under addition of matrices (for
any matrix A, A+O=A).
0 0 0
O=
0 0 0
iv) Square matrix: The matrix with same number of rows and columns (m=n) is called a
square matrix.
2 1 0
Example : = −3 4 √3
1 −1 5
v) Diagonal matrix: A square matrix in which every non-diagonal element is zero is called
a diagonal matrix. (Here diagonal means the principle diagonal, which extends from the
upper left to the lower right. Note that the diagonal elements of a diagonal matrix may or
may not be zeros)
4 0 0
Example : = 0 −2 0
0 0 √5
3
If = is a diagonal matrix then find values of x, y .
0
Solution : x = 0, and y can be any real number.

vi)Scalar matrix: A square matrix in which every non-diagonal element is zero and
diagonal elements all are equal.
7 0 0
Example : = 0 7 0
0 0 7
+5 0 −2
If = 0 6 0 is a scalar matrix then find the values of x, y, z.
0 0 +3
Solution : x + 5 = 6  x = 1, y – 2 = 0  y = 2, z + 3 = 6  z = 3.

vii) Identity or unit matrix: A square matrix with every diagonal element of a diagonal
equal to 1 and non-diagonal elements are zeros is a unit matrix or an identity matrix
denoted by I. I is an identity matrix under matrix multiplication. For a square matrix A, AI
= IA = A.
1 0 0
1 0
Example : = [1] , = , = 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1

Example : If − 5 + 7 0 is identity matrix then find the values of x.

0 1
Solution : − 5 + 7 = 1  − 5 + 6 = 0  ( − 2)( − 3) = 0  x = 2, 3.

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Exercise :
1. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What, if it has 5 elements?

Sol: If the matrix has 18 elements then possible orders are

1 × 18, 2 × 9, 3 × 6, 6 × 3, 9 × 2,18 × 1

If the matrix has 5 elements then orders are 1 × 5 and 5 × 1.

2. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix, A = [aij], whose elements are given by;

i (i  2 j ) 2
(i) aij  (ii) aij 
j 2

i 1 1 2
Sol: (i) aij  a11 =  1 ; a12 = ; a21 = 2; a22 = 1
j 1 2 2

 1
1
A 2
2 1 


(i  2 j ) 2 (1  2(1)) 2 9 (1  2(2)) 2 25
(ii) aij  a11 =  ; a12 = 
2 2 2 2 2

(2  2(1)) 2 (2  2(2)) 2 36
a21 = 8 a22 =   18
2 2 2

9 25 
A  2 2
8 18 


5. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are given by aij = 2i –j

By : Lawrence Sequeira, Pompei PU Aikala